Nicholas Hawksmoor 1

Nicholas Hawksmoor

Nicholas HawksmoorBorn c.1661

Nottinghamshire

Died 25 March 1736Millbank, London

Nationality English

Buildings Easton NestonMausoleum Castle HowardChrist Church, SpitalfieldsSt. George's, BloomsburySt Mary WoolnothSt George in the EastSt Anne's LimehouseSt Alfege Church,GreenwichAll Souls College, OxfordThe Queen's College, Oxford

Nicholas Hawksmoor (probably 1661 – 25 March 1736) was a British architect born in Nottinghamshire, probablyin East Drayton or Ragnall.[1]

LifeHawksmoor was born in Nottinghamshire in 1661, into a yeoman farming family, almost certainly in East Draytonor Ragnall, Nottinghamshire.[1] On his death he was to leave property at nearby Ragnall, Dunham and a house andland at Great Drayton. It is not known where he received his schooling, but it was probably in more than basicliteracy. George Vertue, whose family had property in Hawksmoor's part of Nottingham shire, wrote in 1731 that hewas taken as a youth to act as clerk by 'Justice Mellust in Yorkshire, where Mr Gouge senior did some fretworkceilings afterwards Mr. Haukesmore [sic] came to London, became clerk to Sr. Christopher Wren & thence becamean Architect'.[1]

Wren who hearing of his 'early skill and genius' for architecture, took him as his clerk at about the age of 18. Hisearly drawings in a sketch-book, containing sketches and notes some dated 1680 and 1683, of buildings inNottingham, Coventry, Warwick, Bath, Bristol, Oxford and Northampton.[2] His somewhat amateur drawings, nowin the Royal Institute of British Architects Drawings Collection, shows that he was still learning the techniques of hisnew profession at the age of 22. His first official post was as Deputy Surveyor to Wren at the Winchester Palacefrom 1683 until February 1685.[1] Hawksmoor's signature appears on a brickmaker's contract for Winchester Palacein November 1684.[2] Wren was paying him 2 shillings a day in 1685 as assistant in his office in Whitehall.[2]

From about 1684 to about 1700, Hawksmoor worked with Christopher Wren on projects including Chelsea Hospital, St. Paul's Cathedral, Hampton Court Palace and Greenwich Hospital. Thanks to Wren's influence as Surveyor-General, Hawksmoor was named Clerk of the Works at Kensington Palace (1689) and Deputy Surveyor of Works at Greenwich (1705). In 1718, when Wren was superseded by the new, amateur Surveyor, William Benson, Hawksmoor was deprived of his double post to provide places for Benson's brother. "Poor Hawksmoor," wrote Vanbrugh in 1721. "What a Barbarous Age have his fine, ingenious Parts fallen into. What wou'd Monsr: Colbert in France have given for such a man?"[3] Only in 1726 after William Benson's successor Hewett died, Hawksmoor was restored to secretaryship, though not the Clerkship of the works - this post was given to Filtcroft. In 1696, Hawksmoor was appointed surveyor to the Commissioners of Sewers for Westminster, but was dismissed in 1700, '

