NDL-TR-53 Initial Nuclear Radiation From Nuclear Weapons in Unobstructed Desert or Ocean

NDL-TR-53 (EX)

Extract version prepared for:

Director

DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY

Washington, D. C. 20305

INITIAL GAMMA DATA FROMNUCLEAR WEAPON TESTS1948 THROUGH 1962

July 1965

Nuclear Defense Laboratory

Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland

NOTICE

This is an extract of Initial Gamma Data from Nuclear Wea-pon Testr which remains classified SECRET/RestrictedDATA as of this date.

EXTRACTED VERSION

410404

I June I984

FOREWORD

This report has had classified material rer,oved in order tomake the information available on an unclassified, openpublication basis, to any interested parties. This effort todeclassify this report has been accomplished specifically to

support the Department of Defense Nuclear Test Personnel Review(NTPR) Program. The objective is to facilitate studies of thelow levels of radiation received by some individuals during theatincspheric nuclear test program by mzking as much informationas possible available to all interested parties.

The material ‘which has been deleted is all chrrentlyclassified as Restricted Data or Formerly Restricted Data tindert’e ;rovisi~n of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, (as :nended) oris ‘J,3~i(jnalSecurity Information.

This report has been reproduced directly from availablecopies of the original material. The locations from which:;aterial has been deleted is generally obvious by the spacings<nd “i701es” in the text. Thus the context of ti]e materialoelet.ed is identified to assist the reader in the determinationof ,~hether the deleted information is cjer-~aneto his StUdy.

It is the belief of the individuals who have participatedin preparing this report by deleting the classified materialand of the Defense !!luclearAgency that tile report accuratelyp~rtrays tile contents of tile original and that tile deletedn,aterial is of little or no significance to studies into the~i~ounts or types of radiation received by any individualsduring the atmospheric nucledr test pt-ogram.

I c t. IDEPARTMENT OF THE AkMY

US = NUCXJMR DEFENSE LABORATORYEDGEWOOD ARSENAL, MARYLAND 21010

[ ;.!J!:M6.;,

IN REPLY REFER TO:

AMXND-E 15 MAR?966

SUBJECT: Eqata for NDL-TR-53 (AD 365-419), INITIAL GH DATA FROMNUC!LEARWEAPON TESTS (U), dated July 1965

TO: Distribution

It is requested that changes to NDL-TR-53 be made as indicatedbelow.

a. (C-FRD)Page 19. Table 1.1. Correct yields as follows:

Greenhouse GeorgePlumbbob Boltzman 11.5 kt-Hardtack Humboldt 7.8x10-S ktFish Bowl King Fish

b. (U) Page 44, Table 3.2. Fourth colunm heading should be“Density”. Second column values should be 1112.3 mb, 1009.3 mb and

1007.9 mb.

e. (U) Page 175, Table 3.100. Azimuth symbol for slant rangesof 527, 1014, 1509, 2006, and 2505 yards should be “b” instead of “a”.

GExcluded- Docwmnt consists c.f 2 pages.gradin copy /?.3 of ~“

NDL-65-SRD-200

UNCLASSIFIEDECU RITY CL ASSIPICA~lOMO~ 7nlS~AGE ~- D-.-*~)~)

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGEREAD INSTRUCTIONS

BEFORE COMPLETING FORU

1.REPORT Muumtn z GovT ACCC-ION No. S RCCIPIENT”$ CATALOG NUMDEfl

NDL-TR-53 (EX) IL TIT+cpdsuwtw

Inltlal Gamma Data from Nuclear Weapon Tests1948 through 1962

~. AUTMOR(@

Robert J. SmithRalph E. BenckEdward E. Lissak

).● CRFORUIMG Organization NAME ANO AOORCSS

Nuclear Defense LaboratoryEdgewood Arsenal, Maryland

6 ●ERFORMINGOnG. REPORT MUUBER

NDL-TR-53 (EX)0. CONTRACT OnGmAMT NUUDERf~J

,.,.<,.. ,,,.*

10. ●ROGRAM IILEUEMT,PROJCCT. TASKAREA & WOnK UMIT MUM8ERS

1. CONTROLLIMGOFFICE NAUE ANO ADORESS 12. REPORT OATE

July 1965~S.NUMOEROF PAGES

1)4. MONITORING AGENCY NAUE b AOORESS(tl dtftor.nt lrom Contrellind Oftrre) 1S. SECURITY CLASS. (oI thlcrepoa)

I UNCLASSIFIED

t

ISa. OECLASSlflCATIOMtOOWNGRAOtMGSCMEOULE

16. OISTRl@UTIOM STATEMENT (o I rhi - ROPWtJ

Approved for public release; unlimited distribution.

0. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

This report has had the classified information removed and has been republishedin unclassified form for public release. This work was performed by Kaman Tempounder contract DNAo01-83-C-0286 with the close cooperation of the ClassificationManagement Division of the Defense Nuclear Agency.

●. KEV wOROS (Cmtlnua on mverme ●ed. Jlnecesauy md ldent#fy by block nira!berl

Atmospheric Nuclear TestsGamma-Dose MeasurementsShield AttenuationNeutron Interaction with SoilNeutron Flux Data

O. ABSTRACT (Cvtt4nUe an t.v.r~e #/do ltnoceaaav andld-nt!ly by blech ntnnbor)

The data presented are a compilation of all reported initial gamma measurementsade by the Department of Defense and other agenices, from Operation Sandstone (1948)hrough Operation Fish Bowl (1962). Where neutron data are available, the gammaeasurements are corrected for the direct effect of the neutrons on the detector asell as on the detector’s environment. Shield attenuation of the gamma dose wasaken into account. Gamma-dose-times-distance-squared, versus distance for shotonditions, is graphically presented.

m 1 7%%1473 EOITION OF 1NOV6SISOSJSOLETE UNCLASSIFIEDSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF TMISpAGt(~~mD*t*Em~~~-)

AMXND-ESUBJECT:

f.to “Film

15 March 1966Errata for NDL-TR-53 (AD 365-419), INITIAL GAMMA DATA FROMNUCLEAR WEAPON TESTS (U), dated July 1965

(U) PaEe 179. Table 3.102. Change heading of the third columnType” and add the followingcolumn:

UncorrectedGamma Doser #

55501440509214

E* (SRD) Page 194, Table 3.111. Correct fissionyields and..—HE thicknessesas follows:

Shot HE TM.tkness

cm

FloraLeaSocorro

h. (U) Pa~e 205, Table 3.119, Height of burst for Shot JohnieBoy should be minus 192 feet.

i. (U) Pages 206, 209, 211, and 213. Tables 3.121, 3.122, 3.123,ad 3.124; units for slant rage should be “feet”.

HAROLD=. SHAWLt Colt CmlCCommanding

M nT!rm7nTm@

1.

2.

3.

INTRODUCTION1.1 Objectice . . . . . . . . . . “”””””””””””1.2 Background . . . . . . . . . . ..”” ”””. .O””

PROCEDURE2.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . “ “ o “ “ ““ o “ .2.2 Treatment of Neutron Flux Data. . . . . . . . . . . .

2.3 Neutron Sensitivity of Gamma Detectors. . . . . . . .2.4 Detector Shield Correction. . . . . . . . . . . . . .2,5 Interactions of Neutrons with Soil. . . . . . . . . .2.6 Comparison of LASL and ESL Film Data. . . . . . . . .

RESULTS3.1 Operation Sandstone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.2 Operation Ranger. . . . . . . . . “ . . . “ “ “ . “ “

3.3 Operation Greenhouse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.4 Operation Buster-Jangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.5 Operation T@ler-Snapper . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.6 Operation Ivy. . . . . . . . . . “ “ “ . “ “ . “ - “

3.7 Operation Upshot-~othole . . . . . . . . . . . . . .‘3.8 Operation Castle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . .

3.9 Operation Teapot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . “ o “ “ “3.10 Operation Redwing . . . . . . . . . . . . . “ “ . “ “3.11 Operation Plumbbob. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.12 Operation Hardtack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.13 Operation Sun Beam. . . . . . . . . . s s o 0 . s “ s3.14 C@eration Fish Bowl.... . . . . . . . . . . . . .

APPENDIx

REFERENCES

TABLES1.’L Nuclear Devices for Which Initial Gam Measurements

are Reported.. . .>. . . . . . 0 . “ “ c o “ “2.1 Recommended Dosimeters ~anges . . . . . . . . . , .2.2 Neutron Activation Detectors. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page

1717

202222252527

Z828293031313234343637394142

19L123

Page

TABLES (Continued)2.32.4

3.13.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.73.8

3.9

3.10

3.11

3.12

3.133.14

Neutron Sensitivities of Dosimeters . . . . . ,Gamma Dose From Various Shields Subjected to a

Thermal Neutron Flux of 1X1012 n/cm2 and aFast Neutron Flux in Each Ener~ Interval oflX1O12 n/cma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Shot Information - Operation Sandstone. . . . .

Meteorological Data - Operation Sandstone . . .

Initial Gamma Dose Data - Operation Sandstone -ShotX-ray. . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .

Initial Gamma Dose Data - Operation Sandstone -Shot Yoke. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . .

Initial Gamma Dose Data - Operation Sandstone *-ShotZebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Shot Information - Operation Ranger . . . . . .

Meteorological Data - Operation Ranger. . . . .Initial Gamma Dose Data - Operation Ranger -

Shot Able. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Initial Gamma Dose Data - Operation Ranger -

ShotBaker I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Initial Gamma Dose Data - Operation Ranger -

Shot Easy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Initial Gamma Dose Data - Qeration Ranger -

ShotBaker II. . . .’. . . . . . . . . . . .Initial Gam Dose Data - Operation Ranger -

Shot Fox. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Shot Information - Oo>~~tion tireenhouse . . . .Meteorological Data - Operation Greenhouse. . .

. . . 26

. . . 44

.,.. 44

. . . 45

.,. 45

. . . 4&

. . . 50

. . . 50

. . . 5:

. . . 51

. . . 56

. . . 56

. . . 61,-. .

. . . 64

3.19 Shot Information - Operation Buster-Jangle. . . . , . 713.20 .-teorological Data - Operation Buster Jangle . . . . 71

h

3.;l_

3.22

3.23

3.24

3.25

3.26

3,273.283.29

3.30

3.31

3.33

3.34

3.37

3.38

3.39

3.49

SCEL Init;al Gam.zSr.apFer - Shot 2

SCEL Initial Ga,nti?.zSna?Fer - Shot 3

SCEL Initial Gan’r’.aSnapper - Shot 4

SCEL Initial Gan..aSnapper - Shoti5

SCEL Initial Ga-r:zSnapger - Shot 6

SCEL I~itial Gamzsna’p~.r - S’rl.ct7

SCEL Initial G~TJWSnapper - Shot 8

LASL Initial G?r.Y.asnapper - Shoz 2

LASL Initial Ga.?_mSnapFer - Shot 3

LASL Initial GamaSnapper - Shot 4

LASL Initial Gar.?.aSna.Fger - Shot ~

LASL 1~.itialGzr.w.aSnapper - Shot 6

1

1

5

3.41

3.42

3.433.443.45

3.46

3.473.483.49

3.50

3.51

3.52

3.53

3.54

3.55

3.56

3.57

3.58

3.59

3.60

3.61

3.623.63

LAS; Initial Ga:.T.?.Dose Data. - 0perz5ion Tu_v.51sr-SnaCF5r - Si-.ot7 (Snapper IV) . . . . . . . . . . . 98

LASL Initial Gar.!.aDose Data - Operation Tu_-~~ler-Snapper - Shot 8 (Snapper V). . . . . . . . . . . . qg

Shot Information. - Operat!o~. Ivy. . . . . . . . . . . 10CMetzorolcgical Data. - Operztio~ Ivy . . . . . . . . . lC)CInitial Ga..nu-.aDose Dat~ - Oper~ticr.ivy -

ShotML”<e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .lOl-Initial Gam~.aDo.;eData - Operatior. Iyj’- ShoL

King. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101Shot I~form.tion - Operation Upsh.aI-Kr.Gt’c.cIle.. . . . 105Meteorological Data - 0~er3.tioY.Upsh<~t-Kn~tlnole. . . 10?SCEL Inftial

Knothole -SCEL Initial




Knothole -SCEL I~itial



Krothole -SCLL Initial

Knothole -LASL Initial

Knothole -L4.SLInitial

Knothole -LASL Initial

Knothole -LA5L Inizial

Knoihole .

GarTL-ZtDose Data - oper?tio~.UEs?.ct-Shotl (Arfl-,ie). . . . . . . . . . . . . 10LGamna Dose Data - Operation Upshct-Shot2 (Naricy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104Ga!ma Dose Data - Operation Ups’cG~-Shotj (Ruth). . . . . . . . . . . . . .107

Garrm.aDose Data - @era.tion U2S?:Gt- “Shot 5(Ray) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107Garrm.aDose Data - Qeration Upsk.ot-Shot 6 (Bad~=r). . . . . . . . . . . . . 110Gamna Dose Data - Opsration Lgs’rct-S’not7 (Simon) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110GarmnzDose Data - OpeTatio:lUDs’r.>t-S’not8 (E~coYe). . . . . . . ‘. . . . . . 113Ga~.~.~DOSS Zatz - Oyerxzion ;~<~.~;.-Stu2t~ (Harry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Garr.aDose Data - c~?r3tior!:,@s’cot-Shot 10(Grable) . . . . . . . . . ...117GarrinaDose Data - Operation Upshot-shot5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119Gamma Dose Data - Operation Upshot-Shot6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120Gar.r.aDose Data - @era~<on UpS;-.aT-Shotlc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l~:Gamma Dose Da:a - Operstion.U~s’?,~t-Shotll. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:?’;

Shot Information - Operation Castle . . . . . . . . . 12+Meteorological Data - Operation Castle. . . . . . . . 121J

6

Initial Gamma Dose Data - ope~~~~’~rl R?aJirg -shotzuni. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7

TABLES (Continued)

3.90

3.913.92

3.93

3.94

3.95

3.96

3.97

3.98

3.99

3.100

3.1OL

3.102

3.103

3.104

3.105

3.106

Initial Gam Dose Data - Vperation R5cT+;izg-

Shot Tewa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Shot Information - Operation Plumhbob . . . . . . .Meteorological Data - Operation Plu!mkbob. . . . . .Initial Gamma Dose Data - (lperat~onPlumbbc’:-

ShotBoltzma.nn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . .Initial Gamma Dose Data - Operation Plumbbo’c-

Shot Franklin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Initial Gamma Dose Data - Operation Plumb’oG’c-

Shot Wilson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Initial Gamma Dose Data - OperaZion Plumb’oa’o-Shot Priscilla. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Initial Gamma Dose Data - Operation Plu.dcbcb-Shot Hood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Initial Gamna Dose Data - (lperation PlunUo’oG’2-Shot Diablo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,

Initial Gamma Dose Data - operation Plw.b’ccb-Shot Kepler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Initial GaT...aDose Data - Operation PIunb’oG”o-Shot Owens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Initial Gamna Dose Data . Operation Plunib’wb-Shot Stokes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Initial Gamma Dose Data - Operation Plumbbo’o-Shot Shasta, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Initial Gamma Dose Data - Operation Plumbks’o-Shot Doppler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Initial Gama Dose Data - operation Plumtic;o-Shot Franklin Prime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Initial Gamma Dose Data - Operation PlUmb-C~O-ShotSmokey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Initial Gamma Dose Data - Operation Plumbksb -Shot Galileo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

162165166

167

169

169

172

172

17~

175

~~j

17>

179

175

1%3

133

l?~

8

TABL?S (Coritirr.wi)3.107 Initial Gamr.aDose Data - operation PI.lLT;C-;;C’O-

Shot LaPlace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1’58

3.108 Initial Gam’r.aDose Data - Opratior. PULn’C’cob-ShotFizea7a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . “ . l~fi

a.

