NO. 29 MARCH 2007 ISSN 0859-9742

NO. 29 MARCH 2007 ISSN 0859-9742

March 2007 APANews No. 292

DISCLAIMER. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply theexpression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO and SEANAFE concerning the legal status of any country,territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delineation of its frontiers or boundaries. The viewsexpressed in this publication are those of the contributing authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of theeditor(s) of FAO and SEANAFE.

OUR ADDRESS. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 39 Phra Atit Road, Bangkok 10200, Thailand;Website: http://www.fao.org and http://www.fao.or.th; E-mail [email protected]; SEANAFE c/o World AgroforestryCentre (ICRAF)-Southeast Asia Regional office, PO Box 61, Bogor 16001, Indonesia; Website: http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/networks/Seanafe/Index.asp; E-mail [email protected]

PRODUCTION. Patrick B. Durst, Kenichi Shono, and Wilfredo M. Carandang (Editorial Consultants);Leah P. Arboleda (Editor); Rowena D. Cabahug (Editorial Assistant); Perseveranda G. Tubig and Reinelen M. Reyes(Production Assistants)

COVER PHOTO. Coconut-based agroforestry systems are common in Philippine rural areas. In this photo, coconut-based agroforestry systems have helped farmers in the province of Quezon make use of large tracts of arable,sloping and mountainous areas. Farmers are cultivating pineapple, papaya, root crops, vegetables, and fruit treesunderneath coconut trees. This type of system also provides farmers with other coconut products such as husks,oil, wine, copra, and others. (Photo courtesy of IAF)

PRINTER. Thammada Press Co. Ltd., 86 Soi 5011 Charansanitwong Road, Bangplad, Bangkok 10700 Thailand

Dear rDear rDear rDear rDear readereadereadereadereadersssssOnce again, we welcome you toanother issue of the Asia-PacificAgroforestry Newsletter (APANews) -a collaboration among the Foodand Agriculture Organization of theUnited Nations, the Southeast AsianNetwork for Agroforestry Education(SEANAFE), and the WorldAgroforestry Centre (ICRAF). Thisissue presents several researches onthe use of specific crops and treespecies in various agroforestrysystems, including their impacts onproductivity, regeneration, andfarmers’ income.

The article on the integration ofKhejri (Prosopis cineraria) withvarious crops outlines its use as afodder tree and source of highquality wood. It describes how Khejricontributes to increased soil fertilityand sand dune stabilization. Moreimportantly, it highlights how thethree-year lopping rotation of Khejrimaximizes fodder production andensures seed supply forregeneration.

Developments in agrisilvopastoralsystems are featured in an articlefrom Nepal. The article highlights theresearch results from planting trial ofvarious fodder crops in terraces. Thisis an innovative way of addressing

the continuous need of uplandfarmers for fodder to sustainlivestock production, whileminimizing the shading effect offodder trees on crops.

You will be interested in the articlefeaturing the integration of walnut inan agroforestry system in Chile.Walnut (Juglans regia) produceshigh-quality timber and nuts. Thearticle discusses the growth ofwalnut trees under various plantingdesigns.

Another article presents theresearch results from implementingtaungya system using Khayaanthoteca in a mixed croppingmodel.

Other articles in this issue deal withthe adoption of horti-silviculturalmodels and their effect onincreased productivity in India, andthe impacts of participatoryagroforestry practices innortheastern Bangladesh. Theadoption of horti-silvicultural modelshas helped increase farmers’incomes, although substantial effortis still needed to sustain thisinitiative. Meanwhile, participatoryagroforestry practices have proventheir potential to contribute to

poverty alleviation, and increasedwomen’s involvement in forestryactivities.

As always, there areannouncements, informationresources, and websites that may beuseful in the implementation of yourvarious agroforestry projects.

Meanwhile, SEANAFE News discussesabout the project on marketing ofagroforestry tree products (AFTPs).Results of two case studies arepresented: the market chains ofcashew nuts in Vietnam, and themarketing of bamboo in Laos. Otherarticles in this issue of SEANAFE Newshighlight the activities of theVietnam Network for AgroforestryEducation, and the PhilippineAgroforestry Education andResearch Network.

Again, thank you to all thecontributors for this issues ofAPANews and SEANAFE News. Welook forward to more of yourcontributions. Let us continue toshare and practice agroforestry, andfurther contribute to its promotionand development. – The Editors

APANews No. 29 March 2007 3

agroforestry research

TTTTThrhrhrhrhree-yee-yee-yee-yee-year lopping rear lopping rear lopping rear lopping rear lopping rotaotaotaotaotation oftion oftion oftion oftion of PrPrPrPrProsopisosopisosopisosopisosopiscinerariacinerariacinerariacinerariacineraria maximizes fodder production, maximizes fodder production, maximizes fodder production, maximizes fodder production, maximizes fodder production,ensurensurensurensurensures sustainaes sustainaes sustainaes sustainaes sustainabbbbble rle rle rle rle reeeeegggggenerenerenerenereneraaaaationtiontiontiontionKulvir S Bangarwa and M.S.Hooda ([email protected])

Prosopis cineraria, commonlyknown as Khejri, occurs naturally indry and arid regions of India(southwest Haryana andRajasthan), Pakistan, Afghanistan,Iran, and Arabia. Khejri is extremelydrought-tolerant, growing in areaswith as little as 75 mm of annualrainfall (but generally 150-400 mm)with dry seasons of eight months ormore. It is slightly frost-hardy andtolerant to temperatures of up to50°C. The tree is found in alluvial,coarse, and sandy, often alkalinesoils where the pH may reach 9.8.

Khejri is much valued as a foddertree. Its leaves provide excellentand nutritious fodder that arereadily eaten by animals such ascamels, goats, and donkeys. Thetree produces leaves during theextremely dry summer months whenmost other trees are leafless. Itsleaves contain 13.8 percent crudeprotein, 20 percent crude fiber,and 18 per cent calcium (FFN,1991).

Khejri pods, containing a dry sweetpulp, also provide good fodder.Green pods, called sangar, areboiled and dried for humanconsumption. Its flowers, duringMarch and April, are valuable forhoney production. Khejri bark,meanwhile, can also be used inleather tanning and yields anedible gum. Its bark and flowers arealso used for medicinal purposes.

The wood of Khejri is used foragricultural implements, housebuildings, posts, carts, tools,handles, and boat frames. It is alsoan excellent source of firewood forcooking and domestic heating.

Khejri is considered one of the bestspecies for soil improvement and

sand dune stabilization. The Khejritree has a deep tap root system;therefore, it does not compete formoisture and nutrients with cropsgrown close to its trunk. It casts onlya light shade, a desirablecharacteristic for agro-forestryspecies.

Farmers in arid and semi-aridregions of India and Pakistan havelong believed it to increase soilfertility in crop fields. Yields ofsorghum (Jowar) and pearl millet(Bajra) increased when grown underKhejri because of the higherorganic matter content, totalnitrogen, available phosphorus, andsoluble calcium, as well as lower pHof the soil.

The leaves and pods of Khejriconstitute a major source of

fodder. Maximum yield of fodder isobtained when trees are pollardedon a three-year rotation. Bhimayaet al. (1964) reported that if treesof Khejri are lopped at a three-year interval, they produce172-242 percent more leaf fodderby weight than those recurrentlylopped. Lopping at shorterintervals not only decreases theyield but also causes the mortalityof trees.

Farmers usually lop their treesduring the winter every year.Lopping starts in mid-Novemberand continues up to January, withmost of the lopping carried out inthe last week of November andfirst week of December. Driedleaves (loong or loom) are storedfor use in drier seasons.

Because completely lopped treesdo not produce seeds (Toky andHarris, 2004), balancing theproduction of fodder and seeds isan important consideration.The shortage of seeds is a majorlimiting factor in ensuring theregeneration of this wonder tree.

Leguminous crop withProsopis cineraria.

Pods ofProsopiscineraria.

Cotton crop withProsopis cineraria.