Nicholas Hawksmoor 2

having neglected' to attend the Court several days last past'.He then worked for a time with Sir John Vanbrugh, helping him build Blenheim Palace for John Churchill, 1st Dukeof Marlborough, where he took charge from 1705, after Vanbrugh's final break with the demanding Duchess ofMarlborough, and Castle Howard for Charles Howard, later the 3rd Earl of Carlisle. In July 1721 John Vanbrughmade Hawksmoor his deputy as Comptroller of the Works. There is no doubt that Hawksmoor brought to thebrilliant amateur the professional grounding he had received from Wren, but it is also arguable that Wren'sarchitectural development was from the persuasion of his formal pupil, Hawksmoor.By 1700, Hawksmoor emerged with a major architectural personality, and in the next 20 years he proved himself tobe one of the great masters of the English Baroque. His baroque, but somewhat classical and gothic architecturalform was derived from his exploration of Antiquity, the Renaissance, the English Middle Ages and contemporaryItalian baroque. Unlike many of his wealthier contemporaries, Hawksmoor never travelled to Italy on a Grand Tour,where he might have been influenced by the style of architecture there. Instead he studied engravings especiallymonuments of ancient Rome and reconstructions of the Temple of Solomon.In 1702, Hawksmoor designed the baroque country house of Easton Neston in Northamptonshire for Sir WilliamFermor. This is the only country house for which he was the sole architect, though he extensively remodelledOckham House, now mostly destroyed, for the Lord Chief Justice King). Easton Neston was not completed as heintended, the symmetrical flanking wings and entrance colonnade, very much in the style of John Vanbrugh,remaining unexecuted.As he neared the age of 50, his creativeness was received by two universities, Oxford and Cambridge. In 1713,Hawksmoor was commissioned to complete King's College, Cambridge:[4] the scheme consisted of a Fellows'Building along King's Parade, and opposite the Chapel a monumental range of buildings containing the Great Hall,kitchens and to the south of that the library and Provost's Lodge. Wooden models and plans of the scheme survive,but it proved too expensive and Hawksmoor produced a second scaled down design. But the college that hadinvested heavily in the South Sea Company lost their money when the 'bubble' burst in 1720. The result was thatHawksmoor's scheme would never be executed, the college was finished later in the 18th century by James Gibbsand early in the 19th century by William Wilkins. In 1690s, Hawksmoor gave proposals for the library of theQueen's College, Oxford. However like many of his proposals for both universities, such as All Souls College, TheRadcliffe Library, Brasenose College, Magdalen College Oxford, was not executed.After the death of Wren in 1723, Hawksmoor was appointed Surveyor to Westminster Abbey. This post received 100pounds voted by Parliament for the repair and completion of the Abbey in 1698. The west towers of the Abbey weredesigned by Hawksmoor but was not completed until after his death.

Nicholas Hawksmoor 3

The West Towers, Westminster Abbey

Hawksmoor conceived grand rebuilding schemes forcentral Oxford, most of which were not realised. Theidea was for a round library for the Radcliffe Camerabut that commission went to James Gibbs. He diddesign the Clarendon Building at Oxford; theCodrington Library and new buildings at All SoulsCollege, Oxford; parts of Worcester College, Oxfordwith Sir George Clarke; the High Street screen at TheQueen's College, Oxford and six new churches inLondon.

Hawksmoor's six London churches

In 1711, parliament passed an Act for the building ofFifty New Churches in the Cities of London andWestminster or the Suburbs thereof,[5] whichestablished a commission which included ChristopherWren, John Vanburgh, Thomas Archer and a number ofchurchmen. It appointed Hawksmoor and WilliamDickinson as its surveyors. As supervising architectsthey were not necessarily expected to design all thechurches themselves. Dickinson left his post in 1713 and was replaced by James Gibbs. Gibbs was removed from hispost in 1716 and replaced by John James. James and Hawksmoor remained in office until the commission waswound up in 1733. The declining enthusiasm of the Commission, and the expense of the buildings, meant that onlytwelve churches were completed, six designed by Hawksmoor, and two by James in collaboration withHawksmoor.[6] The two collaborations were St Luke Old Street (1727–33) and St John Horsleydown (1727–33), towhich Hawksmoor's contribution seems to have been largely confined to the towers with their extraordinary steeples.The six churches wholly designed by Hawksmoor are his best-known independent works of architecture. Theycompare in their complexity of interpenetrating internal spaces with contemporaneous work in Italy by FrancescoBorromini. Their spires, are essentially Gothic outlines executed in innovative and imaginative Classical detail.Although Hawksmoor and John James terminated the commission by 1733, they were still being paid "for carryingon and finishing the works under their care" until James's death.

