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The Constitution Act 1986 is the formal statement of how our political system works. Itdescribes the roles of:

• the Head of State (the Governor-General representing the Queen)• the Legislature (Parliament)

• the Executive (Cabinet)

• the Judiciary (judges and courts).

Collectively, these form the core of our system of government. Each institution has a definedrole to play. These roles overlap, but each also provides checks and balances on the others.

Not quite laws

Constitutional conventions are almost-but-not-quite laws. They are practices that have come to be recognised as effective ‘rules of the game’. Our formal laws often confer wide powers of discretion on those who implement them. In practice, however, these powers are limited byconventions. These conventions require that legal powers be used only in certain limited matters.

Conventions are not enforceable in the courts. If a convention is broken, the punishment isgenerally political, and rests with Parliament, public opinion and, ultimately, voters.

The advantage of conventions as opposed to laws is their flexibility. Formal laws can never allow for every possible circumstance that might occur. Conventions allow exceptions to bemade, whereas laws do not.

The Queen

The Constitution Act says that Queen Elizabeth II is New Zealand’s head of state, and that theGovernor-General is her appointed representative. Many legal powers are formally held by theCrown (in effect the Governor-General). Convention requires that these powers are used only onthe advice of the ministers who form the executive branch of government.

Parliament

Parliament is the only body that can make laws. However, Parliament delegates some lesser law-making powers. This enables government to make regulations about issues such as motor vehicle

safety, and local authorities to make bylaws about rubbish collection, without having to go back to Parliament every time minor changes are needed.

A Bill passed by Parliament becomes law when signed by the Queen or the Governor-General.The Constitution Act also says that each Parliament may last for three years, unless it isdissolved earlier. The Governor-General has the formal power to summon Parliament after anelection and to dissolve it for a new election.

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However, by convention the Governor-General acts only on the advice of the Prime Minister.After each general election, Parliament must meet within about eight weeks.

The Executive

The Executive is the part of government that does the actual governing. It consists of allMinisters of the Crown (such as the Prime Minister and the Minister of Finance) and most publicservice ministries and departments (such as the Ministry of Education, and the Department of Labour).

Ministers of the Crown are responsible for deciding what policies the government should follow,the rest of the executive and the public service carry out those policies. Most important policydecisions are made by the Cabinet, which is made up of most Ministers of the Crown, and meetsweekly.

The constitution says that only Members of Parliament may be appointed as Ministers of the

Crown. By convention, the Prime Minister and other Ministers may only hold office asgovernment while they are able to win a vote in the House on matters of confidence – issues thatare vital to the government’s programme.

This also means that Ministers must be accountable to Parliament for the performance of thegovernment. While elections are about choosing Members of Parliament, this convention linksthe choice of Parliament to our choice of government.

The Judiciary

The Judiciary is the referee which determines who is allowed to do what, should any

disagreement arise. It holds the balance between the power of the state and the rights of citizens.The judges, who are the members of the Judiciary, have the power to stop the government fromtaking any action that goes against the laws made by Parliament, or the principles of commonlaw, also part of our constitution.

To ensure their in-dependence, the Judges of the Court of Appeal and High Court are protectedagainst removal from office and reduction in salary.

Separation of powers

Each branch of our government has different powers. In theory, each acts as a brake on the

power of the others.

However, the development of political parties in the last 200 years has enabled Cabinet toeffectively control Parliament, although the arrival of MMP has changed the nature of thatcontrol.

While the Governor-General theoretically has great powers, in most cases, convention requiresthat these powers be exercised on the advice of Ministers.

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Nevertheless Parliament, govern-ment, the Judiciary, and even the Governor-General do notalways agree. Judges sometimes rule that the government has broken the law. Parliamentariansare sometimes annoyed that judges don’t rule the way they would like. Ministers occasionallyfind that Parliament will not pass the laws that they ask for. These disagreements are not signsthat something is wrong with the system: exactly the opposite, in fact. They are healthy signs that

the balance is being kept. .

Any ethnic problem?

New Zealand

Ethnic conflict

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In the 1850s relations between settlers and Maori deteriorated. The settler population and thedemand for land, especially pastoral land, increased. Many Maori, fearing for their future,

became reluctant to sell more land. In the Taranaki province, where the land shortage was acute, both settlers and those Maori willing to sell were opposed by Wiremu Kingi (Te Rangitake ),chief of Te Atiawa. In the Waikato, where good land was coveted by settlers and speculators, anelderly chief, Te Wherowhero, became “king” in 1858, largely through the support of theWaikato and Maniopoto tribes, and reigned as King ... (100 of 17989 words) .

Does Newzeland universities operate in other countries, and what are the coures?

No,no any one Newzeland universities operate in any other country.

Some Top Universities we represent in New Zealand

•

Auckland University of Technology• Christchurch Polytechnic Institution of Technology

• Lincoln University

• Massey University

• New Zealand School of Travel & Tourism

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• Pacific International Hotel Management School

• Queenstown Resort College

• Southern Institute of Technology

• University of Auckland• Victoria University of Wellington

• Wellington Institute of Technology

• Western Inst if Technology at Taranaki