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Next Generaon Internet Summit BACKGROUND PAPER 1

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Page 1: Next Generation Internet Summit BACKGROUND PAPERngi-summit.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/NGI-background.pdfCharter of Rights. The agreements recognize that the EU’s fundamental

Next Generation Internet Summit

BACKGROUND PAPER

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SummaryAKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3

RATIONALE 7

1. NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR DISRUPTING THE ECONOMY: BUSINESS, EMPLOYMENT, AND SKILLS 10

1.1 The sharing economy and the future of jobs 11

1.2 Disrupting the service industry and supply chains 14

1.3 Disrupting manufacturing: 3D printing for whatever you need 18

1.4 Skills for the Future 22

2. NEW TECHNOLOGIES DISRUPTING THE PUBLIC SPHERE: INFORMATION, DEMOCRACY AND SOCIAL MEDIA 25

2.1 The future of content: tech, media and publishing companies 25

2.2 To save everything click here: instant information, e-activism and direct democracy 30

2.3 E-infrastructure, E-government and e-residency 34

3. NEW TECHNOLOGIES BLURRING THE BORDER BETWEEN ONLINE AND OFFLINE WORLDS: DISRUPTING THE PERSONAL SPHERE 41

3.1 The Internet of Everything 41

3.2 Artificial Intelligence (AI)[1] 43

3.3 Virtual Reality (VR) 47

WEBOGRAPHY 53

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AKNOWLEDGEMENTS This background report, which will provide our media partners with input to write their articles andreaders with further information for each subtopic, is the result of a collaborative effort. REIsearch’seditorial team would like to express their deepest gratitude to all contributors from AtomiumEISMD’s network, but particularly to the members of the initiative’s Scientific Committee:

Robert Madelin - Visiting Research Fellow, University of Oxford, Chair of the Scientific Committee

Prof. Cristiano Codagnone; Professor, University of Milan and Barcelona – former JRC expert onsharing economy

Elizabeth Crossick, Head of Government Affairs Brussels, Reed Elsevier

Prof. Primavera De Filippi, National Center of Scientific Research, Berkman Center for Internet &Society at Harvard Law School

Prof. Luciano Floridi, Research Chair in Philosophy of Information and the UNESCO Chair inInformation and Computer Ethics, University of Hertfordshire

Prof. Mireille Hildebrandt, Chair of Smart Environments, Data Protection and the Rule of Law , VrijeUniversiteit Brussel

Erik Huizer, Director of IETF Area Director, IRTF chair, IAB

Prof. Innar Liiv, Associate Professor, Tallin University of Technology

Dr. Irene Lopez de Vallejo, Director of collaborative research at Digital Catapult

Andrzej Nowak, Professor of Psychology, Warsaw University

Zoe Romano, Digital Strategy & Wearable Arduino, WeMake, OpenWear

Dr Paul Timmers, Director Digital Society, Trust & Cybersecurity. DG CNCT (former)

Prof. Peter-Paul Verbeek, Professor of philosophy of technology, University of Twente

We would also like to extend our gratitude to the Members of Atomium – EISMD’s Advisory Board, who provided us with precious input:

Dr Stephane Berghmans, VP Academic Relations EU at Elsevier, Chairman of the Advisory Board

Cissi Askwall, Secretary General of Vetenskap och Allmanhet (Science and Society)

Morten Busch, Science Writer, Impact Assessment Team at Novo Nordisk Foundation and Former Head of Science and Media learning Centre Experimentarium

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Anna Maria Fleetwood, Head of External Relations of the Communication Department of the Swedish Research Council

François Heinderyckx, Professor at Université Libre de Bruxelles, former President of the European Communication Research and Education Association (ECREA)

Martin Hynes, President of the European Science Foundation

Alexander Gerber, Founder & Scientific Director of INSCICO, Professor at Rhine-Waal University

Natalia Manola, Project Manager at OpenAIRE

Dr Joan Marsh, President of the European Association of Science Editors

Wilfried Ruetten, Former Director of the European Journalism Centre

Markus Weisskopf, Director of Wissenschaft im Dialog (Science in Dialogue)

REIsearch’s business and knowledge partners also generously contributed to this publication, and we are particularly grateful to:

Filippo Addarii, CEO, PlusValue

Luc Chalsège, Senior Director, Public Sector Policy leader, Deloitte Consulting

Cornelia Kutterer, Senior Director, EU Government Affairs, Privacy and Digital Policies, Microsoft

Markku Markkula, President, European Committee of the Regions

Dr Gianluca Misuraca, Senior Scientist, Joint Research Centre, Directorate Growth and Innovation

Karim Moueddene, Global Lead Client Service Partner European Institutions, Deloitte Consulting

Dr Darren Sharpe, Senior Research Fellow, Institute for Health and human Development

Meni Styliadou, Vice President, Government Affairs and Public Policy at Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited

Taina Tukiainen, Member of Cabinet, National Seconded Expert, CoR

Helena Vieira Gomes, European Institutions Account Manager, Deloitte Consulting

Finally, our sincere gratitude for their invaluable contribution goes to colleagues from DG CONNECT, who supported us all along the way with their expertise and enthusiasm:

Paolo Cesarini (DG CNCT – Head of Unit, Media Convergence and Social Media)

Dr Jean-Luc Dorel (DG CNCT – NGI Unit)

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Dr Ralph Dum (DG CNCT – Media convergence and social media unit, STARTS program)

Peter Fatelnig (DG CNCT - Deputy Head for Next Generation Internet)

Dr Peter Friess (DG CNCT – Media convergence and social media unit)

Jorge Gasos (DG CNCT – Next Generation Internet Unit)

Anni Hellman (DG CNCT - Deputy Head of Unit Media Convergence and Social Media)

Stephanie Matt (DG CNCT - Communication Digital Excellence & Science Infrastructure)

Nicole Muessigmann (DG CNCT – Next Generation Internet Unit)

Pearse O'Donohue (DG CNCT - Acting Director for Future Networks and Head of Unit for Cloud & Software)

Viorel Peca (DG CNCT – Head of Unit, Future and emerging technologies)

Johanna Schepers (DG CNCT – Next Generation Internet Unit)

Fabrizio Sestini (DG CNCT - Senior Expert for Digital Social Innovation)

Georgios TSELENTIS (DG CNCT - Scientific Project Officer)

Jesus Villasante, Head of the Net Innovation Unit of the Communications Networks, Content and Technology (DG CNCT)

The views and opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the experts listed above.

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RATIONALEWhat do Europeans expect from digital technologies over the next decade? To correctly answer thisquestion, we should frame it within the values defining Europe through the Treaty of Lisbon and theCharter of Rights. The agreements recognize that the EU’s fundamental values are respect for humandignity and human rights, freedom, democracy, equality and the rule of law. These values unite allthe member states beyond any cultural, linguistic, historical, geographical or socio-economicaldifferences. In this framework, EU member states are pluralistic, nobody may be discriminatedagainst and people and government representatives must respect others and be tolerant. Everybodymust be treated fairly. Minority rights must be respected. Equality between women and men ispromoted. Responsibility must be shared. Furthermore, according to the EU Charter of FundamentalRights, art. 11 “Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom tohold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by publicauthority and regardless of frontiers” and “The freedom and pluralism of the media shall berespected”.

Today these values are both being put to a test and offered new opportunities for expansion asinternet technologies have fundamentally changed our world over the last 40 years, and the nextgeneration internet (NGI) is set to impact the global economy and society even further, for better orworse - in ways we couldn’t previously imagine.

This process has already begun, illustrated for example by the current rise of social media, thesharing economy, e-governance, e-commerce, digital marketing, e-learning, e-residency, self-drivingcars, smart devices, wearable technologies, mobile apps, and so on. Indeed, highly disruptive nextgeneration Internet technologies are already emerging: the Internet of Things (IoT) and smartdevices; 3D printing; drones and unmanned aerial vehicles; blockchain; virtual reality… whilst 5Ghigh-speed wireless connection is increasingly available for growing parts of the populations globally.As a result of these technologies, we are approaching the Internet of Everything (IoE), where devices,people, processes, data and ideas are connected in one web of activities and influence.

Indeed, it is difficult to predict where we are going to be in another 10 years from now. Astechnology progresses and the mobile revolution advances, people are increasingly connected, theavailability of online information increases, and functions develop that allow new interactionsbetween the online and offline worlds. From commerce to entertainment, data analysis, remoteworking (or co-working) to e-government and e-payments, cloud storage to smart homes and supply-chains, new possibilities seem endless. However, many challenges remain, for instance in terms ofthe concentration of power (and data) in the hands of a few players, access to adequateinfrastructure, the distortion of information and information distribution (fake news andconfirmation bias), as well as in terms of interoperability, digital inclusion and skills, privacy andsecurity.

This scenario is well described by (Schwab, 2016): in a disrupted period, everyone can gain but alsolose established positions of strength and he calls for leaders and citizens to “together shape a future

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that works for all by putting people first, empowering them and constantly reminding ourselves thatall of these new technologies are first and foremost tools made by people for people.”

The European Commission has answered this call by launching in Autumn 2016 its Next GenerationInternet Initiative, not only to support – via policy, regulation and funding programmes - thedevelopment of radically new functionalities in the next decade, but, most importantly, to set theright conditions for the internet of the future to be a human-centred, collaborative space, reflectingthe fundamental values of the European Union.

Within this context, Atomium – European Institute for Science, Media and Democracy, with the helpof its media partners, aims to mobilise its network to better understand what different stakeholderssee as the main opportunities and challenges stemming from the ongoing technologicaldevelopments in the ICT domain, as well as the role that each stakeholder might play in shaping theInternet as a more inclusive space. To develop a holistic view on the topic, a broad range of peoplewith different backgrounds are being engaged in the project: citizens, scientists, technologists, end-users, policy makers, businessmen, activists, and artists who will provide important impetus to think“outside the box” about the future of the Internet and its uses.

In April 2017, the REIsearch platform and Atomium - EISMD media partners will launch a citizenengagement and communication campaign on “The Next Generation Internet”. The Campaign aimsto be the largest public consultation on the future of the Internet, involving both experts and citizensfrom across Europe. It will focus on three of the most potentially disruptive effects of the nextgeneration Internet technologies and their uses, including: 1. The economy (businesses,employment, and skills); 2. The public sphere, with a focus on how the rise of social media andArtificial Intelligence (AI) is changing how we access and use information, and how we act on it; and3. Blurring the boundaries between offline and online/virtual worlds and how this is impacting ourdaily lives.

For three consecutive weeks, our media partners will publish an article giving insights into each ofthese core themes and linking to a questionnaire through which citizens across Europe are invited toexpress their opinion so that we can bring it back to EU decision makers, supporting them to buildthe right framework for the ongoing technological revolution to benefit people and society.

We believe that people can shape their own future, and that while the change underway is huge, thereal question is not about the technology, but about ourselves and what we do as society, how wecreate the conditions to embrace change, fully exploiting its positive social, economic andenvironmental potential while managing disruption by building resilient institutions and investing inpeople.