Continued on page 4



The recommended three-yearrotation in lopping maximizesfodder production while ensuringan adequate supply of seeds forsustainable regeneration. Toimplement the three-year loppingrotation, farmers are advised toequally divide the total number oftrees into three groups. The treesare marked with the group numberand each group of trees is loppedcompletely in November-December each year. The use ofgreen pods (sangar) is alsodiscouraged in order to conservethe seeds for use in propagation.

Three-year loppingThree-year loppingThree-year loppingThree-year loppingThree-year loppingrotation...rotation...rotation...rotation...rotation...Continued from page 3High quality wood

of Prosopiscineraria.

Prosopiscineraria.producesgoodforage.

References: 1) Bhimaya, C.P., Kaul, R.N.and Ganguli, B.N. 1964. Studies onlopping intensities of Prosopis spicigera.Indian Forester, 90: 19-23; 2) FFN. 1991.Spotlight on species: Prosopis cineraria.Farm Forestry News, Vol.4, No.3; 3) Toky,O.P. and Harris, P.J.C. 2004.Socioeconomic and ecological niche ofkhejri (Prosopis cineraria) in traditionalfarming systems of arid India. Asian Agri-History 8 (3): 215-233. The authorworks at the Department of Forestry, CCSHaryana Agricltural University, Hisar –125 004 India.

Fodder crop withProsopis cineraria.

CultiCultiCultiCultiCultivvvvvaaaaation oftion oftion oftion oftion of f f f f fodododododder in terder in terder in terder in terder in terrrrrrace riserace riserace riserace riserace riser::::: a ne a ne a ne a ne a newwwwwmodel ofmodel ofmodel ofmodel ofmodel of a a a a agggggrisilvrisilvrisilvrisilvrisilvopastoropastoropastoropastoropastoral system in Neal system in Neal system in Neal system in Neal system in NepalpalpalpalpalTanka Prasad Barakoti

In Nepal, more than 80 percent ofthe population is involved inagriculture, which contributes toabout 45 percent of the total grossdomestic product of the country.Large farming areas lie in the hills(68%) along a range of reliefs andaltitudes (100-3 000 m asl).Integration of agriculture andforestry is common and ruralcommunities are highly dependenton forest resources (Amatya, 1999).Farmlands in the hills are comprisedof terraces and risers, with the latteroccupying approximately one-thirdof the total land area (Barakoti,2004).

Livestock is an integral part of cropproduction, which, in turn, depends

highly on livestock. Farmers collectmanure from livestock to fertilizecrops. They are aware that manureplays a vital role in adding nutrientsto the soil. In addition, livestockprovides food and income. Thus,agriculture development throughlivestock may be a better approachto advance agriculture in thecountry than the application ofchemical fertilizers which mostfarmers cannot afford.

Lack of productive grazing landsand nutritious fodder have been themajor limiting factors in livestockproduction. A fodder deficit ofabout 1 kg/animal/day (Maharjan,1987) has been estimated. Farmersface fodder scarcity for more than

seven months during the winter andsummer up to the monsoon period.As land areas are limited,smallholding farmers cannot affordto grow fodder and forage oncroplands. Hence, there is a need toexplore the potential of fodderplanting in terrace risers.

On-farm research was carried out bythe Agricultural Research Station(ARS) at two locations in Belhara,Pakhribas command area, ofDhankuta district, east Nepal (midhill condition, 1 200 and 1 500 m asl).The studies examined the feasibilityof utilizing marginal terrace risers forfodder production without reducingcropland to and sustain both

Continued on page 5


Cultivation ofCultivation ofCultivation ofCultivation ofCultivation offffffodododododderderderderder...............

livestock and crop production in thehills. Fodder trees were planted at aspacing of1-1.5m. Felling/lopping was done atbreast height, not allowing thefodder trees to grow taller andbranch out.

This was the first time that the riser-based agrisilvopastoral study wasconducted in Nepal. The studyaimed at:

cultivating and evaluatingforage crop and fodder treespecies in the terrace risers;quantifying the effect of foddertrees on agronomic parametersof forage crops, and examiningthe combined effect on majorcrops (maize and finger millet);enabling farmers to meet thedemand for livestock fodderthroughout the year andproduce more livestock manure;andenhancing crop yield throughthe application of manure.

The recommended fodder specieswere planted in two locations fromJune-August in 2002 and 2003 (Table1).

Fodder trees were planted at aspacing of 1.5m in the terraceridges, while forage crops wereplanted at 30 x 50cm spacing. Theplots were 1.5-2m x 3m in the risers.The research involved 18 and 32treatments, respectively, with 2-3replications.

Various data on maize, millet, foddertrees, and forage crops wererecorded. However, only the resultsfrom one site are presented.

Survival and growth of fodderand forage species

The survival of the fodder treesranged from good to excellent,except Litsea polyantha which were

Continued from page 4

Fodder tree species Forage crop species Local name Scientific name Local name Scientific name Nebaro Ficus auriculata Amriso Thysalonaema maxima

Dudhilo Ficus nemoralis Napier Pennisetum purpureum

Raikhanyu Ficus semicordata

var. Montana Amatya

Dhus Pennisetum spp

Bhimal Grewia oppositifolia Setaria Setaria anceps

Tanki Bauhinia purpurea Stylo Stylosanthes guianensis

Kutmiro Litsea polyantha Desmodium Desmodium intortum

Badahar Artocarpus lakoocha

Khari Seltis australis

Rato Siris Albizia jullibrissin

Table 1. Fodder and forage species planted in two locations in BelharaPakhribas, Dhankuta district, east Nepal.

Leaf Fodder trees Survival (%)

Plant height (cm)

Girth at knee

height (cm)

No. of branches Number Length

(cm) Breadth

(cm)

Nebaro 100 53.5 5.4 4.1 9.5 18.1 13.5 Dudhilo 92.5 51.4 3.5 6.6 5.7 11.6 3.7 Rai Khanyu 82.5 87.5 5.3 11.4 30.0 21.5 6.8 Kutmiro 57.5 44.5 3.6 2.2 4.5 7.0 3.7 Tanki 75.0 39.5 3.0 5.4 16.4 6.0 6.0 Bhimal (Ghotli)

92.5 93.8 5.2 14.1 43.0 12.4 7.3

Mean 83.3 61.7 4.3 7.1 18.2 12.8 6.8

Table 2. Survival and growth of fodder trees in the terrace risers.

transplanted wildings. Plant heightvaried significantly by species. Thetallest was Grewia oppositifolia,followed by Ficus semicordata. Bothspecies bore high numbers ofbranches. The leaf number andbreadth, and therefore leaf area,varied significantly among the treespecies. The overall fodder treegrowth in the riser edge after the firstyear was encouraging (Table 2).

All tested forage species hadvigorous growth from the first yearonwards. They also had almost full

Forage species Plant

height (cm)

Tillar No. Leaf size Ground cover (%)

Thysanolaena maxima 80.8 17 40x7 95 Pennisetum purpureum 56.9 18 132x41 100 Pennisetum sp. 78.3 17 149x44 100 Seteria anceps 97.5 28 50x1 90 Stylosanthes guianensis 95.3 Branch .9x.8 75 Desmodium intortum 93.3 Branch 6x5 100

Table 3. Mean growth parameters of forage crops in the terrace riser.

ground coverage in the terraceriser, except Stylosanthes, which didnot have spreading branches.Setaria had the most number oftillers while Pennisetum spp. had thelargest leaves (Table 3).

Dry and fresh matter productionof forage crops

The mean dry matter percentage,and fresh matter and dry matter(DM) yields were monitored. The

Continued on page 6




data varied significantly by speciesand seasons. Pennisetum species,with high DM percent, yielded thegreatest forage biomass, followedby Setaria and Amriso, broom grass(Table 4). Analysis of varianceperformed for the fresh matter datagave highly significant result(P<0.01) among the forage crops.

