Notes Book1

8/2/2019 Notes Book1

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} {

The demonstrative pronouns (for near):

Demonstrative Pronouns

: This is (for masculine singular)

. .....

.... ..

The , demonstrative pronouns are similar to the English that, this

and they are of two types; for things which are close, and for things at

a distance. Unlike in English, demonstrative pronouns in Arabic have a different form

for singular, dual, and plural, and they also change to correspond to the gender of the

noun. So if the noun is feminine then the demonstrative pronoun is also feminine,

however there are a few exceptions to this rule, as indicated below.


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: :

::

The demonstrative pronouns (for far):

:: : :

:

:Examples

:

These are (for dual masculine)

These are (for dual feminine)

These are (for plural masculine or feminine)

This is (for feminine singular or plural irrational) for things which are

near

for things which

are far

That is (for masculine singular)

That is (for feminine singular or plural irrational)

Those are (for dual masculine)

Those are (for dual feminine)

Those are (for plural masculine or feminine)

(-)((-

This isa man This isa book

(for masculine singular-rational) (for masculine singular-irrational)


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:

:

(-)(-)

This isa woman This isa car

(For feminine singular-rational) (For feminine singular-irrational)

( -( ) -)

These are scholars These arepens

(For masculine dual-rational) (For masculine dual-irrational)


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:

:

(-) (-)

These are Muslims These areMuslims

(For feminine plural-rational) (For masculine plural-rational)

.: . .is likewise allowed for irrational (nouns) but this is rare. For

example:

Thesewords

.. (-( )-)

These are Muslims These arecows

(For feminine dual-rational) (For feminine dual-irrational)


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:

:

(- )(-)

That isengineer That isa star

(for masculine singular-rational) (for masculine singular-irrational)

(-( )-)

That isa nurse That isa fridge

(For feminine singular-rational) (For feminine singular-irrational)

) ({ } .

is like wise allowed for plural rational like what is in the

revelation, (thosemessengers)but this is rare.


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:

:

( -( ) -)

Those are farmers Those arenotebooks

(For masculine dual-rational) (For masculine dual-irrational)

(-( )-)

Those are teachers Those arerulers

(For feminine dual-rational) (For feminine dual-irrational)

(-( ) -)

Those are Muslims Those areMuslims

-


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:

} {Possessed and possessor

To show belonging in Arabic we use the possessive construction. This

consists of two parts. The possessed , which appears first and


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:

Possessor Possessed Possessor Possessed

: (With alif and laam)

Examples

The teachers

bookHaamids book


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} {Adjective and qualifying noun

:

..

Adjective qualifying noun Adjective qualifying noun

(Without alif and laam) (With alif and laam)

Example

A new house The new house

The adjective in Arabic follows the noun it qualifies, unlike in English itcomes after the noun. The adjective in Arabic is called the and thenoun it qualifies is referred to as the (the qualifying noun). Thefollows the in its gender (masculine and feminine), in itsdefinite and indefiniteness, and like wise in its case.


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{ {The Vocative particle

and the Addressed

:

To call upon someone in Arabic you use the vocative particle ,which is , equivalent to the English oh. The noun that comes after it iscalled the (the addressed), and it takes a single dammaregardless of gender.

Oh Yaasir!


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} {The Genitive prepositions

(

TheVocative

Particle

The

Addressed

......

Arabic nouns have endings to show their function in a sentence. The normal

ending of a noun is damma, and the case of it is called (Nominative). However, when the noun is proceeded by any of the (genitive prepositions) it changes to a kasra and its case is no longer(Nominative) instead it becomes (Genitive).


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The Genitive prepositions are:

:: : :

::

Examples:

:

:

:

:

For (used for belonging)

In

On

From

To

By/at

The watch is on the desk

Zaynab is from Japan.

This book is for Muhammad

The teacher is in the class..

.

.

.


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:

:

} {

:

Haamid went to the masjid

I am a student at the university

The hospital

.

