Network Bibliography USF Anthropology 6447 compiled by A. W. Wolfe

(copyright c Alvin W. Wolfe 1992, revised, updated (06/15/2007)

Department of Anthropology, College of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620

Aiken, Michael, and Jerald Hage. 1968. Organizational interdependence and intra-organizational structure. American Sociological Review 33(December):912-930.

Albrecht, Terrance L. 1994. Social Support and Community: A Historical Account of the Rescue Networks in Denmark. In Burleson, Brant R., Terrance L. Albrecht and Irwin G. Sarason, eds. Communication of Social Support: Messages, Interactions, Relationships and Community. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Pp.267-279.

Albrecht, Terrance L. and Maria B. Adelman. 1987. Communicating Social Support. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Albrecht, Terrance L. and B.J. Hall. 1991. The role of personal relationships in organizational innovation: Communication patterns among scientists and professionals. Communication Monographs 58:273-288.

Allan, Graham (1985). Family Life: Domestic Roles and Social Organization. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Anwar, Muhammad. 1995. Social Networks of Pakistanis in the UK: A Reevaluation. IN Rogers and Vertovec, eds. The Urban Context: Ethnicity, Social Networks and Situational Analysis. Pp 237-258.

Arquilla, John, and David Ronfelt. 1996. The Advent of NetWar. MR-789-OSD, Rand Corporation

Attneave, Carolyn. 1969. Therapy in tribal settings and urban network intervention. Family Process 8:192-210.

Attneave, Carolyn L. and Ross V. Speck. 1974. Social network intervention in time and space.In Alfred Jacobs and Wilford Spradlin, eds., The Group as Agent of Change.New York: Behavioral Publications.

Baker, Wayne E. 1984. The Social structure of a national securities market. American Journal of Sociology 89:775-811.

Baker, Frank, and Gregory O'Brien. 1973. Intersystems relations and coordination of Human Services Organizations. In Frank Baker, ed. Organizational Systems. Homewood Illinois: Richard D. Irwin.

Baker, Wayne E. 1987. The Consequences of Investment Bankers as Directors. 1987. Papers from the Conference on Corporate Interlocks, Nags Head Conference Center, Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina, September, 1987.

Baker, Wayne E. 1990. Market Networks and Corporate Behavior. American Journal of Sociology 96(3):589-625.

Baker, Wayne E. 2000. Achieving Success Through Social Capital.

Baker, Wayne E., and L.Philip Schumm. 1992. Introduction to network analysis for management. CONNECTIONS 15(1,2):29-48.

Baker, Wayne E., and L.Philip Schumm. 1992. A case of network analysis: Western Electric's Hawthorne Works. CONNECTIONS 15(1,2):29-48.

Barley, Stephen R. 1990. Niche and Network: Strategic Alliances in Commercial Biotechnology. Paper presented at the International SunBelt Social Network Conference, February, San Diego, California.

Barnes, John A. 1954 Class and committees in a Norwegian Island parish. Human Relations 7 (1):39-58.

Barnes, John A. 1969 Networks and political process In, J.C. Mitchell (ed.) Soc ial Networks in urban situations. Revised version of Barnes, 1968. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Barrera, Manuel. 1978. Social Support in the adjustment of pregnant adolescents: Assessment issues. In Benjamin H. Gottlieb, ed. Social Networks and Social Support. Pp. 69-96.

Barsky, Noah P. 1999. A core/periphery structure in a corporate budgeting process. Connections 22(2):22-29.

Barth, Fredrik. 1967. Economic Spheres in Darfur. In Raymond Firth, ed. Themes in Economic Anthropology. London: Tavistock.

Barth, Fredrik. 1987. Scale and Social Organization. Bergen: John Grieg. Barth, Fredrik. 1981. Process and Form in Social Life. New York: Academic Press. Bazarra, Mokhtar S. and John J. Jarvis. 1977. Linear programming and network flows.

