Nondestructive Testing Nondestructive Testing Methods in Civil Methods in Civil ApplicationsApplications

Ariel Soriano, P.E.Ariel Soriano, P.E.

Engineering ManagerEngineering Manager

City of ChattanoogaCity of Chattanooga

Why Nondestructive Testing Why Nondestructive Testing (NDT)?(NDT)?

RISK MANAGEMENT

Why NDT? (ConWhy NDT? (Con’’t.)t.)

Typical ApplicationTypical Application– Circular RC Water ClarifierCircular RC Water Clarifier– 340-ft Circumference x 12-ft 340-ft Circumference x 12-ft

TallTall Critical Flaw Diameter = 2-ftCritical Flaw Diameter = 2-ft Detection ProbabilityDetection Probability

– 1 Core – 17%1 Core – 17%– 5 Cores – 19%5 Cores – 19%– 69 Cores – 49%69 Cores – 49%– 272 IE Tests – 80%272 IE Tests – 80%

Why NDT? (ConWhy NDT? (Con’’t.)t.)

Rail Loadout Structure WallsRail Loadout Structure Walls– 100-ft (L) x 30-ft (H) x 1.2-ft (W)100-ft (L) x 30-ft (H) x 1.2-ft (W)

Critical Flaw Diameter = 3-ftCritical Flaw Diameter = 3-ft Detection ProbabilityDetection Probability

– 1 Core – 12%1 Core – 12%– 5 Cores – 23%5 Cores – 23%– 20 Cores – 63%20 Cores – 63%– 114 IE Tests – 84%114 IE Tests – 84%

NDT TypesNDT Types

Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT Or LPI) Radiographic Testing (RT) (See Also Industrial

Radiography And Radiography)–Digital Radiography (Real-time)–Computed Radiography–SCAR (Small Confined Area Radiography)–Neutron Radiographic Testing (NR)–Computed Tomography (CT)

Impulse Excitation Technique (IET) Ultrasonic Testing (UT)

–Phased Array Ultrasonics–Time Of Flight Diffraction Ultrasonics

(TOFD)–Time Of Flight Ultrasonic Determination Of

3D Elastic–Constants (TOF)– Internal Rotary Inspection System (IRIS)

Ultrasonics For–Tubes–EMAT Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer–Laser Ultrasonics (LUT)

Acoustic Emission Testing (AE) Positive Material Identification (PMI) Hardness Testing (Brinell) (HT) Infrared And Thermal Testing (IR) Magnetic Resonance Imaging And NMR

Spectroscopy

Laser Testing–Profilometry–Holographic Interferometry–Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry–Shearography

Leak Testing Or Leak Detection (LT)–Tracer-gas Method Testing Helium,

Hydrogen And Refrigerant Gases–Bubble Testing–Absolute Pressure Leak Testing (Pressure

Change)–Halogen Diode Leak Testing–Mass Spectrometer Leak Testing

Visual Inspection (VT) Electromagnetic Testing (ET)

–Alternating Current Field Measurement (ACFM)

–Alternating Current Potential Drop Measurement (ACPD)

–Direct Current Potential Drop Measurement–Eddy-current Testing (ECT)–Remote Field Testing (RFT)–Magnetic-particle Inspection (MT Or MPI)–Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing (MFL) For

Pipelines, Tank Floors, And Wire Rope–Barkhausen Testing

Ellipsometry

NDT Types (ConNDT Types (Con’’t.)t.)

AcousticAcoustic ElectrochemicalElectrochemical ElectromagneticElectromagnetic Deflection (Stress-Strain) TestingDeflection (Stress-Strain) Testing

NDT Types (ConNDT Types (Con’’t.)t.)

AcousticAcoustic– Impulse-ResponseImpulse-Response– Spectral Analysis of Spectral Analysis of

Surface WavesSurface Waves– Impact-EchoImpact-Echo– Pulse VelocityPulse Velocity– Ultrasonic TestingUltrasonic Testing– Crosshole Sonic Crosshole Sonic

LoggingLogging– Etc.Etc.

NDT Types (ConNDT Types (Con’’t.)t.)

Impact-Echo Testing Tile-Lined Vessels

NDT Types (ConNDT Types (Con’’t.)t.)

Pulse Velocity Testing Structural Members

NDT Types (ConNDT Types (Con’’t.)t.)

ElectromagneticElectromagnetic– Ground Penetrating Ground Penetrating

RadarRadar– Magnetic Flux LeakageMagnetic Flux Leakage– Spark TestSpark Test– RadiographyRadiography– Rebar LocatorsRebar Locators

NDT Types (ConNDT Types (Con’’t.)t.)

ElectrochemicalElectrochemical– Half-CellsHalf-Cells– Galvanostatic PulseGalvanostatic Pulse

NDT Types (ConNDT Types (Con’’t.)t.)

Half-Cell Testing Structural Members

NDT Types (ConNDT Types (Con’’t.)t.)

Stress-StrainStress-Strain– Road-RaterRoad-Rater– Falling Weight DeflectometerFalling Weight Deflectometer– Rolling Weight DeflectometerRolling Weight Deflectometer

NDT Types (ConNDT Types (Con’’t.)t.)

FWD Test Schematic

Case Study #1 – Structural Case Study #1 – Structural EvaluationEvaluation

Typical ApplicationTypical Application– Circular RC Water ClarifierCircular RC Water Clarifier– 340-ft Circumference x 12-ft Tall340-ft Circumference x 12-ft Tall

Critical Flaw Diameter = 2-ftCritical Flaw Diameter = 2-ft Detection ProbabilityDetection Probability

– 1 Core – 17%1 Core – 17%– 5 Cores – 19%5 Cores – 19%– 69 Cores – 49%69 Cores – 49%– 272 IE & Half-Cell Tests – 80%272 IE & Half-Cell Tests – 80%

ResultsResults– 94% of IE Tests Showed 94% of IE Tests Showed

DiscontinuityDiscontinuity– Half-Cells (See Following Charts)Half-Cells (See Following Charts)

Case Study #1 – Structural Case Study #1 – Structural EvaluationEvaluation

(Con(Con’’t.)t.)

Case Study #1 – Structural Case Study #1 – Structural EvaluationEvaluation

(Con(Con’’t.)t.)

Case Study #2 – Case Study #2 – Structural Structural EvaluationEvaluation

Rail Loadout Structure Rail Loadout Structure WallsWalls– 30-ft (H) x 100-ft (L) x 30-ft (H) x 100-ft (L) x

1.2-ft (D)1.2-ft (D) Minimum Permissible Flaw Minimum Permissible Flaw

Diameter = 3-ftDiameter = 3-ft

You can't build a You can't build a reputation on what reputation on what you're going to do.you're going to do.Henry

Ford

Any Questions?Any Questions?