Table of ContentsCHAPTER 11.1 Introduction of the study 1.2 Objectives of the study 1.3 Limitations of the study

Page1 1 1

CHAPTER 22.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 Nepal's rivers and its utilities Introduction about Nepal Electricity Authority Sectrol Review Distribution and consumer Service Development NEA and human resources NEA finance and Accounts Project highlights Project studies 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 9

CHAPTER 33.1 3.2 3.3 Balance Sheet Profit and Loss of the year Highlights of 1999/00 10 12 13

CHAPTER 4

4.1

Static's, Schematics

14

CHAPTER 55.1 Conclusion and Suggestions 18-19

CHAPTER - 11.1 Introduction of the studyThis is a study done to fulfill the requirement of BBS third year. The study deals with the utilization of natural resources specially water resources in Nepal. I had studied the role of Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) in utilizing the water resources (rivers) of Nepal by contributing to generate electricity and providing the service to citizens of Nepal. NEA is the sole producer of electricity in context of Nepal. In other word NEA has monopoly on generating electricity. Thus, the role of NEA in electricity generation, its distribution and providing services to general people is of vital significance. This study specifically deals on the analysis of proper utilization of rivers, its electricity generating capacity and the resources implemented by NEA to generate the electricity.

1.2 Objectives of the study3. To fulfill the partial requirement of BBS third year. 4. To find out the resource mobilized by NEA for generating electricity. 5. To analyze the total capacity of Nepal's rivers with regards to electricity and its utilization done by NEA. 6. To provide the information to the NGOs, Ingo's and other parties who are directly or indirectly interested to NEAs activities. 7. To provide appropriate suggestion and recommendation based on this study and analysis to NEA for improving their quality of services. 8. To give the government aggregate information about the viability of NEA, its operation and its resource utilization in its regular operation.

1.3 Limitation of the study9. Since, this fieldwork is based on secondary data, the fact and information in this study is directly influenced by those facts. So the accuracy and reliability of this fieldwork study is limited to those fact and information.10. 11.

12. This fieldwork has a wide range of coverage based on utilization of

water resources, so the aggregate information provided by this study may seem vague. 13. Since this fieldwork is done in the constraint of time, so the whole information could not be collected related with this study. 14. Inadequacy of data and information for analysis and study.

*****

CHAPTER - 2

2.1 NEPAL'S RIVER'S AND ITS UTILITES It is said that almost 6 thousand big and small river's are flowing with in Nepal leading to a flow of 170,00,000 cubic meter per second. The estimated power potential of Nepal is around 83000 MW. Nepal River's and its power is one and only the important natural resources of Nepal. Benefit's derived from it could be achieved through the proper utilization of hydropower by initiating power and energy and also facilitating irrigation. Power could be exporting to the neighboring country India. Water resources beyond doubt have multiple uses e.g. hydropower development, irrigation and water transportation. Although hydropower potential of Nepal is estimated to be around 83000MW IT IS stated that negligible amount 3%of it has been harnessed so far. In present context, due to financial resources problem we are not able to develop sufficient hydropower plants in Nepal to meet the internal demand. We are daily aiming and also dreaming of selling electricity to India by developing the hydropower. So, the sources of Nepal like river's make to responsible for the generation, transmission and distribution of electric power in every corner of the country Nepal to see the faces of development for established the Nepal Electricity Authority in 1985.

2.2 Introduction about NEPAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITYNepal Electricity Authority (NEA) established in the year August 1985, responsible for generation, transmission and distribution of electric power in Nepal is greatly involved in the development and expansion of electric power supply while trying to maintain efficient and economic supply to existing consumers. Nepal is endowed with immense hydropower potential resulting from the perennial snowed rivers and high gradients due to mountain terrain. It is estimated that the hydropower potential of Nepal is about 83000MW,of which 25000MW

has been found technically feasible for exploitation. Hydroelectric resources is the key component of the country's development strategy practically in view of the rapid depletion of its forests, it's only other indigenous fuel source. It was in the beginning of the 20th century, when the first hydro plant with a capacity of 500KW started generation at Pharping in 1911. Initially the supply was only available in few important areas such as palaces. Now the service has reached in many more remote areas. In the fiscal year 2007/08,NEAavailed 1701.45 GWH of energy (15.35% increase) in its power system and system recorded peak load of 351.86 MW (7.80%increse). Out of the total available energy in NEA system hydropower contributed 1233.22GWh (72.48%), thermal energy in66.73GWh (3.92%), import from India 232.22GWh(13.65%), and purchase from Nepal has 169.3GWh (9.95%).

