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TURKISH MIGRATIONS & IMPERIAL EXPANSION

Nomadic and Settled Peoples

- traded w/settled peoples

- agriculture and manufactured goods

- linked societies from China to Mediterranean Basin

Nomadic Society

- two social classes: nobles & commoners

- nobles: charismatic leaders, clans & tribes

into alliances, fluid class

-commoners: gain recognition and move up

What did nomadic people in Central Asia do? (19)

THE MONGOL EMPIRE

Chinngis Khan and the making of the Mongol Empire

Chinggis Khan’s Rise to Power

- Unifier of the Mongols originally named Temujin

- alliance w/Mongol clan leader, steppe diplomacy (loyalty but betrayal through advancement)

- brought all Mongol tribes into a single confederation

- 1206 became known as Chinggis Khan (universal ruler)

DEFINE: Khan and Chinggis Khan

Who united all Mongol tribes into one confederation? (21)

THE MONGOL EMPIRE

Mongol Conquest of N. China

- extended Mongol rule to Northern China, dominance by 1220

Mongol Conquest of Persia

- ruled by Saljuqs known as the Khwarazm shah

- despised Mongols ordered them to assassinate Chinggis Khan, unsuccessful

- Chinggis retaliated and took control of his army and his realm

- destroyed qanat irrigation system

- no establish central gov’t, assigned overlords for administration.

THE MONGOL EMPIRE

The Mongol Empire after Chinggis Khan

Khubilai Khan

- after Chinggis death there was a power struggle, divided empire into 4 regional realms amongst grandsons.

- Consolidated China

- ruthless attacks against enemies, improved welfare of subjects, tolerant of religions

Who was Khubilai Khan?

THE MONGOL EMPIRE

Mongol Conquest of Southern China

- Kubilai in 1279 est. Yuan Dynasty till 1368

- attempted several invasions in SE Asia but was unsuccessful

The Golden Horde

-1237-1241

-maintained a large army

-extracted tribute from Russian cities and agricultural production, did not find the land appealing

Discuss Mongol rule in China. (23)

Discuss Yuan Dynasty

Discuss the Golden Horde

THE MONGOL EMPIRE

The llkhanate of Persia

-Khubilai’s brother Hulegu defeated Abbasid empire and started the Mongol’s ilkhanate in Persia.

- needed to become governors as well as conquerors

- difficult adjustment as administrators

- could not maintain land lost most of it w/in a century.

Discuss the Ilkhanate

THE MONGOL EMPIRE

Mongols and Eurasian Integration

The Mongols and Trade

- linked lands more directly

- maintained a good courier network relaying news, information, & gov’t orders

- encouragement of travel and communication facilitated trade, diplomatic travel, missionary efforts and people to new lands

- safe trade routes allowed for more merchants to travel allowing for more commercial investment

-creating a safe direct link between China and Europe for the first timeWhy did long distance trade in Eurasia

increase? (22)

AFTER THE MONGOLS

Tamerlane the Whirlwind

The Lame Conqueror

- the end of the Mongols created a political vacuum.

-Ming took over China

- Turkish Timur aka Tamerlame took over Persia

- Modeled himself after Chinggis Khan, steppe politics

What was the real name of “lame the conqueror”?(20)

AFTER THE MONGOLS

Tamerlane’s Conquest

- Places invaded and used for taxes include: Persia, Afghanistan, Golden Horde, India, attempts in Asia & Anatolia, tried for China but died before it could be accomplished in 1405

- Like others he was a conqueror not a ruler, no real administration, only tribal leaders were allies, relied on overlords in his conquered territories

Discuss Tamerlane

AFTER THE MONGOLS

Tamerlane’s heirs- no organization meant conflicts betweensons and grandsons.-territory divided into four main regions

The Foundation of the Ottoman EmpireOsman

-after the Mongols collapsed nomadic people moved into territories of Anatolia.

- Series of campaigns of conquest emerged one of its leaders was Osman

-1299 he declares independence from the Saljuq sultans and begins to create his own state

- His followers begin to be called Ottomans• -After Osman, Mehmed II captures Constantinople

Who led the Turkish army and captured Constantinople in 1453?(18)

Discuss Osman

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EFFECTS OF EARLY AFRICAN MIGRATIONS: AFRICAN POLITICAL ORGANIZATION

Kin Based Societies

- did not rely on elaborate bureaucracy or hierarchy

- Bantus governed themselves through family & kinship groups (usu. About 100 p/village)

- Most prominent family head was the chiefruling council (male heads of family)disciplined their own family and kinship

- groups of villagesdistrict (no chief or gov’t for the district)

Discuss Kin Based Societies

I. EFFECTS OF EARLY AFRICAN MIGRATIONS: AFRICAN POLITICAL ORGANIZATION

Chiefdoms

- as conflicts between villages and districts arose militaries arose for protection and defense

