M - UN 15: NNG NGHIP BN VNG

Teaching and Learning for a Sustainable Future UNESCO 2010

M - UN 15: NNG NGHIP BN VNG

GII THIU

Gn mt t ngi trn th gii khng c lng thc cho mt cuc sng khe mnh v tch cc. Mc d c rt nhiu tin b v an ninh lng thc trong nhng thp k gn y, song nu khng c thm nhng hnh ng khn cp v phi hp cht ch, s ngho i v thiu dinh dng s vn tip tc hy hoi cuc sng ca hng trm triu ngi trong hin ti v nhiu nm ti.

Dn s th gii nm 1999 l 6 t ngi, n 2025 s c th t ngng 8,5 t ngi, khi s c khong 83% dn s sinh sng phng Nam. Tuy vy, kh nng p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng v lng thc ca chng ta v lu di dng nh cn rt bp bnh. Chnh v vy, mt trong nhng thch thc ln nht ca chng ta l lm sao gia tng sn xut lng thc mt cch bn vng c th p ng y nhu cu lng thc v dinh dng cho mi ngi m khng khai thc qu mc cc h sinh thi ca Tri t.

M - un ny gii thiu nhng mc tiu chnh ca nng nghip bn vng v xem xt mt lot nhng phng thc canh tc bn vng v cc trng hp nghin cu. Qua , m - un ny s gip chng ta hiu r hn lm th no m nhng phng thc canh tc bn vng c th va lm gia tng sn xut lng thc va m bo cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin c th c qun l theo cch hp l nht cho s bn vng lu di.

M - un ny cng ng thi a ra nhng tng v cc cch thc m ch nng nghip bn vng c th c tch hp vo chng trnh ging dy, nh mt phn ca qu trnh nh hng li nn gio dc nhm hng ti mt tng lai bn vng.

MC CH

Hiu c bn cht v tm quan trng ca nn nng nghip bn vng;

Hiu c nhng c ch m qua nhng hot ng nng nghip khc nhau c th lm mi trng bin i theo nhng hng tch cc hoc tiu cc;

Phn tch v d v cc hot ng canh tc c tnh hiu qu kinh t, thn thin vi mi trng v c trch nhim x hi; v

nh gi ng vai tr ca phng php hc tp theo hng tra cu (enquiry learning) c th c s dng gip nng cao nhn thc v nng nghip bn vng trong chng trnh hc trng.

CC HOT NG

1. Nng nghip bn vng l g?

2. Cc mi lin kt trong nng nghip bn vng3. Cc trng hp nghin cu v nng nghip bn vng

4. Nng nghip bn vng trong chng trnh ging dy

5. Hot ng tng kt

TI LIU THAM KHO

Ho, M., Burcher, S. and Chin, L.L. (eds) (2008) Food Futures Now, Sustainable World 2nd Report, I-SIS, Oxford, UK.

Mason, J. (2003) Sustainable Agriculture [2nd Edition], Landlinks Press.

OECD (2010) Sustainable Management of Water Resources in Agriculture, OECD Publishing.

Pretty, J. (ed) (2005) The Earthscan Reader in Sustainable Agriculture, Earthscan London.

Scherr, S.J. and Sthapit, S. (2009) Mitigating Climate Change Through Food and Land Use, Worldwatch institute Technical report No.179, Worldwatch Institute.

Strange, T. and Bayley, A. (2008) OECD Insights: Sustainable Development. Linking economy, society, environment, OECD Publishing.

United Nations Food and Agricultural Organisation (2008) The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2008, Food and Agricultural Organisation, Rome.

United Nations Food and Agricultural Organisation (2008) World Agriculture: Towards 20125/30, Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome.

CC A CH TRN INTERNET

People and Planet Food and Agriculture

Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Network

Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development

Sustainable Development Gateway: Agriculture

United Nations Food and Agricultural Organisation

World Resources Institute Agriculture and Food

OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Sustainable Agriculture

Worldwatch Institute Sustainable Agriculture Programme

Ecoagriculture Partners

Sustainable Food Laboratory

Sustainable Agriculture Education Association

Sustainable Agriculture Initiative

Sustainable Table

European Initiative for Sustainable Development in Agriculture

XY DNG HC PHN

M - un ny do Angela Colliver, Margaret Calder, Lisa Ryan, Clayton White v John Fien xy dng cho t chc UNESCO da trn nhng tng v hot ng ban u c Jo-Anne Ferreira vit trong Chng trnh ging dy v mt th gii bn vng (Chng trnh Gio dc mi trng quc t UNEP - UNESCO)

HOT NG 1: NNG NGHIP BN VNG L G?

Hy m s tay hc tp ca bn bt u hot ng ny.

TIN B V AN NINH LNG THC

Rt nhiu thnh tu t c v an ninh lng thc trong giai on t nhng nm 1970 n 1990 b o ngc trong nhng nm gn y. Vo u thp k 70, trn th gii c khong 920 triu ngi thng xuyn trong tnh trng thiu n trin min, h thm ch khng c lng thc v dinh dng cn cho nhng hot ng ti thiu ca con ngi. Trong nhng nm 1990, mc d dn s vn tip tc tng trng, s ngi thiu n gim xung mc hn 800 triu ngi xp x 20% tng dn s sinh sng phng Nam. Tuy vy, con s ny tng ln 963 triu ngi vo nm 2008, trong hu ht l ngi dn ca nhng nc ang pht trin. 65% trong s l c dn ca 7 quc gia: n , Trung Quc, Cng ha dn ch Cng, Bnglat, Innxia, Pakistan v thipia.