Effect on maize of fodder grownin terrace riser

The fodder trees and forage speciesaffected terrace-planted maizedifferently. Of the variousparameters observed, grain andstover yields, height, and number ofstands are presented (Table 5). Theyields and number of stands differedsignificantly by treatment (P<0.05).Ficus semicordata, combined withbroom grass, Napier, and Dhus, had anoticeable negative impact onmaize, whereas Ficus nemoralis andLitsea polyantha showed less effecton crop yields compared to otherspecies. F. nemoralis andGrewia oppositifolia had reducedplant height. The number of standswas severely reduced underFicus semicordata.

The results indicated that all testedfodder and forage species couldsurvive and grow in terrace risers.Most of the species were found tobe promising. They were found to beadaptable and could successfully becultivated in the un-utilized risers ofcropping land terraces.

It was observed that Ficussemicordata, Grewia oppositifoliaand Albizia jullibrissin make fast-growing fodder trees. Napier andDhus (Pennisettum spp), Seteria,Desmodium, and broom grass growvigorously in the T-riser. Also, foddertrees and forage crops tested werecompatible, and grew well togetherwith minimal effects on maize andfinger millet production. They maybe more suitable than the tall treesgrown traditionally in the risers.

CultiCultiCultiCultiCultivvvvvaaaaation oftion oftion oftion oftion of f f f f fodododododderderderderder...............Continued from page 5

Meanwhile, the shade effect ofFicus semicordata on maize,combined with broom grass, Napierand Dhus, was more noticeable.Ficus nemoralis and Litsea polyanthawere intermediate compared toother species. Among the forages,Napier and Dhus had dominatingeffects on the growth and yield ofmaize. Albizia jullibrissin, Leucaenadiversifolia, Bauhinia purpurea, Celtisaustralis, and Artocarpus lakoochanormally favored the growth andyield of maize crop.

Dry matter percentage and yield offorage crops depended on thespecies and harvesting season.Pennisetum species had high drymatter percent and correspondingfodder yields.

The study has shown that farmers canbenefit from the forage crops. Theywere impressed by the terrace riser-based cultivation (agrisilvopastoral)of fodder and forage species. Thus,replication and promotion of thisagroforestry model in hills of theregion with similar agroclimaticconditions will contribute toimproving livestock and cropproduction.

Forage crop DM (%) FM yield

(t/ha) DM yield

(t/ha) Thysanolaena maxima 21.2 24.44 10.28 Pennisetum purpureum 45.1 40.44 21.78 Pennisetum sp. 33.4 37.15 15.14 Seteria anceps 20.6 24.89 12.94 Stylosanthes guianensis 16.9 7.11 8.69 Desmodium intortum 18.4 23.21 9.08

Table 4. Mean fresh and dry matter yields of forage crops (2002-2003).

Treatment Grain

yield (kg/ha)*

Stover yield (t/ha)*

Plant height (cm)

Plant stand per ha

Tanki: Dhus/Seteria/Stylo 2852 2422 190 37184 Kutmiro:Stylo/Napier/Amriso 2719 1808 180 40444 Raikhanyu:Amriso/Dhus/Napier 1976 1539 187 30666 Nebaro:Seteria/Stylo/Desmodium 3200 2683 188 39703 Bhimal:Desmodium/Amriso/Dhus 3300 2778 173 42443 Dudhilo:Napier/Desmodium/Seteria 2406 2222 163 39036 Control: Open 3371 1988 189 39999

Table 5. Mean grain and stover yields, plant height and number of stands of maize(2005).

References: 1) Amatya, S.M. 1999. Tree-cropinteraction study. Consultant report submittedto the ARS Pakhribas, Dhankuta, Nepal; 2)Annual Report.2001. Agricultural ResearchStation, Pakhribas, Dhankuta, Nepal; 3)Barakoti, T.P. 2004. Need of viableagroforestry model with an example of terraceriser based agri-silvo-pastoral system in ARSPakhribas. Proceeding of National Workshopon Agroforestry, organized by NepalAgroforesrtry Foundation, Kathmandu, Nepal;4) Maharjan, M.R.1987. Agroforestry incommunity forestry development. BankoJanakari, Vol. 1, No.4. The author is a SeniorScientist at the Nepal Agricultural ResearchCouncil Outreach Research Coordinator,Pakhribas Station, Dhankuta



Forestry in Chile is characterized bymonoculture plantations of pine andeucalyptus that potentially causephyto-sanitary and otherenvironmental problems. Theagriculture sector is facing a crisisdue to the low productivity oftraditional farming practices, marketfluctuations and unfavorableinternational treaties on agriculturalproducts trade.

Diversification of crop species andcultivation techniques thus haveimportant social (by inclusion of newactors), economic (high-valueproducts with greater economicreturns), and environmental (higherdiversity reduces the risk of bioticand non-biotic damages) benefits.

The production of high-value timbermay offer one innovative solution tothe agricultural crisis as this can beintegrated with other agricultural

AgAgAgAgAgrrrrrofofofofoforororororestrestrestrestrestry systems withy systems withy systems withy systems withy systems withwalnut in South America:walnut in South America:walnut in South America:walnut in South America:walnut in South America:an alteran alteran alteran alteran alternananananatititititivvvvve fe fe fe fe fororororortemperate areastemperate areastemperate areastemperate areastemperate areasVerónica Loewe M ([email protected])

products. It is thus imperative todevelop an agoforestry system withhigh-value timber species andestablish appropriate techniques toimprove its growth and quality.

In this context, the use of commonwalnut or other fruit-bearing specieswith valuable wood constitutes apromising alternative to beincorporated into the ruralagricultural systems.

Walnut (Juglans regia) offers goodproductive, economic and socialpotential in Chile. It is one of themost studied and successfullyplanted species in the country.

Walnut is a vigorous tree that canreach a height of 24-31 m and trunkdiameter of 60-90 cm. It is sturdy andhas a wide and leafy crown. Itstimber is compact with a beautifulgrain. It grows fast and is well knownfor its edible fruits (US$1,5-2,5/kg)and high-value timber (US$300-2.500/m3 standing). In fact, it is one ofthe most demanded timbers in theEuropean market, with a stable andexclusive market for severalcenturies.

Yields from experimental andproductive plantations of walnut arepromising. These plantationsencompassed a range of designs(pure, mixed), objectives (fruit andtimber production, timberproduction only, fruit and timber inagroforestry systems), sitecharacteristics (valleys, mountains),and management intensity (low,medium, high).Fifteen-year old walnut orchard for

timber and nut production establishedusing the high grafting technique toproduce high value timber and nutssimultaneously

Growth comparison of walnut treesbetween pure and mixed planting

In recent years, the walnut markethas become sophisticated andmore exigent, giving preference touniformity of fruit color. This makesthe propagation of trees from seedsunsuitable for nut production,because walnut fruits arecharacterized by high variability.Thus, the use of high grafting hasemerged as the solution.

High grafting allows a walnut tree tobe used for both timber and nutproduction. Timber marketsdemand logs 3-4 m long, straight,without defects, and with regulargrowth rings. Normal grafting madeat the lower parts of the tree isconsidered a defect because itcauses timber discoloration, therebylowering its wood value.

The technique of high graftingconsists of planting a rootstock orsapling reproduced from seeds

Continued on page 8

Height by age

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Pure test Mixed Test



without grafting, and using aspecialized pruning technique thatimproves the form of the tree.Grafting is applied at the top oncethe log length has reached 3-4 mhigh at about 2-4 years. The sproutsthat appear after grafting providethe foundation to a specialized fruit-bearing crown.

Using this method, an individualwalnut tree produces quality fruitsfor 20-40 years, after which it can beharvested for the high-value timber.This allows for increased profitabilityand ensures income flow throughoutthe life cycle of the tree.

Walnut has been cultivatedtraditionally for nut production in thecountry. However, innovativecombinations are becomingpopular. These include:

Pure walnut plantations; Pure walnut plantations with

crops (such as maize, beans,others) underneath;

Mixed walnut plantations withother commercial trees orshrubs; and

Mixed walnut plantations withother commercial trees or shrubsand fodder.