A noun which is ismul maqsoor, has an aa sound ending. The ending

vowels of these nouns remain constant, despite their change in

function. For example, if they are preceded by a genitive preposition

(Harful Jarr), which would cause them to take a kasra, they remain

unaffected.


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:

. ..

{ }The Relative pronouns

America

Musa

Zakariyya

Germany

The end case of the noun

does not change

for Musa to America in the hospital

...... .

.

The Relative pronouns, have the meaning of which, who,

and differ in their form to correspond to the correct gender. They also

differ to correspond to the singular, dual and plural noun. Note that the


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The Relative pronouns are (for masculine):

.

Example:

: Who/which (for singular masculine rational and irrational)

: Who/which (for singular feminine rational and plural masculineand feminine irrational)

: Who (for plural feminine rational only)

: Who/which (for dual feminine rational and irrational)

Who/which (for dual masculine rational and irrational):

Who (for plural masculine rational only):

. The man who left the masjid is a famous merchant.

For masculine

For feminine


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:

:

:

. The book, whichis on the desk, belongs to the teacher.

For masculine singular irrational

) . .)

. The teachers who went to the classroom, are new.For masculine dual rational

.) .

)

The pens, which are in my bag, are old.


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:

:

. The engineers who left the restaurant are fromTurkey.

For masculine plural rational

(..)

. The woman who went to the school is aheadmistress

For feminine singular rational

.) . )

. The ruler, which is on the desk, belongs to Muhammad.

For feminine singular irrational

) . . )


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:

. The donkeys, which are in the field, belong to the

farmer.

For masculine plural irrational

( . . )

.

The cars, which are in front of the masjid, belong to

the minister.

For feminine dual irrational

) . . )

.The students, who left from the school, are from

England.

For feminine dual rational

. .) )


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:

:

.

The Muslims who went to the market, are teachers from

Germany.

For feminine plural rational

( . . )

.

The Muslims who went to the market, are teachers from

Germany.

For feminine plural rational


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} {

The laam of definiteness

:Example

This house This is a house

A noun that has tanween, the indefinite article, is referred to as

indefinite. The Tanween is the double vowel that you find at the end of a

noun (look at the first example below). Its equivalent in English is A. In

Arabic to make a noun definite we add on the alif and laam. The laam here

is called the ,laam of definiteness.


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..

} {The detached pronouns

They are:

(The laam of definiteness)

:For first person (masculine or feminine)

...... ......

Pronouns are of two main categories: , the detachedpronouns and ,the attached pronouns. The pronounsin this category are detached pronouns. Detached pronouns give the

meaning he she they etc and even it. They are divided into 3 types:

for first person, second person, and third person, in each of these

categories they differ in form. Please note unlike in English, pronouns

in Arabic have a different form for dual and plural.


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We:I:

You (plural)

:(dual)You

:(singular)You

:

We are students

( )

. I am a student

()

. You are students

() For masculine dual

You are a student

() For masculine singular

. You are students

() For masculine plural

: For Second person (masculine)

: For second person (feminine)


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You (plural): (dual)You:You (singular):

They (plural):(dual)They:He (singular):

You are students

( ) For feminine dual

You are a student

( ) For feminine singular

You are students

( ) For feminine plural

For third person (masculine):

They are students

() For masculine dual

He is a student

() For masculine singular

.

They arestudents()

For masculine plural


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They (plural):(dual)They:He (singular):

{ }The attached pronouns

For third person (feminine):

They are students

() For feminine dual

She is a student

() For feminine singular

They arestudents

() For feminine plural

............

As mentioned earlier Pronouns are of two categories: The Detached

Pronouns and the Attached Pronouns. The category mentioned here is

that of Attached Pronouns. Similarly Attached Pronouns are dividedinto 3 types: for first person, second person, and third person and

within these categories they differ in form. The pronouns once again

have a different form for dual and plural.