Khng may thay, nh nu trong m - un 14, ngun cung cp lng thc mt s quc gia v khu vc hin ang trong tnh trng khan him v ngy cng tr nn cn kit. V d, ti mt s nc tiu vng Sahara ti Chu Phi, sn xut nng nghip khng th bt kp vi tc gia tng dn s nhiu nc y thm ch cn ang trong tnh trng dinh dng ti t hn l so vi 40 nm trc. Thm vo , vic gi lng thc tng nhanh n chng mt trong vi nm gn y, in hnh l trong nm 2007, cng gp phn gy nh hng n sc mua, k c i vi nhng nhu cu thc phm c bn nht ca ngi dn ti nhiu quc gia.

Ngnh nng nghip v ang thay i nhanh chng, c bit l t sau Chin tranh th gii th II. Vic sn xut lng thc, cc loi cy ly si v cc sn phm t chn nui c nhng tng trng r rt nh s p dng nhng cng ngh mi, v d nh vic s dng nhng chng loi cy trng mi c nng sut cao, p dng c gii ha, v vic gia tng s dng cc loi phn bn v thuc tr su. Nhng chnh sch ca cc quc gia cng ng thi khuyn khch ngi nng dn ti a ha nng sut sn xut lng thc. Nhng thay i ny cho php th gii, d ch vi s nng dn t hn so vi trc y nhng vn c th sn xut c phn ln lng thc cho c th gii.

Mc d nhng thay i trn y to ra nhiu tc ng tch cc v gim thiu c rt nhiu ri ro trong sn xut nng nghip, nhng chng cng gy ra nhiu tn tht to ln. V d nh s bin mt ca cc loi thc vt bn a, xi mn t, s suy gim ph nhiu ca t, nhim nc ngm, gia tng chi ph sn xut i lin vi st gim thu nhp ca cc h gia nh nng dn, v s thu hp cc hot ng ti khu vc nng thn. Trong nhiu trng hp, nhng thay i ny khin cho ngi nng dn phi t b t ai v di c ti cc vng th.

Phong tro nng nghip bn vng, vn c hnh thnh v pht trin t hn 30 nm qua, l mt gii php gii quyt cc vn mi trng v x hi gy ra bi cc h thng v phng thc sn xut nng nghip thng thng. Nng nghip bn vng ang ngy cng dnh c nhiu s ng h trong nng nghip ch o. l v nng nghip bn vng mang n nhng c hi kh thi, mang tnh sng to v c hiu qu kinh t cho ngi nng dn, ngi tiu dng, cc nh hoch nh chnh sch v rt nhiu thnh phn khc ca h thng sn xut lng thc.

Cu hi 1: Bn hy lp mt danh sch cc t hoc cm t c th gip chng ta phn bit nng nghip bn vng v nng nghip thng thng, sau :

Tm hiu nh ngha v nng nghip bn vng ca mt nhm cng ng c tn gi 1000 phng php tin ti canh tc bn vng

Trong qu trnh xem xt nh ngha trn, hy ghi chp li nhng t v cm t quan trng c h s dng

Sau hy kim tra xem bn c s dng t v cm t quan trng no ging nh vy khng.

Cu hi 2: Hy b sung vo s tay hc tp ca bn thm 5 t hoc cm t m bn cho l nh ngha nng nghip bn vng cn c.

Bn hy xem 6 ngi n t nhng ni khc nhau trn th gii di y nh ngha th no v nng nghip bn vng.

Dn s th gii ang tng qu nhanh. Ngi nng dn khng th trng lng thc. Lng thc c cho tt c mi ngi. Ch cn ngi giu hy sng n gin hn nhng ngi ngho c th sng n gin. Khng hong lng thc nn c gii quyt bng vic c nhng ngn hng lng thc v vin tr lng thc khn cp mang tnh quc t. Nu mi ngi sinh t con hn, h s giu c hn v c kh nng p ng tt c nhu cu lng thc ca chnh mnh. Cu hi thc s y l: Ai l ngi kim sot h thng phn phi v kinh doanh lng thc?.... ch khng phi ai l nhng ngi trng ra chng. y khng phi l vn v s ngi, m vn l nhng ngi nng dn phng Nam cn phi hin i ha phng php canh tc ca h.Kt hp nhng suy ngh trn, chng ta c th ni rng nn nng nghip l bn vng mt khi n m bo nhng li ch v lu di sau y:

Li nhun canh tc

Ci thin cht lng i sng ca cc gia nh canh tc nng nghip;

Sc sng ca cng ng nng thn, lng xm v th trn nh; v

Bo v v bo tn mi trng thin nhin.Cu hi 3: Theo bn, y c phi l mt nh ngha tha ng kt hp cc yu t quan trng cha? Nu cha, bn s b sung hay sa i nh th no? Hy vit mt nh ngha ca ring bn v nng nghip bn vng.