New York: John Wiley. Bearman, P. 1997. Generalized Exchange. American Journal of Sociology 102(5):1383-

1415. Bell, David C, John S. Atkinson and Jerry W. Carlson. 1999. Centrality measures for

disease transmission networks. Social Networks 21(1):1-21. Bennett, John W. 1969. Northern Plainsmen: Adaptive Strategy and Agrarian Life.

Chicago: Aldine. Bennett, John W. 1976. The Ecological Transition: Cultural Anthropology and Human

Adaptation. New York: Pergamon Press. Belshaw, Cyril, 1976. The Sorcerer's Apprentice: An Anthropology of Public Policy

(New York: Pergamon) . Berenbeim, Ronald. 1983. Operating Foreign Subsidiaries: How Independent Can They

Be? New York: The Conference Board. Berkman, Lisa F. 1984. Assessing the physical health effects of social networks and

social support. Annual Review of Public Health 5:413-432. Berkowitz, S. D. 1982. An Introduction to structural analysis: The network approach to

social research. Toronto: Butterworth & Co (Canada) Ltd.

Bernard, H.Russell, and Peter D. Killworth. 1978. A Review of the small world literature. Connections 2(1)15-24.

Bernard, H.Russell, and Peter D. Killworth. 1979. The CATIJ technique. Connections 2(2)107-109.

Bernard, H.Russell, Peter D. Killworth, D. Kronenfeld, and Lee Sailer. 1984. The problem of informant accuracy: The validity of retrospective data. Annual Review of Anthropology 13:495-517.

Bernard, H.Russell, Peter D. Killworth and Lee Sailer. 1981. Summary of research on informant accuracy in network data, and on the reverse small world problem. Connections 4(2):11-25.

Bernier, Karen. 1983. Social support networks of displaced homemakers. Tampa: M.A. Thesis in applied anthropology at USF.

Bezon, Joan. 1993. The Use of network models in understanding the support systems of isolated rural people. Connections 16(3):20-29.

Biegel, David E., Ellen McCardle and Susan Mendelson. 1985. Social networks and mental health: An annotated bibliography. Beverly Hills: Sage.

Blau, Peter M. 1964 Exchange and power in social life. N.Y.: Wiley. Boeke, J. H. 1953. Economics and Economic Policy of Dual Societies. New York:

Institute of Pacific Relations. Bohannan, Paul J. and George Dalton. 1962. Markets in Africa. Evanston: Northwestern

University Press. Boissevain, Jeremy 1968 The place of non-groups in the social sciences. Man, Journal of

the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 3 (4):542-556. Bonacich, Phillip. 1987. Simultaneous Group and Individual Centralities. Paper from the

Conference on Corporate Interlocks, Nags Head Conference Center, Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina, September, 1987.

Borgatti, Stephen P., Martin G. Everett and Linton C. Freeman. UCINET IV: Network analysis software. CONNECTIONS 15(1,2):12-15.

Borgatti, Stephen P. 1997. Structural Holes: Unpacking Burt's Redundancy Measures CONNECTIONS 20(1):35-38

Borgatti, Stephen P. and Martin G. Everett. 1992. Notions of Position in Social Network Analysis. In Peter Marsden, ed. Sociological Methodology. Pp. 1-35

Boster, J. S., J. C. Johnson and S. Weller. 1987. Social position and shared knowledge: Actors' perception of status, role and social structure. Social Networks 9(1987):375-387.

Bott, Elizabeth. 1955. Urban families: Conjugal roles and social networks. Reprinted in Leinhardt, ed. 1977.

Bott, Elizabeth 1957 Family and social network. London: Tavistock Boulding, Kenneth E. and Martin Pfaff. 1972. Redistribution to the rich and poor.

Belmont: Wadsworth.

Boulding, Kenneth E. and Martin Pfaff. 1973. Transfers in an urbanized economy. Belmont: Wadsworth.

Boyd, Brian. 1988. Competitor interlocks as a predictor of organizational performance. Paper presented at the Sun Belt Social Network Conference, San Diego, February 1988.

Braginsky, Benjamin M. and Dorothea D. Braginsky and Kenneth Ring. 1969. Methods of madness.New York: Holt, Rinehart and l~linston

Brewster-Stearns, Linda & Mark S. Mizruchi. 1987. What Do Corporations Do When They Need Money?: Social and Economic Determinants of Corporate Borrowing. Paper from the Conference on Corporate Interlocks, ags Head Conference Center, Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina, September, 1987.

