Book rrvwws

as to the hospitality industry, the book is designed for managers or future managers concerned with the manage- ment of people in the workplace. The 10 chapters are not aimed as such at the personnel manager but as an aid to study and practice for those dealing with manpower as a non-specialist function and those studying for de-

grees, HCIMA or higher TEC qual- ifications in hotel and catering man- agement.

Ogilivy and Mather. Trends in Travel and Tourism Advertising Expendi- tures, $35, from MS Debbie Dunphy. c/o Ogilivy and blather, 2 East 48th Street. New York 10017. This report, the most recent in a series started in

1964, covers the years from 1979 to 1983, with special emphasis on 1982 and 1983. The study is based on travel advertising spending in all US mea- sured media and includes foreign and US flag airlines, steamship lines, US states and other domestic destina- tions, foreign countries, Canadian provinces and other foreign destina- tions. For each category covered. the report analyses trends in total amounts spent, the spending of lead- ing advertisers in the category and media allocations.

Government of Pakistan, Tourism Di- vision Tourism in Azad Kashmir, Eco- nomic Research and Statistics Section, Tourism Division, Government of

Pakistan. This report is the result of a strong desire of the hospitality trade

and other concerned businesses to exploit the tourist potential of Azad Kashmir. The report looks at the extent of tourism in Azad Kashmir and analyses the biopsychic and travel characteristics of tourism. There is information on hotel and resthouse accommodation together with an assessment of the restaurant businesses in Azad Kashmir. The find- ings of the survey suffer from a few limitations which mostly crop up due to the nature of the response. com- plexity of the field operations, variety of data base, sampling inadequacies and problems with questionnaires. Nevertheless, findings of the survey are useful as compared to no data base and will serve as a frame of reference for future work.

Pannell Kerr Foster Outlook in the Hotel and Tourism Industries - Lon- don Trends - 1985 edition, 16 pages from Pannell Kerr Foster, 78 Hatton Garden, London EClN SJA, UK. This edition is a summary of monthly analyses of statistics relating to the sales of rooms department, and sales and cost of sales of the food and beverage departments of a compre- hensive sample of London hotels. The number of hotels contributing to the survey during 1984 represented over 18 500 bedrooms located throughout central London. This represents near-

ly 30% of the total London room supply and almost 65% of London hotel rooms catergorised by the Auto- mobile Association as possessing at least a three star rating. The review also incorporates general views on the London market by Graham Jackson. Director of the London Visitor and Convention Bureau.

Government of Pakistan, Tourism Di- vision Travel Trade Industry: A Sur- vey Report 1984, 59 pages, Economic Research and Statistics Section. Tour- ism Division. Government of Pakis- tan. Pakistan has recently emerged on the world tourism map and is still in its infancy in the tourism sector. The government has made concerted efforts to develop the industry and initiated this study to quantify the tour operation and travel agency businesses and to determine the na- ture and extent of facilities being provided by these agencies besides collecting statistical information re- quired to assess the role of this seg- ment in the national economy. The information is mainly concerned with the status, field of operation. services offered, employment, number of clients and groups handled and finan- cial aspects of the travel agent/tour operator. This study provides a clearer perspective of the role of the travel agency businesses in the country which will in turn guide the govern- ment for framing policies for the

promotion of tourism.

Tourism monitor

The IHA in Egypt

Under the chairmanship of Jens Peter Lund, president of the International Hotel Association (IHA), some 350 IHA members from 40 countries met in Egypt in January 1985 for a conven- tion and study tour. The IHA was hosted by the Egyptian Hotel Associa-

tion at the invitation of its president

Anis Salma. Launching the technical seminars

organized during the convention, Wagih Shindy, minister of tourism and civil aviation of Egypt, addressed de- legates on the theme ‘Foreign and Arab investments and the role of the Egyptian government in the hotel and tourism industry’. He emphasized that the liberal investment policy estab-

lished by President Sadat in 1971 for Arab and foreign capital has enabled Egypt to reach a 8% rate of growth over the past few years, in spite of worldwide economic recession.

The development of the hotel indus- try, in particular, has been consider- able. The number of hotels has in- creased from 127 in1975 to 2S5 in 19S-l and rooms from 8 980 to 24 502. By late 1983, the number of hotel nights

152 TOURISM MANAGEMENT June 1985

was nearing 9 million (57% increase compared with 1975); the total num- ber of tourists entering Egypt

approached 1.5 million and their total amount of transfers to the country over US $1 billion.