•• St Alfege's Church, Greenwich•• St George's Church, Bloomsbury•• Christ Church, Spitalfields• St George in the East, Wapping•• St Mary Woolnoth•• St Anne's Limehouse

Nicholas Hawksmoor 4

Gallery of churches

St Alphege's Greenwich(1712–18), from the north-east

St Alphege's Greenwich(1712–18), the east front

St Alphege's Greenwich(1712–18), the west front, theupper part of the tower is by

John James (1730)

St Alphege's Greenwich(1712–18), interior looking

east

Christ ChurchSpitalfields

(1714–29), westfront

Christ Church Spitalfields(1714–29), east front

Christ ChurchSpitalfields(1714–29),

interior lookingeast

Christ Church Spitalfields(1714–29), interior looking east

Christ ChurchSpitalfields(1714–29),

interior lookingwest

St. Anne'sLimehouse

(1714–30), westfront

St. Anne's Limehouse (1714–30),from the north-west

St. Anne's Limehouse (1714–30),interior looking east

St. Anne's Limehouse(1714–30), interior looking west

St. George inthe East

(1714–29), thewest front

St. George in theEast (1714–29),

from thesouth-west

St. George in the East (1714–29),from the north-east

Nicholas Hawksmoor 5

St. George in the East (1714–29),detail of south wall

St. George in the East(1714–29), the interior looking

east, as rebuilt after beingbombed in 1941 in the London

Blitz

St. George'sBloomsbury

(1716-1731), thetower

St. George's Bloomsbury(1716-1731), the interior

looking east

St. MaryWoolnoth

(1716–23), thewest front

St. Mary Woolnoth (1716–23),interior looking east

St. Luke's OldStreet (1727–33),joint work with

John James, towerby Hawksmoor

St. John'sHorsleydown

(1727–33), jointwork with JohnJames, tower by

Hawksmoor, bombedin London Blitz then

demolished

Westminster Abbey (1734–45),towers by Hawksmoor completed

by John James

Nicholas Hawksmoor 6

Garden buildings and monumentsHawksmoor also designed a number of structures for the gardens at Castle Howard these are:•• The Pyramid (1728)• The Mausoleum (1729–40) built on the same scale as his London churches, it is almost certainly the first

free-standing mausoleum built in Western Europe since the fall of the Roman empire.[7]

•• The Carrmire Gate, (c.1730)•• The Temple of Venus (1731-5) demolishedAt Blenheim Palace he designed the Woodstock Gate[8] (1723) in the form of a Triumphal arch. He also designed theobelisk in Ripon market place, erected in 1702, at 80 feet in height it was the first large scale obelisk to be erected inBritain.[9]

Death and obituaryHawksmoor died on 25 March 1736 in his house at Millbank[10] from 'Gout of the stomach'. He had suffered poorhealth for the last twenty years of his life and was often confined to bed hardly able to sign his name. His willinstructed that he be buried at the church at Shenley, Hertfordshire. This has been deconsecrated and his tomb stonethere is now in a private garden. It has this inscription:[11]

P M SLHic J[acet]NICHOLAUS HAWKSMOOR ArmrARCHITECTUSobijt vicesimo quin[t]o die [Martii]Anno Domini 1736Aetatis 75

Hawksmoor's only child was a daughter, Elizabeth, whose second husband, Nathanial Blackerby, who wrote theobituary of his father-in-law.His obituary appeared in Read's Weekly Journal, no. 603. 27 March 1736.

: Thursday morning died, at this house on Mill-Bank, Westminster, in a very advanced age, the learned and ingenious Nicholas Hawksmoor, Esq, one of the greatest Architects this or the preceeding (sic) Century has produc'd. His early skill in, and Genius for this noble science recommended him, when about 18 years of age, to the favour and esteem of his great master and predecessor, Sir Christopher Wren, under whom, during his life, and for himself since his death, he was concerned in the erecting more Publick (sic) Edifices, than any one life, among the moderns at least, can boast of. In King Charles II's reign, he was employ'd under Sir Christopher Wren, in the stately buildings at Winchester; as he was likewise in all the other publick structures, Palaces &c, erected by that great Man, under whom he was assisting, from the Beginning (factually wrong, Hawksmoor was 14 years old then) to the Finishing of that grand and noble Edifice the cathedral of St. Paul's, and of all the churches rebuilt after the Fire of London. At the building of Chelsea-College he was Deputy-Surveyor, and Clerk of Works, under Sir Christopher Wren. At Greenwich-Hospital he was, from the Beginning 'till a short time before his death, Clerk of Works. In the Reigns of King William and Queen Anne, he was Clerk of their Majesties Works at Kensington, and at Whitehall, St. Jame's and Westminster. In the reign of King George I, he was first Surveyor of all the new Churches, and Surveyor of Westminster-Abbey, from the death of Sir Christopher Wren. He was chiefly concern'd in designing and building a great number of magnificent Nobleman's Houses, and particularly (with Sir John Vanbrugh) those of Blenheim and Castle-Howard, at the latter of which he was at his Death, carrying on a Mausoleum in the most elegant and grand Stile

