Nhc Social Research

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Three Sociological Perspectives

Structural Functional Theory - a model thatstresses patterns of organizations and thepurposes of social structure.

Symbolic Interactionism Theory - a model thatstresses the importance of human interactionand the use of symbols.

Conflict Theory - A sociological theory thatstresses interest groups, power, and changerather than the cohesiveness of society.


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Macro vs Micro

Macro -Large scale phenomena

Micro - analysis concentration on small groups orsmall units of analysis

Manifest Function - Latent Function

Manifest - the intended purpose or result Latent - results not intended - by product


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Anomiethe feeling of not knowing the rules

-Social unrest a break down ofstandards and values

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PhysicalSciencesClick to edit Master text stylesSecond level


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Social SciencesHistory

Political Science

EconomicsAnthropology

Psychology

Urban Studies

Women's Studies

Archeology


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ScienceScience is a structured

process of seeking

the

TRUTH


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Other MethodsConclusions based onintuition

Arrive at conclusions basedon tradition

Authority is a source ofknowledge

Common sense

Pseudo-science

Making conclusions basedon poor experiments.

Examples: improper sampling


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What is the Scientific Method?

It is a way of collecting informationsuch that the information is

objective, precise and fullydisclosed for public usage.

Ordered into steps


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Identify the Problem

Formulate a problem

Issues to be studied

observation

previous research

theoretical articles

Narrow down your problemidentify your variables

present theoretical definitions of the variables


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Survey Literature

Look for books on the subject matter orjournal articles that have been publishedaddressing the topic.

Reward for research

help form your hypothesis

other researched material will help write areport.


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Formulate Hypotheses

Is a tentative statement of the relationshipbetween two or more variables.

A variable is a property or characteristic of

something that can take on different values.Variable

independent variable

dependent variable Operational definitions


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Research Design/Method

This is ourblueprint for ourresearch

systematicplan for doingresearch



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T


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T

Survey interview or questionnaire

Planned experiment need control group and one ormore experiment groups

Observation- participant vs. non-participant

Nonobtrusive measures

Secondary analysis analyze data collected by others

Documents / Content analysis investigate social behavior bystudying recorded sources

Physical trace evidence and artifacts study human behavior bystudying items


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Collecting Data

Data is the information that we gather concerning ourhypothesis.

Population is a group of people (or objects) that sharea common characteristic.

Sample subset of the population

Random sample is a sample in which we can listeveryone or everything that could potentially be in thestudy.

we draw a sample of a predetermined size

each individual has an equal chance of being included in thesample.


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Nonrandom sample used when we cant listeveryone in the population.

Snowball sample give a questionnaire to subject

and ask the subject to pass on a questionnaire.Accidental sample accidental encounters.

Purposive sample pick an area to question.

Quota sample divide population into certaincategories and sample within each category.

Collecting Data, cont.


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Collect Data

Assure validity musthave measured whatwas intended to bemeasured

Attain reliability ifothers use youroperational definitions,

findings will beconsistent

Variety of techniquesused

organizing, tabulating,

making tables andcalculating statistics

We use percentage,rates, means, andmeasures of association


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Make Conclusions, FormulateTheories and Write Reports

From the analysis of our data eitheraccept or reject our hypothesis.

Our final report will take our readercompletely through our scientific method sothat one can understand just exactly howyou arrived at your results.


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Steps of the Scientific Method

Select a topicReview the literature

Formulate the hypothesis

Choose a research method

Select the sample

Collect the data

Analyze the data

Form conclusions and theoriesShare the results

Begin again!


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Difficulties

Hawthorne effect

Human behavior can be very unpredictable

Ethical issues

Social behaviors influenced by many variablesFacts and information frequently not directlyobservable

can rarely make a definitive statement ofcause and effect

we have to be objective free from biases


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Ethics in Research

Rules Regulation Standards

We must be objective in our research

We must respect the rights of researchsubjects -no harm

We must respect the subjects right to

privacy informed consent debriefing.We must acknowledge all authors and

researchers of the project.


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Free Blood Test In Rural PoorCommunity 1932



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Nuremberg Trials 1945

Twenty-three Naziphysicians charged withconducting inhumanexperiments on Germancivilians and nationalsof other countries. Theexperiments rangedfrom studying theeffects of high altitudeand malaria tosterilization



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