Non-traditional fossil fuels

Carbon sequestration

http://www.ienearth.org/archives/Dec2008_4/images/Oil_sands_open_pit_mining.jpg

http://randsco.com/_img/blog/0602/tarSandMap.jpg

Tar sands 175 billion barrels proven recoverablereserves.

(US used about 6.3 billion barrels in 2008)

Significant environmentalimpacts?

Tar sands and ‘heavy oil. Petroleum that haslost lower molecular weight compounds.

http://www.treehugger.com/tar-sands-protest-action-080729.jpg

http://www.treehugger.com/20090626-hillary-clinton-tar-sands-cartoon.jpg

http://willyloman.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/tar-sands-before-after.jpg

Environmental concerns include:

water use local ecosystem impacts carbon dioxide emissions

www.friendlyinnovators.com/images/oilshale.jpg

500 billion barrels ofrecoverablereserves in the western U.S.

(US used about 6.3 billion barrelsof crude oil in 2008)

http://radio.weblogs.com/0101170/images/science/shelloilshaleprocess2.jpg

http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/blogs/greeninc/oilshaleprod.jpeg

http://www.westernresourceadvocates.org/images/Hap%20cartoon.jpg

www.treehugger.com/2008/06/22-week/

Oil shale:

water use in an arid climate waste rock from retorting ecosystem disruption – surface mining carbon dioxide emissions

http://www.energyjustice.net/naturalgas/cbm/figureI-24.jpg

Coal bed methane

US has ~ 20 TCF of proven reserves

US used ~23 TCF in 2008

www.energyindustryphotos.com/horizontal_drill.

http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/page/trans/figs1.gif

http://www.deq.state.mt.us/CoalBedMethane/images/P0000430.jpg www.deq.state.mt.us/CoalBedMethane/photos.asp

http://www.meic.org/images/water-quality/clarren.jpg

CBM

water extraction in near-surfaceaquifer systems

treatment fluids from horizontal drilling and hydrofracturing

Methane clathrate

http://www.blog.speculist.com/archives/methanehydrate.jpg

http://www.gns.cri.nz/research/gashydrates/images/methphase.jpg

hypography.com/.../16398-methane.html

http://i.treehugger.com/images/2007/10/24/methane%20clathrate-jj-001.jpg

http://chem.ps.uci.edu/~kcjanda/Group/images/4cages.jpg

potential forsignificant, uncontrolledmethane emission

http://www.cleancoalucg.com/gfx/charts/ucg-fig1.jpg

Underground (in situ) coal gasification

https://www.llnl.gov/str/April07/gifs/fire2.jpg

Injection of oxygen and water. Ignition, productionof ‘syngas’.

runaway underground fires

technical feasibility

196.33.85.14/cgs_inter/index.php?option=com_c...

Geological Carbon Sequestration

Subsea Carbon Sequestration

http://www.emilylynn.net/index_files/image002.jpg

http://esd.lbl.gov/CLIMATE/OCEAN/images/991020DOCSsummary-3.gif

Carbon dioxide is removed from the surface oceans naturally by photosynthesis;some amount of the fixed carbon is preserved as sediment – perhaps to becomepart of the intermediate carbon cycle.

Can this amount be increased by oceansurface fertilization using iron, etc?

Can carbon dioxide liquid be released intothe deep ocean by direct injection?