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1. NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR DISRUPTING THE ECONOMY: BUSINESS, EMPLOYMENT, AND SKILLS The advent of the internet has radically changed the job market as well as industrial processes. E-commerce has become a key sales channel for large and small companies worldwide, the sharingeconomy is already allowing citizens to monetise their expertise as well as their assets and managetheir data as digital assets, whilst physical systems that integrate digital technology like internet-connected manufacturing or cars, 3D printing, the Internet of things and cloud computing areradically changing production models for traditional industries as diverse as manufacturing,healthcare, energy management, transportation or agriculture. Even more importantly, internet-technologies are changing the way in which businesses interact among themselves, with theircustomers and employees as well as with the environment in which they operate. As pointed out byPaul Sallomi “The digitization of the enterprise is opening up whole new markets, creatingecosystems that often extend across multiple sectors. Connected and autonomous vehicles, e-medicine, fin tech, e-tail, and smart cities are all enabled by connectivity, growth in storage andbandwidth, advances in cognitive technologies, and increasingly sophisticated data analytics. Theyare spawning a myriad of new products and services that will continue to excite and astonishus”(Sallomi, 2017).

While the web has great potential to foster entrepreneurship and self-employment, and to radicallyimprove efficiency, sustainability and competitiveness, several barriers need to be addressed, forinstance in terms of interoperability, standardisation and security, at technological, legal and fiscallevels. Similarly, more research is needed to understand the consequences of automation and thedata economy on employment, as well as the impact of new forms of e-entrepreneurship on socialsecurity. Paraphrasing Albert Hischman’s Rhetoric of Reaction, there still seems to be little robustevidence about the actual disruptiveness of the sharing economy1. Several experts have observedthat it is still unclear if digital platforms are really producing disruptive innovation in the truemeaning, or are just thriving on regulatory arbitrage for they operate in a grey area not fullyregulated and to some extent they stand outside the law2.

1 (Hirschman, 1991). See also (Codagnone & Martens, 2016) and (Codagnone, Biagi, & Abadie, 2016)2 See for instance (Codagnone, Abadie, & Biagi, 2016)

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1.1 The sharing economy and the future of jobsAs described by the Economist in 2013, the internet has dramatically reduced transaction costsrelated to trading and exchanging assets, “making sharing assets cheaper and easier than ever—andtherefore possible on a much larger scale. The big change is the availability of more data aboutpeople and things, which allows physical assets to be disaggregated and consumed as services.Before the internet, renting a surfboard, a power tool or a parking space from someone else wasfeasible, but was usually more trouble than it was worth. Now websites such as Airbnb, RelayRidesand SnapGoods match up owners and renters; smartphones with GPS let people see where thenearest rentable car is parked; social networks provide a way to check up on people and build trust;and online payment systems handle the billing.” (“The rise of the sharing economy,”2013) Indeed, aspointed out by (Sundararajan, 2016) “the crowd has moved from simply providing ideas (openinnovation) to providing actual services and products (crowd-based capitalism)”.

Companies such as TaskRabbit, Uber and AirBnb have inaugurated a new platform economy 3 openingtotally new income-generating opportunities4 for citizens; however, they have also posedunprecedented challenges5. On one hand, the sharing economy can be an engine for growth and acatalyst for new forms of entrepreneurship. So for instance, in New York, according to a studyconducted by HR&A Advisors for Airbnb, $1.15 billion in economic activity were generated in 2014thanks to the short-term rental platform, including $235 million in economic activity outside ofManhattan. This translated into the creation of around 10.000 jobs. Over 90% of Airbnb hosts in NewYork were sharing their primary residence, earning on average $640 per month sharing their spacefor 5 nights. 72% of the hosts use that money to help pay the bills, living expenses, and stay in theirhomes. In total, $301 million of guest spending went directly to host households and $844 million ofguest spending went to New York businesses, 42% in the local neighbourhood. Since over 80% ofAirbnb properties in New York are outside of traditional hotel districts, this means bringing in newmoney for local businesses.

On the other hand, a report commissioned by the Hotel Association to HVS Consulting & Valuationstates that Airbnb caused hotels in New York a loss of around $450 million in direct revenuesbetween September 2014 and August 2015. Over 2.800 jobs were lost directly because of Airbnb,equal to over $200 million in income for hotel employees. Over $108 million of food and beveragerevenues were lost to hotels because of travellers booking with Airbnb. If we add losses from taxrevenues to local, state and federal governments – which amount to $226 million per year – then thetotal effect of Airbnb on the hotel industry and the government in NYC is about $2.1 billion annually.As Airbnb continues to grow at a rapid rate, the report concludes these losses will only increase.

In 2015 Airbnb signed an agreement with city officials in Amsterdam which requires Airbnb hosts topay a tourist tax. It was the first official agreement involving Airbnb with any local authority in

3 See the dedicated Insight Center set-up by the HBR4 See for instance (Farivar, 2011)5 As described by Vili Lehdonvirta from the Oxford Internet Institute in her speech on Online Platforms, Diversity and Fragmentation, available here.

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Europe, soon followed by many equivalent agreements in other European cities. In 2015, the FrenchGovernment published new rules allowing platforms such as Airbnb to take on the administrativeburden of tax collection on behalf of hosts, who are no longer asked to collect the tax from eachguest individually. According to Airbnb, in the three months from October 2015, the platformremitted €1.2 million of tourist tax to the City of Paris.

The consequences of the sharing economy on job-security and pensions are still to be fullyunderstood. For instance, according to (L. H. Summers & Balls, 2015), the sharing economy, whilstproviding people with flexibility and the opportunity to generate revenues, is also creating a habit ofworking on contingency without basic employment benefits or protections, and with very littlecapacity to predict workloads and related revenues. As stable jobs become scarcer and people tacklerisks by subscribing to different platforms, costs are likely to be very high in terms of elderly peoplewith no pensions or savings who will turn to the state and charitable organisations for support.Consumer protection is also a worry, since it is often unclear who will cover costs in case of accidentsor unprofessional behaviour. At the European level, sharing platforms pose a threat to the single-market construction process, as they are regulated and taxed in very different ways, if at all, or evenprevented from operating.

As technology progresses, new forms of sharing-economy develop, which seem able to overcomesome of the issues related to the first generation platforms. Many on-going experiments are aimed atbuilding distributed intermediary sharing-platforms based on blockchain technologies, puttingservice-providers and users in touch without the need of an intermediary platform. A new wave ofenterprises linked to the makers movement6 is also using radically new methods, practices andorganisational forms to develop sustainable and socially innovative products and services. They sharea commitment to open source principles, democratic participation and transparency, and fuse themwith social purposes and outcomes. For instance, OpenDesk.cc is a furniture company working as aglobal platform for local manufacturers. It specialises in workspace furniture, making it possible foranyone to download CAD files made by an international network of designers and produce thefurniture locally either directly themselves or by commissioning local makers. The business model ofOpenDesk addresses three objectives. Firstly, it creates a new way for designers to sell on a globalscale while retaining their IP and setting their own prices. Secondly, it offers consumers a way to buyaffordable designer furniture without the brand name mark-up, and the ability to have productstailored to their tastes and requirements. Thirdly, it generates a new source of income forprofessional makers operating locally7. As stated on the company website: “OpenDesk's model ofopen making has significant economic, social and environmental benefits. Local, decentralisedmaking re-establishes manufacturing back into the heart and culture of local communities, bringing

6 See (Johar, Lipparini, & Addarii, 2015): “The term “maker” was coined by Dale Dougherty of O'Reilly Media in 2005, when the technology publisher launched the Make magazine, a quarterly journal about Do-it Yourself (DIY) projects. A year later, a series of Maker Fairs provided the first showcases for the movement. According toChris Anderson, the digitisation of the DIY approach of the maker movement will drive the next industrial revolution by “treating atoms like bits using the powerful tools of the software and information industries to revolutionise the way we make tangible objects”. 7

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back jobs that are intrinsically rewarding and creative. Money from commercial sales of OpenDeskproducts goes directly to designers and makers: skipping the whole murky world of traditionallogistics and supply chain, with its layered costs and middlemen. Cutting out shipping and stockholding has the potential to cut down carbon emission and generate less waste. In addition, openmaking has the potential to encourage smaller product runs and shift manufacturing post-purchase,leading to less production and waste in a world that's already stuffed with mass-produced consumergoods”.

The increased efficiency brought on by digital networks is best exemplified by companies such asEcoVadis, a global company with headquarters in France since its foundation in 2007, and operatingthe first collaborative network enabling companies to monitor the sustainability performance of theirsuppliers, across 150 sectors and 100 countries. Its reliable ratings and easy to use monitoring toolsallow companies to manage risks and drive eco-innovations in their global supply chains. Ecovadisworks with over 150 global multinational companies including Axa, Alcatel-Lucent, Bayer, BASF, CocaCola Enterprises, Dupont, Deutsche Telekom, Heineken, Johnson & Johnson, Schneider Electric, andVodafone, as well as with over 30.000 suppliers across the world.

In this context, many questions deserve attention:

● How is the sharing economy transforming industries, services and jobs?● How is the sharing economy affecting the job-market? What are the consequences for workers, and,

in the long-term, for social security systems?● How is the sharing economy affecting consumers’ rights and protection?● What can we learn from current and past regulatory and fiscal action? What is the right balance

between innovation and inclusion of people/users?● How can we better take into account social and environmental concerns when building sharing

platforms? And how important are these concerns to both entrepreneurs and users?● How will new technologies such as blockchain or 3D printing affect the sharing-economy?

1.2 Disrupting the service industry and supply chainsAdvances in internet technologies are disrupting the service industry and transforming relationshipsbetween businesses all along their supply chains. For instance, blockchain technology is being used –even though still in a very experimental way – to increase efficiency in the shipping industry. In Donand Alex Tapscott’s words, “at its most basic, blockchain is a vast, global distributed ledger ordatabase running on millions of devices and open to anyone, where not just information butanything of value – money, titles, deeds, music, art, scientific discoveries, intellectual property, andeven votes – can be moved and stored securely and privately. On the blockchain, trust is established,not by powerful intermediaries like banks, governments and technology companies, but throughmass collaboration and clever code [in the form of distributed computation ndr]” (Tapscott &Tapscott, 2016). Private distributed ledgers, which use this technology to facilitate transactionsbetween known partners, are relatively simple to build, and allow instant transactions and recordstoring between all parties involved but are also raising concerns. Leading private companies are

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already at the forefront of implementing blockchain technologies. For example, in September 2016the world’s largest mining firm by market value – BHP Billiton – announced that it will use blockchainto record movements of wellbore rock and fluid samples and better secure the real-time data that isgenerated during delivery (Coindesk, 2016); while since October 2016 the shipping giant Maersk hasbeen working with the IT University of Copenhagen to test the use of blockchain to replace paper-based records of landing (Out-law, 2016).