2.3 SECTROL REVIEW

HYDRO GENERATIONMarsyangdi Hydropower station: The operation and maintenance of this power station has been satisfactory. As part of the overhauled between June10-July 12 2000.This period of shutdown is the shortest so far. In this overhauling works, all the severely worn out wearing ring of runner, head cover etc. After all repair the generated energy has clearly reached too more than 4500GWh. Kulekhani-1 The generation of kulekhani-1 in the fiscal year 1999/00 reached to 249.680 GWh, the highest so far. Kulekhani-2

The generation of kulekhani-2 reached to 122.758GWh in the fiscal year 2007/08, which is also the highest figure so far. This is an increase of 17.36% over that of last year. Thermal Due to the good monsoon and rainfall during the FY 2007/08 thermal generation had less pressure to generate extra thermal power except during the peak-hours. This is why as compared to that generation of 118.82 GWh in the fiscal year 2006/07.The thermal generation in the fiscal year 2007/08 has come down to 66.73GWh which is about 56.165% of last year and 5.13% of the total NEA generation.

2.4 DISTRIBUTION AND CONSUMER SERVICES

Distribution and consumer service is responsible for design and construction of distribution system, distribution of electricity and consumer, operation and maintenance of distribution system, meter reading, billing and revenue collection etc. All the 75 districts of the kingdom ( 74 districts NEA, and in Solukhubu district joint venture with private company ) now have electricity supply, however at present only 57 districts are connected with the central grid, 2 districts have solar electric supply and the remaining 16 districts receive electricity from small hydro power projects with only about 15% of the population having electricity supply. NEA is actively engaged in providing electricity to the remaining parts of the kingdom. Distribution and consumer service is continually making efforts to maintain good relation with consumers by providing better and more efficient consumer services. In order to reduce system losses, DCS has carried out activities such as installing ABC cables, rehabilitation and sealing of meters installing electronic meters in the premises of big consumers and educating the consumer's efficient energy consumption. During the past year DCS conducted a seminar under the chairmanship of the then Honorable Minister regarding the activities and safety of DCS. Identified as the potential to be the major profit center in a commercialized NEA, DCS maintains its priority to provide more efficient services by computersing its billing and revenue accounting system and also continues to implement the concept of profit center in different branches of DCS to improve the revenue collection and cut costs and losses. Electricity sales, which totaled 1269.274GWh, was an increase of about 155.698GWh (13.98%) over last year's sales figure. Internal sales with in Nepal

registered and increase to 1174.274GWh and accounted for 92.52% of the total sales And registered an increase of 124.856GWh (11.9%)over the last year figure. Exports for India are 95 GWh, which is higher than last year's exports of 64.158GWh by 30.842GWh (48.075%increase). During the review 2007/08 the number of consumers grew by an estimated 47637 over the previous year 2006/07 figure to reach a total of 670,000. The domestic category accounted for 95.41% of the total consumers, 36.80%of the total sales and contributed to 37.90%of the revenue. The industrial category formed only 2.39% of the total consumers but accounted for 40.05% of sales and contributed to 38.78% of the revenue. Noncommercial category constituted 1.19% of the consumers accounted for 5.01% of the sales and 6.86% of the revenue. Like wise the commercial category constituted 0.48% of the total consumers accounted for 6.45% of the sales and provided 8.77% of the revenue. NEA is aware of high loss of electricity in its system. It is under taking various measures to reduce the technical and non- technical losses.

2.5

DEVELOPMENT

PROJECT PREPARATION AND STUDIES: Under project preparation and studies following programmes were undertaken in the fiscal year 2007/08. PROJECT IDENTIFICATION PROGRAMME The project preparation and studies department carried out desk studies of 21 projects, reconnaissance of 4project and preliminary study of 1project in

different development regions of Nepal. Out of 21 desk study projects, the following 4 projects: Linkhu-6 (12.5MW), Linkhu-4A (22MW), Nyasem (14MW) and upper chameliya-A (30MW) were studied to the reconnaissance level and 1project Linkhu-5 (24MW) was studied to the preliminary level.