Advantages offered by President Sadat’s investment law include tax exemption during five years after the completion of any approved project, customs duty exemption on imported machinery and capital equipment and transfer of capital and profits outside

Egypt. Since 1974, a total number of 2 000

projects has been approved, out of

which 65% have already started op- eration. The total amount of invest-

ments exceeds 12 billion Egyptian pounds. For the tourism industry, which is mainly in the hands of the private sector. 300 projects have been approved and two thirds are already completed.

The Egyptian government is now going to encourage the construction of two, three, and four star hotels for middle income groups, while upgrad- ing existing hotels, Furthermore, the price ceiling per night will be stabil- ized until September 1986.

Five international airports are also

Tourism moniror

going to be developed. In 1985, in addition to Cairo airport. Alexandria and Luxor airports will operate inter-

nationally. A minimum of one flight per day to each tourist destination is also programmed. Flexible rules have now been adopted for charter flights.

The Egyptian government also in- tends to encourage the extension of beach and leisure tourism associated with cultural tourism. The emphasis was previously placed on the historical heritage of the country.

Source: IHA, 89 rue du faubourg Saint-Honore, 75008 Paris. France.

Conferences to combat airport crimes The growing menace of drug smug- gling through airports is one of the main factors behind the decision to stage three major Aviation Security conferences around the world in 1985.

Figures are scarce, but those that are available are revealing. The UK Customs and Excise made 3 841 sei- zures of drugs worth f66 million in 1983-84. Some 218.8 kg of heroin was detected, together with 62.7 kg of cocaine (five times more than in 1982- 83) and 26 300 kg of cannabis (10 000 kg more than in 1982-83). The situa- tion is equally serious in Asia. The Tokyo customs office in Narita re- corded 400 smuggling cases in 1984, up 24% on 1983, and some $2.6 million worth of narcotics were seized. At Mexico City International Airport in 1984, officials confiscated more than $23 million worth of contraband in November and December alone.

Airports International magazine will be joining with Avsec Ltd to sponsor conferences in Kuala Lumpur in June, Nairobi in September and Dubai in November, which will be attended by key executives involved in airport security throughout Asia, Africa and the Middle East respectively.

The Kuala Lumpur conference, which will take place on 24-27 June, will cover the whole spectrum of

aviation crime, including hijackings, gun smuggling and ticket fraud as well as the drugs problem. The speakers will be among the world’s leading experts on aviation crime prevention, airport security, fraud and associated subjects. They include Dato Abdul Aziz Abdul Rahman, managing direc- tor of Malaysian Airline System; Rahim Kechot, director of security, Civil Aviation Department, Malaysia; Gaylord Kelshall, formerly with Brit- ish West Indian Airlines and a re- nowned expert on the prevention of drug trafficking; Nigel Cumber, man- aging director of Avsec Ltd; Cohn Garrett, senior principal of HM Cus- toms and Excise, UK; David Trezies, chief executive, Aviation Division, Reed Stenhouse International Insur- ance Brokers. In conjunction with the conference, a specialized exhibition of security equipment and services will be presented, displaying the many and varied technological advances in this field.

Conference tickets, costing $475 each, are obtainable by aviation ex- ecutives and practising security offic- ers, from DCD Exhibition Services Ltd 465 Hornsey Road, London N19 4DR, UK (Tel: 01 272-6944).

T r l!he ITATEL bank The Institute of Air Transport’s data- lank (ITATEL)’ provides direct ac- :ess to economic, commercial and ethnical information concerning world air transport. Using the bank. it s possible to describe the trend in the activity of an airline, an airport or an lir route, to make comparisons and to lrovide the time-series data required ‘or modelling and forecasting opera- ions.

On-line interrogation of the bank is ,ossible throughout the world from a erminal connected with the Cisinet network or Transpac network (relayed )y Euronet and Tymnet), and the user s guided in the selection of data by neans of a simple software package.