Applications of blockchain have the potential to disrupt the financial, insurance, and legal servicesector in multiple ways and organizations such as Nasdaq are experimenting with pilot projects inthis area. First, smart contracts have the potential to revolutionise the legal and banking areas bydigitising all contractual instruments to replace paperwork and paper trails. Firms like Stampery arefocused on being the digital notary of choice; Provenance provides customers (business, private,non-profit) with digital tools to trace global supply chains and build transparent businesses; andEverledger is a permanent ledger for verifying certifications and transaction histories on high valuegoods (e.g. diamonds) that can be used by insurance companies, owners, and claimants. Second,smart assets, as in the case of State and land registries, can record the transacting of anything with aclear date and time stamp. This is already revolutionising trade finance, working capital and supplychain management, with companies like Tradle and Wave leading the way. Third, clearing andsettlement is proving to be the most active use case area for blockchain in banking in the short term.According to Santander InnoVentures’ 2015 report, it is estimated that moving clearing andsettlement into a digital record, near real-time and over the internet, will save the industry $15-20billion a year by 2022 by eliminating central authorities and bypassing slow, expensive paymentnetworks. Fourth, payments will be a critical area of development, not just for bank-to-bank transfersbut for any exchange of value over the internet peer-to-peer. R3, the lead player in blockchainactivities in the financial sector, backed by 42 of the world’s largest banks, has started experimentswith Microsoft’s Azure-based Blockchain-as-a-Service to develop Ethereum as a bank-to-bank globaltransaction system. It’s an experiment today, but will be rapidly implemented and scaled ifsuccessful. The emerging value-exchange models being developed by a growing number of start-upsin Africa and other developing countries is highly likely to result in digital currencies that avoid thehigh exchange costs of Western Union or other remittance players, with the potential to boostfinancial inclusion across the globe. Finally, digital identity could be used to authorise people’stransactions on the blockchain, with companies such as Onename leading the way in the use ofbitcoins. Estonia is at the forefront of this revolution as a state provider of digital identity with e-residency (also with a pilot connecting it to Ethereum). In the generic identity field, the EuropeanHigher Education and Research community developed Edugain a long time ago (2004) and now has aserious market share and is leading the way. It is important to note that greater technologicalcapacity and scalability is required to reduce the costs of verifying transactions on blockchain, if it isto scale globally in this way. As with any new and disruptive technology, it is difficult to predictexactly how fast and deep the technology will penetrate mainstream services. For example, somecommentators claim that “banks will not adopt blockchain fast”(Bussmann, 2016). However, bigmarket players do not stand still and wait for change, they drive it. So we already see live blockchain-

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based platforms from Nasdaq to Ripple, with IBM estimating that 15% of 200 banks are expected tohave live blockchain technologies by 2017 (IBM Institute for Business Value, 2016).

Crowdfunding, e-commerce and data analysis are enabling totally new business models. For instance,the Dutch social enterprise Fairphone, which was created by raising around 3.5 million euros with acrowd-funding campaign, has sold over 100.000 modular phones on the internet, and can track twoof the most important mineral components needed in a smartphone all along the supply chain frommines in the Democratic Republic of Congo to the customer’s hands.

Another key development is in big data analysis and machine learning, which are also transformingthe service industries as we know them together with scientific research and analytics.

In the personalised health service domain, Diamandis posits that “machine learning and data sciencewill do more to improve healthcare than all the biological sciences combined”. For example, the techcompany Human Longevity Inc is applying statistical machine translation to huge genomic andintegrated health record datasets to develop new diagnostics and therapies.

In the insurance service sector, a combination of technologies including digitisation, social networks,genomics, sensors, and AI could be combined to disrupt traditional insurance models and replacethem with personalised and peer-to-peer insurance models, with companies like LemonadeInsurance already innovating in this field.

In the car industry, the sharing economy, as well as the rise of AI and virtual reality are alreadydisrupting the traditional models and practices. Fully autonomous cars might result in a shift from"buying and owning" a car, to "mobility as a service”. Traditional automotive players such as Toyota,GM, Volkswagen, are exposed to the risk of being replaced by tech giants such as Tesla, Apple, Uberand Google, who are entering the scene with a fresh perspective and lots of money to invest in R&Dand marketing. Virtual reality might mean that physical “travelling” becomes less popular, reducingthe demand for cars (see Diamandis, 2016).

Related to the transportation industry, increasingly cheap and sophisticated drones (UAV UnmannedAerial Vehicles) are revolutionising the shipping/delivery industry. Drones connected to the internethave significant potential to disrupt ‘traditional’ global supply chain processes in the future. They canfly long distances, faster, more efficiently to anywhere in the world. They can be used to reachphysically remote locations to deliver not just products but a range of services (e.g. for consumers,health, search and rescue, surveillance, security, monitoring, military and education). Drones couldnavigate autonomously, connected to the Internet wirelessly, wherever they are. While dronetechnologies raise issues of governance and security, developments in this field are continuing atpace. For example, Amazon is testing drone delivery in partnership with the UK government, focusingon delivery of items weighing 5 pounds or less (90% of Amazon sales)8; Google’s Project Wingrecently tested a fixed-wing drone system also capable of carrying packages; Drone manufacturerFlirtey partnered with the FAA and Nasa for the first successful US drone delivery in July 2015, andagain from ship-to-shore in New Jersey in June 2016, as a potential disaster-relief delivery method.

8 See (Woolf & Gibbs, 2016)

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The world’s first passenger drone, the Chinese Ehang 184, was recently cleared for testing in Nevada,aiming to transport a person at altitudes up to 11.500 ft and speeds of up to 100km/h for up to 23minutes. Delft University has developed an ambulance drone and delivery robots are not limited tobeing airborne.

While these disruptions are exciting, key questions remain:

● How can we ensure people’s privacy and security in the face of these new and fast-movingtechnologies? For example, Facebook recently blocked plans by a car insurance company to viewyoung drivers’ profiles to set car insurance premiums (BBC, November 2016). Do we trust companiesto protect our personal rights and data? Who is governing these tech giants? Where is the boundarybetween private and non-private data when it comes to personal services and technology? What arethe ethics involved? How do we ensure equality and trust in service provision?

● How can new internet technologies be used to build more fair, inclusive, and personalised services forpeople, rather than being used by service providers as just a new tool to make money?

● Who should govern these technologies and how? Can existing institutions take on the responsibility ordo we need new institutions? Does governance prevent the disruptive innovations from achievingtheir full potential, or is it essential to protect citizens?

● How can these technological developments be addressed in sector-specific policy, e.g. for finance,energy, or health, with respect to innovation, cross-sectoral use and opportunities, safeguardingspecific consumer/citizens protection, fair competition and public interest?

● To what extent are people’s health and environmental sustainability being balanced with, or tradedfor, greater economic efficiency in supply chains and personal services?

● If financial services become distributed, how are investors protected? For example, a $50million hackof the DAO blockchain based on a code weakness showed that “the DAO was all too human” ( Wired,2016).

● In which respect are these new technologies still inadequate or which further developments do weexpect, eg as regards scalability, accountability and transparency of algorithms?

● What happens if automated technologies fail or are hacked, are they really safe?

● To what extent is international development useful, feasible, a conditio sine qua non?

1.3 Disrupting manufacturing: 3D printing for whatever you need 3D printing allows the creation of three-dimensional solid objects from a digital file by laying downsuccessive layers of material to a specified pattern. According to Gartner[25] in 2015 over 220.000 3Dprinters were sold globally and the 3D printing market is forecast to reach $21 billion by 2020 fromover $5 billion in 2016. Over 2014-2016 Kickstarter has launched more than 500 campaigns related

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to 3D printing, of which the most crowdfunded project received over $3 million. Coupled withconnectivity in manufacturing (related to 5G), connected robotics in manufacturing (related to 5Gand machine learning) and manufacturing connectivity into many products (e.g. for recycling andpreventive maintenance in the circular economy), 3D printing is one of the most interesting emergingtechnologies thanks to its adaptability to almost any sector. Over the last few years, the 3D printingindustry has shifted focus from subtractive manufacturing methods to additive manufacturingmethods (3D printing), as the precision and cost-effective production of 3D printing makes it a morelucrative process for manufacturers to invest in9. Many companies from different industries view 3Dprinting as a technology essential to their transition into a digital industrial company and havestarted integrating 3D printing into their operations. For example, in September 2016, GE bought twoindustrial 3D printing manufacturers, Sweden-based Arcam and Germany-based SLM Solutions, for atotal of $1.4 billion, and committed to invest another $1 billion in 3D printing R&D during the next 10years.

3D printing is already being exploited in construction. Architects can print a model of a property toshow to prospective clients. More amazingly, companies such as Contour Construction havedeveloped large 3D printers that have the capability to build houses. China-based 3D printingconstruction company WinSun, “expects that 3D printing will save construction companies up to 50%on the cost” of building a house. They printed an entire apartment building as well as several homespiece-by-piece using a specially formulated and patented “ink” made of construction waste, which isalso flexible, self-insulating, and resistant to strong earthquakes. Another example of innovation inthe field of open-source architecture is WikiHouse, an open-source project that makes it possible foranyone to download and print customised, low-cost and high performance houses. WikiHouse usedthe cash prize won at TEDGlobal in 2012 to partner with social enterprises in Brazil to buildWikiHouses in the poorest favelas of Rio de Janeiro. There are also plans to use WikiHouses asdisaster-relief housing in earthquake-prone countries.

In the automotive sector, companies such as Ford and General Motors are using 3D printing inprototyping; Jim Kor and his team of engineers even built a whole vehicle – the Urbee 2 - with 3Dprinters. In the aerospace industry, NASA is developing a rocket engine injector made from a 3Dprinter. Contour Crafting plans to print reliable and affordable lunar structures and habitats exploitingin situ resources - lunar regolith - as construction material.

In the healthcare sector, researchers at Wake Forest’s Regenerative Medicine are using 3D printers tobuild a variety of tissue and organ prototypes. Multiple cell types and other tissue components canbe arranged in pre-determined locations with high precision. Organs can be printed using a patient’sown cells, which would avoid waits for donors and the need for immunosuppression. I t is evenpossible to print edible material. More sustainable resources such as proteins from algae and insectscan be converted into edible products, such as a type of pasta made from Thai crickets byBugsolutely. "A lot of people don't know this, but all the microwave pancakes available insupermarkets in the Netherlands are printed," says Kjeld van Bommel, a researcher at the DutchOrganization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO in Dutch). The U.K.'s Choc Edge sells printers that

9 See Diffusion of 3D Printing

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melt chocolate and pile it up in layers to create custom shapes. FabCafe Tokyo for Valentine’s Daycrafted 3D-printed chocolate faces of customers' loved ones. Columbia University in New York isworking on a 3D food printer that can produce and cook a variety of dishes from frozen ingredients.In 2016, Google introduced 3D-printed pasta in its employee cafeteria. Even NASA is looking at waysto 3D print food in space. 3D printed food could also be used for food customisation to create foodswith specific nutritional values or avoiding specific allergens.

The rapid decrease of 3D printer price and the diffusion of mass collaboration and open sourcesoftware means that a growing number of people are able to buy and use a 3D printer 10 (seedesigner Amos Dudley who made a camera entirely out of 3D printed parts). Companies likeMakerbot are trying to make 3D printers an everyday household item, by building basic cheap 3Dprinters - starting at $1.299 – and improving them by relying on the general public to come up withdesigns to test the 3D printer to its limits and push its boundaries. Taiwan-based XYZPrinting hasmade its mark in the 3D printing market over the last few years by investing in low-priced – aboutone third of the average market price - 3D printers: the Da Vinci 3D printers for schools ($300), daVinci 3D pen ($50 on Amazon) and its da Vinci laser scan ($750).