2.6

NEA and human resources

The total approved position of staff in NEA during the fiscal year 2007/08 is 9402 and total number of permanent, temporary and daily wage staff currently being employed is9289. The detail of staff situation is as follows. NEA has undertaken many personnel welfare activities to boost the morale of its staff. These welfare activities include personal loans. Financial assistance to the needy staffs and supports to the families of staffs who died during accidents. Personnel's have been covered under life insurance and accidental. Personnel's have been covered under life insurance and accidental insurance policies also. In the Fiscal year 2007/08,1684 staffs received loan facilities amounting to NRs 8,99,66,218; four needy staff received Rs.100,000 each; three staffs that met accidents received NRs 150,000 each. Under life insurance policies premium of Rs.6,50,00.000 has been paid to National Insurance Corporation and insurance claims have been received for NRs.132, 65,240.15. In addition, staffs including their families are entitled for the reimbursement of medical expenditure incurred in the nursing home and government hospital up to NRs.52, 600 per annum. Staffs of officer level and non-officer level are insured against accidents far an amount of NRs.225, 000 and NRs.225, 000 and

NRs.150000 respectively. During the year under review 2007/08 14 staffs have resigned, 88staffs have been retired and 35 staffs have died.

PERSONNEL STATUS OF FISCAL YEAR 2007/08PERSONNEL STATUS OF FISCAL YEAR 2007/08 Approved position Existing situation Regular Pool Total Permanent Temporary Daily Total wage Technical 766 46 812 635 93 3 731 Administration 361 0 361 279 12 1 292 Total 1127 46 1173 914 105 4 1023 Technical 5049 173 5222 4222 324 647 5193 Administration 2714 293 3007 2497 247 329 3073 Total Grand Total 7763 8890 466 512 8229 9402 6719 7633 571 676 976 980 8266 9289

2.7

NEA FINANCE AND ACCOUNTS

NEA's Financial performance remained encouraging for Fiscal year 2007/08.NEA's total revenue increased by NRs 1421.8 million (24.6%) to reach a figure of NRs.7204.5 million as compared to NRs.5782.7 million in the previous year. NEA's revalued assets increased to 33981.1 million as compared to NRs.30527.3 million in the previous year 2006/07. Expenditure in operation and maintenance have increased by only 4.4% reaching a figure of NRs.5364.8 million as compared to NRs.5138.5 million in fiscal year2006/07.Overall, NEA registered a net profit before tax of 1427.5 million as compared to NRs.589.9million in fiscal year2006/07. For the financial audit of FY 2007/08 auditors M/S Price Waterhouse, New Delhi. And M/K Sharma and Company, Nepal has been appointed.

1.8 PROJECT HIGHLIGHTS15. Kaligandaki - A Hydroelectric Project Kaligandaki-A is located approximately 180Km west of Katmandu. On the southern edge of middle mountains on the Kaligandaki river in gandaki zone. This project is a run of river type hydroelectric scheme, with an installed capacity of 144MW.The project will generate 842GWh of energy annually using a power tunnel of about 6Km length. The total cost of the project to be US$ 452 million, which is being funded, by HMG, NEA, Asian Development Bank and Japan Bank for international Co-operation. 16. Middle Marsyangdi Hydroelectric Project The middle Marsangdi Hydroelectric Project (MMHEP), with an installed capacity of 70MW,is a peaking run of river type of hydropower development scheme located to Marsangdi River. The project site is situated about 170Km west of Katmandu, in Udipur and Bhoteodar VDC's of lamjung district Gandaki zone in the western development region of Nepal. His Majesty's Government of Nepal, NEA and the Government of federal republic of Germany (FRG) are jointly financing the project.