These combinations make thewalnut agroforestry an adaptablesystem that can meet various needsand realities. Capital availability,management objectives, capacityof the farmers, as well as the localand international market situation,should be taken into consideration indesigning the appropriate walnut-based agroforestry system. Theauthor works at the Chilean Forest Institute(INFOR), Huérfanos 554, Santiago, Chile,Tel :56-2-6930780, 56-9-8831858 ; Fax 56-2-6381286

AgAgAgAgAgrrrrrofofofofoforororororestrestrestrestrestryyyyysystems...systems...systems...systems...systems...Continued from page 7

Maximizing production fromMaximizing production fromMaximizing production fromMaximizing production fromMaximizing production fromKhaKhaKhaKhaKhayyyyya anthotecaa anthotecaa anthotecaa anthotecaa anthoteca planta planta planta planta plantationtiontiontiontionffffforororororest threst threst threst threst through ough ough ough ough taungtaungtaungtaungtaungyyyyyaaaaasystemsystemsystemsystemsystemSumarhani ([email protected]) and Sri Suharti ([email protected])

Like other agroforestry systems,taungya optimizes land use in orderto increase productivity. In thetaungya system, nutrients are utilizedefficiently through proper spacingand arrangement of crops, structureand design of canopies, rootingsystem, and timing of planting andharvesting activities. Properplanning ensures that thesecomponents complement eachother.

Another critical consideration in thetaungya system is the land-usepattern under tree stands. Mostoften, local people utilize the spacebetween trees to plant paddy andother seasonal food crops. However,this mixed cropping system ispossible only during the rainy season.

Rainfall has proved to be a majorconstraint in the cultivation of foodcrops in forestland. In addition, themixed cropping system can only beimplemented during the first twoyears of tree growth when thecanopy shade does not yet reducethe growth of the crops grownunderneath.

In the last few years, modification ofthe conventional short-durationmixed cropping systems towardslong-life mixed crop cultivation hasbeen widely adapted. In CentralJava, local communities havedeveloped several long-lifecropping patterns under Khayaanthoteca plantation forests.Research done at the BKPHCimanggu, Perum Perhutani inCentral Java described the variousmodifications of the taungya systembeing practiced in the area.

Long-life intercropping models

People living near the Khayaanthoteca plantation forestsemployed various types and modelsof the mixed cropping systemdepending on the interests,resources and capacites of thefarmers. Models that were appliedinclude: 1) Model A: paddy-maize-bean-juici tuber,2) Model B: paddy-maize-bean, and3) Model C: juici tuber.

Model A can be started at the onsetof the rainy season (September-October) for harvesting inDecember-January. During February-March, farmers plant less water-demanding crops like maize andpeanut for harvesting in April-May.Farmers with enough capitalcontinue on with Model C forharvesting in July-August.

Aside from making efficient use ofthe land, the taungya systemprovides continuous foodproduction, improves soil fertility,helps protect the natural resources,and eventually increases landproductivity.

Impacts on productivity andfarmers’ income

In the research site, results showedthat the average production of foodcrops had not reached optimallevels yet. The average productionof paddy was only 1 050 kg/ha, maizeat 1 300 kg/ha, and peanut at800 kg/ha. This is relatively lowcompared to the average nationalproduction of 2 170 kg/ha for paddy,and 1 500 kg/ha for peanut(Harahap, et al, 1995).


Taungya model A

Taungya model B

These results may be due to impropercultivation techniques, inappropriateuse of fertilizers and pesticides,decreasing soil fertility, and lack ofknowledge on tree-crop genetics.Moreover, the continuous use ofinorganic fertilizers, inefficientirrigation and high post-harvestlosses (15-20%) may have reducedproductivity.

Because of these factors, thefarmers’ income in the research arearemained relatively low. Each farmerpracticing Models A, B and C wasearning an average ofRp3 368 000/ha/year, Rp531 000/ha/year, andRp2 968 000/ha/year, respectively.These amounts are still consideredbelow the poverty line.

However, with continuous practiceand improvement, these taungyasystem models could increasefarmers’ income in the research areaby more than 500 percent for ModelB, and 13.5 percent for Model C.Research results also imply thatModel A has the highest potential forproviding farmers with continuousincome and at the same timeaddress the goals of maximum landutilization, and resource protection.

Y(T) = 7,9525X2 - 14,864X +

297,02 R(T)2 = 0,987

Y(TT) = 8,09X + 240,73R(TT)2 = 0,9767

0

5 0

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e h

eig

ht

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)

Y(T) = 0,332X + 4,045 R(T)2 = 0,9932

Y(TT) = 0,192X + 3,215R(TT)2 = 0,9615

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5

6

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e d

iam

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Figure 1. Regression between tree height andtime of observation

Figure 2. Regression between stem diametergrowth and time of observation.

Taungya system

Non-taungya system

Taungya in the Khaya anthotecaplantation forests

The adoption of the mixed croppingmethod has resulted in acceleratedgrowth of Khaya anthoteca. Theiraverage annual height growth was62.72cm, with annual diametergrowth averaging 3.1cm. Averageheight and diameter growth of amonoculture Khaya anthoteca,which served as the control of theresearch, was only 25.88cm and0.59cm, respectively.

The following regression equationbetween tree height and time ofobservation was used:

In the taungya system: Y = 7,9525 X2– 14,864 X + 297,02, with coefficientof correlation r = 0,98 (Figure 1)

In the monoculture system: Y = 8,09 X+ 240,73, with coefficient ofcorrelation r = 0,97 (Figure 1)

Meanwhile, the regression equationused between stem diametergrowth and time of observation wasthe following:

In the taungya system: Y = 0,332 X +4,0459 with coefficient ofcorrelation r = 0,98 (Figure 2)

In the monoculture system: Y = 0,192X + 3,215, with coefficient ofcorrelation r = 0,96 (Figure 2)

The following conclusions can bedrawn from the results:

1. Various models of taungyasystem can indeed maximizeland utilization. However, itshould be complemented withsoil conservation measures suchas the planting of Leucaenaleucocephala and Gliricidiasepium along contour lines.

Continued on page 10



agroforestry promotion and development

2. The taungya system can providefor the daily needs of farmers andtheir families.

3. The taungya system requires theappropriate combination of treesand food crops.

4. The taungya model whichcombines Khaya anthoteca,paddy, peanut, and juici tuberhas a potential to increasefarmers’ income as it providescontinuous harvest throughoutthe year.

References: 1) Adiningsih S, J., M.Soepartini, A. Kusno, Mulyadi, dan W.Hartati. 1994. Teknologi untukMeningkatkan Produktivitas Lahan Sawahdan Lahan Kering. Prosiding TemuKonsultasi Sumberdaya Lahan UntukPembangunan Kawasan Timur Indonesia diPalu 17 – 20 Januari 1994; 2) Amir, B., S,Punarto., Suyanto dan Supriyatin. 1995.Padi Gogo. Pusat Penelitian danPengembangan Tanaman Pangan. BadanPenelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian,Bogor; 3) Harahap, Z., Suwarno., E Hubisand Santo.1995. Padi Unggul ToleranKekeringan dan Naungan. Pusat Penelitiandan Pengembangan Tanaman Pangan.Badan Penelitian dan PengembanganPertanian, Bogor; 4) Hutapea, J dan A. Z.Mashar. 2006. Ketahanan Pangan danTeknologi Produktivitas menujuKemandirian Pertanian Indonesia. (http://www.Kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0605/29/Jabar/2418.htm - 44k , diakses 2 Agustus2006); http://www-suara pembaharuan.com/News/2005/06/03/index.html, diakses 1Februari 2007; 5) Gurdev S. Khush. 2002.Food Security By Design: Improving TheRice Plant in Partnership With NARS.Makalah disampaikan Pada Seminar IPTEKpadi Pekan Padi Nasional di Sukamandi 22Maret 2002. The author works at theDepartment of Forestry and NaturalResources, PAU Ludhiana 141 004 (India).