The development of software for 3D printing is a crucial aspect to ensure the take-up of thetechnology. AutoDesk is one of the biggest providers of 3D printing software. Google has developed afree program called Sketchup which makes creating 3D designs easy. The Dutch company 3D Hubsconnect people who want to realize their 3D designs with locals who own a 3D printer and want toearn money through printing others’ designs. 3 DPrintingOS hopes to connect/organize 3D printers onone platform. There are several Apps for Android and iOS which allow one to view files on-the-go,design, and even convert images from 2D to 3D printable files. Companies willing to develop a newproduct could use open communities - like Reddit - to reach out to people who have an interest indesign and have access to a 3D printer. Through mass collaboration, people can come together tocreate new designs and send them to the company. “I believe that everyone will have a 3D printer attheir home and office and factories. Just like the self-driving car, 3D printers will be everywhere in 20years” says XYZPrinting’s CEO Shen. However, the path towards domestic 3D printing might still belong, with 3D Systems’ CEO, Vyomesh Joshi, pointing out that he doesn’t believe that “consumerbusiness is real, because there’s no use for it” (Heater, 2016). There are still many obstacles toovercome, such as price, quality of products, and the development of user-friendly software.

3D printing has the potential to lead to virtually unlimited opportunities, but there are still manyquestions to be answered:

● In the future, will we all have 3D printers in our home, and instead of buying products we print themat home? Are we going to see the rise of 3D printing shops where anyone can get their designsprinted?

● What will be the social impact of 3D printing? Is it possible to print at an affordable price low incomeor emergency housing on a large scale? Can 3D edible printing be used to tackle hunger in thepoorest areas of the world?

10 See Diffusion of 3D Printing

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● How does 3D printing disrupt the mass fabrication model in favour of customization? How can 3Dprinting lower the environmental impact of production?

● What is the impact on the logistics market and on stock keeping? And thus on economics and jobs?● How to deal with the effects that 3D printing has on the labour market, for instance in manufacturing

and construction?● What about the quality of 3D printed goods? Will they meet the standard for consumer protection?

Will new legislation be necessary?● When new technologies become widely available because of the expiration of patents, people find it

difficult to work out how to apply them effectively. Do we need to be educated on how 3D printingmight be useful in our everyday life - for instance through ‘campaigns’ from universities and publicbodies?

● As 3D printing becomes more affordable and becomes present in the lives of the public, are thereany inherent dangers to giving people the ability to print whatever they want? For instance, theLiberator is a gun which can be created entirely out of 3D printed parts, and has been available todownload since 2013.

● Which established industries will be disrupted by new internet-technology based entrants and howwill that develop? What is the impact on industry-specific policies and legislation?

1.4 Skills for the FutureAs the next generation of internet-based technologies permeate every dimension of our societies,we must assess what skills are needed to make the most of these opportunities, and how we canobtain them. The acquisition of new skills and adaptation of old skills requires a commitment to life-long learning and a flexible approach to teaching them. At present, it appears that some of the keyskills for the future will be ICT skills, such as coding, computer science, electrical engineering, digitalmedia, and data science, as well as entrepreneurial skills such as innovation, creativity, leadership,management, psychology, which are vital to shape, test, and scale new technologies into sustainablepeople-driven businesses and organisations. To tackle the lack of digital skills in Europe, theCommission, together with member states and private organisations, has launched in December2016 the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition. The Coalition, which is open to any organisation acting toboost digital skills, is active in 4 main areas: 1) providing citizens with digital skills; 2) upskilling andreskilling of the labour-force; 3) developing high level digital skills for ICT professionals in all industrysectors and 4) digital skills in education (including lifelong learning and training of teachers).

According to the WEF report The Future of Jobs “During previous industrial revolutions, it often tookdecades to build the training systems and labour market institutions needed to develop major newskill sets on a large scale. Given the upcoming pace and scale of disruption brought about by theFourth Industrial Revolution, however, this is simply not an option. Without targeted action today tomanage the near-term transition and build a workforce with futureproof skills, governments willhave to cope with ever-growing unemployment and inequality, and businesses with a shrinkingconsumer base. Moreover, these efforts are necessary not just to mitigate the risks of the profoundshifts underway but also to capitalize on the opportunities presented by the Fourth Industrial

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Revolution. Freelancing is a growing trend, but for a talent revolution to take place, governmentsand businesses will need to profoundly change their approach to education, skills and employment,and their approach to working with each other. Businesses will need to put talent development andfuture workforce strategy front and centre to their growth. Firms can no longer be passiveconsumers of ready-made human capital. They require a new mindset to meet their talent needs andto optimize social outcomes. Governments will need to re-consider fundamentally the educationmodels of today. As the issue becomes more urgent, governments will need to show bolderleadership in putting through the curricula and labour market regulation changes that are alreadydecades overdue in some economies.” (WEF, 2016) Indeed, according to Cathy Davidson, professor atDuke University, 65% of students attending primary school today are likely to work in jobs that don’tyet exist by 202011, while as highlighted in the WEF report, up to 7.1 million jobs could be lost in themeantime because of technological advancements, two thirds of which are concentrated in routinewhite collar office functions. But high-profile jobs aren’t secure either: recently, Hong Kong basedventure capital fund Deep Knowledge Venture has nominated as a member of its executive boardVital, an algorithm which can calculate which investments are likely to be most successful.

This process of skills teaching and learning is already well underway. For example, in relation toteaching coding skills to younger people, Coder Dojo has emerged as an open source, volunteer led,global movement of free computer coding clubs for young people (5-17 years old) that has morethan 675 clubs in 57 countries, funded by volunteers, philanthropists, as well as companies such asGoogle, Microsoft, Barclays and IBM. In a similar field, Raspberry Pi has become an iconic companyfor the next generation of tech-based learners, providing a tiny and affordable computer that you canuse to learn programming through fun, practical projects. In terms of entrepreneurship skills, fab labs(e.g. Fab Lab London), co-working spaces (e.g. Impact Hub), incubators and accelerators (e.g. GoogleLaunchpad) have proliferated around the world, providing skills training as well as mentoring,finance, office space, and opportunities for the next generation of tech (and non-tech)entrepreneurs.

These spaces are supported at the institutional level by leading public and private institutions, whoare increasingly designing new programmes for tech and entrepreneurship teaching and learning,such as Google for Entrepreneurs, MIT’s Entrepreneurship Development Programme, or CISCO’sLearning Network. Of course, there is also great need to support existing businesses and institutionsnot only to adopt new skills and practices, but also to adapt, update, and progress their currentsystems, evidenced for example by the growth of global IT consulting industry, as well as skills-basedconsulting such as HR, coaching, and management training for workers.

Clearly, if the right skills for the future are to be obtained, then we require a holistic and concertedeffort that includes all members and sectors of society, at all ages, and in all institutions (fromschools to businesses to government offices). This is no easy task, and fundamental questions willneed to be addressed along the way if we are to get even close to this ambitious goal. But if we candevelop and use the right skills at the right time, then the next generation of internet-baseddevelopment is almost limitless.

11 (Davidson, 2011)

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● What are the right skills for the future? Are there core skills that everyone needs? Do the skillschange as fast the technologies? How can we keep up?

● Do we need all people to be trained in logical world skills and develop better awareness (for securityand privacy) and better insight in developing future skills for future jobs?

● Who is responsible for teaching the necessary skills for the future?● Where can people go to learn these skills? Online, in person, self-taught versus guided, individual

versus group, reading, listening, speaking, doing?● What are the best learning institutions for the future – open data, private schools, sector-specific

versus general, targeted at certain age groups, or in certain moments in people’s lives?● How do we equip citizens to make the best of the Internet revolution?● How can we foster creativity in and through new skills?● Why should we teach and learn these skills for the future, what is the driving purpose? Is it money, a

more equal society, progress for the sake of progress?● How can we measure people’s progress in skills, to keep track of what is and is not working, and to

make changes (to skills approach, curriculum, etc.) for the better?● What soft skills can we simply not afford to live without? Are these also being taught?

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2. NEW TECHNOLOGIES DISRUPTING THE PUBLIC SPHERE: INFORMATION, DEMOCRACY AND SOCIAL MEDIAThe internet was originally designed as an open network, where decentralised institutional,technical, and market power maximized freedom to operate and innovate at the expense of control.However, it is becoming apparent that today a small number of “internet giants” are stronglyinfluencing consumers’ and businesses’ choices and habits, often limiting their possibility to operateand/or access information, products and services and therefore threatening the net neutralityprinciple. The concentration of users’ data in the hands of a few large companies or publicorganisations is also raising concerns in terms of privacy and security. At the same time, examples offruitful collaborations between large companies and open-source communities or start-ups arefrequent, while new technologies are emerging which could support decentralisation of powers andensure security and privacy, for example the blockchain. These new technologies could havetremendous impact in terms of “democratisation” of the internet as well as social, economic andfinancial inclusion, while opening new spaces where public and private actors can cooperate and co-produce with citizens for the common good.

2.1 The future of content: tech, media and publishing companiesThe internet has literally revolutionised our way to access and exchange information and data,making it possible to get hold of an unprecedented amount of knowledge in every domain. Effortsfrom both the public and private sectors to digitise and make available content online have beenremarkable, and the internet hosts today around 2.5 billion indexed webpages. Of course, thecontent – as well as its accessibility – varies extensively. Concerning cultural material which, “asrecognized by the Council in its Conclusions of 10 May 2012, is an important resource for Europeancultural and creative industries, which account for ca. 4% of EU’s GDP and jobs” (Council of theEuropean Union, 2012), only a small fraction of EU museum and library collections have beendigitised, estimated at ca. 12% on average for libraries by the Enumerate survey and less than 3% forfilms. Things are improving despite the financial crisis, partly due to increased efforts from theprivate sector. Currently, over 30 million objects are accessible on the Europeana portal, and Google’sArt projects made available over 45,000 masterpieces in very high resolution, as well as 360 degreetours of over 60 individual galleries using Street View ‘indoor’ technology. Innovative projects such asthe “Venice Time Machine” are pushing the boundaries between scientific and humanistic disciplinesand delivering totally new ways of accessing history. This EU-funded project “aims at building a

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multidimensional model of Venice and its evolution covering a period of more than 1000 years.Kilometres of archives are currently being digitized, transcribed and indexed setting the base of thelargest database ever created on Venetian documents. Millions of photos are processed usingmachine vision algorithms and stored in a format adapted to high performance computingapproaches. In addition to these primary sources, the content of thousands of monographs isindexed and made searchable. The information extracted from these diverse sources is organized in asemantic graph of linked data and unfolded in space and time as part of an historical geographicalinformation system, based on high-resolution scanning of the city itself” (Venice Time Machine ). TheBig Data approach used in this project allows identification of recurrent patterns across hand-writtendocuments, images, maps and musical texts, leading to totally new readings of the past and sheddingnew light on the circulation of people, things, documents and diseases over time and space.