Nicholas Hawksmoor 7

(sic), not to mention many others: But one of the most surprising of his undertakings, was the repairingof Beverley Minster, where the stone wall on the north-side was near three Foot out of theperpendicular, which he mov'd at once to its upright by means of a machine of his own invention. Inshort his numerous Publick Works at Oxford, perfected in his lifetime, and the design and model of Dr.Ratcliff's Library there, his design of a new Parliament-House, after the thought of Sir ChristopherWren; and, to mention no more, his noble Design for repairing the West-End of Westminster-Abbey,will all stand monuments to his great capacity, inexhaustible fancy, and solid judgement. He wasperfectly skill'd in the History of Architecture, and could give exact account of all the famous buildings,both Antient (sic) and Modern, in every part of the world; to which his excellent memory, that neverfail'd him to the very last, greatly contributed. Nor was architecture the only science he was master of.He was bred a scholar. and knew as well the learned as the modern tongues. He was a very skilfulmathematician, geographer, and geometrician; and in drawing, which he practised to the last, thoughgreatly afflicted with Chiragra, few excelled him. In his private life he was a tender husband, a lovingfather, a sincere friend, and a most agreeable companion; nor could the most poignant pains of Gout,which he for many years laboured under, ever ruffle or discompose his evenness of temper. And as hismemory must always be dear to his Country, so the loss of so great and valuable man in sensibly, and ina more particular manner felt by those who had the pleasure of his personal acquaintance, and enjoy'dthe happiness of his conversation.

Upon his death he left a widow, to whom he bequested all his property in Westminster, Highgate, Shenley, and EastDrayton,who later married William Theaker; gradchild of this second marriage ultimately inherited Hawksmoor'sproperties near Drayton after the death of the architect's widow. Hawksmoor's only child was a daughter, Elizabeth,

Gallery of architectural work

Easton Neston House(c.1695-1710),

Northamptonshire, only thecentral block minus the dome

was actually built

Easton Neston House(c.1695-1710)

King William Block(1699-1702), Greenwich

Hospital, looking south-east

King William Block(1699-1702), Greenwich

Hospital, west facade

The Obelisk(1702),Ripon,

Yorkshire

Kensington Palace Orangery(1704–05), from the south

west

Kensington PalaceOrangery (1704–05),interior looking east

Clarendon Building (1712–13),Oxford, south front

Nicholas Hawksmoor 8

Clarendon Building (1712–13),Oxford, from the north-east

All Souls College (1716–34),Oxford, from the south-west

All SoulsCollege

(1716–34),Oxford , fromthe entrancegate looking

east

Tower(1718–24), St.

Michael,Cornhill,London

The Long Library(1722–25), Blenheim

Palace

The Mausoleum (1729–42),Castle Howard

The Carrmire gate (c.1730),Castle Howard

Queen's College Oxford(1733–36), entrance gate &

screen

Recovering Hawksmoor's ReputationModern scholarship has sought to distinguish Hawksmoor's work from that of Christopher Wren and the otherdesigners in the Office of Works such as Robert Hooke. Many buildings were previously attributed withoutdistinguishing their designers by name and Hawksmoor's reputation as an individual designer has been obscured bythis fact. Modern re-apraisal began with a study in 1924 by Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel. The major breakthroughin Hawksmoor scholarship came with Kerry Downes's 1979 monograph the examined the numerous documents ofHawksmooor's work, a happy result of much of his work being for the Office of the King's Works, who kept theirrecords.Hawksmoor's influence by Old Testament descriptions of the Temple of Solomon and lost wonders of the ancientworld is explored in Pierre De La Ruffiniere's du Prey's 2000 study of Hawksmoor. In 2002 Hawksmoor was thesubject of an award-winning monograph by the architectural historian Vaughan Hart, which appraised Hawksmoorin the light of archival discoveries since the work of Kerry Downes.

