Nina Krsljanin - Srpske Srednjovekovne Povelje Kao Izvor Dusanovog Zakonika

7/26/2019 Nina Krsljanin - Srpske Srednjovekovne Povelje Kao Izvor Dusanovog Zakonika

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UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE

FACULTY OF LAW

Nina V. Krljanin

SERBIAN MEDIEVAL CHARTERS AS

THE SOURCE OF DUAN'S CODE

Doctoral Dissertation

Belgrade, 2013


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Serbian medieval charters as the source of Duan's Code

Summary

The thesis analyses Serbian medieval charters as the potential sources of the

Code of the Emperor Stefan Duan. Although the question of the sources of this

significant legal monument has already attracted the attention of numerous prominent

lawyers and historians, the author argues that the subject of Serbian charters as its

sources still has not been covered to a satisfactory degree.

The introduction supplies an overview of the primary existing literature on this

subject (both the works directly focused on the sources of Duan's Code, as well as theones dealing with charters or certain areas and institutions of medieval Serbian law),

delivers the primary arguments for the selection of the subject and explains the

systematics of its presentation; finally, it contains the selection of the source material

used during the research.

In the first part of the thesis the author considers the concept and the nature of

charters as legislative acts, as well as their relation to Duan's Code. This research

(albeit important for Serbian legal history on its own) can be considered a preliminary

issue for the main subject of the thesis. The author compares the types and properties of

Serbian charters and their Rhomean (Byzantine) models and offers a working definition

of charters as normative acts based on that comparison. Further the author gives a

review of the most relevant notions of the Serbian medieval concept of zakon (in its

sense as law in general) and the principle of legality in medieval Serbian law, of the

nature of the Code compared to the charters and its position within Duan's tripartite

codification. Finally, the author explains the relation of the Code and the charters,relevant both to their parallel existence as sources of law in the time when Duan's code

was enacted, but also to the further practice of passing charters.

The second, main, part of the thesis contains an analysis of the legal contents of

the charters of Serbian rulers that predate Duan's code and the Code's own articles,

with an attempt to determine the possible influence of the charters on the Code, i.e. the

reception of institutions regulated in the charters by Duan's legislators. This matter is

roughly categorised according to the areas of law that certain institutions could be


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deemed to fall into, although withstanding that such a division is primarily made in

accordance with modern theoretical concepts, and not the layout in the source materials.

The first and largest area pertains to the right of batinaproperty and class

relations. Within it the author analyses the status, rights and duties of each of the three

extant classes in medieval Serbia (churches and monasteries, vlastela nobility, and

sebricommoners), relating both to their personal status and their position as batinici

owners of property. Finally, the author analyses several interconnected meanings of

the concept of batinaitself.

The next area in which the reception of institutions from the charters is extant is

penal law. Although a relatively small number of concrete offenses form the charters

has been included into Duan's Code, it is evident that the Code has kept various

broader institutions, from certain kinds of punishments, to the principles of penal law

such as differing punishments depending on the status of the perpetrator and the victim,

or the responsibility of collectives.

Another group of rules where charters are noticed to have been the source for the

creators of the Code are the ones regulating the status of foreign merchants in Serbia,

which owe most of their contents to the Serbian charters to Dubrovnik (Ragusa).

Finally, the author analyses the reception of rules from the charters in the area of

judicial proceedings, both regarding the jurisdiction of different kinds of courts and

regarding various procedural institutions indigenous to Serbian law.

The conclusion contains a summary of the results of the research and an analysis

of their significance. The author provides a layout of the reception of rules from the

charters both by the analised areas of law and by the time when the charters were

written, and provides an explanation for the discovered layout of the material.

Keywords: Duan's code. Medieval charters. Customary law. Batina

(property).The position of the Church. Vlastela (nobility). Sebri (commoners.)

Vrada. Globe (fines).Porota (jury).

Scientific area:law.

Specific scientific area:legal history.

UDC number:


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Constantin Jireek, "Das Gesetzbuch des serbischen Caren Stephan Duan", Archiv fr slavischePhilologie, XXII/1900, 163-170.


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problems they have to solve and the lessons they learn are often the same. In the end, as I believe, the

desire to know and to understand, without ulterior motives, is what drives the most worthwhile scholarlywork." Ferdinand Feldbrugge,Law in Medieval Russia, Leiden-Boston 2009, XI.