The data are collected from interna- ional bodies and airlines. The most mportant sources are: the Interna- ional Civil Aviation Organization, he International Air Transport Asso-

ciation, the Federal Aviation Admi- nistration, the French Civil Aviation Department, the International Civil Airports Association, the Internation- al Monetary Fund, Worldwide Avia- tion Marketing and Consultancy Ser- vices, the World Airways Guide, the UK Civil Aviation Authority and air- lines’ and manufacturers’ annual re- ports.

‘ITATEL is the trademark for the ITA-INFO databank.

TOURISM MANAGEMENT June 1985 153

In brief

WTO statistical

methods The need to broaden the conception of movements of persons as holiday and leisure travel alone, to encompass all movements of persons was empha- sized by the Secretary General at a meeting of the working party of the WTO Commission for Europe on

Tourism Statistics in December 198-J. He added that consideration should be given for statistical purposes to all movements of persons for non- migratorv purposes so as to bring about a better understanding of this phenomenon and enable it to develop

to the full.

IATA profit forecast US National Speaking at the Annual General Assembly of the African Carriers’ Association in April 1955, Interna- tional Airline Transport Association (IATA) Director General Giinter Eser forecast that IATA member car- riers will show a net profit on their international scheduled operations of just under $500 million in 1985. This forecast is slightly below the latest estimate for the carriers’ 1984 profits on such services also in the $500 million range, equivalent to only 1% of turnover.

Record number visit Hawaii

A record total of 4 X26 640 people visited Hawaii in 1954 - an increase of 10.6% over 1983, according to figures from the Hawaii Visitors Bureau. The cumulative figures for the year show westbound visitors to number 3 701 780, an increase of 9.1%, while eastbound visitors with a total of 1 124 860. increased by 15.7%.

New eomput~~ for rail passengers PIRATES - the Passenger Informa- :ion, Reservations, Accounting and Ticketing for Europe System - is a lew computer system. to be intro- duced by British Rail (BR) within the lext two-and-a-half years. A whole :ange of facilities will be available to :he travel agent or BR station at the :ouch of a keyboard.

A central computer will contain InterCity Europe fares, giving agents Fares options from which to select exactly what the client wants. The iystem will also simplify and speed up

:he issue of tickets and reservations. PIRATES will establish links with

:he passenger reservation systems of most European railways as well as

Tourism Week Tourism Works for America was the theme selected for the second Nation- al Tourism Week. 19-25 May, 1985.

The theme reflected the travel and tourism industry’s position as the na- tion’s third largest retail or service industry. Nearly $210 biilion was spent on travel and tourism in the USA during 1983, representing 6.-l% of the gross national product. Travel sup-

ports 6.8 million jobs, one of every 15 working Americans.

In 1984, for the first time, the nation’s travel industry gained the highest tevei of recognition when Con- gress passed a resolution endorsing National Tourism Week and President Reagan signed a proclamation im- plementing this resolution.

Special events and celebrations were held in states and cities across the nation to mark National Tourism Week. Travel and tourism organiza- tions marked the occasion with a series of public service announce- ments. posters, buttons and activities.

BR’s own internal reservation system and those of cross-Channel operators.

It will enable staff at all points of sale to resene accommodation on both the British and Continental rail journeys plus the Channel crossing. The system will also streamline accounting ticket stock control and automatically pro- vide detailed sales statements. Intro- duction of PiRATES will begin at major BR locations during summer 1986. By autumn 1987 coverage will be extended to 800 InterCity Europe travel agents as well as 150 BR outlets.

Conmcr: British Railways Board. Rail House, Euston Square, PO Box 100. London NW1 2DZ.

New database The new Infernationnl Tral-el and Tourism Forecast is a quarterly moni- tor and commentary on trends in the major international tourism flows. Trends noted in the first issue:

US visits are increasing to Austria. Belgium, France, FR Germany. Italy, Mexico, Netherlands. Switzerland and the UK. They are static or declining to Spain. UK visits are increasing to Austria. Belgium, FR Germany, Italy. Por- tugal and Spain. They are static or

fluctuating to France, Gibraltar! Malta/Cyprus, Greece, Nether- lands and Switzerland. They are

declining to the USA.

The monitor also gives the latest information on visits and expenditure. notes and reminders on trends and summaries of costs of tourism and travel prices. It is produced by Indus- try Forecasts Ltd, London and is available on a yearly subscription of

0540.

information: Industry Forecasts Ltd. 11 Bolt Court, Fleet Street, London EC4 3DU, UK.