Hawksmoor in modern literatureHawksmoor's architecture has influenced several poets and authors of the twentieth century. His church St MaryWoolnoth is mentioned in T. S. Eliot's poem The Waste Land (1922).Algernon Stitch lived in a "superb creation by Nicholas Hawksmoor" in London in the novel Scoop by EvelynWaugh (1938).Hawksmoor is the subject of a poem by Iain Sinclair called 'Nicholas Hawksmoor: His Churches' which appeared in Sinclair's collection of poems Lud Heat (1975). Sinclair promoted the poetic interpretation of the architect's singular style of architectural composition that Hawksmoor's churches formed a pattern consistent with the forms of Theistic Satanism though there is no documentary or historic evidence for this. This idea was, however, embellished by Peter Ackroyd in his novel Hawksmoor (1985) the historical Hawksmoor is refigured as the fictional Devil-worshiper

Nicholas Hawksmoor 9

Nicholas Dyer, while the eponymous Hawksmoor is a twentieth-century detective charged with investigating a seriesof murders perpertrated on Dyer's (Hawksmoor's) churches.Both Sinclair and Ackroyd's ideas in turn were further developed by Alan Moore and Eddie Campbell in theirgraphic novel, From Hell, which speculated that Jack the Ripper used Hawksmoor's buildings as part of ritual magic,with his victims as human sacrifice. In the appendix, Moore revealed that he had met and spoke with Sinclair onnumerous occasions while developing the core ideas of the book. The argument includes the idea that the locationsof the churches form a pentagram with ritual significance.Hawksmoor is mentioned in "The History Boys" by Alan Bennett, p82, where Akthar is questioned by Mrs Lintottabout his interest in architecture.

Memorials• There is a school in Towcester, Northamptonshire named Nicholas Hawksmoor Primary School for the

architect.

References[1][1] Downes 1979, p. 1[2][2] Downes 1979, p. 2[3][3] Downes 1979, p. 98[4][4] Doig 1979, pp. 23 to 27[5] "St Anne, Limehouse" (http:/ / www. aim25. ac. uk/ cgi-bin/ vcdf/ detail?coll_id=15258& inst_id=118& nv1=search& nv2=). AIM25. .

Retrieved 8 February 2012.[6][6] Downes 1970, p. 103[7][7] Curl 1980, p. 179[8][8] Hart 2002, p. 122[9][9] Barnes 2004, p. 18[10][10] Downes 1979, p. 6[11][11] Downes 1979, p. 7

Sources• Barnes, Richard (2004). The Obelisk: A Monumental Feature in Britain. Frontier Publishing.• Colvin, Howard. Biographical Dictionary of British Architects 1600–1840 (3rd ed.).• Curl, James Stevens (1980). A Celebration of Death: An Introduction to some of the Buildings, Monuments and

Settings of Funeray Architecture in the Western European tradition. Constable.• Doig, Allan (1979). The Architectural Drawings Collection of King's College, Cambridge. Avebury Publishing.• Downes, Kerry (1970). Hawksmoor. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-20096-3.• Downes, Kerry (1979). Hawksmoor. A. Zwemmer Ltd. ISBN 0-302-02783-1.• De la Ruffiniere du Prey, Pierre (2000). Hawksmoor's London Churches: Architecture and Theology. London and

Chicago: University of Chicago Press.• Goodhart-Rendel, H.S. (1924). Nicholas Hawksmoor. London: Benn. Masters of Architecture series• Hart, Vaughan (2002). Nicholas Hawksmoor: Rebuilding Ancient Wonders. Yale University Press.Exhibition catalogues• Downes, Kerry (1977). Hawksmoor. An exhibition selected by Kerry Downes. London: Whitechapel Art Gallery.• The Hawksmoor Committee (1962). Hawksmoor. London: Arts Council of Great Britain.Journals• "Hawksmoor's Christ Church Spitalfields". Architectural Design 49 (7). 1979. A.D. Profile 22

