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Outline What is Cloud Computing? Why Cloud Computing? Cloud Basics and Terminology
Virtualization Cloud service models Cloud deployment models
Is Cloud Computing for Me? Moving application to the cloud
Cloud Challenges and Suitable Applications
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Big “Cloud”
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What people think about the cloud can be? a datacenter hosting many servers Services accessible remotely through the internet Employee of some company, each produces a
work output
We use cloud to represent things that we are trying to abstract (black box)
What is Cloud Computing?
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“a computing model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources”
Data Center Resources can be… networks, servers, storage, applications, and
services Resources are…
rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.”
(A definition by NIST, 2011)
Key players of the cloud Cloud providers
Operates datacenter Computing resources (server) Networking resources (switches) Storage resources (memory devices)
Service providers Offers software that run in data
centers
Cloud users Consumers or enterprises that uses
services running in data centers 5
What features define cloud services? Large-scale computing and storage systems
Networking within a data center, across the data center and to the end users (cellular or WiFi)
Software that provides a GUI, security and privacy, billing and charging, etc
Overall characteristics Keyword is “On demand” in
Time – change their resource requests for a short period of time
Scale – Scale up and scale down your solutions
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History of Cloud
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From centralized -> distributed -> cloud computing
Important steps 1961 – computing can be sold like a utility, John MacCharty 1999 – paid application delivered through internet,
Saleforce.com 2002 – AWS started, 2006 - Elastic computing cloud
(commercial) 2009 – Google apps (cloud-based app) provided to enterprise
The term “Cloud”, Google CEO, 2006
Why Cloud Computing
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Abstraction for Hardware and IT Infrastructure There is no upfront cost
A lot of infrastructure to host services Distributed computing at a massive scale Mass storage
Always on and On Demand Scale up and scale down your solutions Cost is scaled appropriately (Pay per use model)
Convenience and Collaboration Scale automatically Minimum management efforts (self service)
Can we count on the cloud?
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Major concern: shared facility Consider when using cloud storage than personal
storage Pros: cheaper and convenient Cons: performance,, security and privacy concerns
Analogy: buying your car or riding in the bus
Gartner’s Hype Cycle
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Usage Patterns
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Windows Azure Overview, Microsoft Research
Requirement Scalability
Serve access capacity Availability
Access when required.
Solution Clone system to handle peak load
(hybrid cloud)
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Scenario - Reservation System
Why cloud?
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On demand side Cheaper
CapEx to OpEx (pay per use) Convenience
Ease of use, flexibility to scale
On supply side Economic of scale
The average cost to pay is muchlower
Feasibility to scale The average demand of a server
in a data center < 20%
Virtualization Technology
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Virtualization is… the creation of a virtual (rather than actual)
version of something, Something can be a server, hardware, operating
system (OS), storage device, or network resources, etc.
Two type of usage Server consolidation High performance computing
Server Virtualization
Desktop Virtualization
Why Virtualization?
All require same physical space.
All require same power. The system is not fully
utilized. Reconfiguration and setup in a
shared and control manner
High performance computing
Types of Virtualization: Hardware Virtualization
VMM is directly installed on the hardware system For different OS plus their applications on the hardware
system Operating system Virtualization
Everything runs from the network using a kind of virtual disk. Nothing is pre-installed or permanently loaded on the local
device Server Virtualization
VMM is directly installed on the Server system For creating multiple servers on the demand basis
Storage Virtualization Grouping the physical storage from multiple network storage For back-up and recovery purposes.
16http://www.javatpoint.com/windows-virtualization
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How Virtualization works
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Hypervisor A low level program that provides system resources
access to virtual machines Hypervisor is also called Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) One level higher than the supervisory program for a
hardware and/or hardware & OS
Two types of Hypervisor Type 1 or full virtualization (Oracle VM, Vmware ESX) Type 2 or para-virtualization (Xen)
Types of Hypervisors
19 Types of Hypervsiors : Reproduced Figure 5.1
from Sosinsky, B., Cloud Computing Bible, 2011.
Benefits of Virtualization
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Virtualization supports “Abstraction” Map logical address (id) for extendable and
scalable physical resources
Virtualization supports Load balancing A load balancer listens to service request and
uses a scheduling algorithm to assign the request Keeps the record of a request’s session to support
a failover for the request
VM Migration Porting applications between physical machines
Abstraction: Virtualization Infrastructure
InterconnectPool
CPUPool
MemoryPool
StoragePool
APP
OS
APP
OS
APP
OS
APP
OS
APP
OS
APP
OS
APP
OS
APP
OS
APP
OS
Websphere Exchange File/Print
Virtual Infrastructure
Abstraction: Virtualization Infrastructure
InterconnectPool
CPUPool
MemoryPool
StoragePool
APP
OS
APP
OS
APP
OS
APP
OS
APP
OS
APP
OS
APP
OS
APP
OS
APP
OS
Websphere Exchange File/Print
Virtual Infrastructure
Load Balancing: Pods, Aggregation, & Failover
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VM Migration
vSphere
Layer 2 Network
local local
vSphere
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
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Offering IT infrastructure Virtual Machines (VM)
VM abstract underlying hardware i Very few cloud provider provide an OS
Other resources such as storage, processing, etc.