The publishing industry has contributed strongly to digitising high quality content, from books tonewspapers to scientific journals. For instance, scientific publisher Elsevier made available viaScienceDirect over 3.800 journals, of which 1.800 have the option to publish open access articles,meaning that a growing amount of contents is available to any reader without the need to make asubscription. More than 35.000 books were also digitized and indexed on ScienceDirect— with digitalarchives reaching as far back as 1.823, for a total of over 14 million peer-reviewed publications. MostEU newspapers now have online versions, however, according to the World Association ofNewspapers and News Publishers, “globally, more than 93 per cent of all newspaper revenues stillcome from print, and print will continue to be a major source of revenue for many years to come”(Kilman, 2015). A similar situation applies to the book industry. Per a recent EU Parliament researchbrief, book publishing is the largest media and entertainment industry, valued at $151 billion, but “e-books are a critical factor only in a relatively small number of markets. These are led by the USA(13%) and the UK (11.5%), with Germany (5%) developing more recently”(European Parliament,2016). On average, e-books represented only about 1.6% of the EU book market in 2014. Thisrelatively scarce uptake is due mainly to the high cost of digitisation for the variety of platforms.Moreover, in the European market, higher VAT rates on e-books compared to paper-books, as well asissues with interoperability of e-readers and portability of purchased content limit this expansion.Furthermore, digital resellers can abuse their dominant position in the markets: for instance “in theUK, where the VAT rate on print and e-books is respectively zero and 20%, Amazon wieldsconsiderable power over British publishers, with a near monopoly on the British e-book market,estimated at 95%. In 2012, it was reported that Amazon constrained British publishers to cover thecost of a 20% VAT charge on e-book sales, even though it forwarded only 3% to the tax authoritiesbased on the fact that its European headquarters were located in Luxembourg. Amazon can thusincrease its margin by the difference – amounting to an extra £1.38 every time it sells a £10 e-book inthe UK” (European Parliament, 2016). Even in the case of newspapers, intermediary tech companiescan impose heavy burdens, for instance by denying information on their readers’ habits to thosenewspapers who choose to provide their digital services to users of competitor tabletproducers(European Newspaper Publishers’ Association, 2011).

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The rise of social media, blogging and news websites has radically changed the way news is accessedand shared. Whilst traditional newspapers are still regarded as more authoritative sources by manyreaders (including young people), it is becoming increasingly hard to justify the costs of welldocumented articles in a world where everything is communicated instantly via Twitter and theaverage reader’s attention span is strongly reduced. As pointed out by the European NewspaperPublishers’ Association, “newspapers’ content is increasingly used by third parties, whethercommercial companies, news aggregators or public authorities, without previous authorisation andwithout remuneration(European Newspaper Publishers’ Association, 2011)”. Enforcement ofcopyrights to defend high-quality content created by traditional media organisations, which has oftenrequired a heavy initial investment in developing an IT infrastructure, a viable business model andthe skills necessary to deal with media content, seems ineffective. Technological solutions such asthe blockchain might help overcome these issues, so for instance Peertracks’ streaming platform usesblockchain to facilitate automated, transparent payment for content via the Muse platform. Artistsare paid directly and instantly using cryptocurrency and automated smart contracts which recognisethe content (not the artist) and splits the payments accordingly via block-rewards.

Technology platforms and search engines threaten net neutrality due to their tremendous influenceon content’s visibility in the web, which is too often influenced by marketing budgets. The currentsophistication of data-analysis techniques to profile users’ habits has put tech companies in a veryadvantageous position on the market, which is not exempt from moral implications. It is sometimeshard to distinguish between tech companies and media companies. Let’s take Facebook as anexample. As recently pointed out by The Guardian’s Samuel Gibbs, “Facebook’s chief executive, MarkZuckerberg, appears to have finally conceded that the social network is a media company, just not atraditional media company” (Gibbs, 2016). The company is aware of what is uploaded on theplatform, as its business model is based precisely on analysing and selling this information. However,when issues arise with contents (bullying on Facebook is becoming a major problem for youngpeople and women, sometimes with tragic consequences12) the company responds that, as a hostingprovider, contents are not their responsibility and that they cannot remove anything unless requiredby a judge, in conformity with the EU E-Commerce directive. Other tech giants such as Twitter aretaking a different approach, recognising their role as news providers.

As the reach of traditional media organisations shrinks and people tend either to trust their friendsand peers as sources of information or to rely on news aggregators which are either sponsored oradjusted to the user profile, a fundamental problem around the quality, objectivity and reliability ofinformation emerges. As highlighted by Katharine Viner, the “filter bubble” has grown incrediblystrong in the last few years, posing a serious threat to our ability to access information on theinternet:

“On the day after the EU referendum, in a Facebook post, the British internet activist and mySocietyfounder, Tom Steinberg, provided a vivid illustration of the power of the filter bubble – and theserious civic consequences for a world where information flows largely through social networks:

12 Statistics are available on Nobullying.com

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I am actively searching through Facebook for people celebrating the Brexit leave victory, but the filterbubble is SO strong, and extends SO far into things like Facebook’s custom search that I can’t findanyone who is happy *despite the fact that over half the country is clearly jubilant today* anddespite the fact that I’m *actively* looking to hear what they are saying. This echo-chamber problemis now SO severe and SO chronic that I can only beg any friends I have who actually work forFacebook and other major social media and technology to urgently tell their leaders that to not acton this problem now is tantamount to actively supporting and funding the tearing apart of the fabricof our societies … We’re getting countries where one half just doesn’t know anything at all about theother.” (Viner, 2016)

Another issue related to the raise of internet news outlets and social media is the increasing amountof fast-spreading fake news, which in some cases, can heavily influence the democratic process.Indeed, according to Katharine Viner, this was the case for the Brexit Campaign, with “Leave”campaigners bluntly admitting, in the aftermath of the vote, that most of the claims made during thecampaign (for instance that leaving the EU would have meant to get £350 million a week to spend onNHS or that immigration would have immediately be reduced) where just false. “It was hardly thefirst time that politicians had failed to deliver what they promised, but it might have been the firsttime they admitted on the morning after victory that the promises had been false all along. This wasthe first major vote in the era of post-truth politics: the listless Remain campaign attempted to fightfantasy with facts, but quickly found that the currency of fact had been badly debased” (Viner, 2016).The scarce appeal of “facts” was clear to the Leave campaigners from the very beginning: “A few daysafter the vote, Arron Banks, Ukip’s largest donor and the main funder of the Leave.EU campaign, toldthe Guardian that his side knew all along that facts would not win the day. “It was taking anAmerican-style media approach,” said Banks. “What they said early on was ‘Facts don’t work’, andthat’s it. The remain campaign featured fact, fact, fact, fact, fact. It just doesn’t work. You have got toconnect with people emotionally. It’s the Trump success” (Viner, 2016). Indeed, the rise of “fakenews” intended to generate a maximum of traffic over the internet is certainly compromising thepublic debate space, and deeply affecting citizens’ perception of the importance of stating thetruth13. Countermeasures though are also worrying, as proved by the recent debate in Italy, wherethe President of the National Antitrust Authority, Giovanni Petruzzella, advanced the idea ofestablishing a central authority tasked with removing fake news from the internet. As highlighted byEdoardo Segantini and Pierluigi Battista14, this is hardly feasible, but also fundamentally dangeroussince establishing an “official truth” can easily become an anti-democratic act per se, very similar towhat Orwell described in 1984 as one of the main tasks of the “Ministry of Truth”. In Germany,independent journalists have agreed to check on fake news and Chancellor Merkel has asked socialmedia and e-commerce companies to make the decision-making of their algorithms 'transparent'.

In this very complex and fragmented landscape, many questions arise:

● How can we increase the digitisation rate of our cultural heritage and unlock its educational andcommercial potential for EU citizens and their organisations?

13 See for instance (“Art of the lie,” 2016)14 (Battista, 2017)

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● How can we ensure that IP rights of digital content producers are protected without dramaticallyreducing access to this same content?

● How is the rise of social media and data analytics changing the publishing and media industry, andhow can we make sure that tech and media companies stay competitive whilst promoting access totrust-worthy information for citizens?

● How we can tackle the “filter bubble” issue and encourage democratic debate on media channelswhilst re-establishing trust in both journalists and policy-makers?

2.2 To save everything click here: instant information, e-activism and direct democracyThe internet, particularly with the rise of smartphones and social media, has been saluted as apowerful tool to increase democracy, accountability and transparency. As highlighted by the NationalDemocratic Institute, “examples abound of uses of the Internet in the democratic context, frompromoting citizen advocacy to increasing government transparency and accountability. Citizens, civiland non-governmental organizations, companies, civil servants, politicians, and large state andprivate-sector bureaucracies are employing technologies and the Internet to enhancecommunication, improve access to important information, and increase their efficiency, resulting instrengthened democratic processes and more effective governance”. At the same time, andparticularly during the so-called Arab Spring, the internet and social media helped bottom-upmovements to self-organise and to communicate with the outside world. The ability to interact easilywith like-minded people from everywhere in the world has created totally new possibilities forinnovators and social innovators, in terms of campaigning as well as fundraising. However, newproblems emerge together with new opportunities, in terms of security, transparency, accountability,but also group-thinking and “piloted” social dynamics, since building networks of people based onshared objectives and approaches means avoiding discussion and negotiation with people whoseopinions are different, which is a key feature of democratic societies.

Citizens’ activism has been facilitated by instant online information sharing. To give an example, in2004 in Spain, a popular mobilisation activated and coordinated through social media led to thequick ousting of Spanish Prime Minister José María Aznar, who had inaccurately blamed the Madridtransit bombings on Basque separatists. In Moldova, 2009, the Communist Party lost power whenmassive protests were coordinated in part by text messages, Facebook, and Twitter in reaction to anobviously fraudulent election. Sometimes the activists did not succeed, as in Belarus in March 2006,when the failure of street protests - arranged in part by e-mail - against President AleksandrLukashenko left him more determined than ever to control social media. It is clear that social mediahas become a key tool for coordinating nearly all of the world's political movements. This hasincreased the fear that some governments have about truly empowering their citizens through thesenew technologies and some governments – mainly, but not only, authoritarian - are trying to limit

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access to it.15 For example in China, the government of President Xi Jinping has expressed concernabout the real power that social media has to spread information16. In some cases, communicationon the internet and social media has led to the arrest and conviction of political activists. As noted byMorozov (Morozov, 2009), this is often due to a lack of technical capacity of the activists. Even in lessextreme contexts, e-activism always comes at a risk of simplifying complex issues and polarising thedebate17.

The internet allows like-minded people to fund a wide range of for-profit business ventures as well ascommunity-oriented social entrepreneurship projects through crowdfunding. The accessibility andsimplicity of crowdfunding makes it look like democratized fundraising. However, it also poses somequestions: for instance, is there a difference between what is promised and what consumers actuallyreceive? Who is accountable for this “free” money? What happens when the trust is broken? This iswhat happened to Ethereum and its digital currency18 – second only to bitcoin – which suffered ablow in June 2016 after a hacker stole $64 million worth of ether from investors. Also, how can wechannel crowdfunding towards “doing good”? What is “good”, who decides?