- many districts fell under the rule of powerful chiefs that overran the rule

of kinship groups

- consolidated small conquered lands into kingdoms

Discuss Chiefdoms

EFFECTS OF EARLY AFRICAN MIGRATIONS: AFRICAN POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONKingdom of Kongo

- most active area of political development

- population pressures and military challenges encourage kin-based societies to form small states

-participated in trade networks

- gov’t included: kingofficials (military, judicial, financial affairs) governors (provinces) subordinate officials (districts)chiefs (local gov’t)- royal currency Discuss Kingdom of Kongo

ISLAMIC KINGDOMS AND EMPIRES

Camels

-quickened he pace of transportation & communication

came from Arabia about 7th c.

- replaced horses and donkeys

The Kingdom of Ghana

- W. Africa , 4/5th c., regional state

- most important commercial site in W. Africa

-Koumbi-Saleh capital of Ghana (buildings, mosques, large army)

- center for trade in gold

- controlled and taxed trade of gold, helped strengthen their realm

- other exports: ivory, slaves

- imports: horses, cloth, manufactured goods, salt

Discuss Kingdom of Ghana

How did camels help Africa? (29)

ISLAMIC KINGDOMS AND EMPIRES

Islam in West Africa

- Kings of Ghana converted to Islam

- improved relations w/Muslim merchants from N. Africa as well as nomads

- conversion brought: recognition, support

- conversion of traders esp.

- raids weakened the kingdom and soon collapsed

- political leadership fell to the Mali empire

Why did it help rulers to convert to Islam in the kingdoms of Ghana & Mali?(24)

ISLAMIC KINGDOMS AND EMPIRES

Sundiata

- built Mali empire first half of 13th c. - had alliances, reputation of courage, large army (cavalry)

The Mali Empire & Trade

- benefited from Trans-Saharan trade

- controlled and taxed trade in W. Africa

- honored Islam and provided protection, lodging and comforts to Muslim merchants from the north

What is the story of Sundiata about?(25)

Why did it take longer for trade and communication to exist in Sub-Saharan Africa? (27)

ISLAMIC KINGDOMS AND EMPIRES

Mansa Musa and Islam

Islam in East Africa,

- conversion to Islam in East Africa brought cooperation w/Muslim merchants along the Indian Ocean Basin

- conversion brought: legitimacy, recognition, political alliances

Discuss Mansa Musa

AFRICAN SOCIETY & CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT: SOCIAL CLASSES

Age Grades

- individuals in community within a given age group

- arose in Sudan

- performed tasks appropriate to their age and development(labor for projects, helped elderly, helped each other in adversities and challenges)

- created a bond among the group

Discuss Age Grades

AFRICAN SOCIETY & CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT: SOCIAL CLASSES

Slavery

- captives of war, debtors, suspected witches, criminals

- worked as agricultural laborers and construction laborers, miners or porters

- a form of wealth in Sub-Saharan Africa

- built wealth using trade

- Northern lands traded with Sub-Saharan Africa

- slave raiding became prominent leading to wars among states and kin-based societies

In the 11th century why did the slave trade become important in Africa?(28)

AFRICAN SOCIETY & CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT: AFRICAN RELIGION

Diviners

- religious specialists

- intelligent people understood the poli-socio- economics of their community

- learn cause of misfortuneconsult oracle prescribe necessary remedy

- more focused on controlling the experiences of the world, emphasized morality and proper behavior

- kinship groups took responsibility for those who misbehave

Discuss Diviners

AFRICAN SOCIETY & CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT: THE ARRIVAL OF CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM

Early Christianity in N. Africa

- reached Egypt and N. Africa throughout the Mediterranean Basin

- Alexandria prominent area of Christianity

The Christian Kingdom of Axum

- location if modern Ethiopia

- first converts were probably local merchants, in hopes of improving relations w/neighbors to the north

- reflects the larger political experience of the region

- 7th c. Axum fell to Islam but during 12th c. -16th c. it arose again

- Ethiopia’s Solomonic dynasty claimed ancestry from David and Solomon, Kebra Negast (fictional work) traces this lineage

Discuss Ethiopian Christianity

Where was Christianity located in Sub-Saharan Africa? (26)

AFRICAN SOCIETY & CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT: THE ARRIVAL OF CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAMEthiopian Christianity

- Retained basic Christian theology & rituals - belief of evil spirits, carried amulets and charms for protection

African Islam- reflected interest of local converts- Islam kept a place for Sub-Saharan African

traditions and beliefs- Islam in African accommodated to proper relations

between sexes - Islam supplemented rather than replaced

traditional religions of Sub-Saharan Africa