Burgess, John H. 1978. System design approaches to public services. Rutherford, N.J.: Associated Universities Presses, Inc.

Burgess, John H., N.H. Nelson, and R. Walhaus. 1974. Network Analysis as a Method for the Evaluation of Service Delivery Systems. Community Mental Health Journal 10(3): 337-344.

Buris, Val. (1987). The political partisanship of American business: A study of corporate political action committees. n American Sociological Review, 52, 732-744. Burt, Ronald S. 1976. Positions in Networks. Social Forces 55:93-122.

Bursik, Robert J., Jr. 1999. The Informal control of crime through neighborhood networks. Sociological Focus 32(1):85-97.

Burt, Ronald S. 1977. Positions in multiple network systems, Part One: A general conception of stratification and prestige in a system of actors cast as a social typology. Social Forces 56:106-131.

Burt, Ronald S. 1978. STRUCTURE: A computer program providing basic data for the analyis of empirical positions in a system of actors. Connections 2(2)29-31.

Burt, Ronald S. 1978b. Stratification and prestige among elite experts in methodological and mathematical sociology, circa 1975. Social Networks I(2):105-158.

Burt, Ronald S. 1980. Models of Network Structure. Annual Review of Sociology 6:79-141.

Burt, Ronald S. 1982. Medical innovation again: relational vs. positional norms. Paper presented at the Second Annual Sun Belt Social Network Conference, Tampa, February 1982.

Burt, Ronald S. 1982. Toward a structural theory of action: Network models of social structure, perception, and action. New York: Academic Press.

Burt, Ronald S. 1983. Corporate profits and cooptation. New York: Academic Press. Burt, Ronald S. and Michael J. Minor. 1983. Applied network analysis: A

methodological introduction. Beverly Hills: Sage. Burt, Ronald S. (1987). A note on strangers, friends and happiness. Social Networks, 9,

311-331.

Burt, Ronald S. 1988. Some properties of structural equivalence measures derived from sociometric choice data. Social Networks 10(1):1-28.

Burt, Ronald S. 1992. Structural Holes: The Social structure of Competition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Burt, Ronald. 1993. The Social Structure of Competition. Pp. 65-103 in Explorations in Economic Sociology, edited by Richard Swedberg. New York: Sage.

Burt, Ronald S. 2001. Structural Holes versus network closure as social capital. In Nan Lin, et al., eds. Social capital: theory and research. New York: Aldine De Gruyter

Caldeira, Gregory A. 1988. Legal precedent: Structures of communication between state supreme courts. Social Networks 10(1):29-55.

Callan. Dorothy, J. Garrison, and F. Zerger. 1975. Worklng wlth Famlies and Soclal Networks of Drug Abusers. Journal of Psychedellc Drugs 7: 19- 5 (January).

Carley, Kathleen M. 1999. On the Evolution of Social and Organizational Networks. Research in the Sociology of Organizations. 16:3-30.

Caulkins, David Douglas. 1982. Community and Organizational Networks in Western Norway: An Evaluation of Three Models. PhD Dissertation, Cornell University. DA8210776.

Castells, Manuel, ed. 2004. The network society : A cross-cultural perspective. / Northampton, MA : Edward Elgar Pub.

Castells, Manuel [and] Gustavo Cardoso, eds. 2006. The network society : from knowledge to policy / Washington, DC : Center for Transatlantic Relations, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University,

Castells, Manuel et al..2007. Mobile communication and society : a global perspective : A project of the Annenberg Research Network on international communication / Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press.

Chapple, Eliot. 1961. The Measure of Management. New York: Macmillan. Chisholm, . 1989. Coordination without hierarchy.

Chase, I. D. 1980. Social process and hierarchy formation in Small Groups: A Comparative perspective. American Sociological Review 45:905-24.

Chisolm, Donald. 1989. Coordination without hierarchy: Informal structures in multiorganizational systems. Berkeley: Univ of California Press.