Nicholas Hawksmoor 10

External links• A Timeline of Hawksmoor's life (http:/ / christchurchspitalfields. org/ v2/ hawksmoor/ timeline/ timeline. shtml)• Hawksmoor's Bloomsbury church (http:/ / arts. guardian. co. uk/ features/ story/ 0,,1880284,00. html)• Google map showing where Hawksmoor's London churches are (http:/ / maps. google. co. uk/ maps/

ms?ie=UTF8& hl=en& msa=0& msid=115784177921406587387. 000467888d024b2f85482& ll=51. 511948,-0.069351& spn=0. 104056,0. 219727& z=12)

• Christ Church Spitalfields (http:/ / www. ccspitalfields. org)• Archival material relating to Nicholas Hawksmoor (http:/ / www. nationalarchives. gov. uk/ nra/ searches/

subjectView. asp?ID=P13368) listed at the UK National Archives• Portraits of Nicholas Hawksmoor (http:/ / www. npg. org. uk/ collections/ search/ person. php?LinkID=mp06292)

at the National Portrait Gallery, London• Images relating to Nicholas Hawksmoor (http:/ / www. countrylifeimages. co. uk/ Search. aspx?s=Nicholas

Hawksmoor) at the Country Life Picture Library (http:/ / www. countrylifeimages. co. uk/ )• Images relating to Nicholas Hawksmoor (http:/ / viewfinder. english-heritage. org. uk/ search/ results.

aspx?index=0& mainQuery=Nicholas Hawksmoor& searchType=all& form=basic& theme=& county=&district=& placeName=) at the National Monuments Record, English Heritage