AgAgAgAgAgrrrrrofofofofoforororororestrestrestrestrestryyyyysystems...systems...systems...systems...systems...Continued from page 9

Impacts ofImpacts ofImpacts ofImpacts ofImpacts of par par par par participaticipaticipaticipaticipatortortortortoryyyyyaaaaagggggrrrrrofofofofoforororororestrestrestrestrestry pry pry pry pry practices inactices inactices inactices inactices innornornornornortheastertheastertheastertheastertheastern Bangn Bangn Bangn Bangn BangladeshladeshladeshladeshladeshMd. Abdul Latif Mia ([email protected])

Bangladesh, being a densely-populated country, has never hadabundance of forest resources. Thetotal forestland is only2.46 M ha, which covers17.5 percent of the country’s totalland area. The actual forest coverdoes not exceed 6 percent. Percapita forestland in Bangladesh is0.022 ha, the lowest in the world.

In the northeastern part ofBangladesh, 9 465 ha (32.93%) of thetotal 28 740 ha forest area has beenencroached upon. Degraded areasconstitute 16 400 ha (57.05%). Only10 percent of the total forest area isstill intact.

This deterioration has been causedby high population pressure, acutedemand for forest products, lack ofpublic awareness, conversion offorestland into other land uses, andthe inadequate manpower of theForest Department (FD).

Prior to 1980s, the FD practically hadno interest in involving the peopleliving near forests in forest resourcemanagement and development.However, studies have suggestedthat the deterioration of the forestcould be halted by ensuringpeople’s participation in forestmanagement. Accordingly, theprovision for people’s involvementin protecting the natural stands andafforesting degraded andencroached forestlands, withbenefit-sharing mechanism, wasdeveloped.

The FD of Bangladesh introduced theCommunity Forestry Project in 1981in 23 northern districts of thecountry. The Program was financedand technically assisted by the AsianDevelopment Bank (ADB). A similarparticipatory forestry program, the

Thana Aforestation and NurseryDevelopment Project (TANDP), alsofunded by the ADB, wasimplemented nationwide from 1988to 1996. These projects aimed toincrease timber production, reducepoverty, and enhance the FD’sinstitutional capacity. Short-rotationplantations that provide earlyfinancial returns to the participantswere the projects’ prominentfeature. It aimed to gain theconfidence of the participants andattract new members to beinvolved in forestry activities.

This study on participatoryagroforestry practices evaluatedthe impacts of benefit-sharing andthe distribution scheme among theparticipants in northeasternBangladesh.

Participatory forestry program

The participatory forestry programswere implemented in the area from1988 to 1996. Major components ofthe project were to establishwoodlots, agroforestry, and stripplantations on degraded andencroached forestlands andmarginal strips. Each participant wasgiven a maximum of 1 ha of land forwoodlot and agroforestry plantationestablishment. Every fiveparticipants were given a one-kilometer strip plantation. Fast-growing exotic species such asAcacia auriculoformis andEucalyptus spp. were planted toprovide quick biomass production.

As a special incentive, participantswere allowed to grow food andagricultural crops on un-utilized partsof the land until the area was shadedby the planted trees. They


maintained the plantations as hiredlaborers.

Moreover, participants received fullbenefits from the intermediateproducts (leaves, twigs, branches,fruits and seeds), by-products ofthinning, and 45-55 percent of thewood harvested at the end of therotation period (10 yrs). The FDacquired 45 percent of the finalproducts from woodlots andagroforestry, and 10 percent fromstrip plantations. Ten percent of thefinal harvest in all plantations weredeposited to the Tree Farming Fund(TFF) for future plantationdevelopment and managementpurposes.

A total of 5 901 ha of woodlots,1 800 ha of agro-forestry, and1 383 km of strip plantations havebeen established in the study area.

Participants’ initial response

Many participants did not trust theagreement signed between themand FD because of their pastexperiences in traditional forestmanagement. During the firstrotation, many participants did notsign any agreements. Even theparticipants who signed never reallyprotected the plantations. Many ofthem even suspected that theywould be victims of forest cases,and would not benefit fromparticipating in the forestryactivities.

Benefit-sharing anddistribution schemes

With the assistance of ADB, FDimplemented the third phase of theproject – the Forestry Sector Project(FSP) from 1997-2006. Matureplantations were harvested, felledareas were reforested, and newplantations in encroached anddenuded areas were establishedinvolving encroachers and poor

people living in the surroundingareas.

FD started selling the plantationssequentially in 2001, and due sharesof benefits were distributed amongthe participants. There were 513participants who received benefitshares of 7.705 M taka in 2001. In2002, 2 062 participants receivedtotal benefit shares of19.929 M taka, and 1 376participants received total benefitshares of 22.120 M taka in 2003. Inaddition, participants whocultivated agricultural crops earnedan average of 84 600 taka duringthe rotation period.

Poverty alleviation

In the participatory forestryprogram, a total of 3 974participants received benefit sharesof 49.79 M taka, reducing poverty inthe area and increasing people’sliving standards. The participantsspent their money on building andrepairing their houses, installingsanitary latrines, paying for theeducation and marriage of theirchildren, and buying cultivable landand poultry items, among others.

People’s acceptanceand participation

The impacts of the benefit-sharingand distribution schemes have beensubstantial. Community membersshowed interest in getting involvedin woodlot establishment,agroforestry and strip plantations. Itwas reported that whenencroachers saw the success of thefirst rotation plantation, many ofthem offered their lands to FD forplantation establishment. This couldmean an additional 650 ha of newplantation areas, involving 650 newfamilies as participants.

Initially, participants had doubtsabout the success of exotic species(Eucalyptus and Acacia sp.) in bothwoodlot and agroforestryplantations. However, they wereconvinced of the growth

performance and yield from the finalfelling of trees in the plantations.

Women involvement

In 2001, there were 19 femaleparticipants, which rose to 1 183 in2002. An additional 435 womenjoined in 2003. They participated invarious forestry activities such asnursery raising, agroforestry,vegetable gardening andmaintaining plantations.

The participatory forestry approachbrought a significant change in thedecision-making role of women inthe production system. About one-third of the women involved in theproject area sold the products andcontrolled the sale proceedsthemselves, with or without theconsent of their male partners. Atotal of 1 639 women receivedshares worth 9.678 M taka fromwoodlot, agroforestry, and stripplantations from 2001 to 2003.

The study presented a successfulcase of benefit sharing among theparticipants, with early distributionof dividends. Its success can bereplicated in other parts of thecountry with similar situations. Theinvolvement of local communities inforest management could also beachieved through discussions andtraining, aside from simple benefitsharing schemes.

However, results also showed thatthe benefits were not properlyutilized by many of the participants.It may be appropriate to assist in theorganization of formal or informalgroups to help to start and manageproductive enterprises. The author isthe Divisional Forest Officer of the DhakaForest Division in Ban Bhaban, Mahakhali,Dhaka-1212.

1 US$ = 70 Bangladeshi taka.




Increases in production costs andloss of land productivity warranturgent actions to raise theproduction efficiency and toimprove the livelihoods of ruralfarmers. The sluggish agriculturalsector has become a concern inIndia, for it has an overarchingimpact on the overall economicgrowth of the state.

After a period of high growth, theagriculture sector has been showingsigns of fatigue for almost a decade.The agro-ecosystem of the state hasdeteriorated under the pressure toincrease production and because ofthe industrial revolution. Soils havebecome highly deficient of organiccarbon and most of micro andmacro nutrients. The water table is

Adoption ofAdoption ofAdoption ofAdoption ofAdoption ofhorhorhorhorhorti-silviculturti-silviculturti-silviculturti-silviculturti-silvicultural modelsal modelsal modelsal modelsal modelsin Punjab, Indiain Punjab, Indiain Punjab, Indiain Punjab, Indiain Punjab, IndiaSanjeev K. Chauhan ([email protected]), W.S. Dhillonand Srinidhi HV ([email protected])

lowering at the rate of 42cm perannum in the central zone.

The excessive use of agro-chemicalshas further worsened the conditionsof humans, animals, the soil, and theenvironmental health. A prudentapproach in rationalizing the use ofnatural resources has been long due.