Clark, Terry. 1985. Urban policy analysis. Annual Review of Sociology 11:437-55. Clawson, Dan. 1987. Corporate Political Groupings: Behavior Versus Self-Reported

Communication. 1987. Paper from the Conference on Corporate Interlocks, Nags Head Conference Center, Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina, September, 1987.

Cochran, et al. ? Extending Families. Cockburn, John. 1988. Lonely hearts: Looking for Love among the Small Ads. New

York: Simon & Schuster.

Cohen, Abner 1969 Political anthropology: the analysis of the symbolism of power relations. Man, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Society of Great Gritain and Ireland 4 (2):215-235.

Cohen, Carl, and Jay Sokolovsky. 1979. Clinical use of network analysis for psychiatric and aged populations. Community Mental Health Journal 15(3):203-213.

Cohen, Carl, and Jay Sokolovsky. 1989. Old men of the Bowery: Strategies for survival among the homeless. New York: Guilford Press.

Coleman, James, Elihu Katz, and Herbert Menzel. 1957. The diffusion of an innovation among physiciar,s. Sociometry 20 (4):253-270.

Cohen, Carl, and Jay Sokolovsky. 1979. Clinical use of network analysis for psychiatric and aged populations. Community Mental Health Journal 15(3):203-213.

Cohen, Carl, and Jay Sokolovsky. 1989. Old men of the Bowery: Strategies for survival among the homeless. New York: Guilford Press.

Cohen, S. and T.A.Wills. 1985. Stress, social support and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin 98:310-357.

Collins, Alice H. and Diane Pancoast. 1976. Natural helping netw A strategy for prevention. Washington: National Association of Social Workers.

Collins, Randall. 1992. Caught in the Structural Crunch: The Timing of Network Contact and Intellectual Creativity. Paper presented at the International Sun Belt Social Network Conference, Tampa, February 1992.

Collins, Randall. 1998. The Sociology of Philosophies: A Global Theory of Intellectual Change. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

Collins, Thomas W., ed. 1980. Cities in a Larger Context. Southern Anthropological Society Proceedings, No. 14. Athens: University of Georgia Press.

Conaway, Mary Ellen n.d. Essay on social networks. Masters essay, Department of An thropology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.(January, 1970).

Cook, Karen S. 1982. Network structure from an exchange perspective. In Marsden and Lin, eds.

Cook, Karen S. (Ed.) (1987). Social Exchange Theory. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. D'Abbs, Peter. 1982. Social support networks: A critical review of models and findings.

Institute of Family Studies Monograph No.1. Melbourne, Australia: Institute of Family Studies.

Davis, J.A. and S. Leinhardt. 1972 The structure of Positive Relations in Small Groups. In Sociological Theories in Progress, vol 2, edited by J. Berger, M. Zelditch, and B. Anderson. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Davis, Allison, and B and M.R. Gardner. ? Deep South. Davis, Roger H. 1984. Social network analysis: An aid in conspir investigations.

Washington: Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S.Department of Justice. (Reprinted from FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, December 1981.

DeWalt, Billie R., and Pertti J. Pelto, eds. 1985. Micro and Mac Levels of Analysis in Anthropology: Issues in Theory and Research Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. GN345 .M53 1985.

Doloff, Phyllis Gail. 1999. Beyond the Org Chart. Across the Board 36(2):43-47. Doreian, Patrick. 1981. Polyhedral dynamics and conflict in social networks. Social

Networks 3(2)107-116. Doreian, Patrick. 1986. Equivalence in a Social Network. Paper presented at . . .. Doreian, P. 1987. A revised measure of standing of journals in stratified networks.

Scientometrics, 11(1-2), 71-80. Doreian, Patrick. 1987. Measuring regular equivalence in symmetric structures. Social

Networks, 9, 89-107. Doreian, Patrick. 1981.Models of network Effects on Social Actions. Paper presented at

the First Annual Sun Belt Social Network Conference, Tampa, February 20, Doreian, Patrick. 1999. An Intuitive Introduction to Blockmodeling with Examples.

