Upload
nadia-craddick
View
219
Download
3
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR FIRE AND BURN SAFETY
DAVID J. BARILLO, MD, FACS
MEDICAL UNVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA
CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA
HOUSE FIRES
REF: NFPA FIRE PROTECTION HANDBOOK
REF: Barillo & Goode JBCR 1996:71-6
REF: Barillo & Goode JBCR 1996:71-6
SMOKE DETECTORS
• KNOWING THAT THE HOUSE IS ON FIRE IS NOT HELPFUL TO PEOPLE THAT CANNOT ESCAPE
• UP TO 25% DO NOT ALARM IN PRESENCE OF SMOKE
• ‘MILLIONS’ OF SMOKE DETECTORS ARE OVER 10 YRS OLD
• SMOKE DETECTORS DO NOT DETECT CARBON MONOXIDE
• SMOKE DETECTORS ARE THE LEAST USEFUL TO THE PEOPLE WHO NEED THEM THE MOST
REF: NFPA JOURNAL 9/10 1997
NEW TECHNOLOGY
• CARBON MONOXIDE DETECTORS
• RESIDENTIAL SPRINKLERS
(used IN ADDITION to smoke detectors)
THERE HAS NEVER BEEN A
MULTIPLE (=>3) LOSS OF LIFE
IN A FULLY
SPRINKLERED
BUILDING !
RESIDENTIAL SPRINKLERS
• Expanded role from property protection to life safety
• Development funded by USFA, 1976
• Fast response
• Different pattern (1 head per room)
• Covers 400 square feet
RESIDENTIAL SPRINKLERS
• San Clemente CA (1980) (prop 13): all new residential construction
• Orange and Los Angeles Counties (residences-4 million people in 1993)
• Greenburgh, NY (1982): all new construction
• Prince George County, MD (1992): all new construction
• Florida (1983): all public lodging and time share bldgs 3 stories or higher, all existing structures by 1988
• 1980s: Atlanta GA, Connecticut, Mass: require retroactive sprinkler installation in existing high rise residential buildings
• Hotel and Motel Fire Safety Act 1990
• Scottsdale, AZ: 1985
• Federal Fire Safety Act- all Fed assisted high rise residences over 3 stories
• ADA: areas of rescue assistance
Required by law:
RESIDENTIAL SPRINKLERS
• ISO recommendds 15% insurance reduction
• Alaska (1981): 2% tax exemption for structures with fire protection systems
• 2 –20% reduction from State Farm and Allstate for installing sprinklers,
deadbolts, smoke detectors and central monitoring
RESIDENTIAL SPRINKLERS
• Operation Life Safety (IAFC) tracks residential sprinkler activations• 1983 – 1995: 551 activations, 35% kitchen, 15% bedroom Nearly all were one head activation
• There has not been a single fire fatality in residences equipped with sprinklers in Napa, CA, or Cobb Co, GA since inception of these programs
• There has been no fire fatality in any sprinklered building in PG County
• Scottsdale: 52 lives saved by sprinklers since 1985
RESIDENTIAL SPRINKLERS• If one goes off, they all go off : not true
• They cause water damage:
• They are expensive: typical new installation costs are $0.58 - $1.25 per square foot. THIS IS USUALLY CHEAPER THAN THE COST OF CARPET !
• They go off accidentally: FM experience is 1 failure in – 1 to 16 million sprinkler/years
onset time flow time flow rate total flow Sprinklers immediate 2 – 8 min 30 GPM 240 GALFirefighters who knows ? 6 – 8 min 300 GPM 3200 GAL
RESIDENTIAL SPRINKLERS
• Should comply with NFPA 13D
• Should be designed and installed by professional sprinkler contractors
• House main water feed optimally should be 1.5 inch pipe
• Storage tank and pump with at least 10 minute flow capacity
• Can share common pipe with domestic water system
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
RESIDENTIAL SPRINKLERS
• Be realistic
• Build your case
• Work out the technical details
• Know when to back off
• Sprinkler your own home
• Keep up the public education
PROMOTING A SPRINKLER ORDINANCE IN YOUR COMMUNITY
REF: NFPA JOURNAL MARCH/APRIL 1998
RESIDENTIAL SPRINKLERS
• National Fire Protection Association
• American Fire Sprinklers Association
• National Fire Sprinklers Association
• USFA
RESOURCES
IT SAYS
PREVENTION !!
Carbon Monoxide Detectors
CARBON MONOXIDE
• A natural byproduct of combustion, present whenever fuel is burned
• Colorless
• Odorless
• Same density as air (but rises if warm)
CARBON MONOXIDEinjuries
• # 1 cause of poisoning in US
• Approximately 1500 deaths annually including 200 deaths
from CO produced by home heating equipment
• 10,000 annual emergency room visits
• Children and elderly at higher risk
CARBON MONOXIDEsymptoms
• Headache
• dizziness
• nausea
• shortness of breath
• fatigue
• Flu-like symptoms
CARBON MONOXIDEprotection
• Make sure that all fuel-burning appliances work properly
• Have central heating systems inspected annually
• Never burn charcoal or use portable camping equipment indoors
• Never use the stove, oven or clothes dryer to heat the house
• Never operate vehicles or gasoline powered tools inside the garage
• Install carbon monoxide detectors
CARBON MONOXIDE DETECTORS
• Cost $25 to $100
• Do not detect smoke, propane or natural gas
• CPSC: ‘carbon monoxide detectors are as important to home safety as smoke detectors are’
CARBON MONOXIDE DETECTORS
• CPSC: every home should have at least one detector installed outside of sleeping areas
• Additional detectors on every level and in every bedroom provide additional protection
• Do not install above or near CO producing appliances
• Best installed on ceiling
CARBON MONOXIDE DETECTORS
• About 6 million households now have CO detectors
• Chicago, IL: required in all new residential construction and when new heating equipment installed (1994)
CARBON MONOXIDE DETECTORS
• Compliant with UL standard 2034
• Compliant with IAS 6-96 standard
• Compliant with NFPA Suggested Practice 720 (1998)
• AC power with battery backup
DESIRABLE CRITERIA
CARBON MONOXIDE DETECTORSUL Standard
• Alarm must sound before an average, healthy adult begins to experience symptoms
• OSHA 8 hr exposure = 35 PPM
• 200 PPM X 2-3 hr: Headache, fatigue, nausea, dizziness
• Alarm must sound before CO reaches 100 PPM over 90 minutes
• Alarm must sound before CO reaches 200 PPM over 35 minutes
• Alarm must sound before CO reaches 400 PPM over 15 minutes
CARBON MONOXIDE DETECTORS
• 650,000 Kidde Nitehawks
- mfg between 11/8/98 and 3/9/99
- labeled in front ‘carbon monoxide alarm’
- units labeled ‘carbon monoxide detector’
are OK
• 350,000 Kidde Lifesavers model 9CO1 or
9CO-1C mfg between 6/1/97 and 1/31/98
• 18,700 Sinostone SC-01 detectors recalled in 1996 by CPSC
CPSC RECALL, MARCH 1999
CARBON MONOXIDE DETECTORS
AC Battery
• Cost = $30 - 50
• Requires wiring
• No maintenance required
• Sensor gets more sensitive with age
• Gives continuous display of CO level
• Updated every few minutes
• Resets immediately when CO level OK
• Same
• Install anywhere
• Battery change
• Sensor needs changing every 2-3 yr
• Reaction time depends on concentration
and duration of exposure
• Reset time depends on exposure time and may require removal of sensor
• Silence buttons now required
???
IT SAYS
PREVENTION !!