Bn c th cn nhc v xem thm cc c im khc. HOT NG 2: CC MI LIN KT TRONG NNG NGHIP BN VNGHy m s tay hc tp ca bn bt u hot ng ny.

nh ngha v nng nghip bn vng trong hot ng 1 a ra mt cch tip cn tng th v canh tc nng nghip.

Tng th y c hiu l ton din v tch hp, trong cn nhc n tt c mi yu t v h thng ph hp, ng thi cn nhc n cc mi quan h l thuc ln nhau gia chng.

Do , mt phng php tip cn tng th v nng nghip s nhn nhn nhng mi lin h gia t, thc vt, khng kh v nc v cch thc m tt c nhng yu t ny tc ng ln nhau, v ng thi b nh hng bi nim tin, nhn thc, tham vng, k nng v kin thc ca ngi nng dn; cng nh ca cc h thng x hi, kinh t, vn ha, chnh tr m trong hot ng nng nghip ang din ra.

Bn cht tng th ca nng nghip bn vng c th c m t theo s sau:

Cu hi 4: Trn lp, bn s gii thch nh th no v bn cht tng th ca nn nng nghip bn vng?Mi lin h quan trng gia cc h thng t nhin v kinh t - x hi nh hng ti nng nghip l gia nhng h thng ny vi nhng phng php canh tc ang c s dng.

C rt nhiu phng thc ci thin s bn vng ca mt h thng canh tc. V cc phng thc ny rt a dng v khc nhau gia cc quc gia, v gia cc khu vc khc nhau. Nhng cng c mt s c im chung gia cc phng thc ny. l tt c nhng phng thc nng nghip ny u gp phn to ra li nhun lu di trong nng nghip, xy dng trch nhim qun l mi trng v nng cao cht lng cuc sng nng thn.

Qun l dch hi tng hp (Integrated Pest Management - IPM)

IPM qun l cc dch hi bng cch kt hp cc phng php/cng c sinh hc, canh tc, vt l v ha hc theo nhng cch thc nhm gim ti thiu nhng ri ro v kinh t, sc khe v mi trng.

Chn th lun phin

Nhng h thng qun l chn th tp trung a vt nui ra khi chung ti cc ng c cung cp cc loi c c cht lng cao, gim thiu chi ph chn nui v lm gim lng phn tn trong chung.

Bo v t

Nhiu bin php bo v t nh canh tc theo di, gim lm t v khng canh tc, gp phn gi t, ngn chn khi xi mn do gi v nc gy ra.

Cht lng nc/t ngp nc

Cng tc bo v v duy tr ngun nc l nhng phn quan trng ca nng nghip bn vng. C nhiu kinh nghim c th gip ci thin cht lng nc ung v nc b mt, cng nh bo v cc vng t ngp nc. Cc vng t ngp nc ng vai tr ch o trong vic lc cc cc loi cht dinh dng v thuc tr su bnh, khng nhng th, chng cn cung cp mi trng sng cho cc loi ng thc vt hoang d.

Cc loi cy trng ph t

Vic trng cc loi cy nh la mch en hay c ba l ngoi ma v - sau khi gt la hay thu hoch rau mu s mang li rt nhiu li ch, trong bao gm c vic kim sot c di, gim xi mn t, tng ph nhiu cht lng t.

a dng ha cy trng v cnh quan

Trng nhiu loi cy trn cng mt tha rung c th gim thiu ri ro do cc hin tng thi tit khc nghit, nhng bin ng th trng hay cc loi dch bnh ma mng. Vic ny cng ng thi gp phn bo v t, mi trng sng t nhin v lm gia tng s lng ca cc loi cn trng c li.

Qun l dinh dng

Tp trung kim sot nit v mt s loi dng cht khc gip ci thin t v bo v mi trng. Vic tn dng cc ngun dinh dng sn c trn ng rung, nh cc loi phn xanh hay cc loi cy ph t h u s lm gim nhu cu tiu dng phn bn.

Nng lm kt hp

Nng lm kt hp l s dng nhiu loi cy trng khc nhau trn nng tri - trng xen cc loi cy lu nm cng vi cc loi cy lng thc v hoa mu trn ng rung hoc trn ng c chn nui, p dng nhng bin php qun l tt hn cc khonh rng, v trng cc loi cy bi v cy trng khc nhau dc theo cc dng sui to nn nhng di m ven sng.

Tip th

Ngi nng dn thng thy rng vic y mnh tip th chnh l cha kha lm tng li nhun. Cc hnh thc tip th trc tip cc sn phm nng nghip ti khch hng, v d nh ch nh nng, bn hng ven ng v hnh thc nng nghip c s h tr ca cng ng ang ngy cng tr nn ph bin.

Ngun: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education.

HOT NG 3: CC TRNG HP NGHIN CU V NNG NGHIP BN VNG

Hy m s tay hc tp ca bn bt u hot ng ny.

Nhng cng ngh canh tc nu trong hot ng 2 hin ang c s dng rng khp trn th gii nhm bo tn v phc hi t, ng thi tng nng sut cy trng v hiu qu kinh t.

Hy c cc trng hp nghin cu thy cng ng hoc cc h nng dn ang p dng nng nghip bn vng nh th no 4 quc gia:

Clmbia

Thi Lan

M Zimbabu

Cu hi 5: Hy m t (i) cc loi hnh nng nghip c p dng trong hai trong s cc trng hp nghin cu di y; v (ii) xc nh nhng nguyn tc m theo bn l nn tng ca nhng hot ng ny.