154 TOURISM MANAGEMENT June 1985

South Asia to combat tourism seasonality Meeting in December 19S-l in Kath- mandu under the auspices of the International Hotel Association

(IHA). representatives of national tourism administration. hotels. travel

agencies and airlines from South Asian countries agreed on a concerted policy against the adverse economic impact of seasonality in tourism. Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka were invited to participate in the operation.

Each travel sector of the region first identified its specific seasonal prob- lems and put forward possible solu- tions. On this basis, action program- mes were then drawn up per country. Discussions also benefited from the input of representatives of interna-

tional governmental and non- governmental organizations, particu- larly concerning charter flights, marketing, congress and convention tourism and seasonal employment. In late 1985. a second seminar on sea- sonality in South Asia will take place in Pakistan to review and build on the progress made in each country.

The action programmes established by the countries of South Asia during the IHA seminar give top priority to the need to project a second image of each country, and of the region, dur- ing the low season. This will particu- larly be the task of national tourism administration and travel agencies. Most publicity brochures will there- fore have to be rewritten as they presently oversell South Asian des- tinations during their good climatic conditions (generally between Octo- ber and March). while showing bad weather conditions during the mon- soon months (roughly June to Septem- ber) or the summer (scorching heat between June and August in the plains of India and between May and July in the South of Pakistan).

The attractive coolness of the Kash- mir region during the hot summer months of India and Pakistan could, for example, be emphasized in the new brochures. In Nepal, in the mon- soon season, trekking in the Trans- Himalayan region might be highlight-

ed as it falls in the rain shadow area. Nepal’s flora and fauna could also be publicized during the summer when they are at their best. The rich histor- ical, cultural and religious heritage of each destination should be further emphasized during the low season. for example the Buddhist holy places in Sri Lanka, India, Nepal and Pakistan.

Improving market research

South Asian countries also recognised the need to improve research to iden- tify market opportunities during the low season by population segment, age and geographical origin. Official statistics indicate a relative saturation of traditional generating markets- Europe and North America- although these markets should not be neglected. In addition, the period when most people from these coun- tries take their holidays coincides with the period of less favourabie climatic conditions in South Asia.

The same statistics show sizeable untapped potential markets at intra- regional (South Asia), inter-regional (East Asia and the Pacific) and domestic levels. These markets repre- sent millions of individuals working in the industry and service sectors, which generally benefit from leave with pay. The youth market segment is also sizeable. In Bangladesh and India, it accounts for around half the total working age population.

Research into these market oppor- tunities in the low season will be con- ducted by national tourism administra- tions of South Asia, but both public and private travel sectors of the region will be responsible for the measures to be taken to combat seasonality, national tourism administrations play- ing a leading role in the coordination and implementation of the action programmes.

Measures by travel sectors

Strengthening of infrastructure, where necessary, will be encouraged by national tourism administrations to try

TOURISM MANAGEMENT June 1985

Tourism monitor

to overcome seasonal problems. For example, to develop winter tourism in the north of Pakistan. all-weather

roads could be constructed and public facilities increased. In conjunction. travel agents or independent transport companies should provide heating in all tourist surface transport in winter

in the north (or air-conditioning dur- ing the hot summer months in the

south).

Congress and convention tourism could also be developed by national tourism administrations in the low season. In India, for example, during the hottest months between June and August in the plains, conferences could be promoted in Srinagar (Kash- mir), in the north, or in Bangalore, on the southern plateau, where the weather is pleasantly mild in summer. Nepal might also attract part of the Indian convention market during India’s hot months as, even in the sum-

mer, Nepal’s climate is relatively cool. For the same reason, Nepal could attract conferences from other coun- tries of the region and also from South East Asia. Nepal has conference halls in hotels like Everest Sheraton, Soal- tee Oberoi, Annapurna, Shanker and Blue Star handling 230 to 750 partici- pants.

Capacity review

Airlines and hotels have been urged to coordinate their policy of off-season discounts. Airlines should make avail- able off-season airfares to all the countries of South Asia and not only, as at present, to Indians travelling to Nepal between June and September (25% discount on the usual fare). Hotels may find it necessary to limit discounting by fixing floor prices so to avoid unfair competition between different categories of hotels.