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Karayannopulos,Byzantinische Urkundenlehre: Erster Abschnitt Die Kaiserurkunden, Mnchen 1968,

3. , , , , , .131

, "Urkunden in eigentlichen Sinn des Wortes, d. h. schriftliche Beweisstcke in kanzleimiger

Form mit Inhalt rechtlicher Natur". Ibid., 23. Theodor Sickel, Lehre von den Urkunden derersten Karolinger (751-840), Wien 1867, 1-3.132

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144 Franz Dlger, "Der Kodikellos des Christodulos in Palermo: Ein bisher unerkannter Typus der

byzantinischen Kaiserurkunde" Byzantinische Diplomatik: 20 Aufstze zum Urkundenwesen derByzantiner, Speyer am Rhein 1956, 1.145

Ibid., 33-50.146

F. Dlger 1956, 34.147

Ibid., 34-39.148

, ,

. Franz Dlger, Facsimilesbyzantinischer Kaiserurkunden, Mnchen 1931, 3-6.


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151Ibid., 39.

152 "So stellt das Chrysobull als Ganzes eine feierliche, eindrucksvolle und dekorative Form des

Privi legs dar. Doch ist es nicht ausschlielich Privileg geblieben, es hat auch Gesetze in seine Formaufgenommen und hat insbesondere lange als Form des Staatsvertrags gedient."Ibid., 43.153

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, .Ibid., 85. , , .

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F. Dlger 1956, 48.161Ibid., 49-50.


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.172 , ,

167Ibid., 25. VI Gilbert Dagron, "Lawful

Society and Legitimate Power:, " Angeliki E. Laiou and Dieter Simon(ed.),Law and Society in Byzantium: Ninth-Twelfth Centuries, Dumbarton Oaks 1994, 46-51.168

F. Dlger, J. Karayannopulos, 76.169



F. Dlger, J. Karayannopulos, 89-94.172Ibid., 105-106.


48/456

48

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.176

.177

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.178

, ( , , ,

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,

,

173, 992. XIII .Ibid.,

95-96. , " ", : , 1970, 271-273 Donald M. Nicol, Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations, Cambridge1992, 50-83, 60-64 77-78.174


Ibid., 109.176

Ibid.177

Ibid., 112-113.178

Ibid., 113.179Ibid., 117.


49/456

49

,

.180

XII

,

.181

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.182

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), .183

, ,

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,

(Andreas E. Mller) .184

(, , " "), (

" ") , ,

.185 , ,

186;

, .

,

180Ibid., 117-122.

181Ibid.,125-126.

182Ibid., 127-128.

183 Alexander Beihammer, "Byzantine Diplomatics",

http://www.propylaeum.de/fileadmin/upload/Beihammer.pdf, 1-2.184

Andreas E. Mller , "Documents: Imperial Chrysobulls" Elizabeth Jeffreys, John Haldon and RobinCormack (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies, Oxford 2009, 129-135.185

Ibid., 129-130.186

Ibid., 130-134. Franz Dlger, Aus den Schatzkammern des Heiligen Berges: 115 Urkundenund 50 Urkundensiegel aus 10 Jahrhunderten, Mnchen 1948, 19-21.


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187,

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187 , . .

. , LXVIII-LXIX.188

Ibid., LXIX. , , ; LjubomirMaksimovi, "Das Kanzleiwesen der serbischen Herrscher" Christian Hannick (publ.), Kanzleiwesen

und Kanzleisprachen im stlichen Europa, Kln-Weimar-Wien 1999, 34-35.189 , .


51/456

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193,

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190 ,

.191

. 1872, 8.192

, i H. .

i , .- 1882, 266-273.193

. 1888, 150-164.194Ibid., 151-152.


52/456

52

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.195

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", , I, 3/1930, 171. ( ) , , , , .

Ibid., 171-176.197Ibid., 176.


53/456

53

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(, , ), . . , , , , .199

. . 1930, 177.200

" : , , . , ." , " ", , 3/2011, 57.

, .


54/456

54

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1349. )

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XIII ),

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,, ,,

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.206

, ,

201. 2001, 59-63.

202Ibid., 63-65.

203Ibid., 64-65.

204Ibid., 31. XII XIII

. Lj.Maksimovi1999, 36.205

. - 1997, 30-38. (), , . Georgios Christos Soulis, TheSerbs and Byzantium during the reign of Tsar Stephen Dusan (1331-1355) and his successors ,Washington D. C. 1984, 65-68.

Lj.Maksimovi1999, 37-50.206 . . 2012, 316-326.


55/456

55

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, .208

, , , , , .209

, , . Lj.Maksimovi1999, 34-35.