C rt nhiu nng dn trn th gii ang c gng bo v v ci thin t canh tc - nh nu trong cc trng hp nghin cu. Mc d h c th khc nhau v bi cnh vn ha v kinh t x hi, song h vn c lin kt vi nhau nh mt h thng nguyn tc chung.

Cu hi 6: Hy xem li phn tm tt cc trng hp nghin cu ca bn v sau lp mt danh sch cc nguyn tc chung ca nhng ngi nng dn.

Trong m - un 21 c a ra mt trng hp nghin cu khc v nng nghip bn vng ti Sri Lanka. Nhng ngi dn lng trong trng hp nghin cu ny s dng 6 nguyn tc sau cho hot ng canh tc ca h:

Ha hp vi t nhin

a dng, a chng loi

Cht lng cuc sng

Nh l p

T cung t cp

Hp tc v ha bnh

Cu hi 7: 6 nguyn tc ti Sri Lanka c nhng ngi nng dn, trong 2 trng hp nghin cu m bn chn, p dng ti mc no?

Cu hi 8: Nhng nguyn tc ny s gip ch ra sao cho ngi nng dn t nc ca bn? C cn sa i th no cho ph hp vi vn ha nc bn?

Cu hi 9: Nhng nguyn tc ny s gip ch th no cho cc khu nng nghip ca cc h gia nh hay ca cng ng xung quanh nh bn? Cn sa i th no ph hp vi cc iu kin vn ha a phng hn?

HOT NG 4: NNG NGHIP BN VNG TRONG CHNG TRNH GING DY

PHNG PHP HC THEO HNG TRA CU (ENQUIRY LEARNING)

Hc v nng nghip bn vng c th gip sinh vin tm ra gii php cho nhng vn ti a phng mnh. L mt ch thit thc cho nn nng nghip bn vng thng thch hp vi phng php hc tp theo hng tra cu.

Hy xc nh 6 bc m phng php hc theo hng tra cu c p dng trong vic ln k hoch ging dy v nng nghip bn vng.

HP TC GIA NH TRNG CNG NG

Gio dc v s PTBV khuyn khch vic to dng nhng mi lin h su sc gia nh trng vi cng ng ca hc sinh, qua cc em c th t khm ph, tm ti v tm kim gii php cho nhng vn v qun l ti nguyn thin nhin.

Hy nghin cu trng hp v mt gio vin a l Npan - ngi thit lp quan h cng tc vi nhng ngi nng dn a phng thc hin cc sng kin v nng nghip bn vng. Trong trng hc nghin cu ny, chng ta s c th thy r rng v k nng ging dy v c s tn tm v tng lai bn vng ca gio vin ny.

Hy phn tch chn phng php kh thi gy dng mi lin kt cht ch gia trng hc ca bn vi nhng ngi nng dn, nhng ngi qun l t ai v cc nhm cng ng trong qu trnh ging dy v nng nghip bn vng.HOT NG 5: HOT NG TNG KT

Hy m s tay hc tp ca bn bt u hot ng ny.

Hot ng tng kt m - un: Hy nhn li cc hot ng v bi tp ca m - un kim tra xem bn lm xong cha. B sung v hon tt cc phn kt thc m-un.

Cu hi 10: Bn hy gii thch ti sao vic tm hiu v nng nghip bn vng li c vai tr quan trng vi tt c cc hc sinh - bt k cc em nng thn hay thnh th.

Cu hi 11: Bn hy gii thch vic s dng khu vn nng nghip ca trng trong qu trnh ging dy c tc dng nh th no trong vic lm gia tng s hng th ca hc sinh i vi ch nng nghip bn vng?

Ci gi ca nng nghip hin i

Qu trnh hin i ha nng nghip c nhng nh hng rt ln ti nng sut canh tc v gp phn ci thin i sng ca rt nhiu ngi nng dn. Tuy nhin, trong nn nng nghip hin i ngi nng dn cn c tip cn vi: ht ging mi, ngun nc, lao ng, vn hay tn dng, phn bn v thuc tr su. C nhiu h nng dn cn rt ngho v h khng th tin tr cho tt c nhng yu t ny. Ch cn thiu i mt th, v d nh h thng vn chuyn ht ging gp trc trc, hoc phn bn c chuyn ti mun, hay do thiu nc ti tiu, th nng sut v ma c th s khng tt hn l my so vi khi p dng cc phng thc canh tc truyn thng. Ngay c khi ngi nng dn mun s dng cc ngun nguyn liu bn ngoi, nhng h thng phn phi thng khng th cung cp ng thi hn cho ngi nng dn.

V ngay c nhng ni nng sut c ci thin nh p dng nhng cng ngh hin i ny, th li thng xuyn c nhng nh hng bt li i vi h sinh thi v x hi.