Hotels and airlines should review their capacity and examine the possi- bilities of extension without creating overcapacity in the off-season. For hotels, the demand should be forecast by category of hotel according to the needs of the market. Airlines should also review their frequencies and con- nections. They should not oppose the development of charter flights pro- vided they also operate to the destina- tion in the off-season.

155

Tourism monitor

R~ommendations to govern- ments Some measures to combat seasonality problems fall within the competence of public sector authorities other than national tourism administrations. The IHA seminar particularly recom- mended to the governments of South Asia that visa requirements be abo- lished and frontier formalities eased for tourists from the region. It was

noted that these tourists travel mainly in the off-season. At the same time. exchange rates between the regional currencies should be established.

The IHA seminar also recom- mended governments, and trade un- ions, to encourage labour flexibility. Employees could undertake other tasks in the low season (eg mainte- nance and repairs), or exchanges could be arranged between hotels

whose seasons are complemental, Governments of the region were also urged to grant industry status to the tourism sector, with its corresponding fiscal benefits and incentives. It was further recommended that certain taxes. such as bed and airport taxes. be removed in the low season.

Sorlrce: IHA. 89 rue du Faubourg Saint-Honore, 75008 Paris, France.

New ministry for Barbados The Barbados government has com- bined its departments of tourism and environment into one ministry. The new ministry’s aim will be to maintain and enhance the environment of the island, preserve buildings of historical and architectural interest and to de- velop the recreational facilities for visitors and residents. One of the first steps taken by the new ministry was to set up a special committee to develop environmental schemes. One such scheme projects the development of the north and east coasts into a nation- al park, while another plan envisages the draining of the island’s only man- grove swamp to create a nature re- serve.

Degree of expertise The Wales Tourist Board (WTB) chairman. Mr Prys Edwards, speaking at the annual dinner of the South Wales Branch of the Hotel Cater&g and Institutionai Management Asso- ciation (MCIMA) in February 1985 called for a Chair in Tourism lo be established within the University of Wales.

Mr Edwards highlighted the grow- ing importance of the tourism industry and emphasized the need to establish,

Greek policy

The Greek tourism authorities have defined a tourism policy aimed at increasing visitors to their country. In 1985, Greece will receive over 6.5 million visitors, up some 10% on 195-l. There are now plans for a programme to improve services, and in particular to modernize airports and establish new links between Greece and the rest of the world. The organization of the international fair, Philoxenia 1985, at Salonika, is one of the focal points of their efforts to promote tourism on the world market. Spas, famed in antiqui- ty, will be redeveloped and mod- ernized. Particular support will also be given to cultural events with the festiv- als of Epiduras and Athens, the latter of which has been crowned the Euro- pean city of culture.

STB boosts conference b~s~ess A new drive to promote Scotland as a major location for conferences and exhibitions has been launched by the Scottish Tourist Board with the pub- lication of a comprehensive guide to Scotland’s conferences and exhibitions venues and facilities.

The guide, which lists over 300 venues in conference and exhibition centres, hotels, universities and col- leges, town and city halls, civic centres and theatres, gives details about sizes of meeting rooms and conference halls, technical equipment, and re- creational facilities.

The new guide is available free of charge from the Scottish Tourist Board, 23 Ravelston Terrace, Edin- burgh EH4 3EU.

as a matter of urgency, an academic base to enable the serious study of tourism in Wales. Mr Edwards refer- red to a study which had been under- taken within the University of Wales a couple of years ago, which recom- mended that a Chair in Tourism be established within the University of Wales.

The WTB propose holding discus- sions with representatives of the Uni- versity of Wales and business interests to see how a Chair in Tourism might be established in Wales. Currently any young person wishing to attain a de- gree in tourism must study outside Wales. The University of Surrey and

Strathdyde University both offer a post-graduate Diploma in Tourism and an MSc higher degree in Tourism. WTB sees the establishment of a Chair in Tourism within the Universi- ty of Wales as a major step forward in recognizing tourism as a serious and expanding industry, requiring a high degree of expertise and professional- ism. It would complement and streng- then the role of other educationat institutions in Wales currently offering tourism-related courses.

Z~~~~~ur~o~~ Bet Davis, Press Officer, Wales Tourist Board, Brunei House, r! Fitzalan Road, Cardiff CF2 IUY, UK.