17. Modi Khola Hydroelectric Project The construction of this 14MW hydroelectric project was initiated in 2004. The project is being implemented in Deupur VDC of Parbat District on the Pokhara- baglung highway. The estimated construction cost of the project is US$30 million. A loan agreement with the Government of Korea was signed on 10th November 2005 for an amount of 12,441 million Korean Won for funding the electromechanical works, transmission line and technical assistance. HMG/N and NEA are funding the remaining cost. The construct of the project is already completed. 18. Illam (Puwakhola) Hydropower project (IHPP)

This 6.2MW hydropower project has been completed with the in house capability of NEA, Illam hydropower is a run of river development and most of the infrastructures are located under ground. The total revised cost on project completion has been estimated at US$ 15.7 million. The original project cost was estimated at US$ 12 million. The total expenditure as of the end of the last FY 2007/2008 in nearly 1000 million NRs.

19. Chameliya Hydroelectric Project The project is located in Dracula district, 18KM north east of Gokuleshwar. The nearest road head on Baited- Dracula road. The project will generate 196GWh energy annually. The total cost of the project is estimated at US$77 million. In response to the request of HMG/N, an official agency of the government of the Republic of Korea, Korean International Co-Operation Agency has already chosen construction of Hyundai and KOWACO at consultant.

20. Kulekhani Disaster Prevention Project II: The 60 MW KuleKhani and 32 MW KuleKhani - 2 Hydropower stations Together presently contribute about 30% of the power requirement of the country. The KuleKhani -2 project was implemented for the fulfillment the power of KuleKhani 1, which was damaged by the floods of July 1993. The KuleKhani - 2 is scheduled for completion by June 2009. Right now the overall progress of the project about 90% to be completed within 2009. The estimated cost of the project is approx. 4060 Million Japanese Yen. To meet the project cost a loan agreement between HMG /N and OECF far an amount of 3484 Million Japanese Yen was signed. HMG/N and NEA will found the remaining cost.

The main Transmission Line project is given below: 21. LDC and Balaju sub station extension project. 22. Kusaha - Dhalkebar 132 KV second circuit Transmission Line Project. 23. Hetauda - Dhalkebar & Butwal Bardaghat 132 KV second circuit Transmission Line Project. 24. Birjung Corridor Reinforcement. 25. Chilime - Trishuli - Devighat 66 KV Transmission Line Project.

26. Khimti - Bhakatapur - Balaju 132 KV Transmission Line Project. 27. Lalpur-Gaddachowki 132 KV Transmission Line Project. 28. Banepa Panchkhal substation project

1.9

PROJECT STUDIES: & Feasibility Study of Storage project:

29. Identification

The " Identification & feasibility study of storage project" is undertaken with the objectives of recommending medium sized storage project that are economically viable & environmentally sustainable in the long run. Inventory study of 102 schemes was carried out, of which 44are in the eastern, 30 are in the central and 28 are in the western river basins of Nepal. These projects were ranked on the basis of technical, economic and environmental criteria. Eight of these projects were recommended for fine screening study, which are follows:

Mai-0 (67MW,Illam), Upper Mai (71MW), Madi Begnas (61.5MW), Madi (230 Mw, Kaski), Seti (86.6MW,Tanahu), Ridikohala (49MW,Gulmi), Indrawati (119MW,Sindhupalchok) and Surnayagad (128MW,Baitadi). Two more projects, which have been studied to pre-feasibility level, were also recommended for the fine screening study. These are: Lang tang (175MW, Rasuwa) and Lohare (81MW,Dailekh). Site investigation for all the 10 schemes has been carried out in early 2000. Based on the preliminary design project optimization, environmental impact assessment, project economics, etc., two of the ten best projects will be recommended for feasibility study which will be carried out in the year 2008.

The Major Hydro project Studies are as follows:30. Andhi Khola Storage Hydroelectric Project (180 MW).

31. Tama Koshi -3 Hydroelectric Project (330 MW). 32. Khulekhani III Hydroelectric Project. 33. Upper Modi-A HEP (42 MW).