Nhng chi ph sinh thi

C nhiu cc vn sinh thi v ang gia tng t bin trong nhng nm gn y. Trong c th k n:

nhim ngun nc do thuc tr su, ni-t-rt, cht thi t t v vt nui gy hi ti mi trng t nhin, ph v cc h sinh thi v gy ra cc vn v sc khe lin quan do nhim ngun nc ung;

nhim thc n v c kh bi d lng thuc tr su, ni-t-rt v cc cht khng sinh;

Nhng thit hi ti canh tc nng nghip v ti nguyn thin nhin do thuc tr su, gy hi cho nng dn v cng ng, ph v h sinh thi v gy hi cho cc loi ng thc vt hoang d;

nhim khng kh do amnic, nit xit, kh mtan v cc sn phm sau t chy, nhng cht ny l nguyn nhn lm suy gim tng zn, lm Tri t nng ln v gy nhim bu kh quyn.

Vic khai thc qu mc ti nguyn thin nhin dn n suy thoi nc ngm, mt dn ngun thc phm t nhin v mi trng sng hoang d, lm suy thoi kh nng hp th cc cht thi ca mi trng t nhin, gy ra ngp ng v tng mn ca nc.

Xu th chun ha v chuyn mn ha nng nghip, trong tp trung vo cc ging mi gy ra s o thi cc ging cy con truyn thng;

Xut hin nhng nguy c mi v sc khe ca ngi lao ng trong cc ngnh ha nng nghip v cng nghip ch bin thc phm.

Nhng chi ph x hi

Hin i ha nng nghip cn lm thay i b mt ca nhiu cng ng nng thn, c phng Nam v phng Bc. Qu trnh ny gy ra nhiu h ly v mt x hi, trong bao gm: nn tht nghip, ph n tr nn ph thuc nhiu hn na v kinh t nu h khng c tip cn vi nhng ng dng v li ch ca cng ngh tin tin, s phn ha ngy cng r rt gia giu v ngho v vic nh nc sp nhp cc t chc lng x.

Ngun: Pretty J. (1998) Phc hi nn nng nghip, Earthscan, London, trg.4 (Pretty, J. (1998) Regenerating Agriculture, Earthscan, London, p. 4.)nh ngha nng nghip bn vng

Nn nng nghip l bn vng, nu n m bo c nhng li ch v lu di sau:

Li nhun canh tc;

Ci thin cht lng i sng ca nhng h nng dn;

Sc sng ca cng ng nng thn, lng xm v th trn nh; v

Bo tn v duy tr mi trng thin nhin, c bit l t, khng kh v nc.

V l bn vng khi n c cn nhc n:

Mt vin cnh tng lai lu gi c nhng tinh hoa ca qu kh;

Nhng tc ng ca vic vn chuyn lng thc ti th trng;

Nhng chi ph x hi v mi trng ca qu trnh ch bin thc phm;

Sc khe ca ngi dn sinh sng gn nhng nh my ch bin thc phm v ca c nhng ngi tiu dng sau ny; v

Cht lng lng thc c gieo trng.Nng nghip bn vng - Bn trng hp nghin cu

Clmbia

Ni n pht trin ma mng v bo v mi trng, Pedro Herrera l mt trong nhng ngi c nhc ti nhiu nht trn nhiu kha cnh. ng l ngi lm nng nghip quy m nh sinh sng ti vng cao nguyn phng Nam dy Anan Clumbia - cao chng 1500m so vi mc nc bin, thuc mt tnh Cauca, Clmbia. Mc d sinh sng ti mt trong nhng vng ngho kh nht ca t nc ny, gia nh ng li l nhng thnh vin tham d tch cc ca mt d n th nghim to bo trong vng bn nm v bo tn ti nguyn thin nhin ti vng lu vc sng ca a phng v gip nhng ngi dn y ci thin cht lng i sng ca h.

Qun ni Herrera sinh sng c ngi ta t cho mt ci tn rt ph hp, l "Buenavista", c ngha l quang cnh p. Ngi nh nn t ca ng nm trn mt vng phong cnh mnh mng mu xm xanh, v mc d rt hng v, vng t ny mang rt nhiu du tch ca s ph rng v xi mn t. Nhng tha rung ca ng nm pha chm ca mt khu vc rng ln khong 7000ha thuc lu vc sng Cabuyal, v lu vc sng ny, sau li ha vo mt lu vc rng hn thuc sng Ovejas. Nc xung t mnh t ca Herrera cui cng chy ti mt thnh ph ng dn Cali, cch 100km v hng Bc.

Vi s tr gip t Hip hi Lin hip cc t chc v nng nghip bn vng trn t dc (Inter-Institutional Consortium for Sustainable Agriculture on Hillsides CIPASLA)*, Herrera v cc nng dn khc ng tr thnh i tin phong trong cng cuc bo v lu vc sng Cabuyal. H chn dng chy ca cc dng sui trn ni, trng cy, v bo v nhng vng t dc khi b xi mn. i li, CIPASLA cung cp cho h nhng dch v nghin cu, t vn k thut, chng trnh o to, v nhng thng tin v cc sn phm nng nghip, ch bin thc phm, tip th, qun l t ai v t chc cng ng. H cng cho vay vn i vi cc doanh nghip nh nh x nghip sn xut sa v mt cam. Trong phng php tip cn v PTBV ca mnh, CIPASLA c bit ch trng vo vic xy dng nng lc ca cng ng a phng ln k hoch v thc hin cc d n.Trang tri ca Pedro Herrerar l mt v d in hnh minh chng rng chng ta c th trng cc loi hoa mu khc nhau trn tha rung nh m khng lm suy gim ti nguyn thin nhin. Mc d Herrerar dnh ra hn 1/3 vng t ca mnh bo v 5 con sui t nhin vo lu vc sng, tuy vy thu nhp t trang tri ca ng vn tng ln. Ch 10ha t cn li dnh cho cc hot ng sn xut cng cung cp lng thc cho i gia nh 15 ngi ca ng v c th trng a phng. Cy trng ca Herrera gm c cc loi u, ng, c ph, ma sn, u hoa, v - nim t ho ca ng - qu mm xi. n b nh ng khng nhng cung cp sa cho gia nh m cn em bn. ng nui c chp trong mt ci ao bn sn dc. Ngoi ra, v ng cn nui thm n g nh c vn cung cp bi CIPASLA.