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:

:

Our book

(). Masculine and feminine

plural and dual

My book

(. ) Masculine and feminine

singular

Your book

(. ) Masculine and feminine

dual

Your book

( .) Masculine singular

Your book

(.) Masculine plural


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:

:

Your book

(. ) For masculine and

feminine dual

Your book

(.) For feminine singular

Your book

( .) For feminine plural

Their book

(.) For masculine dual

His book

( .) For masculine singular

Their book

.() For masculine plural


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:

{} The kam of interrogation

and its specification

: Example

Their book

(. ) For masculine and

Feminine dual

Her book

(.) For feminine singular

. Their book

( .) For feminine plural

How many wheels

belong to the bike?

How many pens do

you have?

Kam of interrogation comes before a noun and it is used for questioning. It gives

the meaning how much/many. The noun that comes after it is called its tamyeez

(specification) and it is always singular and takes the mansoob case (Accusative

case). Please look at the example below.


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. .

Verbs

}

}

The taa of feminine form

The tamyeez (distinctive term) of kam is always singular.

It is ended with an alif, except when the noun ends withthe taa marboota (a closed taa)

The kam of

Interrogation

Its

specification

Its

specification

The kam of

Interrogation

Arabic verbs have a root, similar to English. Verbs are normally made up

of three letters knows as radicals. To make a verb represent the past

tense certain letters are added at the end of the root (look at the

examples below). The is used to conjugate a verb to make it


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:

. .

} {The noon of women form

:

The mother left thehouse

The student sat in theclassroom

Example


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. .

{ } The waw of group form

:

. .

} {The number and the enumerated

( )From 3 to 10

The (female pl.)nurses left the

hospital

The women (pl.) wentto the masjid

The pilgrims (male pl.) returned from

Mecca

The men (pl.) went tothe school


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:

.

. . When the enumerated is masculine then the number is feminine, and

when the enumerated is feminine then the number is masculine, like

what is clear in the two examples (above).

3 Female students 3 Male students

The enumerated

(Feminine - )The enumerated

(Masculine - )

.

The number The number

In Arabic, to construct a number two things are included; the (the number)and the (the enumerated). The noun, which denotes the thing numbered, iscalled and the number is called the. Unlike in English, Arabic numberscan be feminine or masculine. With regards to the numbers 3 to 10, if the is feminine the is masculine and if the is masculine the isfeminine (opposites come together). Also the numbers from 3 to 10 follow the

mudaaf and mudaafun ilaihi construction.


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..

Five students Four students Three students

.

Eight students Seven students

Six students

Ten students Nine students

For the masculine enumerated


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Five students Four students Three students

Eight students Seven students

Six students

Ten students Nine students

For the feminine enumerated


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} {The Diptotes

. ()(.)

The Diptotes do not like two things, and they are nunation and the kasra

:

:

.

To Zaynab

In the schools

From London

The following examples are from the diptotes:

The Diptotes are nouns that do not take a single kasra nor do they take aTanween (double vowel), which can be of: dammataan , fathataan and

kasrataan . So it is important to understand that if a diptote is in a

sentence where it is supposed to take a kasra, it does not do so, rather it is

substituted with a fatha. (Please look to the examples below)


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:

:

:

:

A feminine proper noun designated for themasculine

( )

.. . . Talha Muaawiya Usaama Hamza

Feminine proper nouns

( )

. . . . .

Jeddah Mecca Aaishah Faatima Zaynab

Masculine nouns, ending with aalif and noon on the

scale of falaan

( )

The foreign proper nouns

()

. . . .

Marwaan Sufyaan Affaan Uthmaan


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:

:

:

Yuusuf Paris London Edward William

The proper nouns on the scale of afalu

( )

. . . . .

better greater blue yellow red black white

Adjective and colour on the scale of afalu

( )

Anwar Ahmad

Adjective on the scale of falaan

( )


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:

:

:

.

full thirsty hungary lazy

doctors strongones truthful ones rich ones

pl. pl. pl. pl.

on the scale of afilaau

( )

scholars colleagues ministers poor ones

pl. pl. pl. pl.

On the scale of fualaau

( )

on the scale of mafaailu

( )


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:

. . .

.

minutes doctors hotels schools mosques

chairs cups keys handkerchiefs

on the scale of mafaaeelu

( )

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