3.109 Initial Garnm Dose Data - Operatior?P:lJco’ocb-Shot Whitney-. . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . 191

3.110 Initial Gan.m.Dose Data - (&ratior? Pll.ufD’Gob-Shot Charleston. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

3.111 Shot Information - @eration Hart=ck. . . . . . . . 194

3.112 Meteorological Data - Overstio~ H?rdt?.ck . . . . . . 194

3.114 Initial Ga.mn.aDose Data - @raticn Harita~k - “Shotf40ra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

3.115 Initial Gamma Dose Data - Operation H?-:itack -Shot Lea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

3.116 Initial G~v.~:aDose Data - Operatioz Hzrltaci. -Shot Hamilton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~‘:C

3.117 Initial Gamma Dose Data - Operatio? Ezrdtzck -ShotSocorro. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . 200

3.118 Initial Garw DOS? Data - Operation Hzdtac~ -Shot Humboldt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2f33

3.119 Shot Information - Operation Sun Ikw.. . . . . . . . 2053.120 Meteorological Data - Gpration Sun 3???- . . . . . . ‘2~5

9

FIGURES3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

Operation Sandstone - Shot X-ray - Corr~cted gw.-:~-dose-timesslant~ange~qu~red versus slar.t-range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Operation Sandstone - Shot Yoke - correct~’~ @~~~-

dose-times-slan+racg+sql~ared versus sla?t-ran.ge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ● . . “

Operation Sa~dstone - Shot Zebra - Corrected garEz–dose-times-slant-range-squared versus slant-range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Operation Ranger - Shot Able (Access Road) - Uncor-trectzd-gm.ma+iose-times-slant-rang~sqc~red versusslant-range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Operation Ranger - Shot Able (Generator Road) -Uncorrected gamra-dose-times-slan>range-s~~aredversus slant-range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Operation Ranger - Shot Baker I (Access Roa2) -Uncorrected gamma-dose-~ime~-slan.i—rang~-.~~u~~~d

versus slant-range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Operation Ranger - Shot Baker I (Generator Raod) -

Uncorrected gamma-dose-tirr!es-slan+-range-squaredversus slant-rarge. . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .

Operation Ranger - Shot Easy (Access Read) - Uncorr-ected ganms-dose-times-slant-range-zquar?~versus slant-range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Operaticn Ranger - Shot Easy (Generator Road) -Unc~rrected gamma-dose-tim~s-slanb rarg+sa-uaredver:~s s~an~-rafig?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.10 Operatio> Ranger - Shot Baker 11 (Access Road) -Uncorrected gamm-dos+times-slanti range-squaredversus slant—range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.11 Operation Ranger - Shot Baker II (Generator Road)-Uncorrected gamma-dose-times-slanbrange-squaredversus slant-range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.12 Operation Ranger - Shot Fox (Access Road) - Uncor-rected g~-dose ~imes-slan.tiange-sql~~~rzdversds slant-ran~e, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pa.ge

46

47

49

52

53

54

>5 “

57

.->C

59

60

623.13 Operation Ranger - ~hot Fox (Generator Rod).- Uncor-

rected gam-dose–times-slantiange+quared versusslan+range. . . . . . . . . . . . .=. . . . . 63

Page

3.15 Operation Greenhouse - Shot Easy - Corr?ct?4 gar.=-dose-tim$s-sla?.b rang?-sqtiared vsrs’dssla~.t-ra.nge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.18 *eratioT.Bust?r-qJEz~le - StLoz~ak?r - Corr?crec

gam.~2-Scse-times–slant-raD.g?*qL3.re~verz”~sslant—r~nge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,19 Operatiori3uster-Jangle - Shot Charlie - Correctedga.?.m-iose-times-slz~.’+rarlge-sqdzre< vers’usslarlt–rangz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.20 Operation 3astcr-Jangle - Shot Dog - Correct?dgarm~–dose–times–slantirange-sq’lared versus.slant-raEge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.21 i@eratio~ Fhxster-Ja?gle - Shot Easy - Corre2te~gar_?.2–2ose-times-slafit-ra3g%+qmre? versus slazt–rar.:~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.22 Oper~i;on V-unbler-Snapper - Shot 2 (V~Y~olerII) -SCEL correcteciga,nn%tiose-tires<;ar.t-rz~ge-saA’LareAversus slar.t+rzr.gs. . . . . . . . . . . .

?-~? %erat~o~ T’~bler-Sn~p~er - Shot 3 (Tlm>ler III) -

11

p~~~

FIGLIIS (Continued)3.27

3.28

3.29

3.30

3.31

3.32

3.33

3.34

3.35

3.36

3.37

3,38

3.39

3.40

Operation ‘Ihbler-Snapper - s~lot7 (snapper IV) -

SCEL correcteci gamm~ose-tirnes +lant–range-squared versus slant—ra~.g? . . . . . . . . . . , . 93

O-perationTumbler-Snapper - Shot 8 (Snapper V)SCEL corrected ganur.%dose-times-+lant-range-squared versus slan~-range . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Operation Ivy - Shot King - Corrected ga.m.?A.-dose-times-sla.nt-range+quared versus slant-range . . . 102

Operation Upshot-Knothole - Shot 1 (Annie) -Corrected gamma-dose-times-s12n&r3.nge-squ?-redversus slant-range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Operation Upsh,ot-Knothole - Shot 2 (Nancy) -Corrected ga,mma-dose-times-slant-ra~ge-squaredversus slat--rarge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Operation Upshot-Knothole - Shot 3 (Ruth) - Uncor-rected gamm-dose-ti.mes-slant-ragge-squaredversus slant—range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Operation Upshot-Knothole - Shot 5 (Ray) - Cor-rected gamma+iose-ti.mes+lant~a~ge-squareciversus slant-range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Operation Upshot-Knothole - Shot 6 (Badger) -Corrected gam–dose-%imes-slant-range-squaredversus slant-range . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Operation Upshot-Knothole - Shot 7 (Simon) -Uncorrected gamma-dose-times-slant-range–squared versus slant–rarg~ . . . . . . . . . . . . 11P

Operation Upshot-Knothole - Shot 8 (Encore) -Corrected gamna-dose–times-slan+erangs- squ?.rzLversus slant-range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lI;

Operation Upshot-Knothole - Shot 9 (Harry) -Corrected gamma-dose-times-slant-range-squaredversus slant-range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Operation Upshot-Knothole - Shot 10 (Grable) -Corrected gam-dose-times-slan~range-squaredversus slant-range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11~

Operation Upshot-Knothole - Shot 11 (Climax) -Uncorrected gamma-dose-times-slant-rang%squared versus slant-range . . ..... . . . . . . . 123

Operation Castle - Shot 3 (Koon) - Gamma-dose-times–slant—range–squared versus slant-range . . . . . . 126

12

Page

FIGURES (Continued)3.4i

3.42

3.43

3.44

3.45

3.46

3.47

3.48

3.49

3.50

3.51

3.52

3.53

3,54

uperation Castle - Shot 6 (Nectar)”- Gamma dose-t.imes+lant-range -squared versus slant–ran~e . . .

Operation ‘Teapot- Shot 1 (Wasp) - Correcteagamma-dose-times-slan%range~quared versusslant-range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “ . “

Operation Teapot - Shot 2 (Moth) - Corrected g~-dose-times-slant-range+quared versus slant-range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “ “ ● “ “

Operation Teapot - Shot 3 (Tesla) - Corrected g~m-dose-times-slant-range-squared versus slant-range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “ “O . “

O-perationTeapot - Shot 4 (Turk) - Uncorrected gaqna-dose-tties-slant-range-squared versus slant--range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 “ “ .

Operation Teapot - Shot 5 (Hornet) - Correctedgamma-dose-times-slant-range-squared versus slant-range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Operation Teapot - Shot 6 (Bee) - Corrected gwmna-dose-times-slant-range-squared versus slant-range.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Operation Teapot - Shot 8 (Apple 1) - Correctedgamma-dose-times -slant-range-squared versussian+range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Operation Teapot - Shot 9 (Wasp Prime) - Correctedga~dose–times+lant–range~-quared versusslant-range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Operation Teapot - Shot 10 (High-Altitude) -Partially corrected gamma-dose-tirnes-slan~range-squared versus slan+range . . . . . . . . . . . .

Operation Teapot - Shot 11 (Post) - Corrected gamrn+dose-times-slant–range-squared versus slant-range.

Operation Teapot - Shot 12 (Met) - Corrected gamma-dose-times-slant-range-squared versus slant-range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Operation Teapot - Shot 13 (Apple II) - Uncor-rected gamma-dose-times-slant-range-squaredversus slant-range. . . . ..... . . . . . . . . .

Operation Teapot - Shot 14 (Zucchini) - Uncor-rected gamma-iose-time+slant+’arige+quaredversus slan~range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

127

131

132

1:4

135

137

138

140 ‘

i41

143

144

146

147

149

13

FIGU21S (’Continued)

I

3.56 Qera. tion Redwing - Shot Zuni - Uncorrectsigarma-dose-times- sla~t-rangz-sq u~,re< vezsus slzr.t-ra~.z.?.—._~_. . . . 2.. . . . . . . . . l~h

3.64 o;*:’TfioIlPILlmt:Gdi‘=”Sk.ctBoltzrna7F. - Unc2rY--:ze:l?osc-ti.mes-zcg~-.:...>.- ~p.t—range—square~ ‘Jer5il?

s;,rt-range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lE?

3255 Qefation Plumbbob - S’clutFran!!lirl- Corr5cteZgamm+dose~imes-slafi+-rang%squared versusslant-range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

3.66 Operation Plumbbob - Shot Wilson - Correc;ed gann%-dose-times–slanfiranS:-squa.red versus s;ant—rs::ge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

3.67 Operation Plufobob - ShGt Priscilla - Correcte’igamma-dose-times+slan%range-+qua.red ‘EZSUSslanteange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

3.68 Operation Plumbbob - Shot Hood - Correcte5 gam~~dos-times-slant-razg?-squared versus slant—range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

14

FIG-71S (Conr in’~ei)3.69 @rsticrI ~Lu.iThkob- Shot Diablo - Uncorrzctei

ga~ti~~-iose-times-slant-range-squared versusslant-rafig? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -

3.70 Operation Plum’cbob - Shot Kepler - Uncorrectedgammz-dose-tir.es-sla~t-ra.~g?-squaredversassla~t-ra?ge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.71 C@ratioc Plum.bbcb - SkLctOwezs - CQrrec??dgarn~a-dose-tir.es-sla~t-ra~ge-squzr?d‘Vezsxsslant-range . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . , . . . . . .

3.72 Qeration Plumb’oob - Shot Stokes - Correc:eciga.r.w-~ose-tines-sla?t-range-sq~~zr?dv?rs!lsslant-range . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . s .

3.73 @eration Plumbbob - Shot Shasta - Uncorrectsigam.~la-~ose-times-slar.t-range-s~dareivezsusslant-range . . . . . . . . . . s , . . s . . . , .

3.74 @erati@n pl~’~’cob - Shot DoPler - ~orre~t?dga~-r~-dcse-ti~.es-slant-rar.ge-s~~ar~i-v::s~s

sla~t-range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.75 Operation Plu.dbbob - Shot Franklin Prime -

Corrected ga.ma-dose-times-slant-range-sql~ared versus sla.~t-rang?, . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.76 ~0perat50~ Plumbbob - Shot Smokey - Correctedand :J~correctsclgam.~a.dose-tlhes-slant-range-sq-~ars~vers-as sla?.t-rang~. . . . . . . . . . , . .

3.77 Operation Plumbbob - Shot Galileo - Vnccr””””+ed.>,<.,gamma-iose-times-slant-range-sql:ared ve~susslant-range. . . . .“. . . . . . , . . . . . , . .

j.~8 opera~ion Plunic’cc’o- Shot LaPlace - Corr?ztedgarc:z-dose-?L~es-slant-rarZe-sqzarzd ‘:zrsussla:lt-razg? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . .

3.75 Gpera?icn Pluniobob - Shot Fizeau - Correctedgarrms-dose-times-slant-range-squared ‘Jersusslant-range. . , . . . . . . . . , . . ... . . . . . . .

3.8o Operatiofi Plumbbob - Shct Whitney - ?Jnccrrectedga.ma-dose-times-slar.t-~ange-sql:aredversus sl~nt-ra.rige. . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . , . . . , .

3.81 @ratinn Pium’ohob - Shot Charleston - Unccrre:teiganma-dGse-times-slant-range-sy;ared versus slant-range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . .

177

178

190

15

3>83 @T?.ziocI rfarm.ack - Shot Mora - Correccec ga.:rra-dose-times-slant-range-squar’ed versus slant-range, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.8L operation Hardtack

~g~

- Shot Lea - Corrected gm?.rz-dose-ti~,es-sla~t-range-square2 versus sl~nt-rari~?. , . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . 199

3.85 Opera.cionHardtack - Shot Ha.mil~on - Corrected garm=-dose-ti.mes-slaxt-rangs-squ?rel versus slznt-r-acg?, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .’. 201

3.36 Operstiior:Haritack - Shot Socorro - Correct?d ga~~~-tiose-ti.mes-slant-range-squaredvers’ussl~~t-rap.ge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~02

3.87 Operation Hardtack - Shot Humboldt - Correct?tiganr,a-dose-times-slant-range-squa.redversus slar.t-T3rlce 2Q4=--L-= . . ● “ “ . “ . . “.x “ . “ . ‘ “ ‘ “ .