In the context of today’s globaleconomy, farmers have to look formarkets and shift their mindsets fromtraditional to commercialagriculture. There is often amismatch between what is beingproduced and what the market isdemanding. Farmers have triedsubstitutes to rice-wheat rotation(e.g., poultry and fish), but withoutsuccess. The only possible option forraising productivity from a givenarea of land is the integration ofcrops with other types of products –more specifically, fruit trees and fastgrowing timber species on farmlands.

The horti-silvicultural models(integration of fruit trees and short-rotation forest trees) remain themost appropriate alternative forsustainable management of a landunit. It will improve the profitabilityand make a more sustainable use ofthe natural resource base.

Fruit tree-based (mango, citrus,litchi, ber, pear, guava, etc.)agroforestry models with fast-growing timber species arebecoming popular, as the timbertree component can be harvestedwhen the fruit trees start bearingfruits. As a result, farmers would beable to exploit both the domesticand international fruit and woodmarkets. It has caught the attentionof the farmers not only in Punjab, butalso in other adjoining states ofHaryana, lower areas of Himachaland the terai area of Uttaranchal.Short-rotation species like Poplar(Populus deltoides), Eucalyptus(Eucalyptus tereticornis), and Kadam(Anthocephalus cadamba) caneffectively be included under thisagroforestry system.

In general, the objective of farmersin adopting agroforestry models is toimprove the economics ofagricultural production. Someprogressive farmers have earnedmore income through the adoptionof horti-silvicultural models. Thefinancial returns from such systemsare better than from traditionalagricultural rotation and cereal/pulses based agroforestry models.

1) Poplar block plantation with citrus

2) Eucalyptus boundary plantation withcitrus

Poplar blockplantation with guava.


Continuous research efforts areneeded to come up withappropriate solutions to the presentproblems and challenges inagriculture. Anon-farm surveyindicated that fruit-basedagroforestry practices are moresuitable for farmers with large landholdings. The inability of smallfarmers to meet their basic foodneeds limits the adoption of thefruit-timber combinations.Demonstration of its effectivenessthrough research and disseminationof information is needed to gain theinterest of farmers and widen theapplication of this promisingagroforestry model.

To realize the full potential of thehorti-silvicultural model, a completepackage of technology needs to bedeveloped for adoption in variousagroclimatic zones. It shouldconsider the needs, customs, andtraditions of the local people. Indiawill witness the real green revolutiononly when it is clothed with greenery. The authors work at the Department of

Forestry & Natural Resources, PAULudhiana 141 004 (India)

1) Poplar blockplantation with mango

2) Teak blockplantation with citrus

The Association for TemperateAgroforestry (AFTA) will besponsoring the 10th North AmericanAgroforestry Conference, 10-13 June2007, at the Universite Laval inQuebec City, Canada.

The conference aims to stimulatethe development and adoption ofsustainable rural land managementpractices centered on theintegration of trees into thelandscape. Discussions will focus onthe following:

Examples of temperateagroforestry systems andpracticesCultural, sociological andeconomic aspects oftemperate agroforestry

Agroforestry crops andproducts, and marketdevelopmentPolicy issues andagroforestry adoptionEducation, training andoutreach in agroforestryEcophysiological aspects ofplant production inagroforestry systemsSoil conservation, waterquality and wildlife habitatin agroforestry systemsAgroforestry for ecologicalgoods and services deliveryMultiple use landscapemanagement throughagroforestryModellling of agroforestrysystemsDecision support systems foragroforestry

The conference hopes to targetrepresentatives from privatecompanies, advisory groups,municipalities, governmentdepartments, educationalinstitutions or research centers thatspecilalize in the fields ofagriculture, forestry, environmentand land-use planning. Conferenceparticipants will gain access to new,state-of-the-art knowledge on ruralland management practicesbeneficial to the agriculturalenvironment, including the methodsthat will implement and monitorthese practices.

For those interested, visit http://www.agrofor2007.ca or sendinquiries to [email protected]. (Press Release)

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information sources

FAO has released the followinginformation materials realted toagroforestry:

Conservation of natural resources forsustainable agriculture: trainingmodules. FAO Land and WaterDigital Media Series No. 27

Available on a CD-ROM, thesetraining modules aim to increaseawareness of the benefits ofsustainable agriculture. They providepractical information on theprinciples of sustainable agriculturefor natural resources conservation.The modules consist of: conceptsand principles of conservationagriculture; cover crops; organicmatter and biological activity in thesoil including soil quality assessment,compaction, fertility, moisture; toolsand equipment; weeds; pests anddiseases; livestock; and economicbenefits. The modules also containexercises. For more information, visithttp://www.fao.org/ag/agl/lwdms.stm

Global Forest Resources Assessment2005: Progress towards sustainableforestry management. FAO ForestryPaper 147

FAO released a reprint of the resultsof the Global Forest ResourcesAssessment 2005, implemented in2003-2005. It presents the currentstatus and trends of the world’sforest resources in six thematicelements of sustainable forestmanagement. Global ForestResources Assessment 2005 was themost comprehensive survey offorests to date and involved morethan 800 people including 172officially nominated nationalcorrespondents and theircolleagues, an Advisory Group,international experts, FAO staff,consultants and volunteers fromvarious countries. For moreinformation, visit http://www.fao.

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org/docrep/008/a0400e/a0400e00.htm

Better forestry, less poverty:a practitioner’s guide. FAO ForestryPaper 149

Through this guide, FAO suggestsways of designing and implementingforest-based interventions that havethe greatest potential of reducingpoverty. Topics discussed includetimber production in both naturaland planted forests, non-wood forestproducts, woodfuel, bushmeat,agroforestry, and payment forenvironmental services. Under eachtopic, key issues are outlined,successful case studies arepresented, and sources of additionalinformation are identified.

The guide also emphasizes thecritical role of participatoryapproaches and the importance ofimplementing activities in terms oflocal conditions. It also focused oninterventions that will improve thelivelihoods of communities livingwithin or near forests, efforts toeducate people on the forms of ruralpoverty, and ways to improvedecision making at the local level.For more information, visit http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0645e/a0645e00.htm

State of Food Insecurity in the World2006: Eradicating world hunger-taking stock 10 years after the WorldFood Summit (WFS).

The eighth edition of the State ofFood Insecurity in the World reportson the progress and setbacks in thevarious regions towards attainingthe WFS targets. It discusses theconstraints to efforts aimed atreducing world hunger, thechallenges, the need to broaden theareas of actions, and lessonslearned. The report also presents a

broad agenda to accelerate effortsand highlights the need to harnesspolitical will in achieving the WFStargets. For more information, visithttp://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0750e/a0750e00.htm

Properties and management ofdrylands, FAO Land and Water DigitalMedia Series No. 31

This DVD serves as an informationbase of more than 1 000 documents,articles, hyperlinks, maps, statistics,photos and data sets on thedifferent aspects of drylands.

It provides comprehensiveinformation on drylands, particularlyits natural resources andecosystems, their conditions, andstatus of degradation, techniquesand practices to manage drylandresources, and the socio-economicsituation of the communities living indrylands. For more information, visithttp://www.fao.org/ag/agl/lwdms.stm


The New Forests Project (NFP) basedin Washington, DC, USA is offeringtree seeds, technical information,and training materials free of chargeto farmers’ groups and civil societygroups worldwide who areinterested in starting reforestationprojects using nitrogen-fixing trees.Through its World Seed Program, NFPhas assisted more than 4 400 villagesin over 120 countries since 1982,with the aim of curbingdeforestation in developingcountries.