56/456

56

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,

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),

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,

.212 ,

213,

I

.214

" ,

- ,

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,

210. - 1997, 31.

ibid., 34-35.211

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" , , ..." II, (. ), 1866, 79-80. ( II, , 1935, 61.) , ; ., . , . , 421. , , , ; . Lj.Maksimovi1999, 34-35 47-48.212

. - 1997, 41.213

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.216

, ,

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.

,

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, .217

,

. , ,

.

1346. 1355. , , , "

."218

, ( )

.219 , ,

216Ibid., 41.

, : " I: ", , 90/1912, 104-111, " I: ", , 96/1920, 71-74, " III: ", , 106/1923, 33-49, " VI: ", , 132/1928, 21-26, " VII:", , 132/1928, 29-57; , " ", 7/1961, 164-166, , " ",

, XVIII, 1971, 53-86, . , . , 17-26, Lj.Maksimovi1999,37-42 49-50, , " ",

, 44/2007, 395-396.217

. 1934, 20.218

. 1912, 432.219

: , 1345. ;


58/456

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,

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1387. : "... ,

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1405. , : "...

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, ,

1345. ; , 1345. ; , , ;

1346. ; ; 1346. , 14; 1346. ; - 1346. ; ; 1347. , 1; 1348. ; 1352, 5; , 1352-1353. . . . , ., 4-5, 8-11 16-17, 20-21, 24-27, 44-45, 58-59, 74-75, 78-79, 86-87, 96-97 100-101, 118-121,140-141, 150-151, 176-177, 192-193; . 1912, 742, 492, 304, 728, 741, 743.220

. 1898, 36.221

. 1912, 200.222

. 1912, 218. , , ,

, .


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223 , ,

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, () , . 1934, 18-26 ,

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60

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226)

. : ,

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225 Dimitry Obolensky, The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500-1453, New York

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; Lj.Maksimovi1999, 53.226 . . 1996.


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.227 ,

228,

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227 .

228 . 2001, 59-79.

229 ,

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. . 1980, 5.231Ibid.


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62

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232

, . (

.) (Godfrey) : "It was the primary constituent of the legal order and ofgovernance more generally. The impersonal concept of the state could not yet provide the authority interms of which such a legal and governmental order could be rationalized and explained. It was

jurisdiction itself which provided the basic measure of authority." Andrew Mark Godfrey, Civil Justice in

Renaissance Scotland: The Origins of a Central Court, Leiden-Boston 2009, 1.233Ibid., 4-5; . 2001, 67-72.


63/456

63

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236

234 , " VII: ",

, 96/1920, 1-38 , " I: ",, 156/1933, 63.235

; , de facto , , , . , , , . , .236

, "

VIII: ", , 156/1933, 41-59, 43-48 56-58, , " : ", , 157/1933, 153-219, ,


64/456

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( ),

.

, 1971, 115-125 en passant, Lj.Maksimovi1999, 25-54,

, "" . . , 277-278.237 .


65/456

65

. (Fgen)

: "Bezeichnet man nur das als Gesetz, was heute als solches verstanden wird, so

wird man aus Studien zum Mittelalter keine andere Erkenntnis ziehen, als da es kein

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, ,

, .239

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, ,

,

.240 , , ,

, (

)241

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,

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.

238 Marie Theres Fgen, "Gesetz und Gesetzgebung in Byzanz. Versuch einer Funktionsanalyse", Ius

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rekonstrukcije pravnih razmerij na podlagi najstarejega jezikovnega gradiva, Ljubljana 2002, 47-49.239 , . John Haldon, "Primary sources" y E. Jeffreys, J. Haldon and R. Cormack, 27. " With theexception of the

Ecloga of Leo III and Constantine V, issued in 741, and two novellaeof the empress Eirene of the 790s,there is virtually no surviving imperial legislation between the last years of Herakleios and the middle ofthe reign of Basil I. It is, however, not the case that emperors in this period issued no legislativedocuments and promulgated no laws, rather that the forms they employed were different, more regionallydetermined and ephemeralimperial 'orders' orprostagmatarather than novellae, documents which hada specific and limited purpose. Furthermore, the hiatus reflects also an approach to law and law-makingaccording to which there was little or no need to introduce new legislation, merely to make sure that

society adhered to the inherited legislation of great emperors and law-makers such as Justinian I," . (Stolte) "tends to repeat rather than reform".Bernard Stolte, "Justice: Legal Literature" y ibid., 691.240

. 1872, 10-11 63-64.241 . 1996, 295-296.


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66

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!"245

242 , . .