3.90 Operation Sun Bean - Shot Johrmte Boy - Correct?d~w.w-dose-tines-sla2t-rafige-squar2J versus slar.t-?,- .> z~~....... . ,,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.94 Op::.~.~ofiFish Bowl - Shot Star Fish ?rime - Uncor-re~~ed ga.m_va-dose-times-slant-rarlge-squared-<$ersus

?la~t-ran~e. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2~3

16

to .makscomparisons ormore dee~ly into these

1.2 BACKC-ROUND

(U) Film has been used at e’,eryoFe~~tion sir-~es~c.dszor~etO ~I”?:.!-?

gamma dose . To pro’iide ener~y inc~purde~ce and electronic equili’cr:i:.,various film holders have been used -- the .nostccr.nori“aei?.~t’hel;?~~~~.~

. .

IA.SLholders. In addition, silver-phosghate-glass blocks afidneedl~~)chemical-dosimeter systems, and cobalt-glass plates have ‘oeenuserizt anumber of the operations with varying degrees of success. Biologic~?--

. .type g“imm~~-aoslmeiers -,y-eretestec?Iurixg 0per3tio~.Greenkcl~se. ~fi;;~,j.:r,

17

TCe results obt~med from all thes? systernswers ~~estic:.edbecs~ze oft?:er.e?~tror,res~o~.seof the detector itself’,as well as k’neinterac:io~of r~el~tronswitlnthe sb.ield use< to protect the d?tect~zz fron.bla.s>a~.dt’nermalradiation. In many czses this interaction ;roci~:ed sufcicie~tsecondary gmma rays to cause an apprecia’ole increase T?Atti.etotal ~os~nezs’med by the detector.

(U) This report attempts to rectify this situation’oy correctiu.gthe initial gamma data for direct ne~tron interzctiofiii:ththe ci?teztar,for the interaction of ne’~tronswith the shiehis, a~d f,~rthe atite?:izt,iop

of’the initial gamma rays by the shields. An evaluaiio: of the gam.zdose prod~ced by neutron ifiteractionwith the ground is also pres?r.teti‘~.atnot used as a correction since the grou~.d is park Of tb.e ~i:{ed 2nvil”or.-

.nerLt. To perform this work the USAILDLobtained direct neutron interactionfactors for available dosir.eterfilms (References”l, 22 and 3) ar.dcorrec-tion factors for the secondary ga,mm:~radiation producei by fle’utron.inter-actions with shields and soil (References 4 and 5). Di~ect neutr’o~interaction factors for glass and chemical systems ‘~ereobtained ‘~j- ot?,erifivestigators (References 6,7,8,9, and 10). During op~r~tion.slm.a~~mt;~et~+eoreticzl calculations which produced t’necorrection ?actzrs fOr

shields and soil were experimentally verified (Reference 11).

(U) Recent work has indicated that these ga.m.adosimters are depend-ent upon dose rate and total dose in a complicated faskion (Re?erezce 12).?k~c’nmore work will be necessary to clarify Lhis siiue.;ion.

.

19

2.1 GENFML

(U) The gam data were taken directly from W-capontest (WT) reportsfor each operation. Actually the resorted ga.?--.~.dose data are pot str<ctl;yinitizl gamma data but re~reseat g~?.~ia dos?s recsived up to the tim of’recovery of the detectors , often hours after d?tonatio~, 3?c?C.tinr.avz-tions have greatly reduced the exposure time of the ga.rz.?.tiek?ztars,bunduring the earlier operations the .gam.nadetectors re~.~ir.e?in the fieldfor lengthy and often unreported times, ~yo~tof t“~~~~y<:~~~s ;.;ereex;cs22

upwind of the detonation to minimize the falloxt-g~.?,cx.c~r,;c~’~utiofi.Table 2.1 gives the recomm>ndeti rar.gesof r.ostor the ~os.imt?cs.

(U) Dosimeter films ,fl-erethe ma,<or ga~_-a,.~.~:~,~~~r$~-gSyStS:FL usei at4weapon tests. Films seen to be szns;tive 1.

tO every var12,01e ‘KLdxr. tomanlkind,and they may be sensitive to some not !<~owa, lJseof fih as a

gamma dosimeter for controlle< la’ooratory.experiments grzser.ts .sar.?~iffi-culties in interpreting the data; but use of film at wea.~ontests, ib.erelittle control is maintained and where the quality and type of rm2iati~?.are unusual, presents extreme difficulties. The NBS and alumimim-xood(AW) filmbadgesh aveminimizecibut not eliminated er,er~flepen~~nce ofthe films. Minimization of the field variables has ~rogressed f’r~r.t?syto test so that now it is believed that the gamma dose can be intzr~re<?ito within 25-35 ?ercent.

(U) Direct line of sight to the detonation point iiasassLTsi fo,-:~1gamma and neutron d~ta. Where the gamma ciataoverla~p?~ th? doszg? ~>:.::?of two films, an edtica.tedguess was made as to which film ‘~-asu::?+,u{i~~~j:;the original data were specified. Since the potective shiel~s .,zY?r.:;always adequately described, a number of assumptions concerning size,thickness, and composition had to be made in sorr.ecases. F~~tors fordirect neutron interaction with film were determined or.lyfor film encaseiin the NBS holder. These interaction factors were a.ss-xstito be appli-cable also to the AW LASL film holder. Very limitel e:{perimea~al da<~

indicate that the above assumption is reasonable, at least for therr,~lneutrons. Finally, the neutron-interaction factors ok~~,ip.e:ifor ci,e:?-.Ye!

films were assumed to be applicable to the obsolete film of the sa.~.+dose range.

20

Dosimeter Type Recor:~.end-:iqang?

r

EITNISiOn 502 0.3 - 153Emlilsion 508 0.3 - 103Emulsion 510 10 - 353Err-dsion506 35 - -/pG~,@~

Emulsion 129Q (Adlu.x) 35 - ~~~o~

Emulsion 548-o (double coat) 1000 - lo,oc!;~

Emulsion 548-0 (single coat)a25Q0 - 50,0GC3

Ern~lsion649 25c0 - 50,cc:AgPD3 ~~aSS ;0 - l(j,llc<?o

Ag-Q glass 10 - Ioo,::oc

Cobalt pl~tss~04

- 103Thermoiumiriescent 0.005 - 10,OCOChloroform 1 - - 100,000Tetrachloroetti~lene 1 -.ldd

21

2.3 NEUTROTJ SENSITIVITY OF GAMMA DETECTORS

(U) The neutron sensitivities of the gamma ~etectors vary ‘tiit’r.r.e”~~~~~-energy as shotinin Table 2.3. The reliability of the fas:-rieutr’znSilmsensitivities can not be estimated since t’nevalues are ~aken from.sirig;+measurements . To use the fast-neutron sensitivities of t’nosedosimeters

22

(U) TABLE 2.2 NIHITRCJNACTIVATION DETECTGRS

Aul‘7 n, Y Aul98

AS7s n, Y AsvG

239Pu Fission Mixed fission

Np237 Fission Mixed fission

f38 Fission Mixed fission

23

Cho on. . . .ocus~mmN

Co moo. . . .r-mul~ulmN

?0. .

%7i

F+

$cdalkMl

24

for which values at only i MeV are available, the a.ssz;tiiox:musi be rad~that the average v~~ue of the ~fi-e~ponrs fas~.?.~l~~ror,STJe:?r I-Lm. iS ~ k’{..

At s?zcions ‘fi-h.Qrethe full set Of nelutrop.acti~~acior.d?;?:tors :<3.SnobL

available, aa a.vera~eenergy of 1 MeV for fast ne’~tror.s -ias asswwd ZLrdonly the neutron sensitivities at I .MeVwere used for any gs.~~~zde~~ctorsexposed. Actually the neutron sensitivity values obtaice~ for ermlsions548 and 649 and the thermoluminescent dosimeter w~re obtzined ‘ayexp~sirgthem to a fissio~ spectrum and reporting the valluesat ?n av?ra.z~ e~~~~of 1 Me~J.

2.4 DETECTOR SHIELD CORRECTIONS

(U) The corrections for the ,garmadoss producei by ne~~rcr:int?zaztio~.swith-a n~’oer of popular sb.ie~ds have been reported in I+ference 4 am?.are reproduced in Table 2.4. The contributions of therr;~lneubraps(radiative capture) and fast neutrons (inelastic scattering) havebeeataken into account. Induced activity in the shield is neglect~~ (e~~ePifor aluminum shields), since calculations ha-w sk,owr.that ics cor.tr~O1~-

..

tion is less than two percent. The inelastic scatterin~ cress s?cticr.sbelow 0.63 Me~J are negligible.

(u)(&@As the dista~ce from ground zero i~cr?ases, the ga.~-rn~spe~krti~.

hardens (Reference 17) and the attenuation factor for shi?lds WOUld beexpected to decrease. For surface and low-~ir bursts of less than 520 kt,the average gam?a e~ergy is considered to be 1 MeV at d~star.cesfromgroa-.dzero to 1000 yards, 3 MeV from 1000 to 30C0 yards, a.r.d5 MeTi~tgrezter than 3000 yards. The spectrum of ga~-~.ara,diationfrom ‘ieapor,sgrea~cr thar:500 kt is expected. to be consider?’ziy softer tha~ th~t farlow-yield weapofiz, sine? tl~emajor pcrt~,o~ of t’:-.+dose is ~eliver?~ ~;”the h:~rcQnar.5cally enhz~.ced.fissi~c.-piod.:.:trxiiation. For th.es2

weapc :;, the average g~.c.naener~y is co::si.z:r?dto b? 1 MelJ UP to ~C~~yards fro,mgraul,d zero av.d3 MeV for g:.~ter dis~~~.c?s. The shi?lcis<r??-uatiGfifactors are reported in the initial g?.ma dose ta’olesfor eac~~shot.

2.5 INTERACTION OF NEUTRONS WITH SOIL

(U) The garm,.,contri’outionfrom the in+.?ract,~“on of ~elltror.s‘fl”i~~lthe soil is repor;ed but has not been used to correct the g~?-~a fl~~a~inasjmuehas the soil is part of the fixed environment . ~y me3.nsof themethod outlined in Reference 5, the gamma doses were calculat~d for .vario.tissoils for fluxes of 1X1012 thermal neutrom per squar? centimeter

25

ad

.2sC/l

lnr-. .

cud-cwm

-tCv

0“a“rid

CnchN+. .

m-lln

00z%

%2m .9

G o“

.&J

.@a

:

26

2.6 COIN?ARISON OF IASL AND ESL FILM DATA

(U) A comparison of the LASL film data with t?= Eva:-:sSig::<lLa”acra-tory (ESL) film data shows that

..+=~.~y hi~-.~rth~:~the LASL d~t~ a~z cznsz~....~

the ESL data. An investigation into the cause of the~~ ~iszre?axc<?s ‘<ascarrie~ out by ~L during operztion Teapot aridre~~rt?d bY StCrT.3Cd

Bemis (Reference 18), who reccmm.erded that all the L..$.SLSaza be 10:;5TS:by 13 perceritbecause of cali’orationdifficulties. In.COrY>Sr<SOC“:ithenergy-imiz~ende~t ion chambers, the individ’~al emlfisi~r-re~’J~t~ ~’Qt~~rL~~by use or the LASL holder were high by factors ‘Ia.rylc~Z-Z_OL?LO to ?Dpercent, and the individual emulsion results o’r)iair.e~‘oyuse of t>.:>~Sholder were low by factors var~ing from 7 to 19 pezze~t. The 1~-~?rze::t

calibration factor is used in this report to corr~z> the L$_SLfiln Ida??..Describing the LASL film data in this report as uncorrected, mear.:th.ztthe data have not been corrected for neutron effects but hzve b?e:.carr?c-ted for calibration error. The individual emulsion correczior:sare no~applied in this report, since they are applicable only at distar.cesof 17C0to 3300 yards, and to the type of shots for ‘tik-ichthey ‘ti-er?meas~=”ed. T’n~

individual emulsion variation is assklred to be ci~~eto tk? ?nerzy ~ege~.??r.zeof the emulsion: the emulsions in tb.eLASL holtierare nmr? s?r.sLtiiveto the lower-energy gama rays than are the emdsicr-s ‘i~.~1”.~~~s ~-o~’i~r.Since the ga!ma sgectrum is softer at distar.ces CICS?Y iO gro”~~~~?r~,the correction factors should be differe~t. curr?~t~y the avec?<? be::,.?:

the IASL and ESL gamma data appears to pr?se~t a g~od esti?at= of tk .ga,!mldose.

(U) An example of the calculations used to obtain the COrIecti@::factors is present?d in the Apge~dix. Formulae for correcting tfi=datato other air densities are also presented in tk.eA~Fericiix.

(U)A1l shot information w-asobtained fror.Rc~erences 19ar-i 20.Unless otherwise specified, the meteorologinzl sat? ‘.-ereo’otaineiat ~Z_C’L-.Elev[l. The meteorological data ta’olesinclule slant-ranga–:orr~:ni>:”.factors and dose-correction, factors as well as tev.~erature,prezs”~re, ar-’idensity values,

27

CHAPTER3

RES’ULTS

3.1 OPERA’TION SANDSTGNE

(U) Operation Sandstone, conductsd at the Pacific Provic< Grour,fls(PPG) during April and May 1948, consiste~of three tow?r sl-m<s. A SLUZTYof the shot information is prese~ted in Table 3.1 and t’r:emeteorologic~.iconditions at shot time are given in Table 3,2.

(U) The gamma.measurements were performed by Rad Safe (Tas’iGroup 7.6)with film badges (Reference 21). Six film ty~es cov?rir.gth? ra.zgefror.0.05 to 22,500 r were 2ack2ged in lightproof packs -N-ii’na l/32-inc’n.le~ti

cross over the front, and sealed in an alum.inun-foil jacket. The film

badges xere attacked to 2x2x3/~6-inch angle-iron st?.ks~at distances o?

less than 1000 yards and to lxlx3/16-inch a.ngle-ircfis?a.kesst distancesof greater than 1000 yards. Energy depemi?nce of the <ilm b?ige >aspoor, since excessive response to radiation belek 3S2 k?-fwsz noted. A1~

the film badges remained in the field for 12 to 30 ‘nG’Lrs after deto!-.atic::,generally in the upwind direction. Residual contamin.sciontiasestimateifrom field survey data to be negligible as compared to the film readings.

(U) Neutron-flux measurements were made by Los Alamos Group LA.J-3with threshold detectors (Reference 13). Since no pll~toniumdata.xereavailable, the total fast-neutron flux was calculated as descri’oed inChapter 2.