* CIPASLA ra i nm 1994 sau nhng cuc tho lun ca Trung tm quc t nng nghip vng nhit i (International Centre for Tropical Agriculture - CIAT), cc c quan Chnh ph Clmbia, cc t chc phi chnh ch v cc nhm cng ng.

Ngun: Adapted from International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (2000).Thi Lan

Talad l mt ngi lng c 80 h dn sinh sng thuc tnh Khonken, Thi Lan. Thongdee Nantha bt u cy cy trn 1ha t s dng cc phng php canh tc tng hp k t nm 1984. ng lm vic nng tri cng v v cc con. H sn xut ra lng sn phm nhiu hn nhu cu tiu dng ca gia nh. H c cc tha rung, mt ao c v mt vn cy.

gia nng trang, h nui nhng ging ln v th a phng - chng khng c cho n thc n nhn to hoc thc n b sung m n cc loi cy c di v rau c sn trong nng tri.

n gia cm (vt v g) cung cp trng v tht cho c gia nh v mt s trng cn em bn. Chng cng n cc loi c di trn rung la, rung rau v thc n tha.

Trong ao nui 7 loi c khc nhau. Cm go, phn ln, phn vt, cc loi c di thy sinh t rung la c dng lm thc n cho c. Cc loi c n cn trng v n c nh khc c nui trong mt ci ao gc vn.

Cy trng chnh l la, chim khong 2/3 din tch t trng. Mt phn ba cn li l kt hp gia rung la - ao c. Cc cy khc trong nng trang, ch yu l xoi, na, chui v u c trng vng trung tm, xung quanh l cc vt nui v chung nui. Thongdee cn trng rt nhiu ging rau a phng v cc loi cy tho dc xung quanh b ao. Cy lalang - mt loi cy sy c dng lp mi, cng c trng quanh b ao. Ngoi ra ng cn trng cy bng ly si v dt vi cho gia nh.

pha nam ca nng trang c mt con ng trng cc loi cy c nh m v cy su u. Cn pha ty, tre v du tm c trng chn gi.

Thongdee l mt nh lnh o truyn thng a phng, phng php canh tc ca ng c gn mt na cc h gia nh Talad hc tp v p dng. Nh s Maha Yu Sunthornchai, ngi nu gng cho nng dn trn khp Thi Lan, chnh l ngi truyn cm hng cho ng. Maha Yu bt u thc hin phng php canh tc tng hp k t nm 1973, s dng m hnh quay vng nui trng kt hp la, c, vt v ln. M hnh ny duy tr c nng sut v s n nh nh vic s dng vng tun hon t nhin ca cc cht dinh dng.

Maha Yu thnh cng ca trong vic t sn xut p ng nhu cu ca bn thn v c nhng sn phm d tha bn ra th trng trong mt nng trang c kch c trung bnh. Thnh cng ca Maha Yu l da trn nhng quan st v thin nhin, cao nguyn tc t cung t cp v v phn tch th trng. K thut ny khng ph hp i vi nhng ch nng tri sng xa nng tri hay l i vi cc nng dn i theo m hnh sn xut cng nghip. vic kt hp c hiu qu, bt k giai on canh tc no (v d nh chn ging, thi gian gieo ht, lai ging cy trng hay kt cu ao c) cng cn s quan st v phn tch thng xuyn. Tip th sn phm ng thi im cng gp phn ti a ha doanh thu.

Ngun: Adapted from FAO (1994) Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development: Part 1, Latin America and Asia, Development and Education Exchange Papers (DEEP), FAO, Rome.MQua nhiu th h, ngi nng dn M v ang ra sc bo tn v ci thin t trng cng nh cht lng i sng vng nng thn. Nhng nng dn ca th h trc nh George Washington v Thomas Jefferson sm nhn ra tnh cp thit phi thay i mt s nhng hot ng nng nghip tiu chun, v h tr thnh nhng nh lnh o tin phong trong vic ng dng phng php canh tc mi. Washington l mt trong nhng ngi u tin thi ng dng phng php lun canh, bn phn xanh v tin phong trong vic ng dng phng php canh tc mi. i vi Jefferson, trong sut cuc i ca mnh, ng khng ngng ng h n lc th nghim cc ging cy trng mi vi mong mun tm ra ging cy trng ph hp nht vi t canh tc v nhu cu ca dn chng. S tm ti ca Washington v Jefferson i vi cc bin php thay th gip ci thin nng nghip, t ai, cuc sng v sc khe ca nhn dn l nhng tm gng tt ngy nay cc nh sn xut nng nghip c tm nhn bn vng ang tch cc noi theo. Cc phng php tip cn m rt nhiu nng dn v ch trang tri ngy nay s dng gii quyt nhng vn nan gii trn c bit n nh l nng nghip bn vng.