BMS, Bulletin de Methodologie Sociologique 61(Jan):5-34. Douglas, Mary. 1967. Primitive rationing: A study in controlled exchange. In Themes in

Economic Anthropology, edited by Raymond Firth. Dow, James. 1973. On the muddled concept of corporation in anthropology. AA

75(3):904-908. Duck, Steve. 1991. Studying Interpersonal Interaction. Duck, Steve, Barbara Montgomery and Kenneth N. Cissna. 1991.

Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Interpersonal Interaction. Dunn, Edgar S. 1970. A flow network image of urban structures. Urban Studies 7(2):239-

258 Dunn, Edgar S.,Jr. 1980. Development of the U.S. urban system. Volume I/Concepts,

Structures, and REgional Shifts. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1981.

Edmunson, Eileen, and Richard Weinberg. 1981. Longitudinal comparisons of network characteristics and personality correlates of patients. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Toronto, January 4, 1981.

Eisenstadt, S. N. 1961. Anthropological Studies of Complex Societies. Current Anthropology 2(3):202-222.

Ekeh, Peter P. 1974. Social exchange theory: the two traditions. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Elmaghraby, Salah Eldin. 1970. Some network models in management science. New York: Springer-Verlay.

Emerson, Richard M. 1969. Operant psychology and exchange theory. In Burgess, R.L., and Don Bushell, Behavioral Sociology. New York: Columbia U. Press.

Emerson, Richard M. 1973. Social exchange: From micro to macro theory. Lecture presented at the Annual Convention of the American Sociological Association. (mimeo)

Emerson, Richard M. 1976. Social exchange theory. Annual Review of Sociology 2:335-362.

Ennett, Susan T., Susan L. Bailey and E. Belle Federman. 1999. Social Network Characteristics Associated with Risky Behaviors among Runaway and Homeless Youth. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 40(1):63-78.

Epstein, A. L. 1961 The network and urban social organization. Rhodes- Livingston Journal 29:129-62.

Evan, William M., ed. 1978. Interorganizational Relations. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Everett, Martin G. and Steve Borgatti. 1988. Calculating role similarities: An algorithm that helps determine the orbits of a graph. Social Networks 10(1):77-91.

Everett, Martin G. and Steve Borgatti. 1991. Role Coloring a Graph. Mathematical Social Sciences 21(2): 183-188.

Faust, Katherine, and A.Kimball Romney. 1985. Does STRUCTURE find structure?: A critique of Burt's use of distance as a measure of structural equivalence. Social Networks 7(1):77-103.

Faust, Katherine. 1988. Comparison of Methods for Positional Analysis: Structural and General Equivalence. Social Networks 10:313-341.

Fennema, M. 1982. International Networks of Banks and Industry. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

Ferman, Louis A., Louise Berndt, and Elaine Selo. 1978. Analysis of the irregular economy: Cash flow in the informal sector. Report to the Michigan Department of Labor. Detroit: Wayne State University Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations.

Firth, Raynond 1951 Elements of social organization. N.Y.: Philosophical Library, London: Watts.

Fischer, Claude S. 1981. The public and private worlds of city life. American Sociological Review 46(June):306-316.

Fischer, Claude S. 1981. To dwell among friends: Personal Networks in town and city. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Fischer, Claude S. et al. 1977. Networks and Places: Social relations in the urban setting. New York: The Free Press.

Foa, Uriel G. 1971. Interpersonal and economic resources. Science 177(3969):344-351. Foa, Uriel G. et al. eds. 1993. Resource Theory: Explorations and Applications. San

Diego: Academic Press. Foa, Uriel G. and Edna F. 1974. Societal structures of the mind. Springfield: Charles C.

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Ford, L.R., and D.R. Fulkerson. 1962. Flows in Networks. Princeton: Princeton U. Press. Fortes, Mayer. 1949. Time and social structure: An Ashanti case study. In, M. Fortes,

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Freeman, Linton C. 1977. A set of measures of centrality based on betweenness. Sociometry 40:1(35-41).

Freeman, Linton C. 1978. Segregation in social networks. Sociological Methods and Research 6(4):411-429.