(U) The SP.T; data and corrections are presentel in Tabies 3.3, 34,and 3.5. Fi~l~,rss3,1, 3.2, ,and 3.3 show the correctz: g?mPz.-dos?-ti!ne.-the-slant-dis~a?.c:-squared as a function of slant distance.

3.2 OPERATION RANGER

(U) Operation Ranger, the first operation at the Nevada Test Site(NTS), was conducted during January and February 1951 and coasistec ioffive airdrops. Shot information is summarized in Table 3,6, and meteoro-logical data are presented in Table 3.7.

(U) Gam measurements were obtained with film dosimeters by theRad Safe group of LASL for all the shots (Reference 22). Three film typescovering the range of 0.1 to 3000 r were packaged in a lightgroof paperjacket with a l/8-inch lead clip placed over ?acn unit, sealed in a plastic

28

(U) Therm.l-neutron meas!lremen.tswere m~d? by IJ.sL 7*-52:?g~l? dets:t:r:

(Reference 13). No fast-neutron !r,eas’uements“~e~-ereals. . - ------r’n*s:~-2.1Y

neutron flux for Shots Able and Fox might have been esti.mzze’dif tk.esol’i-neutror’ data from these s’netshad been found to be czr.;arz’sl?to <?.?z2l2-neutron data from the similar S’hotsTumbler II and Buster Dc=. E-2;,2-;2Y,

since tb.egold-neutron data agr~ed only withir!a factor of t“~jo,eszi==tic:lof the sulfur-neutron. flux by this method ‘tioulclbe ir)accz’at+.

(U) The uncorrected gamma data are presen;ed in Tables 3.3 ttirl~3.12,and the uncorrected gamma-dose-times -slant-distar.,:e-scM.r?i ‘i?~s~i~ sl?.r.tdistance are shown in Figures 3.4 thru 3.13.

3.3 OPERATION GREENHOUSE

(U) Operation Greenhouse consisted of four tower shots detorfitedatthe PPG during April and May 1951; A summiry of the shot in?orr~~ic~.1Spresented in Table 3.13, and the meteorological conditions at snot tir.~are given in Table 3.14.

(U) The gamma measurements, which consisted of t’r.euse of film er.:”.se~in PBS holders, were obtained by the NIIS (Reference 23) . FOUr f:lms .,%.=::

used to cover the range of 0.1 to 80,000 r, b!~tore -- t?.eFzstr.?:’:3~22positive -- was used as a performance check oi”t’[email protected] 605. TIP,e::2sfilm hold,?r consists of thin layers of tin acd lead to provi:e r~>b~~~-.+.’:~~

energj independencejand a thick layer of bakelite to ?ro-$id?ele~tiro’.icequilibrium. The film badge was attached to a 2$--inchpi~e. Since 50fl~rther information concerning the pipe is given, the pipe is aSS’d.Te~to

be of steel and l/8-incn thick. No azimuth ~;asgiver.from ground zero.No corrections for the effect of fallout need to be r.adesiricethe falloutwas negligible (Reference 24).

(U) Neutron-f luxmeasuremer,ts w-eremade by IASL, with goliami 3U~f’’JK_detectors (Reference 25). The fast-neutron flux has been a.gzincalc~lat~ifrom the sulfur data.

29

(U) The gwm.data.andtk neutronTables ‘3.15 thru 3.18, and tb.eplots ofsqu~red versus slzxk-range are Sho-,,nin

3.4 OPERATION BUSTER-JANGLE

(U) Operation Buster-Jangle consisted of seven shats at tk=NTS:the first was a tower shot, the next four we= air<iro?s,the si:~th‘~:a~a surfac? shot, antithe last has an u~dergcound shot. A sumr.a:j-or theshot information and tb.emeteorological coritiitionsat shot time is pre-se~ted in Tables 3.19 and 3.20.

(U) Gammdose measurements wer’eobtained by LASL (Refererfle26) fromall detomtions exce~t Able and tb.esurface shot, anti by Si-gnal CorpsEngineering Laboratory (SCEL) (Reference 27) from the surfzce a:-dunder-ground shots. LASL used a series of five films to c~ver the r~~.geof’0.1to 30,000 r. The films were exposed in the Allholcieratt~c’r.~<to an ar.gle-iron stake driven into the ground. Films T.ererecovsrei from 3 to ~ ho’msafter detov.ation. No local fallout ‘tias recor~ecl for the first :ive shots(Reference 24) .

(U) SCEL also used five films to cover the range from 0.5 to 10,000 r.The films were exposed in NBS holders, but the report dces not =entionhow the film badges ‘werepositioned or whetb.er shielcis‘ti-ereusei. Unfor-

tune.tely,most of theafter dezanation. Tofrom one minute up toThe fallout d?.tawere

(U) Neutron-fluxthe first five shots.underground shots are

films remained in the fallout field up tc 50 hoursascertain tb.einitial gamma dose, the fallout flos?recovery time must be subtracted fk_or.tonzl dose.obtaired from Reference 29,

mea.swem.eritswere made by LASL (Reference 29) fi~Gold- and sulfur-neutron data for the suzcf~ce “7: ..

available in Referezce 13.

(U) The gamma doses and the neutron and fallout corrections are pre-sented in Tables 3.21 thru 3.26. Graphs of corrected ga.mm~-doc?-times-slant-range-squared versus slant-range are given in .F’iglres3.1? tkru3.21.

(U) The neutron fluxes for the surface and undergr~und sb.ctsat tieslant ranges of interest ,a.retoo small to permit meanir!~fulcor:sction

factors to be obtained, a~d the initial gamma doses obtained by correctingfor fallout are very erratic. Therefore, no graphs are presented forthese txo shots.

30

3.5 OPEFWTIGN TLJIvETLEX-SNAPPER

(U) G~wration Punbler-Snapper was conducted at the NTS ciuringApril,May, and June 1952. The operation consisted of four airdrops and fourtower shots. The pertinent shot information is presented in Table 3.27,

a~d the meteorological data at shot time are presented in Table 3.28.

(U) The gamma measurements were made by titiogroups: LASL (Reference30) and SCEL (Reference 31). LASL used film in the Allholder,nounted on

2ngle-tron sta;<es;SCEL used film in the X% hal~er ?-ttac>edto al-~~inumstakes. Neither grol~pmentions azimuth or fallout effects -- e~cept forSnapper III -- when t’hecloud pzssed over t’heLASL line. It “tiasassumed

that the films were placed upwind of the other shots where fallout hatilittle effect. Eo;:ever, the TLASLresults are comtskently hign?r than

t’heSCEL results, and ?ossibly the LASL f’ilm.srecorded some fallout ratiiz-tion. Shot 1 -~asnot instru!nented for gamriameaslmements.

(u) Tie r,eutroniiatafor Shots 3, 4, and 8 ‘.eretaken fr~mm~?.sure-ner,tsrr~de‘~ythe Kaval Research Lab (NRL) (References 32 ‘:cd11~). TheLASL o’Dtair,edneutron data at Shots 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, xhich ::T?x-e<:,r~edin %eference 33. Reference 13 records neutron-flux data for all eightshots during this operation.

3.29thru3.22

(U) The SCEL garmnadata for Shots 2 thru8 are presented in Tablesthru 3.35 with their appropriate correction factors. Tables 3.363.42 give the LASL film data without rjeutron corrections. Fi~mestkru 3.2 8 present the corrected SCEL ga.nma.-dose-times-slar.t-range-

squared versus sla~t-range.

3.6 O?ERATION 1-0

(U) Operation Ivy, held at the PPG during October and Xovember 1952,cocsisted of two Isrge-yield shots: Mike, a surface snot, and King, anairdrop. Shot information and meteorological Gata are given in Tables3.43 and 3.44, res~ectively.

(U) Gamma measurements were made by QISL on both shots xith film(Reference 34) . Tne film types used are the same as s~ecified for C>?rationT7~+oler-Snspper. TO o“Gta.ininitizl gamma data in the ‘ne~vy-fzllout fieldexpected from l.iike,a fil.m-ciropgadget ‘c.cs‘~sedhhereby films ex~osed tor~diation for a F.redetermined time k-ouldautomatically drop below gro~nd ‘level into a r&di5tioR-~rGtected zrea. Unfortunately these gadg?<s tiidgot work, ~nd .ma~y‘~ere?illed with .iatzr, sand, and de-bris. TJlefew

31

films might reasonably be ass~meflto ha’(edropped berors tk.?arui’;~~ol.

fallout. Only the dropped-film data are preser.cei‘tiitP-er~cr liM~~~ ~<~AiCfi-do not include the error due to droppi~.~time. NO Il~UtirOil corc?c~io::sar?

presented since the neutron flux was negligible.

(U) The AW film badge was assumed to be boltet to an.<.e-i.or.st<<ssfor Shot Kifig. All film badges locatd i’ror,7C0 to 17C:~y~r~s frcv.ZZOUCC:zero were destroycci; the resk were recoverefit~ded~y a~~e< tb.e~’r.~:.~llr-;~y

readings indic~ted thzt residual activity k-asnegligible. All gzr_-:sztz-

tier.sfor both shots were on land.

(U) Reference 13 gives son$ gold and sulfur data for the txo S?.OZS.These data were extrapolated to the slanz ra~ges of int?rest.

(U) The gammadataforbo thshotsas wellas the neutron correztioflsfor Shot King, are presented in Tables 3.45 and 3.46. Correct?? “--’-=4_....-dose-times-slant-range -squa?e~ versus slant-rang? for ShOt Kir.gis gf-J~~in Figure 3.29.

3.7 OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE

(U) Operation Upsnot-Knothole was conducteciat the NTS frcml%ri::toJune 1953. The operation consisted of 11 deter.ations highlig?.?ed‘3Ys?Lok10, which was an atomic weapon fired from a can~o~. The pertire?.: ShCt

information and meteorological data are given in Ts’o1?s 3.47 acd 3.4?respectively. It should be noted that in some of the kT rsgorcs Yor thiso~eration, the order of Shots 5 and 6 arxiSb.Qis8 and ~ ‘wasre-je~::?..Table 3.47 lists the shot numbers strictly according to chronol~gica~.date of detcr,ation.

(“M Initial garrmameasurements were made by LASL (Reference 35)for Shots 5, 6, 10, and 11 and by SCEL (Reference 36) for Shots 1, ~, 3,5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10. The SCEL gamma detectors consisted of five filmtypes encased in NBS holdersbe l/4-inch thick. The filmwere recovered approximatelygiven for Shots 1, 3, 6, and

and attached to aluminum stakes ass’w.zdtorange was from O to 12,000 r. The deiectors

3 hours after detonation. No azi!r!’l%his9, and no mention is made of correcti~~.s

32

being necessary for fallout contributions. From comparison of fallout

contours for this cp=ration (Reference 24), the initial g.aruiadetectors

obviously were plzced far enough from ground zero, if they were in eitherthe uy~ind or cro~~ ;;inddirection, for the fallout effect to be negligi-ble. Large limcnite blocks were placed in the towers for Shots 2 and 7in such a positifizzs to attenuate the radiation east of the tower. .~-na

gamma line for Shot 2 xas east, and the gamma lines for Shot 7 ‘tiereeastand south. Only the south line data are reported for Shot 7. Neutroncorrections were ?.a.dein Reference 36 for the Ezmna data obtai~ed for S’notlG. The neutron correction factors used in Xefer?n:e 36 ar? er~oneousal!dth? neutron fl-cxesused are suspect. SCEL was cne of tk,egro~ps hfl~ichreversed the orcierof Shots 5 and 6, and Shots 8 znd 10. SCEL recor<eddistances as radial distance from GZ , not as slant range.

[)0 ~) LASL obtained their gamma measurements from fl,e film b~-pesi~ . ,e AW holder zttached to angle-iron stakes. The films :c;ered tk~r;.nge from 0.1 to 2000”r. No azimuths are given fGr Shots >, 6, and 1.1,~llino mention is ?:zcieof fallOUt aFfeCting the d~tectors. ‘._?riat’L~~of~:::.maexposure with :,eightabove the ground, frcm cne-’r,alf’~~>t to 10feet, xas measure~ zt Shot 10; the variation did not exceed +5 percentfor the slant dis%mces of 2000 to 3000 yards.

(U) The ga-ma data obtainedby the two projects agreed fairly wellfor Shots 6 and’10. The LASL data were slightly higher for Shot 5.

(UJ‘~~ Neutron measurements were made by LASL’(Reference 37) forShots 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, and 10, and by NRL (Reference 38) for Shots 8,9, and 10. The neutro~ data for Shot 10 were taken from WRL Cata.Unforti_mately, SG22 Of khe L.uL r,eUtrOnflata‘ti;eretaken fOr 6iti.~~OStj~,me~suremen.tsmd i-ereur.usa-~lefor this reuort..

Plutcni’m-neutron Iataare available for Shots b, 9, 10 (Reference 3Y). Siricethis as thefirst atte!nptto naas-ue neutron flux ‘tiithpl”dtoni..mdetectors and theobjective of the ~roject which obtained the pl=tonium-ne-titron data wasto obtain ratios “cstitieenneutron flux inside and outside Civil Defenseshelters, it was tecided not to use these data.

(U) The SCEZ gz.mmadata and the neutron corrections, ‘ik?L-ez~!aila.bl?are ~r?se~%ed in ~?’o~-es 3.49 thru 3.57. C-~Y-deS of the SCEL’gz::.Ta-dose-L.~~ries-slar.t-distar,:e-squared versus slant-d~siar)ceare presented in

Figures 3.30 thru 3.38. The LASL Ear.matiataa~d zeukroz-flux <~ta aregiven in Tables 3.58 thru 3.61. The LASL ga.nmadata for Shot 11 tines-~]ant-~ar.Se-souar:j ‘(ersus slant-rar.geare presented in Figure 3.39..

33

3.8 OPERAT ION CASTZE

(u) operation castle was cond~cted at tb.ePPG ciw-in.=tk.?perici Mazch!t’truMay 1954 # The operation consisted of six detafizt;ar.s: txo l?”n:-

surface ard four barge shots. Perbinezt shot infornzc:oc ?cd mei=~rcl2g-ical data for the thr?e shots for which garz-,zdzta are EL-JZ<la’aYe %T? gre-

sented in Tables 3.62 and 3.63, respectively.

(U) Initial garna mess’.uwm~nts were atte~.ptedbj-tF,e?JS4.Si~nalEngineering Labo~atories (SEL) for Shots 1, 2, 3, ~, a:.d6 (Re~eze:.c=‘O).Most of the det?ctors vere either destroyed or corta.?.<?.ate?so that ~z~afrom only nine stations from Shots 3, 4, acd 6 were u:~hls. Dat2,wers

obtained from NBS film badges and chemical dosimeters “~hi?lded ‘Qy0.2~-iI?Ch

aluminum pipes.