*****CHAPTER- 3BALANCE SHEET AS OF JULY 15In million NRs

EQUITY AND LIABILITIESEquity Share capital Share allotment Capital Reserve Reserve & Surplus Revaluation Surplus Insurance Fund Total Equity Long-Term Liabilities Long Term Loan Total Long -Term Liabilities Current Liabilities & Provisions Deposits from customers

2007*1000.0 12418. 6 158.8 1536.1 10637. 9 160.0 25911. 4 23919. 2 23919. 2 76.6

20061000.0 11324. 4 158.8 1200.0 11965. 6 140.0 25788. 8 20848. 4 20848. 4 59.5

20051000.0 9952.6 158.8 1046.5 13421. 4 120.0 25699. 3 17403. 2 17403. 2 76.8

20041000.0 8231.6 158.6 359.0 14799. 3 100.0 24648. 5 14900. 4 14900. 4 61.6

Other Deposit Creditors of Goods Other Creditors Payable to others for power purchase Payable to HMG for interest (other) Payable to HMG for other (int) Royalty Payable Provision for Bonus Provision for Gratuity& Pension Provision for medical facilities Provision for Accumulated Leave Provision for Wealth Tax Provision for income tax Total Current Liabilities & Provision Inter unit balance (Net) TOTAL LIABILITIES & EQUITY*Sources: NEC review book 2007/2008.

783.3 15.2 266.1 595.4 775.5 1585.7 752.1 48.6 140.3 20.7 13.4 191.9 5266.8 55097. 4

677.5 49.3 201.6 377.6 877.1 914.4. 398.7 39.4 140.3 20.7 13.4 28.5 207.0 4005.0 50642. 2

407.7 32.4 429.1 4.3 647.6 440.4 473.8 38.1 140.3 20.7 13.4 22.5 178.1 2925.2 46027. 7

359.3 15.7 26.1 6.6 319.0 102 585.0 31.5 140.3 20.7 13.4 17.5 104.8 1803.7 41352. 5

BALANCE SHEET AS OF JULY 15In million NRs.

ASSETSFixed assets Land Building Hydraulic Plant& Machinery Internal Combustion p&m Solar Power Plant Transmission Line Substation Distribution Line Meter & Metering Equipment Consumer Service

2007*765.2 906.1 15876.3 1496.2 33.3 2669.1 2914.6 5554.8 82.7 20.5

2006727.0 885.5 16619.5 594.1 34.7 2656.0 2432.9 5630.6 89.4 25.6

2005696.1 789.7 16180. 3 651.0 36.2 2837.9 2651.5 4535.0 85.8 31.2

2004706.0 798.8 16174.1 708.0 37.6 3057.3 2901.0 4750.1 100.3 37.0

Public Lighting Tools and Instrument Vehicles Furniture & Office Equipment Miscellaneous Total fixed Assets Other Assets Capital Works in Progress Investment in Securities Total Other Assets Deferred Expenditure Inter Unit Balance (Net) Current Assets Inventories Accounts Receivable Advances Recoverable Cash & Bank Total Current Assets

22.6 23.8 79.7 81.1 1.3 30527.3

18.1 20.2 80.5 76.0 1.2 29891.3

17.5 17.0 55.8 46.3 2.1 28633. 4 11974. 6 150.6 12125. 2 267.3 133.2 804.0 1209.1 1329.0 1526.5 4868.6

16.3 13.3 92.4 43.4 3.0 29438.3

17838.7 326.1 18164.8 608.1 426.6 788.8 1697.1 1891.0 993.7 5370.6

14179.0 247.7 14426.7 443.3 188.7 914.9 1435.4 1709.6 1632.3 5692.2

7362.7 54.0 7416.7 410.8 335.7 617.9 1040.0 848.4 1244.7 3751.0

TOTAL ASSETS

55097. 4

50642. 2

4627.7 41352. 5

*Source:

NEC review book 2007/2008

PROFIT AND LOSS FOR THE YEAR ENDED JULY 15In million NRs.