Article Sources and Contributors 11

Article Sources and ContributorsNicholas Hawksmoor  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=536100475  Contributors: 777sms, Absvh, Airunp, Aka, AlexKazakhov, Architon, Artiquities, Barnabypage, Beardo,Biruitorul, Boyune01, Brycchan, Calsicol, Capzfan, Carbonix, Chris the speller, Conte Giacomo, D6, DH85868993, DWaterson, Daemonic Kangaroo, Dagonet, Dialectric, Dinasbran, Dominus,Eleassar, Erianna, Geh, George Burgess, Giano, Giano II, Goldenlane, Griffitts, Gruffi, Harry Potter, Hede2000, Isis, Jack1956, James Russiello, Jaraalbe, Jdforrester, Jevansen, Joedkins,Joopercoopers, Jps3, Kbthompson, Keith D, Kurpfalzbilder.de, Ladislav the Posthumous, LarRan, Look2See1, LoopZilla, ML, Magioladitis, Mattis, McGeddon, Mokwepa, Mordicai, Morwen,N12345n, Neddyseagoon, Nevilley, Nuttyskin, Omegastar, OwenBlacker, Paul A, Paul W, Prari, Ronkonkaman, Ruskinmonkey, SchreiberBike, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Smb1001, Someone inthe Earth, Stevouk, Tassedethe, The Rationalist, Walgamanus, Wetman, Wholetone, Wiki alf, WilliamF1, Willsmith, WojPob, 45 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Western Towers, Westminster Abbey.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Western_Towers,_Westminster_Abbey.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Jps3(talk)File:Greenwich Church.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Greenwich_Church.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors:user:SpaceMonkeyFile:St Alfege Greenwich 03.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:St_Alfege_Greenwich_03.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors:Steve Cadman from London, U.K.File:St Alfege Greenwich 02.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:St_Alfege_Greenwich_02.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors:Steve Cadman from London, U.K.File:StAlfeges-Interior1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:StAlfeges-Interior1.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Steve Cadmanfrom London, U.K.File:Christ Church Spitalfields 02.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Christ_Church_Spitalfields_02.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Steve Cadman from London, U.K.File:Christ Church Spitalfields 03.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Christ_Church_Spitalfields_03.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Steve Cadman from London, U.K.File:Christ Church 037.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Christ_Church_037.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bluedog423File:Christ Church Spitalfields 04.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Christ_Church_Spitalfields_04.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Steve Cadman from London, U.K.File:Christ Church 041.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Christ_Church_041.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bluedog423File:Limehouse st annes 1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Limehouse_st_annes_1.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors:Kurpfalzbilder.de, Smalljim, Tarquin BinaryFile:St Anne Limehouse.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:St_Anne_Limehouse.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: SteveCadman. Original uploader was Sue Wallace at en.wikipediaFile:St Anne Limehouse2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:St_Anne_Limehouse2.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: SteveCadman from London, U.K.File:St Anne Limehouse3.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:St_Anne_Limehouse3.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: SteveCadman from London, U.K.File:St George in the East Church, East London - geograph.org.uk - 185691.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:St_George_in_the_East_Church,_East_London_-_geograph.org.uk_-_185691.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic Contributors: Jonathan CardyFile:StGeorgeInTheEast.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:StGeorgeInTheEast.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Martin Klussmann. Original uploader wasKlusiwurm at en.wikipediaFile:St George in the East 03.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:St_George_in_the_East_03.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors:Steve Cadman from London, U.K.File:St George in the East 04.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:St_George_in_the_East_04.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors:Steve Cadman from London, U.K.File:St George in the East 05.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:St_George_in_the_East_05.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors:Steve Cadman from London, U.K.File:StGeorgeBloomsbury tower.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:StGeorgeBloomsbury_tower.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Martin Klussmann.Original uploader was Klusiwurm at en.wikipediaFile:St George Bloomsbury 02.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:St_George_Bloomsbury_02.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Steve Cadman from London, U.K.File:St mary woolnoth exterior.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:St_mary_woolnoth_exterior.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: ChrisO.Original uploader was ChrisO at en.wikipediaFile:St Mary Woolnoth Interior.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:St_Mary_Woolnoth_Interior.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Steve Cadman from London, U.K.File:St Lukes Islington.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:St_Lukes_Islington.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Steve Cadmanfrom London, U.K.File:Horsleydown.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Horsleydown.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: John Buckler (1770-1851). Original uploader wasNeddyseagoon at en.wikipediaFile:Westminster Abbey west facade.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Westminster_Abbey_west_facade.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Steve Cadman from London, U.K.File:EastonNestonfromVitruviusBritannicus edited.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:EastonNestonfromVitruviusBritannicus_edited.jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Bhoeble, Look2See1, WelbeckFile:Easton Neston east side 21 July 1985.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Easton_Neston_east_side_21_July_1985.jpg  License: Creative Commons Zero Contributors: KafuffleFile:King William's Block1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:King_William's_Block1.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: SteveCadman from London, U.K.File:King William's Block.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:King_William's_Block.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: SteveCadman from London, U.K.File:The Square Ripon ; The obelisk.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Square_Ripon_;_The_obelisk.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike2.0 Generic  Contributors: Chris WilsonFile:Kensington Palace Orangery.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kensington_Palace_Orangery.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Steve Cadman from London, U.K.File:Kensington Palace Orangery1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kensington_Palace_Orangery1.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Steve Cadman from London, U.K.

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 12

File:Clarendon Building, Oxford, England - May 2010.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Clarendon_Building,_Oxford,_England_-_May_2010.jpg  License: CreativeCommons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: DiliffFile:ClarendonBuilding20060411 KaihsuTai.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ClarendonBuilding20060411_KaihsuTai.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: User:KaihsuFile:All souls college from above and to the west.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:All_souls_college_from_above_and_to_the_west.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: OzeyeFile:Oxford University Colleges-All Souls1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Oxford_University_Colleges-All_Souls1.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Steve Cadman from London, U.K.File:P1213StMC.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:P1213StMC.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bashereyre at en.wikipediaFile:Blenheim Palace 6-2008 3.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Blenheim_Palace_6-2008_3.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: JvhertumFile:Potato field and Mausoleum - geograph.org.uk - 175984.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Potato_field_and_Mausoleum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_175984.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic  Contributors: Anna regFile:The Carrmire gate - Castle Howard - geograph.org.uk - 175976.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Carrmire_gate_-_Castle_Howard_-_geograph.org.uk_-_175976.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic Contributors: Anna regFile:High Street Oxford Queens College.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:High_Street_Oxford_Queens_College.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Man vyi, Tillman

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