(U) Neutron data for Shots 4 and 6 are available frcm.‘ReferenceL1.Data from only two neutron stations are regort?cifor Shot 6, and only xwoof the eight stations for which ne.utror,datz are availz-blefor Shot 4had clear line of sight. No neutro~ data xers obtaicei for Shot 3. lr-general the neutron results are inadequate because of cofi?a?.ir:dtioc,excessive time lapses bef’ore recovery, and loss of stz?:or.s.

(U) The ga.mm data from Shots 3, 4, and 6 are presented in Tables3.@. No neutron data or corrections are shcwn. Cur-lesof gan?.a-40s%-times-slant-distance-squared versus slant-distznce for Sk,ois3 ar.d6 aregiven ~n Figures 3.40 and 3.41.

3.9 OPERATION TEAPOT

(U) Oyez_a.tionTeapot was conducted from February th.~uM!y 1955 atthe NTS. The operation consisted of fourteen cieton~ti~ons: ten tcwershots> three airdrops (one of which was a high-altituie deto!wtior?), a~done undergromd shot. Table 3.65 provides the pertice~t infQrmzttoriforthe shots for which gamma measurements were made. The meteorologicaldata are given in Table 3.66.

(U) Gamma measurements were made by a nunber of groups during Cyer~-tion Teapot; hoxever, only the LASL (RefererIce@) ant USA Signal Re=?ar’-fiiand Developr,ent Laboratory (SRDL) (Referecce 43) projects %-er?.TiaidLY

concerned with free field initial gamrr;zme~sure.ments. Ga?.?:?.<a?a f’rcmchemical dosimeters are presented for Shots 9 and 10 (Reference Lk) tosupplement the SRDL data. These chemical dosimeter values are consideredto be less accurate than the film data, since the fast-ne’uiron secsitivi?yof these dosimeters was unknown. Edgerton, Gerneshauz?n, and Grier, Inc.(EGt%G)reported many film gam measurements for a shielding project

34

(U) The bul.kof the garm~datar eported- ias obtaineif’ran the S~_DLmeasurements. The NBS film badges were exposel -in al-.~~.iy~m. ~-~~d<rs 2C~22’F.St

to metal stakes. lt was ass!m.e~tb.a~t’heslur.ip,u.nhol~=~~ .;iere :/~&<”.<2

thick so that attenuation of the gm.ra radiation T~.asnegligi.cis. T!-.:‘dosimet~rs were exposed in the upwind directicr.and r~zov?re% as SCC:.?spracticable; therefore no residual radiation corrections wer? necess:<y.The film badges were exposed in 3/8-inch steel drop canist?rs for t?.e‘big?.- .altitude shot. Windows covered with l/16-ifickalumir:m w?rs dr:lle~ i?the canister to expose the film. Hove’~er, if the ra~iation did ?ot ??.~?rdirec~ly through the alumin~m windox it had to pass zhrzugh the zt??~ sk-~11as well as the surrounding instrumer.tation which W’2Sgot descritiet. S’LTL:?the orientation of the ca~isters is not re~oz$e~, ?O shielticarr?:tc~:’.swere m:,1~ for tb.isshot.

(U) SRDL used “betatron correction factors” to accol:r-tfor z.~Cf~~:-ence Ln calibration curves for tk.?various emls ion-s‘U-he?,us!rl~:s‘“ ~~~::~_

tion as opposed to betatron radiation. These factors me i~?.or?l<r.t’r.isrepor;, since “betatron correction fac~ors” rzported in App??aix C c?Reference 45 -- which were obtair.edby use of the sam? betatron .zaz?.~::?and film eumlsions as those used by SRDL -- do not agree with S72L r~s~t~.SRDL considered the “betatron correction fac%~rs” for pr’evio’lscpr~~ic?sto be negligible exce?t for 508 film emulsion >-h~?h‘<asxot ‘Me: ~’-u”~cgQ?ration TeapGt. Bo experimental cGm?irnaciorjxas obta:nei fc:-T?+“betatron correction factors”, d~ring subseql:nt operakio?.s.

(U) The underground detonation, Shot 7, was instr-ur.en=iwiih l=Sfilm badges to obtain residual radiation mess:-uements and is nc: de::r~oe’~in this report. The Shot 11 gma data out to 1204 yar~~ are a :O:::;.?3iU~

of 0° > 45° and 90° lines. The gama data at 412, 5i0, arid608 yar~: fGrShot 11 are questionable because the emulsions used at these station:were exposed below or above their normal ranges.

35

to S ratio for Shot 11.

(U) The gamma data are presented in Tables 3.67 thr’~3,79. Cur-jes

gamma-dose-times-slant-rzcge-squared versus slant-r?.cgeare grese~-~~~Figures 3.42 thru 3,54:

~.10 OPERATION REDWING

(U) Operation Redh-ingfias comi~ctedat the PPG from May thru July~956 , The oFeration corisistedof seventeen cietona.tio?s: two airdrops,five tiater-surface shots, three limited-land-surf~ce shots, si:itouerS}.ots, and one sk.oton z barge in Shalloti->-~z?rover = reef’, Table 3,~G;ravides the pertir.e~.tinforwtiov. for the shots For :Ykichsuccess~’1~~am~.amess’.~r~tme~ltsi.-efeobt~i~ed. The meteorologic:~l caca Zre gi’!e?Lin?~s~le3.81,

(U) Gamms.measure!nents were made by SEL (Referer,ce47), LASL(?eference 48), and the US Army Chemical Warfare Labor~.tories (CWL) (Re:-erence 49). LASL attempted to differentiate the initial-garmna-~adiztiorsversus time by using films in “drop gadget” instrumeritsduring ShotsLakot3.,Navajo, and Tewa, Only data fror.Shot Navajo xcre usable.

(U) SEL obtained initial gammadatafromShots Z,r,i,Flatheaci,Da’’~:a,:;zvajo,and Tewa. The NEW film badge positioned in a number of’diff?r~ncs;.ieldswas used as the primary dosimeter Station ar:lmutual dosir.etershielding factors (effects of one detector on another) were calculated‘sySEL. However, the estimation of the average gz.mmzenergy at the disza.fice

36

(U) CWLwasrnainl yinterested inncutrocc:~swe~snts, but che~ic%ldosimeters ‘.-ereplaced in 0.434-cm thick afidl.?-ifichaia.mb~l”Ske?lpipe nip~les to mea,wre gam-?aas well as neutrcu.dose for SF:OtSYJLT.3jErie,BlackFoot, and Kic!<apoo. The US Air Force (US;:) and t?.eAtomLc Er=r~Commission (AEC) supplied chlorinated hydrocar”con Systsm to T:e”ls’LrsgL!lT.3dose .

(U) The US13chloroform dosimeter'provided the bulk oftkSga~:.adata. The type of chemical used in the AEC che~.icaldos.im.eterwas no:elucidated. Thermal-neutron corrections were rade on the USAF’chlorofor!r,dosimeter using the value of 1.5x109 n/cm2/r recomxendsi in Re2ersnce 10.The USAF chloroform dosimeter is claimed to be “fast r.el~trcni.?ser.sit<-~e”.However, the interpretation of the term “fast nelltro~insz?.sitive”is opevto question, since no definite sensitivity val.cesha~iebee~ obkair.?<d-NC

corrections are presented for the AEC chemical.dosimeters.

(U) Neutron data for Shots Yuma, Erie, Blzck.ffoot,and Kickapoo areavailable from Reference 49. No extrapolation of the data ~a~ ne=~=rY,since the rieutronand gamma measurements were zzadeat the SEC= stations.No neutron data are available for Shots Zuni , ?lathea~.,Dakota, Navajo,and Tewz.

(~):i~ <T,,d@ --:, krd neutron correct.io~z (w’nereavailagle) a~stabula’~eflin.T:+.i]les3.?2 thru 3.90. The stat~cn a?d TJtual sk%eldi~gfactors are piv.~ented for Shots Zuni, Flat’neat,Dakota, Navajo, andTewa, bck the shield corrections are not preser.tzdsi?ce neutron c0rcz2-tiofismust be made first. These results are ~orrectei for resiilml ?:::preshot exposures. Curves of corrected gz~m-iose-ti-.es-slant-r?rge-squared versus slant-range are given in Figures 3.55 thrli3.63.

3.11 OPERATION PLUMBBOB

(U) Operation Plumbbob was conducted at t’rfiNTS from April thr10ctJoF2r1957. It was the first operation in which a nuclear device xas sus~?nceifrom a balloon for detonation and the first in which rocket deli-~erj’of anuclear war’nead from an in-flight aircraft wzs e,mplc:-?d.The Oceratior.

consisted of thirty detonations: one one-poizt shot, one tunnel sk’~t,fivesafety shots, one air shot, nine tower shots, and thirteen ba1100n :ho~s.

A summry of the shot information is present?< in Tzkle 3.91, ar.rlt’r.~metero~-ological.conditions at shot time are given in Table 3.92.

3?

(U) The EG&Gfil-m gamma data arepresented only for shots wk?re noother gamma data were available. EG+W usefia weak film.de-c?lo~?r,K0235

D-76; the neutron effect on film is h~ossible to deter?.ineh“ks:tk?zdeveloper is used (Reference 56). Inforr:ztionwas also laokir-<ccr.L?T??lY.zposition and type of stations. The EG&G film bacige is v?ri-sir=;lz?tothe NBS film badge.

(U) The SAM used the tetrachloroethyle,ne two-phase cherrlc~.1ioslr:- “eter to measure the initial gamma dose. The dosimeter is cla~??? kz ‘oefast-neutron insensitive; that is, if exposed to one re? of fast ~-e’~~~’~r’.~with no gamma rays present, thedosimeter would gezera~s 0.83 ~el-csrkas much acid as it would for 1 r of gay.r.%radiation. The~~~~r?, ?.T?zr~? :-

tions are necessary for fast-neutron semiiivity. The ~ostzet:r ~sthermal-neutron sensitive. Reference 10 reports that 5.~x19g cher::a~neutrons per cm2 produce as much acid as 1 rep of gan?.arays . Duzing +~’:...-”

operation lithium shields in l/4-inch-thick aluminum “3eer Muss” “tier:used to reduce the thermal-ne’utron flux. Pag? 23 of R?fez_?~c?51 stat?s,“If no gamma rays are present, 3.25x1013 them.al ne’~t~~nsge~?rat? asmuch acid as l’7rof garmnarays in the two-~’nasetetrzchloroet?.yle:.eSj-ste:.,”This is erroneous since it conflicts with statements in Referz:c=310 bythe same author and with Reference 57 which states tk$ 3.25 Z1O1 therm+.1neutrons generate as much acid as lyr of gamma rays w?.?3tb.e<osk:.?te~is encased in the lithium shields. Corrections for tkerwl.-r.~.t?~~effects were not made when the dos”irr,eterwas encased in liihi:~n. Thechemical dosimeters in the “Beer Mugs” were hung from steel gca.i;OS?Sat approximately 3 feet above the ground,

(U) S~LexPosed film in NBS holders to measure gam.r.adcse. Most C:the film was expo~ed(Emmett) designed to

in the photographic-dosimeter tramsport .?ec?.zr.is~measure gam exposure in one-second inc?er.ec.ts

3’2

3.64 thru 3.81.

3.12 OPEWTION HARDTACK

(U) OperationH ardtackwas a two-pha:educted at the PPG from May thru August 1958which included the first vezy-high-alt,itucie

operation: Phase I was COn-and consisted of 35 shotsdeto~zziocs; Phasz 11 “~as

39

conducted at tk.eh-TSfrom Se2tem’oer t’hr”~Ccio’oer1958 arxlconsist?; of’37 shots. A summary of the shot in?orm~tion for the six sp,otsfor xhichinitial ga.~.rn.adata are avail~ble is preser,ted in Tabl_e3.111. T’neYeteurQ-logical conditions at shot time are given in ‘T~’ole3.112.

(’)U ~ Gamma measurements for Shots Fig, Hamiltoq and HuInl~o12twe e provided by (ZTL (Reference 59). NBS film badges in steel cor.i~le~swhich were screwed onto steel sta’fieswere the prin.cipa.ldetectors ‘;se~.For Shot Fig, the detector stations were placed as follows: thir:y-si:<film-badge stake stations on land; four Eruwtt devices on lacd; ei~;.tfilm-badge stations on land and water along the Project 2.ha neutrofilire; a~.dseven film-badge stations hung vertically from the Project 2.11 ballooccable. The slant ranges regorted for the balloon line are riotex~?: sincethe position of the cable was estimated. Also, this estir.z;ed slar.tm.cgewould apply only for the prompt and nitrogen-capt’ue gm.r.za?.?Rot forthe fission-product radiation since the fireball and cloud ra~iily SSZSC2,and this radiation source.would pass withtn the sap.edisczr.?? for ezchdetector. It must also be remembered that the air de?sity tiecr?>.s?z~-tthaltitude and may affect the gamma results. The 143° line “iasper:sii:ldzrto the long axis of the weapon.

(!!1T=Q The main gamma instrumentation for Shot Hamilton comprised 26film-badge stakes and 4 Emmett devices. These data were lost ‘~ecz”~ssofan accident during film development. The films used for g~.m-,?.su~:orimeasurements for Project 4.2 were undamaged (Reference 60). The l~O” ar.d

330° lines were DerDendicular to the long axis of the wea~o?.

[i)- Shot Hurrkoldtwas uriex~ectedly moved to another zrez or.?dqyprior to shot day; thus only o~e line could be instrum+nte~. Fil.-,‘Dacig?s

in pipe nipples were attached to the ne,~tronli~e out to 400 ysrds amiwere pulled out of the area within 10 minutes after deton~tion. Fart;-=~r

out, film badges were taped to stakes and goal posts of unknoin CG:@OSitiCfland dimensions. This line was perpendicular to the long a,xisof t>.?‘,iea.po:.s.

($m Residual contamination was generally neglig~ole. The 39-yznistation at Sb.otHamilton was in the upwind direction ar.dthe iose ratswas less than 10 r/hr at H+l hour. The 30-yard station on the lLj: li~?for Shot Fig was recovered within 5-10 minutes. Ali the xater stz.:ior.~were recovered wit’nin10 minutes. The residual cofitamin~tior.,fistz forShot Fig were obtained from Reference 61. The H+l-hour reaslings i;~~e

used to calculate the total residual dose from 10 minutes to th~etime ofrecovery (24 hours).

40

(U) ~;eutrondata were obtainedbyCWIfor Shots Fig, Hamilton, andHumboldtj md re~orted in Reference 62.