156 TOURISM MANAGEMENT June 1985

Developing Canadian strategy

For the first time ever in the 39-year

history of the Canadian Federal Provincial/Territorial Conference on Tourism, all ministers responsible for tourism met to discuss issues of con- cern to the industry. The conference, held on 27-29 November 19s in Moncton, New Brunswick, was CO-

hosted by the Honourable Tom McMillan, the new Canadian federal Minister of State for Tourism.

“Tourism is an $18 billion a year industry involving 600 000 jobs that has many opportunities and also some

problems”, said Mr McMillan. “We

have to work together as partners to realize these opportunities and at the same time resolve the problems.” Minister McMillan identified three key issues facing the industry in the 1980s: development of a long-term competitive strategy; the establish- ment of marketing plans; and the identification of data and information required to support the strategy and planning process.

The Ministers agreed on a proposal to work over the next ten months on a tourism strategy for the country, be- ginning with the preparation of a major consultation document by Mr McMillan. He agreed that this strategy will be based on the spirit of the guiding principles agreed to by federal/provincial ministers in 1980. Mr McMillan said, “If we are to have a healthy tourism industry in Canada, we must devise a total strategy involv- ing the federal, provincial and territo- rial governments in partnership with the private sector. Ad hoc actions, and workig at cross purposes, must be ended in favour of an industry-wide competitive strategy.”

Provincial and Territorial Ministers

agreed that the industry is at a cros- sroads. and committed themselves to a strong, concerted effort. Co-host Omer Leger, New Brunswick’s Minis- ter of Tourism, noted that, “tourism is one industry that has tremendous potential for economic development across Canda”. But he added that growing international competition for the tourism dollar will force a new look at the Canadian tourism industry. “We will have to agree on. and share, some international goals for tourism”. he said. *.Only if all governments in Canada work together with the private sector will we be able to compete with other nations’ aggressive tourism marketing.”

The Minister agreed that, while the primary responsibility for projecting

Tourism monirorimeerin~s

the image of each province or territory should rest with the individual juris- diction concerned. much more could be done to promote abroad a better Canada-wide image, drawing on the

distinctive character of each province and region.

During the meeting, the btinisters

discussed Canadian marketing

strategies, the need for more sophisti- cated research, and the requirement for better training programmes in the industry. Part of the answer to re- search needs was provided on the spot as the IMinisters agreed to launch a task force headed by Martin Wilk. Canada’s Chief Statistician, who attended the meeting. The task force will bring together tourism market research specialists from government and the private sector to develop a common information base for use in future tourism planning.

Contacr: Tourism Canada. Ottawa, Canada KlA OH6.

Major BTA and ETB changes Major changes in the structure of the British Tourist Authority (BTA) and the English Tourist Board (ETB) have been carried out. designed to stream- line their operations and increase effi- ciency. In addition, both Boards have now been rehoused under one roof at Thames Tower, in Hammersmith.

The BTA/ETB reorganization and relocation are results of the gov-

ernmental review of tourism announced in the House of Commons by Mr Norman Lamont MP, Minister responsible for Tourism, in November

1983. A wide range of BTA and ETB

activities are now operated as com-

mon services to both boards. These include publishing and information (including computers, viewdata, films, audio-visual and design services), corporate public relations, finance, training, administration and person- nel. Overseas marketing and other international activities will continue to be carried out by the BTA; and domestic marketing, regional liaison and development activities by ETB.

Details: Robert Stannage (ETB) and David Jones (BTA), 24 Grosvenor Gardens, London SWlW OET, UK (Tel: 01 730-3400).

Meetings 9-12 June 1985, Palm Springs, USA Salt Lake City, UT 51108. USA (Tel: 810 World Tourism Organization. Capitan 16th annual conference of the US 581-3351). Haya 42. Madrid 20. Spain. TRAVEL AND TOURISM RESEARCH ASSOCIATION. Contact: Mari Lou 17-20 June 1985, Lake Bureau Vista, Flor- Wood. Executive Director, University of 10-11 June 1985, Paris, France ida, USA Utah, Bureau of Economic and Business International Seminar on VOCATIONAL AMERICAN HOTEL AND MOTEL Research, PO Box 8066, Foothill Station, TRAINING IN TOURISM. Conracr: ASSOCIATION, 71th annual meeting.

TOURISM MANAGEMENT June 1985 157