ParticularA. Revenue Net Sale of Electricity Income From Other Service Interest & Other Income Total - A B. Operation & Maintenance Expenditure Operation & Maintenance & General Expenses Power Purchase Provision for Expenses Bad debts written off Royalty Deprecation Deferred Expenditure Written off TOTAL - B C. Net Operating Surplus (Deficit) (A-B) Loss of Capital Assets Interest on Long-Term Loans P/L before Prior Year's income & expenses Adjustment Prior Year Income /Expenses Adjustment Profit & Loss after Prior year adjustment Transfer from Revaluation Surplus Excess Provision Corporate Tax written back Net Profit (Loss) before Tax Interest Tax

2008* *6850.1 229.4 125.0 7204.5

2007*5396.8 180.6 205.3 5782.7

20065082.5 157.6 192.6 5432.7

20054767.3 135.0 181.3 5083.6

1688.5 1058.9 30.0 497.4 1870.0 220.0 5364.8 1839.7

1714.5 802.0 109.9 423.4 1853.6 235.1 5138.5 644.2

1554.5 845.6 105.5 348.9 1541.4 270.1 4666.0 766.7

1049.4 659.5 80.5 268.8 1482.2 188.7 3729.1 1354.5

(1312.2) (1206.5) (1317.2) (1207.5) 2527.5 (562.3) (550.50) 147.0 (100) 427.5 1000 1427.5 133.6 (428.7) 1018.6 589.9 3.5 (91.7) (642.2) 844.7 202.5 5.0 (176.6) (29.6) 883.3 853.7 5.0

Corporate Tax Net Profit /Loss after Tax Transfer to Insurance Fund Net Profit/Loss after Appropriation* Sources: NEC review book 2007/08.

425.4 1002.1 20.0 982.1

230.4 356.0 20.0 336.0

23.8 173.7 20.0 153.7

141.3 707.4 20.0 687.4

HIGHLIGHTS OF 2007/08 Increase/DecreaseTotal revenue Net (M. NRs) Net Sale of Electricity (M.NRs) Income from other services Operating Expenses, Including Depreciation (M.NRs) Depreciation (M .NRs)++ Net Income, after interest before Tax Interest on Long- Terms Loans Long- Term Loans Net Fixed Assets Number of Customers Total Sales of Electricity (GWh) Internal Sale (GWh) Average Consumer's Consumption (KWh)+ Average Price of Electricity (NRs/KWh)+ 7204.5 6850.1 354.4 5364.8 1870.0 1427.5 1312.2 31471.1 33981.1 670,000 1269.274 1174.274 1752.66 5.70 5782.7 5396.8 385.9 5138.5 1853.6 589.9 1206.5 23919.5 30527.3 622363 1113.576 1049.418 1686.18 5.01 Amount 1421.8 1453.3 -31.5 226.3 16.4 837.6 105.7 7551.6 3453.8 47637 155.698 124.856 66.48 0.69 Percent 24.59 26.93 -8.16 4.40 0.88 141.99 8.76 31.57 11.31 7.65 13.98 11.90 3.94 13.77

Peak Load Interconnected System (MW) Total Available Electric Energy (GWh) Hydro generation (GWh) Purchased Energy (GWh) india Nepal Exported Energy (GWh) Thermal Generation (GWh) Internal Consumption (GWh) Net System Losses (%)

351.86 1701.45 1233.22 232.22 169.30 95.00 66.73 29.884 23.90

326.4 1475.0 1046.51 232.39 77.28 64.158 118.82 23.600 22.90

25.46 226.45 186.71 -0.71 92.02 30.842 -52.09 6.284 1.00

7.80 15.35 17.84 -0.07 119.07 48.07 -43.82 26.63 4.36

Note: * Subject to final audit revalued assets

+ Internal

Provisional figures

++ on

CHAPTER- 4UTILIZATION FY20085.58% 23.90% 69.02% 1.50%

Internal

Losses

Export

Self Consumptio n

AVAILABILITY FY2008

13.65% 3.92%

9.95%

72.48%

hydro

Thermal

Purchase India

Purchase Nepal

REVENUE FY 2008

3.2 8% 6.87% 8.77% 4.40% 37.90%

38.78%

Domestic Commercial Export

Industrial Non-Commercial Others

EXPENDITURE FY 20087.41% 27.84% 19.54%Staff Cost Operation & Adminstration Deperciation FuelCategoryDomestic Non- Commercial Commercial Industrial Water Supply irrigation Street Light Temporary supply