(U) The g?ammaand neutron data for Shots Lea, Mora, and Socorro wereobtained by ORNL and reported in Reference 63. The gamma dosimetersexposed were tetrachloroethylene chemical dosimeters and AgP04 glass rodsin the CFWL aluminum “Beer Mug” shield including natural lithium shielding.The gmma znd neutron data were presented as “normalized” data for ShotsX, Y, and Z (Lea, Iiora,and Socorro). The a~pendix to Ref?lerice63 provitiesthe clues r~ecessaryto correct the normalized,data to actual data ?or theactual shot. The “scale factors” reported for the neutron dztz -,,eretp.correct. L private communication (Reference 64) from the authors of’thereport stz%es that the reciprocal’of the neutron “scale Yactors” shouldbe used.

(U) The gamma data are presented in Tables 3.113 thru 3.113. Graphsof gar.w-dose-times-slant-range-squared ‘~ersus s~?~t-ran~toal-e:;t~~~nin

7iLwres 3.22 illru3.87.

3.13 C?EFW.TIONSUN BEAM

(U) Q.eration Sun Beam was conducted at “NTS in July 1962. The opera-tion consisted of four shots of small-yield i.-eaponsclose to the grmnd.A sunuraryof the shot information is given in Table 3.119, and the meteorol-ogical conditions at shot time are presented in Table 3.120.

(U) The USANDL measured the initial gamma dose for the four shots(Referer,ce11), The detectors used ‘.,erefilm in lES holders, glass micrc-cios:.meiersin tin.-tantalum-teflon holders, cobalt—glass plates, calci’~fluoride thermoluminescent dosimeters, and formic-acid chemical dosimeters.The formic-acid dosimeters yielded no usable data and the ther,mol’uninesce~,tdosimeters xere generally lower by a factor of three as compared to theother three’dosimeter systems. Only a few thern,ol-minescent dosimeters‘fi-ereexposed, and the results are not ~resented in this compilation. Thedosimeters ‘~ereexposed mainly in steel pipe nipples which &-ereattachedto pull-out recovery lines. No residual rzdiation corrections sr-eneces~aryin view of the early recovery of all dosirneters. Protection from therrhlfieutronsWZS, in mzny cases, provided by a shield of lithi’m.-6. The co’Ghltplates ‘.-hickwere not protected by Lie yielded ~ata which are s-;s~?ctsince the t?:ernal-~eutron correction is very large and not accurately krio$n.

TM 649 film ciata,especially at the closzr stztions, g~ve anc=~loc<sresults after corrections. At some stations the fast-neutron correctionWaS greater than t’ne ~corrected ga.m~.a dose. This mzy be due <o an.errorin the” fast-nelltron correction factor, but more likely it is T;s to dose-r~te dependence. The 6&9 film provided mucl~better dztiaat MO!S ciist?.?tstations where the dose rate was lower, although the neutror,-c~rrectionfactors were the same. Some dosimeters were expose$ in nylon ;i2es ‘tiit?inylon screw--typeplugs, The thermal-neutron ’flux inside tkese ~ylonshields was ger.erally higher than the thermal-neutron flux outside theshield by a factor of 2.2. This is taken into account in corraciir.gthedata obtained in nylon shields.

. (U) The neutron data were obtained by USAliDLandreportet ir!?Lei’er~~l@65. Neutron and gamma data were obtained at the same stat<ons. Son.eof

the neutron data points are far removed from the smooth cur”~eof the PI?versus D plots. The make-up of the stations may have caused this dev:a-tion. The neutron data used are the actual data obt~ired at ezch statior:.

(U) The gamma data are presented in Taoles 3.121 thru 3.124. Grzphsof gamma-dose-times-slant-range-squared versus slani-r~nge are sho~~ inFigures 3,85 thru 3,93,

3.14 OPERATIONFISHBOWL

(U) @eration Fish Bowl was conducted at the Jolmson Islzrd Test Areaduring the summer and fall of 1962. The operation consisted of ten hish-altitude deto~.?.tior:s,five of which achieved a ~uclear yield. PertirLs~tshot informz,tioc is presented in Table 3.125.

(U) G%w?. ine~surements were made by USANDL (Reference 64). T@ maindetectors were film in N5S holders, silver-phosph:ate.glass microdosir.eiers,and cobalt plates. The gamma instrumentation w-ascontainet in three re-coverable 2ods for each shot. The pods were attache2 to the lalx?>.‘iehicleand released at tl?eproper time during the early part of tk.etra,j~CtOrY. to

place them at various distances from the detonation Point. T~-~t~-reeg~~-~-~

instrument packlges per pod were placed at the center of the ~od and ‘::eresurrounded by various objects and cushioning. Some of the co’c~.ltpla~es

were placed in the neutron:detector packxges which were?P1?CE5 at the rezrbulkhead and presumably were so oriented that they looked ~irezt:~ atthe burst. The cobalt plates in the neutron package recor~e< 1?ss dos?than that recorded by the cobalt plates in the gamma packag?, The greater

42

shielding zrGur.dthe gzr.m package would indiczte t’hzitt’r.ers-~ers?s‘f.olllibe trlue. Ho’,.-ever, muc’hof the shieldi~g was ~ hig~,_~ydr,~ge?-~cr.t?r,~CU3k.-

ionin~. This material may have therm~lized scne of the f’astinel~tronsand provided z b.ighertherma,l-neutron flux at t’negmrna ~ack<.g?th.azaxthe neutron pack~g~. Since the cobalt plates arz highlj-thsrmz.l-ne7~tron-se~sitive, this thermalization effect may h~j? been the ca.us?of thediscreyncy in the readings.

(U) Neutron measurements ,~ere made by t~.e I.JS&NjL (R.?ferer.ce 65) . No

thermal-neutron-flux values are given because of the dolictf’ulness of the

validity of the small differences betw-een the cadmium-shielded and theunshielded gold detectors.

(U) Since thetherrnal-ne~tron-fluxvaluesare not a,ailable, and theeffects of t’nedifference in the positioning of the neutron a.vlgz?.mpackzges in the pods and the eff’ectsof the s’cieldingmaterial are notknown,the gamma results have not been corrected for neutroc and shieldingeffects. The uncorrected ganu?aresults are ~resent?d in Ta31es 3.126,3.127, and 3.128 and the curves of gamr~.-dose-times-slart-rz~g?-sq~z?eiversus slant-range are sho~-n in Fi@ures 3.24> :.9: 2r.i3.96.

43

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gax-dose-time s-slant-rang= squared ve~susslantirange (U).

47

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Oper~tion Ranger - Shot Able (GeneratorRoad) - Uncorrected gamw.-dose-tin?es-slant-range-squared versus slant-range (U).

53

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Uncorrected gm.a-dose-time~- slant-raEg+-squared versus slant-range (U).

54

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Figure 3.7 ) Operation Ranger - Shot Baker I (GeneratorRoad ) - Uncorrected garrma-dose-timec-slant-rangesquared versus slant–range(U).

55

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Operation Ranger - Shot Easy (Access Road) -

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57

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Figure 3.9- @eratiOn Ranger - ‘hot ‘as~ (Gener=’torRoad) - Uncorrected gamma-dose-times+ lantirange-squared versus slar+range (U).

58

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Figure 3.10 @J) Operation Ranger - Shot 2aker II (AccessI?oad) - Uncorrected gam.ma-dose-ti~nes-slant-range-squared versus slant–range(U).

59

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Figure 3.11 & Operation Ranger - Shot Baker II (Generate?Road) - Uncorrected gamm-dose-tim.es-slant-range-squared versus slant-range (U).

60

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Figure 3.12 -.0) Operation Ranger - Shot 70X (Access Road)-

Uncorrected gamrm+dose-times-slant-range-squared versus slant-ran~e (U).

62

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Operation Ranger - Shot Fox (GeneratorRoad) - Uncorrected ga.mnaJ.ose-ti~.es–slant-range-squared versus slant-range (U).

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Figure 3.15 (S Operation Greenhouse - Shot Easy -Corrected gamma-dose-times-slant-range–squared versus slan+range (U).

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Figure 3.M&i@e ration Buster-Jangle - Shot Baker -Corrected gamma-dose-times-slant-rangesquared versus slant-range (U).

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Gper&tion Buster-Jangle - Shot Charlie -Corrected gamma-dose-times-slant-range-squared versus slant-range (U).

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Figure 3.21 = Operation Buster-Jangle - Shot Zasy -Corrected gamma-dose-times-slant-range-squared versus slant-range (U).

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Operation Tumbler-Snapper - Shot 6(Snapper III) - SCEL Corrected gamma40se -times+lan%range-squared versus slant-range (u). -

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Figure 3.27 (~ ~ ) Clperation Tumbler -S~apper - Shot 7(Snapper IV) - SCEL Corrected gam.ma-dose-times-slan~range-squared versus slant-range (U).

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Operation Upshot-Knothole - Shot 9 (Harry) -Corrected g~ose–times-slant-range-squared versus slant-range (U).

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Figure 3.40 -Operation Castle - Shot 3 (Koon) - Gamma-aose-times-slant-range-squared versusslant-range (U).

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Figure 3.41 (S-RI)) Operation Castle - Shot 6 (Nectar) -Gamma-dose-times-slant--range-squaredversus slant-range (U).

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“T_’_T7lPERATION TEAPOT j

Shot I (WOSP)

) I

-

t I

o 400 Soo 1200 1600 2000 2400 2e93

@

Figure 3.42-

Slant Range (yd)

Operation Teapot - Shot 1 (Wasp) - Correctei

gamma-dose-times~lant-range-sqwred vezsusslant-range (U).

131

1

—

,~ 9

a

10

I 1

I

I

\

I -

I I

OPERATION TEAPOT

Sh

\

o

0

0

I

2 (Moth)

\

i

I

o 400 Soo 1200 1000 2000 2400 2800

Slant Range (yd)

Figure 3.43_&R@ Operation Teapot - Shot 2 (Moth) - Correctedgamma-dose-times-slant-range-squared versusslant-range (U).

132

.aa.*ss*a* s.

133

—

,.l(

10~

,0(

400 Soo

I { I I

\

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I I I I I I

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IOPERATION TEAPOT

Shot 3 (Tesla)

\

I I I I

1000 1500 1800

(\J Slant Range (yd)

Figure 3.44@w

Operation Teapot - Shot 3 (Tesla) - Correctedgamma-dose-times-slant-range-squaredversusslant-range (U).

134

—

,!,,~lo .

I , ,

+--w——

‘0’7

I I I 1

\

I I I

15CN 2000

[q

2500 2900

Slont Ronge (yd)

Figure 3.45 &F@ Operation Teapot - Shot 4 (Turk) - Uncor.rected gamma-dose-times-slan+range- squaredversus slan+range (U).

135

k.>

9,>

g

>

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.

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.

.

.

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.

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1 t 1 1

Shot 10 (High-Alt,tude)

O Film

X Chem,lml

——

1 , t ,

-1

-1

1

70-

-1

--l0 200 1000 Zooo

r%3ooa 4000 Wco

u Slant Range [yd )

<)Figure 3.50 (S- Operation Teapot - Shot 10 (High-Altitude) -Partially corrected gamn~dose-times-slant-range-squared versus slankrange (U).

143

—

‘O’r——————

E=U-1

,() 8

\\

02’

.

107 I I I I

I I I I I t I

OPERATION TEAPOT

Shot

t I 1 t

I (Post)

\

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Operation Teapot - Shot 11 (Post) - Cor-rected gamma+ose-time s-slant-range-squared versus slant-range (U).

144

●

—-—

?qq??q~????? ????? 0.??? ??0. ??? 00.. . 4A-4..... A.. *.-+d4dd. d . . ..*. A

3 ● *****9=.. .**..,,-*

i I I i ! I 1 I

tI

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1,,

I 1 t I I

QQ

I I I I t 1 1 I

I I I I I I I

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J ! I ( I I I !

1

I

I I I I

I i I I

I I I I

Shot 13( Apple II)4

it

1

1400 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

Slml Ronge (ydl

~ t)

Figure 3.53= Operation Teapot -“Shot 13 (Apple II) -Uncori-ectedgav.na<cse-ti.mes-slan’~range-squared versus slant–range (U).

147

I

mb

.m

El3

oojrtrf-)Ln@A“&iii?

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d Ld Cdcd’a cd cd d d cd cdCdd dcd ‘sCd (d

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148

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.

10

—

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—

—

I I I I

-

I I I I I I I I I i I I

I

OPERATION TEAPOT

Shot 14 (Zucchini)

I

~.14ci) 1500 2000 2500 3000 =00

(-- Slant %nge {yd)

Figire 3.54 & Operation Te&pot - Shot 14 (Zucchini) -Uncorrected gzrn.ma-.~ose-t~m,ss-slal~t~afige-squared versus slant—range (U).

149

—

I

,07 [

1 I I I

1 I I I

II

OPERATION TEAPOT

Shot 14 (Zucchini)

I

I i I I

I

\

o

_--L-__L_ __ ..1400 1500 2000 2500 3000 3300

Slont R9nqe (yd)

Figo.re3.54 &@ Operation Teapot . Shot 14 (Zucchini) -Uncorrected ~z~.ma–dose-t.~r,es-sl~.~lt~ange-squared versus slant-range (U).

149

2

&

15C

—

1

..-

..--.3

I f 1 I

o

1 I 1 1

Shot Zuni

o

\o

0

I ! I 1

II

I

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23oO 2300 3000 3s00 Wc9 4300

Figure 3.56 &RQ.)

Slmt Ronqe [yd 1

Operation Redwing - Shot Zuni - Uncorrectedgamma-dose-times-slant-range-squaredversusslant-range (U).

154

–—

—

,.13I [ I I

,.11

I I I I

I I I I I I I

OPERATION REDWING

Shot Tewa

I I I

2000 3000 4000 4eoo

Slant Range ( yd )

Figure 3.63 (S-RD) Operation Redwing - Shot Tewa - Uncorrectedgamma-dose-times-slant-range-squared versusslant-range (U).

164

——.

——

—.

166

—

Cdtdcd

. .+-cum

167

t

—

,~ 9

10

1

\

—

\

—

—

—

—

\

—

.

—

—

\

—

—

—

—

\

—

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—

\

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)PERATION PLUMBBOB

ShotBoitzmann

\

—

\

—

—

—

\—

—

—

—

\

—

—

—

—

\

—

—

—

—

1500 1S00 2100 2400 2700 3000 3300 3600 3900 4100 4400 4700 5000 5300 5600

0

dSlant Range (yd )

Figwe 3.64 X Operation Plumbbob - Shot Boltzrnann- Uncor-rected gain-dose-t imes-slan~range-s quaredversus slant-range (U).

166

1. S. ...-..@ ‘u

.

.

.

.

1.

1.