Greater flow of data, sharing information and knowledge can be used to improve numerous productsand services, however it also poses some risks: according to (Kosinskia, Stillwella, & Graepelb, 2013)Facebook Likes can be used to automatically and accurately predict a range of highly sensitivepersonal attributes, from sexual orientation to political view. Commercial companies, governmentalinstitutions, or even one’s Facebook friends could use software to infer people’s attributes withoutobtaining their individual consent and without them noticing. “One can imagine situations in whichsuch predictions, even if incorrect, could pose a threat to an individual’s well-being, freedom, or evenlife.” As a consequence, “there is a risk that the growing awareness of digital exposure maynegatively affect people’s experience of digital technologies, decrease their trust in online services,or even completely deter them from using digital technology.” (Kosinskia et al., 2013)

Online connections are a new powerful way for people to organize and express their opinion, but italso seems to facilitate group-thinking. Navigating online, it is not uncommon to see fake newsbeing passed around - especially when perpetrated by an influential online figure. This was, forinstance, the case of the fake news published in September 2016 by the Daily Mail, according towhich the prime minister David Cameron had committed an “obscene act with a dead pig’s head” (anallegation which recalled the first episode of the acclaimed British TV series “The Black Mirror”,entirely devoted to the impact of current and possible ICT technologies on our societies). Ashighlighted by (Viner, 2016), irrespective of its total lack of basis and implausibility, the news quicklyspread on social media, causing tremendous damage to the Prime Minister.

The structure of social media creates what is known as an “echochamber”, where people tend to‘follow’ people who think like them, and in this way are not exposed to different points of views.Targeted advertising is becoming increasingly sophisticated, thanks to the reams of data gathered by

15 See (Shirky, 2011)16 See (Omidyar, 2015)17 See (Budish, 2012)18 See (Ore, 2016)

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platforms like Google and Facebook19. The Journal of Consumer Research tested how “behaviourallytargeted ads have unique psychological consequences that help make them more effective than adsthat rely on traditional demographic or psychographic targeting”(C. A. Summers, Smith, & Reczek,2016). A following study demonstrated that such changes in self-perception from behaviourallytargeted ads can impact behaviours extending beyond purchase intentions.

Through digital feeds, citizens have been exposed to an ever-increasing number of causes andmovements as described by Helen Margett in her recent Political Turbulence: How Social MediaShape Collective Action20 and by Tom Flecher in his Naked Diplomacy21. This in turn has helped topropagate the notion of “slacktivism”, a combination of the words slacker and activism, defined bythe Oxford dictionary as “Actions performed via the Internet in support of a political or social causebut regarded as requiring little time or involvement, e.g. signing an online petition or joining acampaign group on a social media website”. The danger with slacktivism is that the light-touchnature of social sharing makes one less likely to research a cause before sharing it via social media,than one would before participating in a protest march. As an example, in 2009 a researcher at theUniversity of Copenhagen created a Facebook page to raise awareness for an entirely fictional cause:the prevention of the demolition of Copenhagen’s famous Stork Fountain. Within two weeks thepage had 27,000 members, who joined the page without researching the topic at all22.

Social Media is exploited by large political parties. According to Time magazine, the Obama campaignraised $690 million digitally in 2012, mainly in small cash donations from 4.4 million individuals. Thatconstituted over half of the total $1.1 billion raised by the campaign, showing the power of this newmethod of fundraising. New technologies are also used to increase citizens’ political participations,for instance a new way of improving information to voters – and encouraging them to participate inelections – is the Voter Advice Applications (VAAs). There are currently around 40 national VAAsoperating in Europe. VAAs ask users for their opinions on a series of political issues to help them todetermine how closely their policy preferences and priorities match those of political parties in therun-up to an election23. Other examples of e-democracy are MySociety, which runs UK-basedprojects like WriteToThem, a website which allows UK citizens to contact their electedrepresentatives, and FixMyStreet, which sends complaints from local residents (about problems likegraffiti and street lighting) to councils on behalf of users.

The European Commission strongly encouraged research and innovation actions to foster civicengagement for the public good and e-democracy, particularly under its Horizon 2020 programme. Inthis regard, the Collective Awareness Platforms for Sustainability and Social Innovation (CAPS) andThe Future & Emerging Technologies (FET) programmes strongly contributed to transform advancedscientific ideas into technologies and innovation with a high potential impact on our society andeconomy. To give few examples, project D-CENT (Decentralised Citizens ENgagement Technologies)

19 See (Sloane, 2015)20 (Margett, John, Hale, & Yasseri, 2016)21 (Flecher, 2016)22 See (Wren, 2014)23 See (Bartlett & Grabbe, 2015)

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brought together citizen-led organisations that have transformed democracy in the past years, andhelped them in developing the next generation of open source, distributed, and privacy-aware toolsfor direct democracy and economic empowerment. Project ODYCCEUS uses information gathered onsocial media to understand, monitor and try to resolve the growing number of social crises due tocultural differences and diverging world-views. More specifically, ODYCCEUS tries to pinpoint thesocial crises in the Euro-Mediterranean public arena, their causes and possible solutions before theybreak into open conflicts and violence. The project will develop an open modular platform, Penelope,based on complexity system science that integrates data from social media and digitalized news andallows for citizen participation. It will also build two innovative participatory tools, the OpinionObservatory and the Opinion Facilitator, which allow citizens to monitor, visualise and influence thedynamics of conflict situations that involve heterogeneous cultural biases and non-transparententanglements of multilateral interests.

However, E-democracy approaches are not necessarily conducive to a pluralistic debate, becausemarginal voices can be drowned out by noisy majorities. Direct democracy should be considered withcare, since consequences might be unpredictable or strongly influenced by anti-establishmentsentiment as the Brexit vote showed. According to a Google report “What is the EU?” was thesecond most searched term about the EU a few hours after the announcement of the victory ofBrexit, and in the hours prior to the vote one of the top questions was “What is Brexit?”.

Another issue with e-democracy is that often requests and ideas put forward by citizens are notfollowed-up by action from policy-makers, which in turns contribute to lower levels of trust inrepresentative democracy. Following the Brexit vote, an online petition for a second referendum wasshared widely on social media by Remain supporters and was signed by more than 4.1 millionpeople. It was the most-signed Government petition since the process was introduced in 2011, butwas rejected by the Government, which caused further polarization between Remainers and Leavers.

2.3 E-infrastructure, E-government and e-residencyThe availability of high-speed broadband Internet and access to digital service infrastructures isessential as internet technologies become key to deliver both private and public services. To ensureEurope is prepared to cope with citizens’ and businesses’ needs, the Commission proposed inOctober 2011 to allocate €9.2 billion to digital infrastructure under the Connecting Europe Facility.However, in February 2013 the European Council dramatically reduced available funding to €1 billion.Eventually, the telecommunication part of the Connecting Europe Facility was launched in 2014, withonly around the 15% of available budget allocated to meet the Digital Agenda’s goals of all Europeanhouseholds having access to internet connections of 30 Megabits per Second by 2020, and of 50% ofhouseholds subscribing to internet connections above 100 Megabits per Second by 2020. Theremaining budget (around €870 million) was allocated to fund Digital Service Infrastructuresdelivering networked cross-border services (such as eProcurement, eHealth and Open Data) forcitizens, businesses and public administrations.

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To complement the CEF, in September 2016, on the occasion of President Juncker’s 2016 State of theUnion address, the Commission also launched a Connectivity Package. It includes an ambitiousoverhaul of EU telecoms rules to drive investment in high-capacity networks and accelerate publicaccess to Wi-Fi for Europeans. Together with a new European Electronic Communications Code thatis forecast to create 1.3 million jobs by 2025 and to boost our GDP by an additional €910 billion by2025, an Action Plan was presented to bring 5G across the continent as from 2018. Finally, theWiFi4EU Initiative, aims at helping European communities offer free Wi-Fi access points to anycitizen.

Indeed, investing in very high capacity networks is key to unlock the social and economic potential ofinternet technologies. This links to the principle of Net Neutrality (meaning that datacommunications over a network are all processed in the same way, regardless of sender, receiver,application or content), which has so far been at the basis of the internet. As highlighted by a 2014brief for the European Parliament, the amount of network traffic using the Internet Protocolworldwide is growing at a very fast pace, and new data-intensive and time-sensitive applications(including videos, online gaming, telemedicine and, increasingly, virtual reality applications), areputting tremendous pressure on our broadband infrastructure. Now, “if high quality specialisedservices take up a large chunk of existing bandwidth, network operators may downgrade the'standard' open internet service, leading to poorer service for those who cannot afford to pay more.This may encourage a 'multi-lane' or 'multi-tier' internet that could lead to less competition andgreater social exclusion” (European Parliament, 2014). Indeed, this is already happening, with largetech companies such as YouTube or Netflix acquiring private Content Delivery Networks (CDN) todeliver their content to servers located in close geographic proximity to their customers. This meansthat content “has less distance to travel over the internet to reach the end user, and thus can arrivefaster and more reliably than content of smaller competitors who cannot afford a CDN. By 2017, it isestimated that more than half of the world's internet traffic will pass through a CDN” (EuropeanParliament, 2014). This of course makes net-neutrality nearly impossible, even though currentlegislation in Europe states that a minimum level of service must be guaranteed if public internetaccess becomes too degraded because specialised services take-up too much bandwidth.

From the point of view of public services, ICT has profoundly changed the way governments workacross Europe. Over the last 20 years, huge efforts have been made to digitise public administrations,as well as to take advantage of the internet to better inform citizens about available public services,often with the possibility to complete online all the necessary procedures to access them. However,as the amount of citizens’ data in the hands of governments and public organisations grows, ensuringsecurity and privacy becomes increasingly difficult. At the same time, since data has been collectedover time by different administrations, interoperability and communication issues often prevent bothcitizens and public service providers accessing all the data they need or bringing it together.Regulatory issues can also be a problem: for instance, in many EU countries, citizens do not have aright to access their own health record unless their GP grants it, which can create problems whenchanging doctor and even more so when moving to another country.

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In spite of these issues, a growing body of studies show the potential of internet technologies toimprove public services. As highlighted by the Commission’s Report on Big data analytics for policymaking, “these rapidly evolving technologies and tools provide unprecedented opportunities fordata-driven insights to efficiently and effectively deal with complex policy issues. Big data representsa change in the quality, quantity and type of data public administrations dispose of; which haspotential impacts throughout the entire policy lifecycle. Data analytics constitutes a new way oflooking at data and deepening our understanding of policy issues. Big data and data analytics canprovide added value for public authorities willing to expand their horizons and innovate in theirpolicy making techniques” (Barbero, 2016). This is also the conclusion of the Commission’s projectIESI (ICT enabled social innovation for the implementation of the Social Investment Package)according to which technology coupled with social innovation can greatly contribute to achieve thepolicy objectives of fostering social inclusion, investing in people all along their lives and contributingto the sustainability of our protection services24.