Freeman, Linton C. 1979. Centrality in social networks, I:Conceptual Clarification. Social Networks 1(3):215-239.

Freeman, Linton C. 1978. On measuring systematic integration. Connections 2(1):13-14. Freeman, Linton C. 1980. The Gatekeeper, pair-dependency and structural centrality.

Quality and Quantity 14:585-592. Freeman, Linton C. forthcoming. Centered graphs and the structure of ego networks.

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networks. Journal of Mathematical Sociology 10(3,4):343-360. Freeman, Linton C. 1984. Turning a profit from mathematics: The case of social

networks. In Thomas J.Farraro, ed., Mathematical Ideas and Sociological Theory: Current States and Prospects. Special issue of Journal of Mathematical Sociology. New York: Gordon and Beach.

Freeman, Linton C. 1986. Social networks and large scale social processes. Annual Review of Sociology. Volume 12.

Freeman, Linton C. 1988. Computer programs and social network analysis. Connections 11(2):26-31.

Freeman, Linton C. 1992. Filling in the blanks: A theory of cognitive categories and the structure of social affiliation. Social Psych Quarterly 55(2):118-127.

Freeman, Linton C. 2004. The development of social network analysis: A study in the sociology of science. Vancouver, B.C.: Empirical Press.

Freeman, Linton C., Stephen P. Borgatti and Douglas R. White. 1991. Centrality in valued graphs: A measure of betweenness based on network flow. Social Networks 13(2):141-154.

Freeman, Linton C., Douglas Roeder, and Robert Mulholland. 1979. Centrality in social networks: II.Experimental results. Social Networks 2(2):119-141.

Freeman, Linton C., A. Kimball Romney, and Sue C. Freeman. 1986. Cognitive structure and informant accuracy. Paper presented at the Sixth SunBelt Social Network Conference, Santa Barbara, California, February 1986.

Freeman, Linton C., Douglas White and A. Kimball Romney. 1989. Research Methods in Social Network Analysis. Fairfax, VA: George Mason University Press.

Freeman, Sue C., and Linton C. Freeman. 1979. The networkers network: A study of the impact of a new communication medium. (unpublished paper).

Freidenberg, Judith, and Muriel Hammer. 1990. Social networks of elderly Hispanics in Harlem, New York. Paper presented at the SfAA Annual Meeting, April 1990, York, England.

Friedkin, Noah E. 1978. University social structure and social networks among scientists. AJS 83(1978):751-785.

Friedkin, Noah E. 1983. Horizons of observability and limits of informal control in organizations. Social Forces 62:54-77.

Friedland, Matthew, George Barnett and James Danowski. 1988. The Network structure of American industrial and service organizations based on shared public relations and advertising agencies.

Friedman, S.R., A. Neaigus, B Jose, R. Curtis, and D.C. DesJardins. 1998. Networks and HIV risk: An introduction to social netork analysis for harm reductionists. International Journal of Drug Policy 9:461-469.

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Galaskiewicz, Joseph. 1979. Exchange Networks and Community Politics. Beverly Hills: Sage.

Galaskiewicz, Joseph. 1981. Networks of resource allocation: Corporate contributions to nonprofit organizations. Paper presented at the Albany Conference on Contributions of Network Analysis to Structural Sociology. Albany, April 3-4 1981.

Galaskiewicz, Joseph. 1984. Positions, roles and dependencies in a community interorganizational system. Sociological Quarterly 25:527-50.

Galaskiewicz, Joseph. 1985. Social organization of an urban grants economy: A study of business philanthropy and nonprofit organizations. Orlando: Academic Press.

Galaskiewicz, Joseph, and Ronald Burt. 1988. Interorganization contagion in corporate philanthropy. Paper presented at the Sun Belt Social Network Conference, San Diego, February 1988.

Galaskiewicz, Joseph and Akbar Zaheer. 1999. Networks of Competetive Advantage. Research in the Sociology of Organizations 16:237-261.

Garbarino, James. 1980 Proctecting children from abuse and neglect: Developing and maintaining effective support systems for families. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

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