—

Ic

\

I

\

I

\

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I I I

)PERATION PLUMBBOB

Shot FronklinQ 3428 Azimuth

x 195° Azimuth

\(

I

\ x

I

I I I

500 600 700 800 9(M 1000 I100 IZQo

Slant Ronqe ( yd )

Figure 3.65 a Operation Plumbbob - Shot Franklin -Corrected gma-dose-t imes-slant-ran&-squared versus slant–range (U).

170

I 1 I 1 I I

x

o x

x

x

sI

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/ 2–

/ 0

/’x

1 I I I 1 I I 1

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,.11

.

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I

\

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OPERATION PLUMBBOB

o

\

I

I

I

W 600 mo 1000 1200 woo 1600 1600

LSlonl Ronge (yd)

u

Fi~e 3.67 ~. : @eration Plmhbob - Shot Priscilla -Corrected ganmm-dose-times-slant-range-squared versus slant–range (U).

173

I

t

tII

“t

1----

c

J t 1 I I I 1 1 I t I t I I I I;

Im

co

174

175

.

,.10~

10~.

,~e.

,~ 7

600 Soo 1000 1200 1400

\—

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—

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Figure 3.69%

—

\xo

—

-

OPERATION PLUM860B

—

\

—

—

—

—

\

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Shot Diablo Io Chemical

—

—

\

—

m

—

—

\

—

—

—

\x

—

—

—

—

—

—

1600 1S00 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3ZC0 3400

Slont Range (yd)

Operation Plumbbob - Shot Diablo - Uflcor-rected gamma-dose-times-slant-range-squaredversus slant-range (U).

176

,O1or

107. 1 I I I

I I I I I I I

OPERATION PLUMBBOB

Shot Kepler

1 I I I

I

i-1-;

\

I 1. I

500 1. 1000 1500 2000

(’)JSiont Range ( yd )

Figure 3.70_@S- Operation Plumbbob - Shot Kepler - Uncor-rected garr.ma-dose-times-slantirange-squaredversus slant-range (U).

177

11111 1 I I I

ox

t I 1 I 1 1 [

J1 I I t I 1 1

/—.

/

JI 1 1 I I 1 t

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.

Im

178

.

,

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.-1.,, :

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., >+..-..,-,

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,.11.I I I I [ 1 I I I I t

OPERATION PLUMBBOB

Shot Stokes

t-

109. I I I t

500 1000 1500 1900

LSlant Range (yd)

Q\

Figure 3.72 Operation Plumbbob - Shot Stokes - Correctedgamma-dose-times-slant-range-squared versus

- slant range (U).

180

1010,

10a

I

\

I

f

\ ●

1

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3

I

\

I

T’TOPERATION PLUMBB06

Shot Shasto

\ o

I

\

1

\

I

\

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750 Wo 930 1000 1100 I2C9 1300 1400 1500 1600

(’J$ Slont %nqe (yd)

Figue 3.73 ~ Cperation PI;.nbbob- Shot Shasta - Uncor-rected gar-~.a-dose-tirles-+lant-range-sq~aredversus slant-range (U).

10

I

\

o

I I

I

‘%

I

‘T’TTOPERATION PLUMBBOB

\

I I

Shot [

\

I

ppler

L

(

I

I

\

Imo 600 9m loco I100 Imo 1300 1400 1500 1600

Slant Range ( yd )

Figure 3.74 ~ Operation Plumbbob - Shot Doppler -Corrected gamma-dose-times-slant-range-squared versus slant-range (U).

182

.

.$m

.

.

.

1.

$.

.

1.

M?$... , ,,, ,,, ,,, ,:+:..?>,~~~,,,,,,, ,,, ,,

r---

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.--. :, ., -,. . .

1

:?~

,~1

10

I

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1

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1

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TOPERATION PLUMSBOB

Shot Franklin Prime

\

I

1

1Soo 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300

[)u

Slant Ronge ( yd )

—Figure 3.75 - ~erati~n pl~bb~b - Shot Frafi~in ~i~ -

Corrected gamma-dose-times-slant-razzge-squared versus slant-range (U).

184

‘O’’r————

u

a

10

\

I

+

x

x,

I

I

\

x

x

I

1 I I

OPERATION PLUMBB08Shot Smokey

D Corrected Gommo Dose

x Uncorrected Gommo Dose

x

\%

\

-

(

b

I

I

I

600 eoo 1000 1200 1400 16M !500 2000

[\QFigure 3.76-

Sent Rorge (yd)

Operation Plumbbob - Shot Smokey -Corrected and Uncorrected garcxna<ose-times-slan~range squared versus–slantrange (U).

185

1

10~ I 1

10@

I07

,06 I

\

)

Koo !400

I

%

o

I

&oFigure 3.77 .

1900

OPERATlOti PLuMBt30f3

Shot Galileo

——

\

I

2600 3CXX

I

3400 3800

Slant Range (yd)

Operation Plumbbob - Shot Galileo -Uncorrected gamma-dose-tines-slant-range-squared versus slant-range (U).

187

as, ass d,< s

-.

--,

t

L-ul99

TI I I 1 I 1

x

JI I I I i I I

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—.

x

-1 I 1 I 1n

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OPERATION PLUMB60B

\

;hot Fize

\

\I

\

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3

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900 1000 I 100 1200 Boo 1400 1500 Iwo

Slont Range (yd)

Operation Plumbbob - Shot Fizeau -Corrected gsmmadose-times-slant– range–squared versus slant-range (U).

190

Dna DD

1

,(, !,

.

191

,.10I

o

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OPERATION PLUMEBOB-. . ... , ..snorwmmey

\

\

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700 900 I100 moo 1500 1700 Iwo 2100

Slant Ronqe (yd 1

Fi@re 3.80 a Operation Plumbbob - Shot Whitney - Uncor-rected g~ dose-times-slant-range-squaredversus slant-range (U).

192

,~9

10

I

I

I

\

\

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OPERATION PLUMBBOB

Shot Charleston

O 120 °Azimuth

X 127-Azimuth

-—_L___ .—-L---

I

————L——

2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600ix 29cxl

ubFigure 3.81 -.

Slant Range (yd)

Operation Plunfobob- Shot Charleston .Uncorrected gamna-dose-tines-slan+rrange-versus slant–range (U).

193

<

f fqes FM

1.

.j ~..-

.

.

-

.

‘.‘2_r ,“.

.’ <tic

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. ...!,.

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.,-

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o

x

[

i,

r

I

t-

0 Chemical

x Glass 4

)

x

o

! 1 1 !

.1\x“

I t I

Soo 1000 1500 1900

~Slant Range (yd)

Figure 3.8~Operation Hardtack - Shot Mora - Correctedgamma-dose-times-slant-range-squared versusslant-range (U).

198

10

1 I I 1 1 1 I I I I I

OPERATION HARDTACK

Shot

1 I I I

.80

‘i5c0 \

1000 1500 1900

(Q),.

Slant Ronge (yd)

Figure 3.84 ~Operation Hardtack - Shot Lea - Correctedganima-dose+imes-slan+range -squaredslant-range (U).

199

versus

,... ,.,2.,

>.,.,.>.,....

205

107

10

I I

ix

\

\\ x\

x

‘\

I

I

\\,

\

—L_

T “TOPERATION HARDTACK

\●

✼●

Shot Hamilton

— O 150” Azimuth--- X 330° Azimuth

—-— A 240° Azimuth

\

\

o

__-L-.100 200 300 400 500 500 i

-—-L---

\\

‘\

—-..–L— —

\\●

✼

.__L..—

(J) Slant Range ( yd )

Figure 3.85 f&@ Operation Hardtack - Shot Hamilton -Corrected garma–dose–times-slant-rarige-so+uaredversus sl.a.nt-r~n.ge(TJ).

201

10

I

I I I I

\

10a- 1 4 1 I

500

( 1 t 1 I 8 I I I

OPERATION HARDTACK1“Shot Socorro i

I I I 8

I

1 1 I

1000 500 1900

.

Slant “Ronge (@)

Operation Hardtack - Shot SocOrrO -Corrected gsmma-dose-tims-slant-range-squared versus slant-range (U).

202”

Ioa-—-

/

—

o

(

I

1 I 1

0 100 00

LhFigure 3.37 ~

t

\

T---— I

OPERATIOh~ HL3DTACK

Shof Humbcldt

I

I

I

I

\

I

300 400 500 500 700 900Slant Range (yd )

C@eration Hardtack - Shot fiur;~oldt-Corrected gamma-dos~ times--slant-range-squared versus slant—range (i~).

204

rII

<“ ;-. ~ :.,.-. -. -4 5

rt

a

t

l’.

-1 I I 1 I 1 1

-X

J I 1 I I I 1 !1 1 4 I 1 1 1 1

=~

pwonbs sOuOM

I

“Uuuuu. uuu. “Ll””””uu”uu U“u”uu

,.13I

I

1

I

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o

A

r]Shot Star Fish P;me

o

b

I

o Film

A GlossRods

Slant Range ( yd ) x 103

I

) 4 8 12 16 20 24 2’9

Figure 3.94 ~mration Fish Bowl - Shot Star Fish PrimeUncorrected gamm~dose-times-slankrange-squared versus slant-range (U). ,

(U) The followingcorrect the gamma dose

TJQLPlumbbob

dyta1.

sensitivity offlux:

at 1119

APPENDIX

example of the calculations that are necessary todata, is taken from the Shot Ho03 (Operationyards slant range.

To o’otainthe gold-neutron correction the thermal-neutronthe 548 film (Table 2.3) is divided into the gold-n~utron

3.59X1012 n/cm2

8. 8X109(n/cm2)/r= 407.6r = 408r

To obtain the fast-neutron correction, tke.fzst-neutronsensitivity of the 548 film (Table 2.3) at 1 !vleVis divided i~:tothe totalfast-neutron flux as represented by the Pu neutron flux:

1.04X1013 n/cm2= 3586r = Ssgor

2.9x109(n/cm2)/r

(U) Since the fast-neutron sensitivity for the 548 film was obtainedfrom a fission-n’eutronspectrum of average ener~ of 1 MeV in order tocorrect the film for fast-neutron effects, the averag$ neutron ener~ ofthe particular shot must be assumed to be close to 1 MeV. For those filmsxhich have neutron sensitivities reported for a number of fast-neutronenergies, the neutron sensitivity at 1 Mev is divided into the Pu-U flux,the neutron sensitivity at 2 Mev is divided the neutronsensitivity at 4 MeV is divided and these resdlts aresummed to obtain the total fast-neutron correction.

(S-RD) 3. To obtain the shield (Emmett) correction, the gamma dosevalue for a thermal flux of 1X10>2 n/cm2 in Table 2.4 is multiplied bythe gold-neutron flux divided by 1X1012 n/cm2; the gamma dose valuefor the 0.63 t: 1.> l@V interval is multiplied by the TJp-Uflux dividedby 3.X1012T,l’cm; the ~a.mnadose value for ti~l.5 to 3.0 WV interval istiultiplied the gamma dose value for over

221

(~~) 4. The gold, fast, and shield correctionsvalue is subtracted from the uncorrected gamma dose togamma dose:

are added and thisgive a corrected

17,500r - (4o8 + 3590 y,1230) = 12,272r = 12,300r

6(S- ) 5. To correct for the gamma attenuation of the shield, ganmaattenua ion factors for each shield type were calculated for gamma energiesof 1, 3, and 5 MeV using 1 to calculate the attenuation factor. The

e-bx

appropriate attenuation Iactor for the slant range and shot yield wasmultiplied by the corrected gamma dose to obtain the final correctedgamma dose:

12,sOOr x 1.14 = 14,022r = 14,000r.

k(S )6. To save time, “magic numbers” which are the soil garr!!adose for 1X1012 thermal neutronspewsquare centimeter and for 1X1012fast neutrons per square centimeter were calculated for Nevada-type soil,coral, and water using the methods outlined in Reference 5. To calculate

the soil contribution, the thermal “magic number” is multiplied by thethermal-neutron flux divided by lxlOld n/cma and added to the fast-neutron“magic num’oer”multiplied by the fast-neutron flux (Fu) divided by1X1012 n/cm2. This result is.multiplied by k using the formula:

l-k = /R-l

fR + /3 COS e

tihere0 = angle between normal to surfacebeam from point of detonation

of ground and path of neutron

.

usR=_

aa

where

9s = microscopic scattering cross section of soil

‘a = microscopic absorption cross section of soil

and then multiplied by the build-up factor for soil.

The constants for Nevada-type soil are:

Thermal “Magic Number” = 523r

Fast “Magic Number” = 351r

JR = 8.17

Build-up factor = 1.3

(523r

l-k =

3.59x1012 n/cmax

lX1O12n,c# ) + (“lr x ‘“:;:3;:: )

1878r + 3754r = 5632r

500 ydscos e = = 0.$47

1119 yds

7.17 7.17 7“17 =().8()28.17 +J3 x 0.447 = 8.17 + .773

G .—a8.943

>2.3

k = 0.198

5632r XO.198 = ll15r x I-.3 =1449y = 1450r ~hi& is the soil co~t~i.bution.

(U) To correct the burst conditions to standard air density thefollowing formulae for correcting the slant range and dose must be used.Standard density, ps, is defined as 1.293x10-3g/cm3, the density of dryair at O°Cand one atmosphere pressure.

The corrected slant range, Rs, is given by

PR~=— R

Ps

and the corrected dose, Ds’

is given by

a

(P)

PsDs =— D

with pips given by

P/Ps = 0.269$ (c. -q+~-ca +.,.) “

where Co =c1 =

●

✎

60=g=Y=T=

11/2(o.269x10-3 PS gy/T)1/6(o.269x10- ps gy/!r)al/24(0.26gx10= p: g y/T)3

pressure at the detector, mbacceleration due to gravity, cm/secaheight Of burst, cmtemperature, ‘K

(U) The slant range and dose-correction factors were so calculatedby approximating p/ps via the parameter y/t that only those C’s whosevalues were equal to or greater than 0.01 were included. Inclusion ofonly Co assumes, in effect, a constant density between source and detector.Inclusion of,Co and < assumes a linear variation in density with heightbetween source and detector. Inclusion of all the C’s assumes an ex-ponential variation in density with height.

224

(U) For the Teapot and Plumbbob series where both the ground andburst conditions are available, the correction factor is given by

0.269P/Ps

(

pa+%=—

2<— Tb)

where

= ground conditions: = bust height conditions

REFERENCES

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10 ●

u.

12.

R. J. Smith; “Thermal and FastNDL-TR-13, USA Nuclear DefenseOctober 1961, Unclassified.

Neutron Effects on Dosimeter Films”,Laboratory, Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland,

R. J. Smith and R. F. Benck; “Fission Neutron Effects on a Varietyof Gamma Dosimeters”, NDL-TR-37, August 1962, Unclassified.