3.97% 12.58% 15.76% 12.90%Power Purchase Interest Royalty

2004328.730 53.464 62.916 358.672 25.091 16.720 1.154

2005355.118 57.991 67.606 376.742 27.978 20.929 0.844

2006378.778 60.227 71.471 413.738 29.045 26.585 0.711

2007*410.566 62.931 77.343 440.996 22.831 29.405 0.766

2008**467.049 63.592 81.822 508.357 15.742 31.741 0.927

Transport Temple Total Bulk Supply Grand Total

10432 1.503 849.682 87.014 936.696

1.483 1.691 910.382 100.218 1010.600

10663 1.801 984.019 67.410 1051.429

2.598 1.982 1049.418 64.158 1113.576

2.678 2.366 1174.274 95.000 1269.274

PARTICULARDomestic Non Commercial Commercial Industrial Water Supply Irrigation Street Light Temporary Transport Temple Total (Internal Sales) Bulk Supply (India)

2004471,599 6548 2162 12329 177 712 456 187 8 782 494,960 5

2005503,330 6338 2441 12928 190 713 482 155 8 867 527,452 5

2006548,110, 7192 2637 14062 205 776 683 175 12 992 574,844 5

2007*593,468 7654 2948 14996 215 876 842 207 21 1131 622,358 5

2008**639,233 7950 3200 16000 230 935 950 160 38 1300 669,995 5

Grand Total

4,94,965 5,27,457

5,74,849

6,22,363

6,70,000

ELECTRICITY SALES1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 2004 2005Total

2006

2007*Others

2008**

Domestic

Industrial

Note: *Subject to final audit ** Provisional figures

Note: * Subject to final audit ** Provisional figure

CategoryDomestic

20041379.456

20051769.839

20061895.845

2007*2013.589

2008**2657.509

NonCommercial Commercial Industrial Water Supply &Irrigation Street light Temporary Supply Transport Temple Total (I.S) Bulk Supply Gross Revenue

307.246 349.628 1406.731 68.400 53.042 11.840 4.198 4.556 3585.097 206.720 3791.817

386.359 446.964 1801.576 95.701 80.111 7.991 6.090 6.208 4600.839 249.292 4850.131

405.142 477.044 1973.372 100.277 101.977 7.170 6.511 6.711 4974.049 199.915 5173.964

414.948 512.287 2105.896 77.936 110.492 7.208 9.512 7.354 5259.225 201.933 5461.158

481.391 615.301 2719.710 61.079 137.121 10.197 11.810 9.937 6704.056 308.750 7012.806

CHAPTER - 5 Conclusion and Suggestions:Energy as a prime mover of the modern society; plays a crucial role in the economic development of nation. Per capita income of a country therefore is duly considered as one of the prominent indicator of prosperity and advancement. Apart from other energy resources provided by the nature, fossil fuel and hydropower are most viable options in developing countries. Hydropower as renewable, none polluting and environment friendly energy has some specific characters and features. General mass of population is not aware about the appertaining barriers in hydro plant development. It is tragedy that almost 6 thousand big and small rivers are flowing in Nepal with estimated power potential 83000MW but only 240 MW hydro in operation and every now and then under goes the terrible epileptic fits of load shedding. Waterpower is most valuable and most economical power for this landlocked country. And Nepal is 2nd rich

country in water resource sin the whole world but only 15% of the population having electricity and also some % of power export from India. So His Majesty Government of Nepal Electricity Authority should have tried to provide the electricity every corner of Nepal.

Suggestion:Nepal Electricity Authority and to achieve the goals to reach the peak point demand then: 34. For domestic energy needs Hydro generation must be developed as far as possible. 35. Due to existing load situation even medium sized run off river plants are useful to confine the generation from Kulekhani reservoir plants during peak periods only. 36. Existing diesel plants and multifuel plants if maintained in good condition can be very useful to reduce load shedding and supply the energy in the interim period when some Hydro plants like chilime modi and khimiti projects are built. 4. Energy is a mainstay of the national development so NEC should work hard and spearhead robustly to reliable and qualitative electric energy to its consumers. To cope with the Herculean task induced by the accelerating demand of electricity in the country the HMG/N has to breed proper institutional frame work there by creating favorable atmosphere for the whole grew of hydropower development in Nepal for the twenty 1st century.