M hnh nng nghip c s h tr ca cng ng nhm duy tr li nhun canh tc v tht cht cc mi quan h cng ng ca Carol Eichelberger v Jean Mills Coker, Alabama

C ti ngy thu hoch nng sn, khi nhn thy cc khch hng v nng trang Nng nghip c s h tr ca cng ng (CSA), th Carol Eichelberger v Jean Mills cng cng c thm tm huyt vi m hnh nng tri hp tc ang ngy cng pht trin nhanh chng ny. S nhit tnh t pha i tc khch hng nhng ngi sn lng tr tin trc mua sn phm ti sch thu hoch trong thi v t ma xun n ma thu s tng thm nhit tnh cho cc hi vin tn ty ca CSA.

Chng ti yu m hnh CSA, Eichelberger, ngi cng Mills khi nghip d n kinh doanh trn 4 mu (Anh) t canh tc nm 1989 ni. Trong khi nhng ngi ph n trng trt v thu hoch nng phm, rt nhiu khch hng ca h tnh nguyn ra, cn, ng gi v phn phi sn phm, lm cc vic hiu hn thc phm ca h c lm ra th no, v bit rng vic mua hng ha t a phng s gip to dng mt h thng sn xut lng thc bn vng trong cng ng Alabama ca h.

S tham gia ca cng ng vo hot ng nng nghip mang ti cho h mt ci g c ngha hn ch rau c qu, v em ti cho chng ti ngun ng lc m ch bn thn vic trng trt khng th em li.

Phong tro CSA r ln M vo gia nhng nm 80, phong tro ny kt ni mt t chc hay mt nhm ngi khng lin quan n nng nghip nhng c nhu cu cao v cc loi rau qu thc s ti ngon v c gieo trng ti a phng vi nhng ngi nng dn mong mun c ngun khch hng c m bo. Xu hng mi gia cc trang tri rau nh ny gip ngi nng dn duy tr li nhun, h bn thc phm ti - thng l cho nhng khch hng c th c th l trc tip cho nhng hng xm ca h v c tr trc tin mt v cho nhng ngi mua a phng c s cm thng vi nhng kh khn nh hn hn, l lt, hoc su bnh. M hnh CSA, vi phn ln sn phm l cc nng phm hu c, cng c coi l bn vng bi v m hnh ny lm sng li cng ng nng thn, ng thi gip thu hp khong cch, vn ang ngy cng m rng, gia vng nng thn v th M.

Nm ngoi vng Tuscaloosa, Alabama, nng trang CSA ca Eichelberger v Mills thu ht c mt lng khch hng n nh t i hc Alabama v vng dn c xung quanh. Eichelberger v Mills l nhng ngi trng trt theo phng php nng nghip hu c, cung cp mt th trng chuyn bit cho nhng khch hng mun mua thc phm hu c, cng nh a ra nhiu la chn hn cc sn phm cc siu th thng thng.

Eichelberger v Mills lun n lc c thin vng t khc nghit vi trung bnh lng ma khong 57inches (hoc 1.447,8mm) mt nm v b thiu t di ci nng ca Alabama. Chng ta thng ngh n a phng khi ni n ti s bn vng, Eichelberger ni, t ai ca chng ti tng i cn ci, v chng ti c gng lm nhng vic cn lm ci thin v gn gi nhng g chng ti c.

Nm u tin, h mt s li i gia nhng lung khng c cy trng. Nhng nm sau , trnh t trc trong iu kin thin nhin khc nghit ca min Nam, h trng c ba l trng H Lan lm lp ph gia cc tng thc vt. Loi c ny gi cho t khng b nn v ra tri, ng thi tr thnh mi trng sng cho cc loi cn trng c li. c Chng trnh nghin cu v gio dc nng nghip bn vng - SARE (Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education) h tr, Eichelberger v Mills ct loi c ny v trn chng vi mn ca, rm, c vn v rc thc vt lm phn xanh. H s dng loi phn ny, vn giu m v cht hu c, bn v hi vng l khng cn phi mua phn bn.

Ngi dn xung quanh y nhc n mt thc t l h s dng cn kit t trng ca h. Chng ti s khng canh tc y nu chng ti ngh mnh s lm cho mi th tr nn ti t hn. Nu chng ti tip tc ci thin t, chng ti s cn tip tc canh tc.

Ngun: Adapted from Sustainable Agriculture Network.

Zimbabu

Zimbabu l mt nc Chu Phi m nng nghip bn vng ch l mt cch gi tn mi cho mt tng c t lu. Sithembiso Byoni lm vic vi nhng ngi nng dn (m phn ng l ph n), v b bit r thit hi m nng nghip hin i mang li.

Nn gio dc kiu phng Ty dy chng ti rng phng php canh tc c l lc hu, nhng chng ti, mt ln na, li hc c nhng tinh hoa v gi tr t chng.