1925, 17. , , . . 1888, 287-288. , , " ." , "' ' ", , XVI/1928, 346. 101. ; , .Ibid., 346-347 .243

. 1872, 5-6.244

. 1888, 26.245

, " ", , XXXVII/1928, 122.


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67

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249

246Ibid., 121-122.

247

, ("") " :

'', ." , " () 1200-1202.", , , , V, 1-2/1925, 1926, 13.248

. 2006, 9.249

. 1996, 172. ; , ,, , , ,


68/456

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.252 ,

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(regula iuris) , ."253

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, " ". "

, ..." , , : (1159-1367), 1888, 564-565. , .250

. . 1975, 29.251

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. 1994, 43. Hermenegild Jireek,Prove: historicky slovar slovanskho pra va, Praha 1904, 420-422, K. krubej, 108-126 , " '' ", C " : ", -- 2013, http://www.ling-expert.ru/conference/langlaw3/sichinava_ng.html(20.11.2013.)253

, ", lex, : , , ",

, 7/2005, 63. , , . . 1995, 17-21.


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69

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, , , : "...et illud

quod est mercatorum consuetudo in terra mea ut dent michi."256

I, 13. 1252. ,

" .. $ $

$ , $ ,

."257 , ,

, ,

.

,

, ..258

254

; , . , , , , .255

. , . , . , 87. . 1912, 137.256

. , . , . , 87.257

. , . , . , 188.258

. . , . , . , 464, 465;. 1912, 625, 628. : . 1912, 635. " " " " (.

1912, 649-650), : "

." (Ibid., 655.) , 1332. ,


70/456

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. , . , . , 328. . 1912, 6149.260

. , . , . , 326 328. 261

. , " ", 194-199 .

.262. 1912, 401.


71/456

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.265

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.266

, ,

.267

263

. , . , . , 68. , " ", : , 1970, 238-262 ," ", 263-277.264

. . ,. , . , 80.265

, " (XII-XV )", , 1995, 15-22, , "L' ide du droit naturel dans la charte de Chilandar de 1198", . , , , , 2000, 25-28 , " ( )" , (.), , 2007, 93-96.266. 1912, 487-488.267

, . , : " , , ,

, ." . 1912, 424. , , ; , , exempli causa, . , ( ), , , , ( ), ,

, . , , 20.


72/456

72

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1349. : " ,

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. 1996, 181 -183 -, XIII XV, 1994, 60-69.270

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271, , ,

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.276

,

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277, ,

, .278 ,

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275

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, , ( ) , . . . , " ", 650 , 2000, 125-141279

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75

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182. ),

( 89.),

( 80.), ( 132. 151. -154.)

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285

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(159.), (74.),

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(187.) 176.288

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, .289

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78

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Cathari , II: 1616. , 2009, 289-290 , Statuta Civitatis Cathari ,

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. , . , . , 95. . , 575. 295. , . , . , 94. . , 573.


79/456

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.300 .


80/456

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301. , . , . , 130.

302. , . , . , 212-213. . 1912, 151.

303. , . , . , 213. . 1912, 151.

304. , . , . , 276.

305

; .. 2004, 58-64.


81/456

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306. , . , . , 324. . 1912, 614.

307. , . , . , 345. . 1912, 162.

308. , . , . , 346. . 1912, 163.

309

. 1912, 160.310. , . , . , 345-346. . 1912, 162.


82/456

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83/456

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, 171, , , . . 2010, 215.317

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, , 171.

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85/456

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- , " , ". -, , 1927, 148. ( ),

. ibid., 145-168.


87/456

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325. . 1928, 71 .

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. . 1928, 71-75. , " ", , 12/1970, 61-78.329

. . 1928, 74. . " .

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88/456

88

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. . 1928, 106-107 .332

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. . . 1928, 140-145 , 211-222 . . 1980, 7-9.334

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89/456

89

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.338

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.340

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336 . . , "i, i 30

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2000, 348-349 , , 1898, XXXVI-XXXVII.337 " , . (, , ) . , , ." . 1898, XXXIX. . 1907, XI-XXIX.338

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, , , ( , , ) . C. Jireek 1900,157.340

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", , 1951, 27-44.341. . 1928, 90.


90/456

90

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( ),

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"based upon Byzantine law but without neglecting Serbian customary law, when

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342Ibid.

343

. 1898, 3-7.344G. C. Soulis, 72.


91/456

91

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, "obviously far from the truth."345

, ,

" ",

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.346 , ,

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.347

, ,

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.348

.

; , ,

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345Ibid. ,

, () ,

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montem Pini, quam et Bosnam vocavit, alteram vero ab eodem flumine Drina contra occidentalem

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