Upload
merry-miles
View
222
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Social Urbanization fueled major social changes Growth of the merchants/bourgeoisie Importance of Guilds in Renaissance Persecution of Jews
Citation preview
Notes on RenaissanceNotes: “Renaissance”SocialPoliticalReligious IntellectualTechnologicalEconomic
Renaissance in a NutshellRebirth of Classical Antiquity The world of the Greeks and Romans
Urbanization of society Cities the center of Renaissance Europe
Individualism The glory of God is reflected through human potential and
achievement Man becomes more of the center and measure of all things A well-rounded individual is the ideal
Secularism Decreased singular importance of religion
SocialUrbanization fueled major social changesGrowth of the merchants/bourgeoisieImportance of Guilds in RenaissancePersecution of Jews
UrbanizationEurope remained predominantly rural, but cities rapidly Strong relationship between trade, manufacturing
and urbanzation Northern Italian cities and Flanders
Growth in Bourgeoisie and Petit Bourgeoisie Bourgeoisie- Owners of capitalistic enterprises
Served as patrons of culture Petit Bourgeoisie- Shopkeepers, artisans,
guildmaster who provided goods and services for local consumption
GuildsTrade associations that regulated the practice and access to tradesServed to limit competition and perpetuate
male dominance in trade/businessResulted in continued inequalitiesDiscriminated against Jews
Persecution of JewsMost Jews resided in Europe’s citiesUrban-oriented because of focus on trade and business (money-lending) Jews often excluded from other
professionsPersecuted Jews in times of crisisExpelled from Spain in 1492 after many years of persecution
PoliticalEnd of Papal SupremacyRise of the “New Monarchies” (France, England, Spain)Political Fragmentation in Italy and Holy Roman Empire Varying Power of NobilityAdvent of “Machiavellian” Politics
End of Papal SupremacyEnd of papal supremacy epitomized by Pope Bonaface VIII (Pope is superior to every living creature)Pope arrested by King Phillip of FranceEstablishment of “alternative” papal seat in Avignon, FranceMonarchical power over popes increased
Rise of New MonarchiesFrance- Enmity towards England during Hundred Years War (1337-1453) increased nationalistic feelings England- First Tudor King (Henry VII) established strong monarchy and reduced power of nobles by taking away armiesSpain- Isabela (Castile) and Ferdinand (Aragon) marriage unified Spain
Political FragmentationHoly Roman Empire (A Confederation of independent states in present-day Germany)Italy- Lack of centralized political authority with many city-states (Florence, Siena, Venice)Ensuing competition between France and
Spain for control of Italy
Varying Power of NobilityEngland- Nobility secured guarantee of hereditary rights through Magna CartaOther Locations- Weakened by new military technology that made reduced impenetrability of fortesses
Advent of Machiavellian Politics
Machiavelli (1469-1527)Focus on how leaders could acquire, maintain, and expand political powerContrasted with ruling according to
Christian-based moral principles
“Ends justify the means”Morality NOT a part of political activity
ReligiousEnd of Church’s supremacy in “national affairs”Rise of Skepticism (Impact of Black Death)Advent of Christian Humanism and ScholasticismIncreased Corruption of PapacyFusion of Official Christianity and “Nationalism” in Spain
End of Church Supremacy in Nat’l Affairs
Major challenges to Church supremacy by France (political)Cultural supremacy challenged by Renaissance patrons of the arts (Medici)Scientific advancements directly contradicted Church doctrine
Forces for ChangeRise of Skepticism Result of the Black Death
A major questioning of religion and even the existence of God
Worldly, Corrupt Nature of Renaissance Popes Series of corruption scandals Involvement in worldly affairs
Julius II (1503-1513) led armies personally against Venice
Advent of Christian Humanism and Scholasticism
Christian Humanism (Erasmus- 1466-1536): Believed that Christianity should be a guiding philosophy for the direction of daily life rather than a system of dogmatic beliefsScholasticism- Effort to synthesize faith and reason with AristotleThomas Aquinas (Summa Theologica)
IntellectualDevelopment of secular, individualist literatureStunning development “naturalist” painting with focus on the human form (Da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo)Popularization of the intellectual literary realm
Development of secular, individualist literature
Written in vernacular to reach broad audiencesFocus on the individual and individual attitudesOften quite secularDante: Divine ComedyChaucer: Canterbury Tales
Artistic (Big Three)Focused on persuading audiences of the reality of the event/person they were painting/sculptingDa Vinci- Focused on realism
Mona Lisa and Last SupperRaphael- Best known for frescoesMichelangelo- Focused on ideal human
with perfect proportionsSistine Chapel and the David
Popularization of the Intellectual
Printing press led to the popularization of literary works1500- 10 million books printed in 238
towns in W. Europe
Led to greater focus on secular literature
The Elizabethan Age Renaissance spreads to England in mid-1500sPeriod known as the Elizabethan Age after Queen Elizabeth IShe reigns from 1558 to 1603As queen she did much to support the development of English art and literature.
Shakespeare- the greatest writer
Often regarded as the greatest playwright Wrote Hamlet, Macbeth,
Othello, and Taming of the Shrew
Also wrote countless poetry
Revered classics and drew on them for inspiration and plots.1554 to 1615 in EnglandPlays performed at Globe Theater in London
TechnologicalAdvent of Water WheelsMajor changes in military technologyInvention of the movable metal-type printing pressSignificant architectural achievements (Gothic churches)Key maritime invention and improvements
Technological Advancements
Water Wheels>>>>>> Advances in iron-related industriesImproved Crossbow (NOT “humble arrow”)>>>>> Reduced power of knights and manorismFirearm and Gunpowder>>> Could penetrate fortesses. Led to reduced power of manorism
Technological Advancements
Great improvements on Chinese carved wood blocks: movable pieces of type, new ink, printing pressJohann Gutenberg (1394-1468)Led to tremendous proliferation of books in EuropeExpansion of unorthodox ideas
EconomicTremendous economic improvement in Europe during RenaissanceRapid development of trade (Venice, Genoa, Flanders and Hanseatic League)Increased European self-sufficiency