On example of how new technology, such as the blockchain, can help improving public services isoffered by the Estonian approach to e-Government. After gaining independence from the SovietUnion in 1991, Estonia - one of the smallest nations in Europe with a population of around 1.3 million- was left with little public infrastructure and virtually no commercial activity. To address this societalneed, Estonia’s government invested proactively in technology to bring government services andcitizens online. Eesti.ee, launched in 2003, is one of the most advanced single points of contact for e-services dedicated to citizens and businesses in Europe, bringing together most services provided bypublic and private bodies at local, regional and national levels into a single online portal. The portalallows citizens to use electronic ID cards to vote, pay taxes, register companies, and access more than1000 services online. Estonia is the only country in Europe where citizens can vote online for everytype of election, from local to parliamentary. In the 2015 parliamentary elections, over 30% ofcitizens voted online, up from 3.4% in 2007, leading to considerable savings for the state given thatthe cost of each online vote is half that of a paper vote, even factoring in the initial capitalinvestment. In addition, citizens are totally in charge of their data: they can review the full history ofinquiries about them, including police, banking and health-related inquiries and file a complaint ifthey do not recognise or approve of an inquiry. This is due to the early adoption of blockchaintechnology, as summarised by analyst Charles Brett : “data and interactions use a blockchain (fromGuardtime, an Estonian company) to guarantee a record of the state of any component within thenetwork and data stores. The implications of this are immense. It means that any unauthorizedchange in the state, which can be regarded as attack on accuracy, can be detected. Whether this‘attack’ comes from outside or from (say) an employee on the inside, record alteration is recordedwhile the original remains (or is shown to have been tampered with)” (Brett, 2015). This increasessecurity and privacy, and therefore trust between all parties. Estonia’s residents can opt out ofmaking their data accessible: in this way, the central government has empowered citizens to monitorthe use that public and private actors make of their data, thereby increasing transparency andaccountability.

24 See (Lipparini, 2015)

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A socially innovative aspect of the portal allowed by its distributed architecture is the public-privatepartnership which lies behind it: the system is used to connect with private-sector entities,particularly banks, telecom providers, and energy companies, to safely complete financialtransactions or pay utility bills. This means that large companies are incentivized to invest inmaintaining and upgrading the portal infrastructure. Interestingly, the portal has been used by thirdsector organisations to launch innovative projects: for instance, a private educational foundation hasdeveloped within the portal, the e-School website, which allows parents, students, and teachers tocommunicate and share information on grades and assignments. The ICT system developed by thegovernment since 2003, called X-Road, has been designed to incorporate innovative applications,which has made it possible to constantly update the system and enrich it with new tools. The ICTsystem consists of a secure data-access platform connecting existing databases (both public andprivate) irrespective of their format. All the data remain separate and a list of FAQs is the only data X-Road maintains itself (Misuraca, Kucsera, Lipparini, Voigt, & Radescu, 2016). New services anddevelopments are created every year, with the government’s catalysing innovation via calls for ideasand hackathons. For instance, after the launch of the e-Estonia initiative allowing anybody to obtainEstonian e-residency (see below), a hackathon was organised to understand how to promote thisopportunity across the world: after 48 hours, participants from 26 countries came up with 12working prototypes targeting e-residents. The winner of the competition was start-up InstaVisa,which aimed to implement an e-Visa service to simplify the procedure for third-country nationalseager to move to Estonia after acquiring e-residency. Unfortunately, and despite Estoniangovernment backing, the project was soon abandoned because it wasn’t compliant with EUregulations.

Worldwide there has been a trend towards e-governance, such as the use of online portals forgovernment information and service provisions, as well as the digitisation of public records andprocesses. However, Estonia has gone a step further with its e-residency programme which offersnon-Estonians an Estonian digital identity. Participants are given a “smart-card” that gives them theopportunity to run a company online, by accessing services such as company registration, banking,payment processing, and taxation. It doesn’t provide physical residency rights or formal citizenship.Taavi Kotka, Estonia's chief information officer, explains on the e-Estonia website that the projectaims to “increase the customer base in Estonia because if you want to be a richer country you needmore customers and we don’t get those customers. Immigration is basically nothing here. It’s so farnorth people don’t want to be here physically. The only way to increase the population was to addthem as digital ones." An application for e-residency can be made over the Internet, by filling in aform, supplying a scan of a national passport and a photograph, and giving the reason for applying.The programme was launched on 1 December 2014 and by August 2015 over 3.000 people hadobtained e-residency. The aim is to have 10 million new e-residents by 2025 for a country with justover 1.3 million actual residents. The majority of people who applied are from Finland, Russia,Ukraine and USA.

Estonian e-residency is a major development with significant legal and commercial implications. Thisis the first time that a government-verified identity has been divorced from residency and citizenship,

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which raises questions about the legal protections available to e-residents, the possible tax effects,and the security of data collected, stored, and accessed under the Estonian system. Replicating the e-residency model in other European countries might be difficult or even undesirable, and take a longtime. Estonia is one of the most technologically advanced countries in the world. It had the digitalinfrastructure necessary for the project, which required an investment of just €500.000, and itscitizens have an open mentality towards digitalization. Those two characteristics are missing in manyother European countries. The bigger question, however, is what this development implies for othercountries, particularly within the European Union.

● Technologies such as X-Road, e-ID and the blockchain enable the development of digital societieswhich are secure, transparent, accountable and innovative. However, EU member states and the EUas a whole are lagging behind on this front. How could we replicate/scale the Estonian approach toother countries?

● New technologies such as the blockchain overcome some traditional challenges associated with thestorage and use of personal data, in terms of security and privacy, but also in terms of transparencyand accountability, allowing for collaboration among sectors and organisations while ensuring thatcitizens remain in charge of their data. Should it be a standard, at least for public datasets?

● E-government and big data have great potential not only to improve the quality and efficiency ofpublic services, but also to catalyse innovation and the creation of new ventures. How can we unlockthis potential, what skills are needed within and outside the public sector? To what extent istechnological innovation important compared with social innovation?

● What are the advantages of e-residency – economic growth, flexibility, unbound to physical borders,diversity? And what are the risks – loss of identity, lack of citizen accountability, tax dodging? Can e-residency go global? Can or should it be replicated in other countries?

● Looking at privacy, does the expansion of the online economy put consumers at risk of beingincreasingly tracked by governments and industries?

● As public services are increasingly digitized and access to the internet is increasingly essential forcitizens to work and live, who ensure that digital infrastructure remains a common good? How’s net-neutrality compatible with growing demand for premium services?

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3. NEW TECHNOLOGIES BLURRING THE BORDER BETWEEN ONLINE AND OFFLINE WORLDS: DISRUPTING THE PERSONAL SPHEREIn the last decade, we have shifted from making content digital and available online, to completelynew modalities of creating, exchanging, and sharing content online and offline. Most recently, theexplosion of big data, cloud computing, the internet of things, AI, and 3D printing – to name just afew - have on the one hand broadened the definition of “contents”, and on the other hand put agreater emphasis on the connections between the online and offline worlds. As experimentalproducts develop and become fully-fledged products and services, and human beings and smartdevices become increasingly interconnected, new challenges emerge at the regulatory, ethical, andbusiness levels: what should safety standards look like for 3D printed food? How should a self-drivencar react in the case of unavoidable incident? Should insurance companies keep ignoring citizens’health habits when setting their fees? To what legal protection or tax regime should e-residents beexposed and how will “residency” look or be defined in a world where it is no longer linked tophysical presence? How do we avoid constraining innovation without risking citizens and consumers’rights and safety?

3.1 The Internet of Everything In 1991, Mark Weiser suggested that “ubiquitous computing” was on the horizon, a technology sopervasive that it would be entirely invisible and embedded in our lives. As more recently highlightedby the Commission’s OnLife Initiative Background document, we are already living in the ubiquitouscomputing era: “in fact, together with the current burgeoning of devices, sensors, robots, andapplications, and these emerging technologies, we have entered a new phase of the information age,a phase where the hybridisation between bits and other forms of reality is so deep that it radicallychanges the human condition in profound ways.”(European Commission, 2016a) This digitaltransition is changing our way of understanding reality in four ways, e.g. “1. by blurring thedistinction between reality and virtuality; 2. by blurring the distinctions between human, machineand nature; 3. by reversing from scarcity to abundance, when it comes to information; and 4. byshifting from the primacy of entities over interactions to the primacy of interactions overentities”(European Commission, 2016a).

From a technological and commercial perspective, the Internet of Everything (IoE) goes further thanthe Internet of Things to refer to the ever-growing networked connections between not just ‘things’

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but everything - devices, people, processes and data - that are occurring in our world. Analysis byCisco on “Value at Stake” estimates that the IoE has the potential to generate $14.4 trillion of valuefor the private sector and a further $4.6 trillion of public sector value by 2022. The value of the IoE isdriven by a combination of: 1. Asset utilization (reduced costs); 2. Employee productivity (greaterlabour efficiencies); 3. Supply chain and logistics (eliminating waste); 4. Customer experience(addition of more customers); and 5. Innovation (reducing time to market). Technology trends(including cloud and mobile computing, Big Data, increased processing power, and many others) andbusiness economics (such as Metcalfe’s law) are driving the IoE economy. These technology andbusiness trends are creating an unprecedented opportunity to connect the unconnected: people,process, data, and things. Currently, 99.4% of physical objects that may one day be part of the IoE arestill unconnected, so the potential for growth of the IoE is unprecedented. By 2022, the IoE couldexceed 50 billion connected devices, each with a dozen or more sensors collecting data, leading to atrillion-sensor economy, and driving a data revolution beyond our current imagination.

All the tech giants are working on this: Facebook (Internet.org), SpaceX, Google (Project Loon),Qualcomm and Virgin (OneWeb) are planning to provide global Internet connectivity to every humanon Earth, at speeds exceeding 1 Megabit per second. In India, businessman and philanthropistMukesh Ambani allocated $20 billion to build a mobile network – Jio - that will bring 4G fast Internetto hundreds of millions of people by 2018. We will grow from three to eight billion connectedhumans, adding five billion new consumers and trillions of dollars into the global economy, as peoplecome online with a high-speed connection and access to the world’s information on Google, cloud3D printing, Amazon Web Services, artificial intelligence with Watson, crowdfunding, crowdsourcing,and more.

To get the most value from IoE, business leaders are beginning to transform their organizations basedon the IoE best use cases and value creations, including smart grids, smart buildings (e.g. smartbricks), connected healthcare and patient monitoring (such as wearable devices), smart textiles,smart factories, connected private education, connected commercial (ground) vehicles, connectedmarketing and advertising, connected agriculture, and connected gaming and entertainment. Thereis also growing interest in how multiple facets can be combined into coherent places - smart cities.

As remarked by (De Biase, 2015) over 2 billion people are already connected to each other and tovery smart data-analysis programmes on the internet, which has brought about the emergence of a“collective intelligence”, bringing extraordinary new insights into human behaviours, often usedmerely for marketing reasons or to take financial decisions. However, this collective intelligence couldalso be used, as pinpointed by Thomas Malone, to make sure that collectively people and computersact in smarter and fairer way than has ever been conceivable. There is a broad body of researchshowing that groups are smarter than their smartest member, and that the most diverse are thesmartest. The internet and social media offer an extraordinary opportunity in this sense, providedthat we can preserve diversity in virtual groups.