Benefits Eliminates the need for every organization to
maintain the IT infrastructure (Cloud Providers owns equipment)
Scale automatically and bill only for the actual usage
Virtual machines
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)
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Amazon EC2 Pricing
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IaaS Deployment Models
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Public Cloud Infrastructure is for public use Own by org. selling cloud
Private Cloud Infrastructure is for private use Full control of all resources and technologies
Hybrid Cloud Combine multiple clouds (private and public) Better Security and less cost However, some works need..
Policies compliance Synchronization
Public Cloud
Private Cloud
- Infrastructure cost- Full Control - Security?
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
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Offering Platforms for developing scalable applications Virtual Machines + developments framework and tools
Application (scalable) accessible through the internet No access to the underlying virtualization or operating
system
Benefits Reduce developers’ burden by additionally supporting
the platform runtime and related application services. Challenges
Vendor lock-in
Platform
Google App Engine
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Windows Azure
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Windows Azure –Service hosting and management, storage, computation, networking
Microsoft SQL Services –Database services and reporting
Microsoft .NetServices –Service-based implementation of .NET framework
Software as a Service (SaaS)
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Offering cloud-based applications Delivered over the platform of the web Abstracts users from all of the underlying components
Benefits Cheaper than shrink-wrapped versions Eliminate the need to install and maintain, compatibility
and fast upgrades Challenges
Internet connection and latency Difficult to translate business models
Application
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Cloud Service Models
Service Models and their risks
34Modified from Cloud Computing Impact on future enterprise architectures, Schekkerman, J.
Moving Application to the Cloud Deploy Application to the cloud?
Entirely or Part of the application is on the local system and another part is in the cloud
Business case Study the feasibility of deployment in terms of costs-
benefits analysis Dimensions to consider to save cost
Ongoing operational cost reduction The value of preserving capital The value of upsizing on demand The value of downsizing on demand The value of agility The value of reuse The value of coolness
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Operational Cost Reduction
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Upsize and Downsize on Demand
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Case Study on Oil & Gas Industry
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The migration use-case of an IT System From a company’s in-house data center To Amazon EC2
System Overview
System Deployed in the Cloud
Infrastructure Costs
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Company C paid £104,000 to Company B for the system in 2005, £19,400 of which was for the system’s infrastructure.
In addition, C paid B £43,000 per year for system support and maintenance, £3600 of which is for the running costs of the system infrastructure.
Over a 5 year period, the total cost of the system infrastructure is therefore: £19,400 + (5 x £3,600) = £37000
Price Comparision
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Amazon EC2 provides an option of using either small or large server instances depending on the amount of CPU power and RAM required.
In Cloud, 37% cheaper compared to 1 small and 1 large server instance
Support and Maintenance
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In 2005, 218 Support calls have been made regarding the operation of the system.
The majority were about software problems. 45 calls were related to the system’s
infrastructure. 38 calls – backup problems 5 calls – network problems 2 calls – power outages at B
In cloud – 21% eliminated
Stakeholders’ Impact Analysis
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Stakeholders’ impact analysis is a method of identifying potential sources of benefits and risks from the perspectives of multiple stakeholders.
Some of the Challenges!!!
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Security Would my data be more secure with Cloud provider?
Interoperability Significant risk of vendor lock-in –Standardized interfaces not
available, incompatible programming models Reliability
Use of commodity hardware, prone to failure Make sure that SLAs provided
Laws and regulations Privacy, security, and location of data storage
Organizational changes Changing authorities of IT departments, compliance policies
Cost Purchase vs. Lease?
Network Latency How long does it take to send 1 TB over 20Mbps in WAN
Following types of application are more suitable for cloud
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Not mission critical. Not handling core business operations. Not dealing with sensitive data. Can tolerate high network latencies and work on low
network bandwidth. Following industry standards. E.g. using
standardized tools for object to relational mappings. Do not require detailed customization for each
tenant. Organization involved in porting have full knowledge
of application and its associated domain.
References
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Armbrust, M., et al., 2010, A View of Cloud Computing, ACM, 53(4), pp. 50-58.
Zhang, Q., Cheng, L., Boutaba, R., Cloud Coomputing: state-of-the-art and research challenges, Journal of Internet Services and Applications, 2010, 1:7-18.
The Future of Cloud Computing: Opportunities for European Cloud Computing Beyond 2010.
Sosinsky, B., Cloud Computing Bible, Wiley, 2011
VMware Technologies