The following high quality seeds areavailable for distribution:

1. Acacia auriculiformis2. Acacia mearnsii (Black

waddle, tan waddle)3. Acacia nilotica (Egyptian

thorn, redheat, barbar)4. Acacia tortilis (Umbrella

thorn, Israeli babool, seyal)

NeNeNeNeNew Fw Fw Fw Fw Forororororests Prests Prests Prests Prests Projectojectojectojectojectofofofofoffffffererererers seedss seedss seedss seedss seeds,,,,, tr tr tr tr trainingainingainingainingainingmaterialsmaterialsmaterialsmaterialsmaterials

5. Albizia lebbek (East Indiawalnut, kokko, woman’stongue)

6. Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea,gandul)

7. Cassia siamea (Bombay,blackwood, yellow cassia)

8. Dalbergia sisoo (sisu, nelkar,shewa, yette)

9. Grevillea robusta (Silky Oak,Silver Oak)

10. Gliricidia sepium (Madre decacao)

11. Gleditsia tricanthos inermis(honey locust)

12. Leucaena leucocephala(ipil-ipil, leadtree)

13. Prosopis juliflora (mesquite)14. Robinia pseudoacacia

(black locust)15. Sesbania sesban (Sesban,

Egyptian rattle pod,suriminta)

16. Moringa oleifera

Some of the species are suited fortemperate climates and higherelevations. These nitrogen-fixingtrees can be used for firewood,charcoal, furniture, and shipbuilding.They can also provide fodder andserve as living barrier againstshifting soil.

Those who are interested maysubmit their requests containing theenvironmental description of thearea, including elevation, averageannual rainfall, length of rainy anddry seasons, average temperatures.Include also a brief explanation ofhow the seeds will be used (i.e.fuelwood, lumber, forage, soilconservation, soil enhancement,etc.).

For more information or to receive areforestation packet, contact:

The New Forests Project, 731 EighthStreet, SE, Washington, DC 20003,USA, Tel 1-202-547-3800 ext 110Fax 1-202-546-4784, E-mail:[email protected]: http://www.newforestsproject.com

(NFP Press Release)

InfInfInfInfInfororororormamamamamation sourtion sourtion sourtion sourtion sources fces fces fces fces for aor aor aor aor agggggrrrrrofofofofoforororororesteresteresteresterestersssssThe following information materialswere compiled from SpringerPublications, CABI Publishing, TheWorld Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF),among others.

Agroecosystems in achanging climate

Written by Paul Newton, R. AndrewCarran, Grant Edwards and PascalNiklaus, this book considers theecological and agriculturalperspectives on the consequencesof changes in the atmosphere andclimate on the integrity, stability andproductivity of agroecosystems.Topics include the resource supply tosustain agriculture, incidence andcontrol of pests, weeds and

diseases, changes in the populationbiology of organisms, plant breedingsolutions, plant capacity foradaptation, and climate changeeffects on agricultural production.For more information, visit http://www.agiculturenetbase.com/.

AgroForesTree Database Version 2.0

Produced by the World AgroforestryCentre (ICRAF), this databasecontains detailed information ofmore than 350 species of fruit andtimber trees, rattan, and bamboothat are used in agroforestry systemsin Southeast Asia. Informationpresented includes taxonomy,botanic description, geographic

distribution, habitat characteristics,biophysical limits, products andservices, pest and disease,propagation, tree management,growth and yield, harvestingaspects, marketing and futureprospects. For more information,visit http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/.

Bioproducts from Canada’s forests –new partnerships in the bioeconomy

Edited by Suzanne Wetzel, LucDuchesne and Michael Laporte, thisbook provides information onvarious innovative, nontimber

Continued on page 16

information sources


information sources

bioproducts that can be derivedfrom Canada’s forests. The discussionhighlights their potential economic,social and environmental impacts. Italso discusses the technological,policy, and regulatory issuessurrounding the emerging globalbioeconomy. Topics include biofuelsand bioenergy, bioechemicals,agroforestry, foods, nutraceuticals,and pharmaceuticals, decorativeand aesthetic products, recreation,other innovative products andtechnology, forests and pests, andcarbon credits. For moreinformation, visit http://www.cplbookshop.com/.

CABI global forestry compendium

Published by CABI and updatedevery two years, this compendium isa reference tool on silviculture. Itprovides detailed data andillustrations for more than 1 200species that are economicallyimportant worldwide, and some thatare of local importance. Otherfeatures include basic data on over20 000 forestry species, a speciesselection module, a multilingualglossary, ICRAF’s Tree Seed SuppliersDirectory, and forestry informationfrom FAO, CIFOR, ITTO and INBAR. For

InfInfInfInfInfororororormamamamamation sourtion sourtion sourtion sourtion sourcescescescescesfffffororororor...............Continued from page 15

more information, visit http://www.cabicompendium.org/fc.

Environmental services ofagroforestry systems

Edited by Florencia Montagnini, thisbook presents how agroforestrysystems and tree plantations canhelp mitigate climate change anddegradation of biodiversity, whichare issues that were highlighted atthe First World Congress ofAgroforestry in Orlando, Florida in2004. The book discusses theadvantages of mixed-speciesplantations, tropical pasture andsilvopastoral systems, tropical forestecosystem management, researchon the economic feasibility ofvarious land use systems,socioeconomic considerations ofcoffee-growing, and agroforestrysystems in Cost Rica. There are alsodiscussions on the latest researchand concepts in agroforestry,reforestation, soils, agriculture,natural resource economics, andincentives for reforestation andagroforestry. For more information,visit http://www.barnesandnoble.com/.

Forest restoration in landscapes:beyond planting trees

Edited by Stephanie Mansourian,Daniel Vallauri, and Nigel Dudley,this books presents the evolution offorest restoration as it hasintegrated into landscapeconservation plans. It compiles theexperiences of the World WildlifeFund and its partners in forestrestoration, and presents futureresearch areas. For moreinformation, visit http://www.cplbookshop.com/.

ForestScience.Info

This is an online service of CABIPublishing which provides access toits abstract journals: ForestryAbstracts cover researches on landuse and conservation; Agroforesry

Abstracts cover agroforestrysystems, components and processes;Forest Products Abstracts cover allaspects of wood process – fromlogging to marketing. It also includesresearches on non-timber forestproducts. For more information, visithttp://www.forestscience.info/.

Global development of agriculture:challenges and prospects

Edited by N. Halbert, H. F. Alroe, andM. T. Knudsen of the Danish Centrefor Organic Farming, Denmark, thisbook provides an overview of thepotential role of organic agriculturein terms of ecology, economics andfree trade. It also presents insightsinto the challenges of organicagriculture and its potential role inimproving soil fertility, nutrientcycling and food security, as well asthe reduction of veterinarymedicine use. It also highlightsresearch needs and the importanceof non-certified organic agriculture.For more information, visit http://cabi-publishing.org/.

Land use changes in tropicalwatersheds: evidence, causes andremedies

Edited by G. E. Shively of PurdueUniversity and University ofWisconsin, USA, this book examinesland-use changein the tropics. Itfocuses on theeconomicprocessesinfluencing therates of landdegradationand forestclearing. Lessonsand insightswere drawn fromthe Manupaliuplandwatershed in southern Philippines. Itdocuments the factors that led toland-use changes, particularly theimpacts of institutional and policyreforms. It also highlights theinterrelationships between


biological, economic, and socialphenomenons. The book is a result ofa project implemented by theSustainable Agriculture and NaturalResource ManagementCollaborative Research SupportProgram (SANREM CRSP), funded bythe United State Agency forInternational Development (USAID).For more information, visit http://cabi-publishing.org/.

No tillage seeding in conservationagriculture

Written by C. J. Baker and W. R.Ritchie of the Centre forInternational No-Tillage Researchand Engineering (CINTRE), NewZealand, K.E. Saxton who wasformerly with the USDA, W. C. T.Chamen of the 4Ceasons Agricultureand Environment, UK, D.C. Reicoskyof the USDA, ARS, F. Ribeiro of theInstito Agronomico do Parana, Brazil,S.E. Justice of the NationalAgriculture and Environment Forum,Nepal, and P. R. Hobbs of CornellUniversity, USA. It is the second andmost recent edition of the volumewhich was released in 1996. Itpresents the results of experimentson the causes of successes andfailures in no-tillage agriculture. Italso discusses soil carbon and howits retention or sequestrationinteracts with tillage and no-tillage,controlled traffic farming as anadjunct to no-tillage, the economicsof no-tillage, small-scale equipmentused by poor farmers, and foragecropping by no-tillage. For moreinformation, visit http://cabi-publishing.org/.