As this bold vision of a hyper-connected world emerges, key questions remain regarding the IoE:

● How do we manage the IoE? Who is in charge? What if something goes wrong?

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● What are the ethical implications of the IoE? Will people still be able to go “offline”?● What robust security measures (both logical and physical) are needed to protect the IoE?● What privacy policies and processes are needed to protect the IoE’s users and their data, at the same

time as enabling innovation and growth?● What steps do individuals and organisations need to take to get the most out of the IoE?● What impact will the IoE have on our societal behaviours, values, and environments?

3.2 Artificial Intelligence (AI)[1] Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to “a constellation of technologies including machine learning,perception, reasoning, and natural language processing” (Crawford & Whittaker, 2016). While thefield has been developing for over 65 years, the potential impact of AI within the Next GenerationInternet is wide-ranging and could create entirely new opportunities or challenges for our social,economic, and interpersonal lives.

On the one hand, “AI optimists” such as Google’s Director of Engineering Ray Kurzweil claim that “by2029, computers will have achieved human-levels of intelligence” (SXSW Conference, Texas, March2017), or that “AIs will dematerialize, demonetize and democratize services, dramatically improvingthe quality of life for 8 billion people, pushing us closer towards a world of abundance” (Diamandis2017). On the other hand, “AI pessimists” have warned of the potential dangers of AI that couldresult in an “existential catastrophe for humans” (Nick Bostrom, Oxford University), renderinghumans “irrelevant” (e.g. Elon Musk quoted in the Guardian), and “could be the end of mankind”(e.g. Stephen Hawking quoted in BBC News).

While extreme futurist scenarios such as “singularity”, “total disruption”, and “machines that fullyunderstand humans” make for flashy headlines and popular science fiction, they are far from thecurrent reality, and we do not know what the future holds for AI. What is clear is that AI technologiesare progressing, particularly in the field of machine learning. The majority of practical machinelearning uses supervised learning, whereby an algorithm is given a “teaching set” of data thatsupervises the learning process: 1. We know the correct answer; 2. The algorithm iteratively makespredictions on the teaching data and is corrected by the teacher; 3. Learning stops when thealgorithm achieves an accepted level of performance at completing its computational task.Unsupervised machine learning aims to model the underlying structure of the data in order to learnmore about those data: there is no correct answer and no teacher, instead “algorithms are left totheir own devices to discover and present the interesting structure in the data” (Brownlee, 2016). Forproblem solving in the real world, supervised and unsupervised processes are often combined intosemi-supervised machine learning.

As Forbes highlighted in its ‘Top 10 AI and Machine Learning Use Cases Everyone Should KnowAbout’ (September 2016), machine learning is already being applied for multiple socio-economicpurposes including data security, personal security, financial trading, healthcare, marketingpersonalization, fraud detection, consumer recommendations, online searching, natural languageprocessing, and smart cars. Where there is potential economic value then the market responds, and

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this seems to be the case with AI and machine learning, as all the tech giants are investing in new AI-driven technologies, products, and services, such as Google’s DeepMind, Siri, and Now; IBM’sWatson; Amazon’s Echo; and Elon Musk’s OpenAI and Tesla.

European companies and research centres are also working at the forefront of AI systems. The FETinitiative on computational creativity funded for instance projects CoInvent, ConCreTe, Lrn2Cre8,WHIM, and the Coordination Action PROSECCO. They came up with systems that can composeoriginal music that imitates the style of any composer (“Let it be” in the style of Bach), or that canharmonise musical scores in new ways. Programs can invent interesting concepts by analogy, orformulate mathematical hypothesis that make sense. Chatterbots create chat streams that could bedone by creatives. A concert was organised in which all of the music played had been written by acomputer. The What-If Machine created fictional ideas with real cultural value for artefacts such asstories, jokes, films, paintings and advertisements. Many questions remain unanswered, but thisinitiative has created a new research agenda that contrast the classical view on AI, which is to solveproblems, with a new and potentially more interesting view, namely that the real intelligence is toinvent the right questions.

Across all these use cases, the types of AI and machine learning depend on the required trade-offsthat are inherent in their problem-solving tasks, including for example: speed of testing and output;accuracy, completeness, and relevance of training and testing data; and the type andappropriateness of the hypotheses space that determines how algorithms are trained. In order toachieve “fairness, accountability, and transparency in machine learning” (FAT/ML), we need to askthe right questions and seek well-informed answers, such as:

● What data were used to train the algorithms?● Is the dataset secure?● Have other algorithms been trained on the same data and/or have other datasets been used to train

the same algorithms?● What made you decide this is the right data, the right hypotheses space, the right type of algorithm?● Can we check whether the output is consistent?

There is a growing focus among leading researchers, advocates, regulators, and policy makers onhow we can better understand the social impacts, risks, and opportunities posed by AI. At the level ofEuropean policy, the European Commission’s “On-Life” Expert Group highlights that: “Experiencingfreedom, equality and otherness in public spheres becomes problematic in a context of increasinglymediated identities and calculated interactions such as profiling, targeted advertising, or pricediscrimination. The quality of public spheres is further undermined by increasing social controlthrough mutual or lateral surveillance (souveillance), which is not necessarily better than “bigbrother” surveillance, as increasingly cyberbullying shows. The abundance of information may alsoresult in cognitive overload, distraction, and amnesia (the forgetful present). New forms of systemicvulnerabilities arise from the increasing reliance on informational infrastructures. Power games inonline spheres can lead to undesirable consequences, including disempowering people, through datamanipulation. The repartition of power and responsibility among public authorities, corporateagents, and citizens should be balanced more fairly”(European Commission, 2016b).

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According to the Expert Group, the “right to focus our attention” should be further considered andprotected, as it is “a critical and necessary condition for autonomy, responsibility, reflexivity, plurality,engaged presence, and a sense of meaning” (European Commission, 2016b). If the idea of beingconstantly connected is left unchallenged, then an individual’s attention could be treated as acommodity to be exchanged on the digital market or channelled into work processes. Policy-makersare beginning to reflect on the issue, as demonstrated by the recent debate in Italy around theInternet Bill of Right (Camera dei Deputati, 2015) or by the French Law granting employees the rightto disconnect outside office hours25. The European Commission is considering ‘the future of roboticsand artificial intelligence in Europe’ (February 2017) including policy work, strategy, and publicationssuch as Building a European Data Economy, Digital Jobs and Skills Coalition, and setting up a€2.8billion public-private partnership for robotics and AI in Europe (SPARC).

Overall, leading research on the social impacts of AI, for example by AI Now, Nesta, and FAT/ML ,highlights multiple and overlapping themes that need to be addressed for a more equitable futurewith AI. Key questions remain, including but not limited to:

● Rights and liberties: What is AI’s impact on basic rights and liberties as it is increasingly employed incriminal justice, law enforcement, housing, hiring, lending, and other domains? How do we ensureprivacy, due process, or presumption of innocence?

● Labour and automation: What is AI’s impact on the nature of employment, types of jobs, andworking conditions? Who benefits and who pays the price of these changes?

● Bias and inclusion: AI is only able to “see” the data it is given, yet data reflects the socio-politicalcontext in which it is collected. What is the nature of this bias, how is it defined, by whom, and withwhat impact? How do we ensure non-discrimination and understandability in decision-making?

● Safety and critical infrastructure: How is AI introduced into core infrastructures such as hospitals andenergy grids, and what does safe and responsible integration and use look like? Who is responsiblewhen something goes wrong? What happens if humans can no longer check whether machines aregetting it right?

3.3 Virtual Reality (VR)Virtual Reality (VR) is probably one of the most impactful innovations shaping the next generationinternet as it provides an immersive and realistic simulation of an environment, one which is createdentirely through software and hardware. Crucially, this environment can be experienced or controlledby the movements of your body. To this end, VR opens up an entirely new world – literally - ofpossibilities. All the tech giants are working on VR: Facebook has Oculus Virtual Reality (acquired for$2 billion in 2014); Google has Daydream; Microsoft has Hololens; HTC has Vive; Samsung has GearVR (powered by Oculus); while other tech leaders in the field are Magic Leap and Meta. With somany competitors and approaches, virtual reality will soon be available for everybody and a ‘mixedreality’ future seems inevitable. Given its ability to create mesmerizing scenes, most wouldunderstandably tend to associate VR with entertainment such as movies and computer games, but

25 See (Gilmer, 2017)(Weerawardena & Mort, 2006)

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VR technology has so much more to offer, for example in the fields of medicine, design, co-working,holographics, data management. Consider the example of Jamie Soar, a legally blind man withretinitis pigmentosa who, through the use of a specially adapted HTC Vive headset, was able to seeclearly for the first time26. Using the same technologies, imagine remotely collaborating on aComputer Aided Design project with an overseas team member as if you were in the same room, ora doctor operating on a patient located thousands of miles away by wearing a VR headset andconnected tools. More audaciously, consider a future where you can zoom in and interact at thenanoscale just as you would with LEGO bricks.

EU funded project GHOST developed a new technology which allow users to change the shape ofdisplays with their hands, and is revolutionising the way we interact with smartphones, laptops andcomputers. Imagine pulling objects and data out of the screen and playing with these in mid-air.GHOST creates shape-changing interfaces, displaying surfaces made of malleable materials that canchange into and retain arbitrary shapes, revealing output from a computer system and allowing newactions. This breakthrough in user interaction with technology allows to handle objects, and evendata, in a completely new way. A surgeon, for instance, will be able to work on a virtual brainphysically, with the full tactile experience, before performing a real-life operation. Designers andartists using physical proxies such as clay can mould and remould objects and store them in thecomputer as they work. The researchers have also worked with deformable interfaces such as padsand sponges for musicians to flex to control timbre, speed and other parameters in electronic music.GHOST has produced an assembly line of prototypes to showcase shape-changing applications thatcould be the future of interactive devices.

While these visions for VR are exciting, key questions for researchers, policymakers, businesses, andcitizens remain:

● How can VR be harnessed to create societal good? What should/shouldn’t we use VR for?● Who can/should have access to VR?● Is VR really safe and healthy? For our brains, our mental health, our physical health, our emotions,

our social interactions?● Who will govern and manage the world of VR?● What are the dangers that we go too far towards the virtual world and ignore the non-virtual

physical world?

26 See (Gleyo, 2016)

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WEBOGRAPHY

3D Hubs

3 DPrintingOS

AI Now

Apps for Android and iOS

Arcam

Atomium – European Institute for Science, Media and Democracy

AutoDesk

Bugsolutely

Charter of Fundamental Rights

Choc Edge

Cisco

Coder Dojo

Collective Awareness Platforms for Sustainability and Social Innovation (CAPS)

Coindesk, 2016

Connecting Europe Facility

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Connectivity Package

Contour Crafting

Daydream

D-CENT

Da Vinci 3D printers

Deep Knowledge Venture

DeepMind,

Digital Agenda’s goals

Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition

Digital Single Market – Building a Data Economy

Echo

EcoVadis

Edugain

e-Estonia

Ehang 184

Entrepreneurship Development Programme

Ethereum

EU E-Commerce directive

European Electronic Communications Code

Europeana

Everledger

FabCafe Tokyo

Fab Lab London

Fairphone

FAT/ML

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