R. J. Smith and R. F. Benck~ “Thermal and Fast Neutron Effects onDosimeter Films”, Health Physics, Volume 9, No. 5, pp 473-4-84,My 1X3. Unclassified.

R. J. Smith and R. F. Benck;Blast and Thermal Shields onNovember 1961, Unclassified.

R. J. Smith and R. F. Benck;

“Effect of Neutron Interactions withMeasured Gamma Dose”, NDL-TR-19,

“Effect of Neutron Interactions withSoil on Measured Gamma Dosefi,NDL-TR-18, October 1961, Unclassified.

S. Kondo; “Neutron Response of Silver-Activated Phosphate Glassj“Health Physics, Volume 4, pp 21-24, October 1960. Unclassified.

C. H. Bernard, W. T. Thornton, and J. A. Auzier; “Silver-Metaphos-phate Glass for X-Ray Measurements in Coexistent.Neutron and GammaFields”, Health Physics, Volume 4, pp 236-43, April 1961. Unclassified.

W. T. Thornton and J. A. Auzier; “Some X-Ray and Fast Neutron ResponseCharacteristics of Silver Metaphosphate Glass Dosimeters,” ORNL 29Q,September 1960, Unclassified.

R. J. Smith and R. F. Benck; “Glass Dosimetry in the MegaroentgenRange”, Unpublished.

S. C. Sigoloff; “Fast-Neutron-Insensitive Chemical Gamma-Ray Dosimeter”,Nutinics, Iklume 14, Dp 54-56, October 1956. unclass~d.

D. L. ~igotti, R. F. Benck, R. J. Sih&tlS,and E.& Lissak; lntegrate~,Gamma Dose Measurements,” Project 2.4, Operation Sun Beam, TiT-2265USA Nuclear Defense Laboratory, MaY 1963, Secret-Restricted Data

H. J. Donnert, N. KleQ and R. A. %sse’; “The Response of SelectedDosimeters to Radiation Delivered at High Dose Rates”, NDL-TM-11,in publication. Unclassified.

226

13.

14 ●

15.

16.

17 ●

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

W. A. Biggers and F. Waddell; “External Neutron Measurements 1946

through 1956”, WT 9004, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, October1957, Secret-Restricted Data.

J. H. McNeilly, J. E. Frandolig, and D. L. Rigotti; “ExternalfieutronMeasurements 1952 through 1958,” CWLR 2377, USA NuclearDefense Laboratory, Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland, March 1960, Secret-Restricted Data.

Corporation of America, white Plains, N. Y.; “me Nuclear RadiatioAHandbook”, AFSWP-11OO, Nuclear Development, March 1957, Secret-Restricted Data.

J. S. Wicklund, F. N. Wimenitz, and M. Gay Payne; “Determinationof a Typical Neutron Spectrum from Fission Weapons”, DOFL-TR-820,ljiamondOrdnance Fuze Laboratories, Washington, D.C., March 1960,Secret-Restricted Data.

D. C. Borg and C. Eisenhauer; “Spectrum and Attenuation of InitialGamma Radiation from Nuclear Weapons”; ATSWP-502B, Armed ForcesSpecial Weapons Projects, Washington, D.C., January 1955, Secret-Restricted Data.

E. Storm and E. Bemis; “Gamma Radiation as a Function of Distance”;project 13.3a, operation Teapot, WT-1208, Los Alamos Scientific~~boratory, OCtober 1955, Secret-Restricted Data.

Defense Atomic Support Agency, Washington, D.C.; “Nuclear TestS“&mmaryTrinity-Hardtack (U)”, DASA-1220, August 1962, Top Secret.

“Nuclear Test Swmnary Nougat-Dominic (U)”, DASA 1211, August 1963,Top Secret.

H. Scoville, E. J. Hoffman, and E. C. Vicars; “Gmma Radiation‘i~rSIJS Distance,” Project 7.1-17/RS-1, Operation Sandstone, ScientificDirectors Report of Atomic Weapon Tests, Annex 8 Part IV, Septemberi948, Secret-Restricted Data.

E. Storm; “Gamma Radiation Exposure as a Function of Distance’.@eration %.nger, WT-201, Report 5, June 1952, Confidential.

Y. Ehrl.i.d, and others; “Delayed &ITL~a Ray l;easurements’,Part III:Fi~,lJti.osimeter!fleasui-enents”,Operation Greenhouse, WT-81~ Annex1.2 of Scientific Director’s Report, National Bureau of Standards,Washington, D.C., lflay1952, Unclassified.

Ld:{

24.

25.

26.

M. Morgenthau, and others; “Local Fallout from Nuclear Test Detona-tions (U), Volume II, Compilation of Fallout Patterns and RelatedTest Data (U)”, NDL-TR-34, DASA 1251, August 1963, Secret-RestrictedData.

W. A. Biggers and L. J. Brown; “Neutron Measwements, Part II,External Neutron and Gamma Flux Measurements by Sample Activationf’,Operation Greenhouse, WT-llJ, Annex 1.5 to Scientific Directors’Report, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, August 1951, Secret-Restricted Data.

E. Storm; “Gamma Radiation as a Func ion of Distance”, Project 10.5,Operation Buster, WT-408, Los AlA s Scientific Laboratory, March

Restricted Data.-.

27. M.~Forbes,~arrick, and E. J. Fuller; “Total Dosage”,Project 2.3- 1“”.CorpsEngineeringLaboratory, Fo Un~ed.

A -

28. L. CM 1; “Ga adiation as a Function of Time and Distance”,Project 2.la, Operation Jangle, WT-329, National Bureau of Standards.April 1952, &ec~et-Restricted Data. -

29. C. L. Cowanj and others; “External Neutron10.8, Operation Buster, WT 416, Los AlamosJune 1952, Secret-Restricted Data.

k

Measurements”, ProjectScientific Laboratory,

30. E. Storm; “Gamma Radiation Exposure as a Function of Distance”,Project 15.2, Operation Tumbler-Snapper, WT-549, Los AlamosScientific -tory, July 1952, Secret-Restricted Data .

orps Engineer~mber 1952, Unclassified.

r32. ~. D.~ nscome, and others; “Neutron Flux Mea

-tion Snapper, WT-524, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington,D. C., February 1953, Secret-Restricted Data.

33. C. L. Cowan; “External Neutron Measurements”, Project 17.1 and\ 17.2, Operation Tumbler-Snapper, WT.-555, Los Alamos Scientific

Laboratory, June 1952, Secret-Restricted Data.

34. E. Storm, E. Bemis, and J. Malik; “Gamma Radiation as a Functionof Distance”, Project 5.1, Operation Ivy, WIT-643, Los AlamosScientific Laboratory, July 1955, Secret-Formerly Restricted Data.

{/ 5. E. Storm; “Gamma Radiation as a Function of Distance”, Project 10. ,Operation Upshot-Knothole, 4WT-827, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory,February 1.956, Secret-Restricted Data.

36. R. G. Larrick, O. E. Johnson, and R. G. Marmiroli; “Initial GammaExposure Versus Distance”, Project 6.8a, Operation Upshot-Knothole,WT-756, Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories, April 1955, Secret-Restricted Data.

37 ●W. A. Biggers and L. J. Brown;.“External Neutron Measurements withThreshold Detectors”, Project 17.1, Operation Upshot-Knothole,WT-826, Los A.kmos Scientific Laboratory, Wrch 1955, Secret-Restricted Data.

38. D. K. Willet, T. D. Hanscome, and L. W. Fagg; “Neutron FIUX Measufiments,” Project 2.3, Operation Upshot-Knothole, WT-720, NavalResearch Laboratory, December 1953, Secret-Restricted Data.

39. L. J. Deal, H. H. Rossi, and G. S. Hurst et al; “Physical Measure-ments of Gamma and Neutron Radiation in Shelter and InstrumentationEvaluation”, Project 24.2, Operation Upshot-Knothole, WT-789, USAtomic Energy Commission, Washington, D.C., August 1953, Secret-Restricted Data.

40. R. H. Dempsey, and others; “Gamma Radiation Exposure”, Project 2.1,Operation Castle, WT-912, US Ar~ Signal Engineering Laboratories,March 1959, Secret-Formerly Restricted Data.

41. W. A. Biggers, L. J. Brown, and K. C. Kohr: “External Neutron],:easurements~f ~ Project lq.i, Operation Cas~le, WT-952, Los Alamos

Scientific Laboratory, October 1955, Secret-Restricted Data.

b. E. Storm andE. Bemis; “Gamma Radiation as a Function of Distance”Project 13.3a, Operation Teapot, WT-1208, Los AIWOS ScientificLaboratory, October 1955, Secret-Restricted Data.

43. J. B. Graham, and others; “Gamma Exposure Versus Distance”, Projecti2.1, Operation Teapot, WT-1115, US Arm Signal Research and Development Laboratory, October 1959, Secret-Restricted Data.

Ill, P. S. Harris, and others; “Physical Measurement of Neutron and~amma Radiation Dose from High Neutron Yield Weapons and Correlation,7-

of Dose with Biological Effect”, Project 39.7, Operation Teapot,ITR-1167, Civil Effects Test Group, Ap~il 1955, ~et-Restri~dData.

-229

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

L. J. Deal; “Gamma and Neutron Radiation Measurements”, Project 39.1,Operation Teapot, WT-U74, US Atomic Energy Commission, my 1957,Confidential-Formerly Restricted Data.

T. D. Hanscome and D. K. Willet; “Neutron.Flux Measurements”, Project2.2, Operation Teapot, lwT-LII.6,US Naval Research Laboratory, July1958, Secret-Restricted Data.

P. Brown, and others; “Gamma Exposure Versus Distance,” Project 2.1,Operation Redwing, WT-131O, USA Signal Engineering Laboratories,February 1960, Secret-Restricted Data.

E. Storm, L. Goodwin, and C. Distenfeld; “Gamma Radiation as aFunction of Distance,” Project 13.4, Operation Rearing, WT-1361,Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, April 1957, Sec,ret-RestrictedData.

C. W. Luke, and bthers; “Neutron Flux Measurements,” Project 2.51,Operation Redwing, WT-1313, USA CKemical Warfare Laboratories, ArryChemical Center, Maryland, September 1959, Secret-2estricted Data.

G. Carp, and others; “Initial Gamma Radiation Intensity and Neutron-Induced Gamma Radiation of NTS Soil”, Project 2.5, Operation Plumbbob,WT-1414, USA Signal Research and Development Laboratory, April 1961,Secr&t-Restricted Data.

S. C. Sigoloff, and”others; “Radiation Measurements Utilizing theUSAY Chemical Dosimeters”, Project 39.1, Operation Plumbbob, WT-1500,US Air Force School of Aviation Medicine, Randolph Air Force Base,Texas, ~tricted Data.

52. E. N. York, R. E. Boyd, and J. ‘A.Blaylock: “In~eutron andGamma Air-Earth Inte~f&ce Measuement&”, P~oject 2.10, Operation =Plumbbob, WT-1419, Air Force Special Weapons Centez, Kirtland Air

L#

53 ● TheFroject 39.la, Operation plumbbob, w!c-i466,Edgerton, &rmeshausen,and Grier, Inc., July 1959, Secret-Restricted Data.

54. J. A. Chiment, J. L. Goetz, and G. C. Facer; “Neutron and GammaRadiation from Shot Laplace”, progr~ 2, Operation Plumbbob, 7wT-1541,Headquarters, Field Command, DASA, November 1959, Secret-RestrictedD- ~

55*

56.. ...

’57.

58.

Fib.

bl.

62.

53.

G. S. Hurst;”am R. H,.Ritchie; “Radiation Dosimetry for HumanExposures”, Project 39.5,,Operation Plumbbob, WT-1504, Oak Ridge

4Natio 1 Laboratory, March 1958, .Wret-Restricted Data.

..

M;’EhrlM; “The-Sensitivity of Photographic Film to 3-MeV Neutronsand to Thermal Neutrons”, Health Physics, Volume 4, No. 2, pp 113-128. December 1q60. lJn ckss&ied.

S. C. Sigoloff, and others; “Gamma Measurements Utilizing the u&uuwChemical Dosimeter”, Project 39.1 Operation Plumbbob, ITR-1500,US Air Force School of Aviation Medicine, December 1957, Confidential-Formerely Restricted Data.

D. L. Rigotti, and others; “Neutron Flux from Selected Nuclear DevicesProject 2.3, Operation Plumbbob, WT-1412, USA Chemical WarfareLaboratories, April 1960, Secret-Restricted Data.

J. C. Maloney and M. Morgenthau; “Gamma Dose from Very-Low-Yield“Busts”, Projects 2.9 and 2.12b, Cperation Har~tack, WT-1677,USA Chemical Warfare Laboratories, August 1960, Confidential-FormerlyRestricted Data.

W. H. Moncrief, and others; “Effects of Very-Low-Yield Bursts onBiological Specimens (Swine and Mice)”, Project 4.2, OperationHardtack, WT-1663, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, WashingtonD.C., September 1961, Secret-Formerly Restricted Data.

M. Morgenthau and M. Schumchyk; “Residual Radiation from a Very-Low-Yield Burst”, Project 2.10, Operation Hardtack, WT-1678, USAChemical Warfare Laboratories, December 1960, Secret-Restricted Data,

D. L. Rigotti, and others; “Neutron Flux from Very-Low-Yield Bursts”,Projects 2.4a, 2.11 and 2.12a, Operation Hardtack, TAT-1679, USAChemical Warfare Laboratories, August 1960, Secret-Restricted Data.

J. A. P.uzier,J. S. Cheka, and F. W. Sanders; “Attenuation of weapons

Radiation; Application to Japanese Houses”, Project 39, @erat,ionHard~ack. ~-1725, Nllrc- Secret-~~G~ “-

—-

,T.S..Cheka; “P~fivate Co~ication, June 10,1964, Unclassified.

D. ~. Hi-gotti, and OtlierS; “Yeut]on F1lu Mess-tirzrnents”,Pr~ct2.3, Operation Sun Beam, w’T-2264, USA Nuclear ,Defense Laboratory,June 1963, Secret-Restricted Data.

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:231

66, J. Kinch and R. W. Jenkins; “Gamma Radiation Measurements”,;Project 2.2, Operation Fish Bowl, WT-2013, USA Nuclear DefenseLaboratory, December 1963, Secret-Restricted Data.

67, J. Kinch; “External Neutron Flux Measurements”, Project 2.1,Operation FishDecember 1963,

Bowl, WT-2012, USA Nuclear Defense Laboratory,Secret-Restricted Data.

232

Documents

NDL-TR-53 Initial Nuclear Radiation From Nuclear Weapons in Unobstructed Desert or Ocean