Chng ti lng nghe nhng hiu bit ca nhng ngi gi. Nhng ngi ph n ln tui ca chng ti bit loi cy trng no nn c trng cng nhau lm giu t, kim sot cn trng, gi cho ht ging gieo khng b su mt, v cy trng khng b chim n.

Chng ti ang b dn phng thc c canh thng mi, phng thc m trong ta phi dn sch t v sau ch trng c nht mt loi cy. Gi y chng ti quay tr li vi vic trng cy a canh. Chng ti trng xen ln tt c cc ging cy vi nhau. Cng nh trong t nhin, c nhng loi cy bi sng bn cnh cy cao v cc loi cy nh hn, chng ta c th trng xen nhng loi cy khc nhau vi nhau, nh l trng ng vi lc v k.

Chng ti ang quay li s dng phn hu c v phn xanh nh tng lm trc y. Chng ti cng quay v vi nhng ht ging bn a, nhng ht ging thc s thuc v vng t y, thay v phi mua chng t cc cng ti a quc gia ln. y cng chnh l iu m chng ti lm trc khi c s du nhp ca nhng phng php canh tc phng Ty.

Ngun: The Gap, 1994.

Bhorletar Npan

Bhorletar l mt khu nh c c tc pht trin nhanh vi khong 150 h dn, c qun l bi y ban pht trin lng x (Village Development Committee VDC) c ngi dn bu chn nn. Khu trung tm ca lng ang pht trin nhanh vi 35 cn h mi c xy dng trong nm ngoi, 20 trong s l ca nhng ngi mi nhp c ti khu vc ny. Nhng do khng c k hoch pht trin c th, h thng knh mng ca ngi lng bt u c du hiu nhim, rc thi khng c thu gom v h thng v sinh khng m bo.

Trn nhiu kha cnh, y l mt ngi lng Npal in hnh. Mc d t ai khan him nhng phn ln dn lng vn sng da vo nng nghip. Khong mt na tng din tch t ai ca lng l t c th canh tc, nhng khi chia u cho tng s dn, khong 3000 ngi, th mi ngi c c cha y mt na hecta t canh tc.

Nhim v xy dng cc k hoch ci thin mi trng cho Bhorletar c bt u t nm 1990. Mt h thng vi tn gi l nh gi nng thn c s tham gia c s dng thu thp thng tin v mi kha cnh ca i sng v tp qun canh tc ca dn lng. Trong bao gm c vic xy dng mt bn s dng t chi tit. Mt gio vin a phng c o to thc hin nhng hot ng ny, c s phi hp ca y ban v c cng ng. Cc em hc sinh trung hc [thuc khoa a l], di s hng dn ca gio vin a phng , thc hin cc nhim v kho st v thu thp thng tin v hin trng s dng t. Vi s h tr ca hai t chc phi chnh ph v nhm lp k hoch ca t chc IUCN, nhng ngi dn bt u bt tay vo vic chun b mt h s d liu v ngi lng.

Ngi gio vin chu trch nhim ghi chp nn bn d liu cng ng ny, sau s qua nhiu ln chnh sa. H s d liu bao gm cc chi tit nh s lng cc con sui, khonh rng, cc loi cy, cc vt trt l t, cc loi hoa mu canh tc v nhng khu vc nguy him. Bn h s d liu ny nu bt nn cc vn : s suy kit rng nhanh chng do dn s v nhu cu v t nng nghip v cht t tng nhanh; s thiu thn nh v sinh ang tr thnh vn cp thit do s gia tng dn s; l lt v xi mn khu vc thung lng; cc loi bnh dch ca gia sc gia cm; thiu nc sch, v s gia tng nhanh chng ca nhng ngi nhp c khng c rung t.

Cui cng, chnh nhng ngi dn ni y xy dng nn mt k hoch ci thin mi trng da trn h s ny. Bn k hoch c ph duyt trong cc cuc hp vi Hi ng khu vc v i din t nhiu ban ngnh ca chnh ph trung ng.

Chnh ngi dn lng chn ra nhng hot ng cn u tin hnh ng v xut ra mt lot cc gii php nh: bo tn rng da vo cng ng, ci thin bp un, xy dng cc nh v sinh mi, cc p bo v v trng rng phng h ngn l lt, nui vt hn ch c sn, nng cp ng x, pht trin vn trng rau v tip th, v xy dng mt trm x mi. Nhng cng vic u tin hang u l nc sch - cn c cung cp bi mt h thng ng dn v vi nc t chy do cng ng chu trch nhim bo dng di hn, bo v lu vc sng, xy nh v sinh, trng rau v cy n qu tn dng nhng ngun cung nc thun tin. Tt c dn lng u gip xy dng v lp t h thng ng dn nc ni vi 22 vi nc. Trong bao gm c xy dng them mt vi nc dnh ring cho trng tiu hc m ph huynh hc sinh cung cp ton b vt liu. Ngi dn t ra v thng nht cc quy nh vic s dng cc vi nc khc nhau (mt s vi nc ch c dng ly nc ung).

Ngun: Adapted from Rowley, J. (1993) Bhorletar: The sustainable village, People and the Planet, 2 (4), pp. 14-19. Neem l tn ting Thi Lan ca loi cy Azadirachta indica thuc h Xoan, hay cn gi l cy su u. Xem thm ti: http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BA%A7u_%C4%91%C3%A2u

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