Silvicultural basis foragroforestry systems

Written by Mark Ashton andFlorencia Montagnini, this guideprovides a silvicultural framework onthe design and practice ofagroforestry systems. It emphasizesresearch and thoughts from aforestry rather than the agriculturalperspective. The guide also providesexamples and knowledge gained on

the ecology theory of forests thatconcern the competition forresources of plant-plant and plant-animal mixtures, and the temporaland spatial dynamic productivity offorests as basis for silviculturalapplications in agroforestry systems.For more information, visit http://www.agriculturenetbase.com/.

Sustainable forestry: from monitoringand modeling to knowledgemanagement and policy science

This book examines the issues ofglobal climate change andbiodiversity conservation. Ithighlights four methodologies andtheir contributions in overcomingecological challenges, includingpractical experiences inimplementing successful sustainableforestry policies. This book is editedby K. Reynolds of the USDA ForestService, USA, A. Thomson of theCanadian Forest Service, Canada, M.Shannon of the State University ofNew York, USA, M. Kohl of theUniversity of Hamburg, Germany, D.Ray of the Forest Research, UK, and K.Rennolis of the University ofGreenwich, UK. For more information,visit http://cabi-publishing.org/.

The agricultural groundwaterrevolution: comprehensiveassessment of water managementin agriculture

Written by M. Giordano and K. G.Villholth of the International WaterManagement Institute, Sri Lanka, thisbook addresses the issues of usinggroundwater for irrigation in thedeveloping world. It also presentsproblems related to the degradationand overexploitation ofgroundwater, and discusses methodsfor its improved management. Formore information, visit http://cabi-publishing.org/.

The encyclopedia of seeds:science, technology and uses

Edited by M. Black of Kings CollegeLondon, UK, J. D. Bewley of theUniversity of Guelph, Canada, and P.Halmer of Germain’s TechnologyGroup, Kings Lynn, UK, this bookoutlines the latest biologicalknowledge on seeds, including theprinciples of agricultural seedprocessing, storage and sowing,food and industrial uses of seeds,and their roles in history, economiesand cultures. For more information,visit http://cabi-publishing.org/.

Trees of change

This book summarizes the currentdirections, vision and mission of theWorld Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). Itaims to project how the Centre hasevolved, presents the organization’spriorities, and communicates itsresearch findings and a descriptionof its development-support andeducation work. Discussions focuson how ICRAF aligned its vision withthe Millennium Development Goalsto strengthen relationships withnational governments, and researchand development partners. Thebook also emphasizes ICRAF’s beliefson cross-sector linkages in the areasof gender, health and nutrition. Formore information, visit http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/.

Way out of woods: learning howto manage trees and forests

Edited by P. Van Mele, this bookpresents the success of forestry andagroforestry projects in Nepal,Kenya and Bolivia. Through casestudies, the book discusses possiblesolutions to the sustainablemanagement of natural resources,taking into account the biological,social, and cultural diversity of ruralcommunities. For more information,visit http://www.cabi-commodities.org/Acc/ACCrc/ACCrc.htm.

information sources


websites

Agriculture netBase

Maintained by Taylor and Francis CPC Press,the Agriculture netBase website offersinformation on various books, handbooks,encylopedias, and many other informationmaterials in the areas of agriculture andagronomy, animal science, botany, cropscience, entomology, forestry, genetics,molecular biology, socil science, andveterinary science. For more information,visit http://www.agriculturenetbase.com/.

Useful Useful Useful Useful Useful WWWWWeeeeebsitesbsitesbsitesbsitesbsites

National SustainableAgriculture Information Service

Managed by the National Center forAppropriate Technology, this website offerspublications and resources on sustainableagriculture, horticultural crops, field crops,soil and compost, water management, pestmanagement, organic farming, livestock,marketing, farm energy and education,among others. For more information, visithttp://attra.ncat.org/.

Food and FertilizerTechnology Center

FFTC is a regional information centerin the Asia-Pacific region thatdisseminates information on a widerange of modern and practicaltechnologies relevant to the needsof small farms. The website offerspublications such as annual reports,books, newsletters, Asianagricultural reviews, extensionbulletins, technical bulletins,technical notes, practicaltechnology and research highlights.Topics include food processing,postharvest technologies, grain androot crop production, institutionalsupport, livestock, plantpropagation, soil and fertilizers,vegetables and fruits. For moreinformation, visit http://www.fftc.agnet.org/.


International Centerfor Underutilized Crops

This website offers articles, books,manuals, databases, posters,newsletters, and monographs,among others, on underutilizedcrops. It also provides expertise andacts as a knowledge hub fortropical, subtropical, and temperateplant development. For moreinformation, visit http://www.icuc-iwmi.org/.

Educational Concerns for HungerOrganization (ECHO)

ECHO is a nonprofit Christianorganization located in Fort Myers,Florida, USA. Its website offers books,training, links and good referenceson seeds of various species. Itfeatures a Seed Bank whereinformation on legumes, nutritionand income, trees, and forage canbe found. For more information, visithttp://www.echotech.org/.

International Crops Research Institutefor the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)

The ICRISAT website contains re-search briefs on agroecosystems,biotechnology, crop improvements,market policy and impacts. Itfeatures information on its flagshipprograms: Global AgriculturalResearch-for-Development AgainstDesertification (OASIS), Agri-Sci-ence Park, Desert Margins Program,and the Virtual Academy for theSemi-Arid Tropics (VASAT). Itswebsite also offers online resources,including an e-library with onlinedatabases, agricultural sites on theweb, and publications. ICRISAT alsopromotes key crops of chickpea,pigeonpea, groundnut, pearl millet,and sorghum. For more information,visit http://www.icrisat.org/.

websites

Call fCall fCall fCall fCall forororororcontributionscontributionscontributionscontributionscontributionsWe are inviting contributions to the30th and 31st issue of the Asia-PacificAgroforestry Newsletter (APANews)on or before 30 April and 13 July2007. Let us help you share therelevant programs and projects thatyou are doing in the areas ofagroforestry research, promotionand development, and educationand training.

Contributions for agroforestryresearch may contain results ofshort- and long-term studies onagroforestry.

Contributions for agroforestrypromotion and development maycontain information on variousextension services aimed atpromoting and developingagroforestry among communities.

Contributions for agroforestryeducation and training may containannouncements on conferences,symposiums, training opportunitiesand other news on the variousefforts being made towardgenerating more agroforestryprofessionals and practitioners, andproviding venues for interpersonalsharing of agroforestry information,and networking opportunities.

We will also help you announce newinformation sources and usefulwebsites.

For several years now, APANews hascontinued to reach out to peoplefrom various sectors. Hence, we

would like to request interestedcontributors to adopt a simple andstraightforward style in writing thearticles. By adopting the popularwriting style, your articles can betterreach farmers, development agents,researchers, practitioners and otherinterested individuals, to help themin coping with the challenges ofpromoting and developingagroforestry in their respectivecountries.

In addition, the FAO and IAF editorswould like to accommodate asmany articles as possible in everyissue. Hence, kindly limit yourcontributions to 1 000 words, andinclude good-quality photographs(scanned at 300 dpi) that areproperly labeled and referred to inthe text. Please don’t forget toinclude your complete contactdetails, especially your e-mailaddress, so that readers cancontact you with questions orrequests for further information.

Please send contributions bye-mail attachment or via snail mailin diskettes/CD-ROM or in printedform to the FAO/RAP Office or to theUPLB Institute of Agroforestry, 2/FTamesis Hall, College of Forestry andNatural Resources, UP Los Baños, POBox 35023, College, 4031 Laguna,Philippines; Fax +63 49 5363809;E-mail [email protected],[email protected].

Documents

NO. 29 MARCH 2007 ISSN 0859-9742