NUR 101 Body Structure and NUR 101 Body Structure and FunctionFunction

MODULE C: CELLS AND TISSUES MODULE C: CELLS AND TISSUES

CELLSCELLS

CELLSCELLS

A.A. vary considerably in vary considerably in sizesize

B.B. are microscopic are microscopic

C.C. differ notably in shape differ notably in shape

COMPONENTS OF A CELLCOMPONENTS OF A CELL

CYTOPLASMACYTOPLASMA

A.A. Cytoplasm which contains Cytoplasm which contains specialized organelles and specialized organelles and

is is surrounded by a surrounded by a plasma plasma membranemembrane

B.B. Organization of cytoplasmic Organization of cytoplasmic substances important to lifesubstances important to life

COMPONENTS OF A CELLCOMPONENTS OF A CELL

PLASMA MEMBRANEPLASMA MEMBRANE

1.1. Forms outer boundary of cellForms outer boundary of cell

2.2. Thin, two-layered membrane of Thin, two-layered membrane of phospholipids containing proteinsphospholipids containing proteins

3.3. Is selectively permeable Is selectively permeable

CYTOPLASM ORGANELLESCYTOPLASM ORGANELLES

RibosomesRibosomesEndoplasmic reticulum (ER)Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)Golgi apparatusGolgi apparatusMitochondriaMitochondriaLysosomesLysosomesCentriolesCentriolesCiliaCiliaFlagellaFlagella

RIBOSOMESRIBOSOMES

1.1. Are very tiny particles found through out Are very tiny particles found through out the cellthe cell

2.2. Some are attached to a network of Some are attached to a network of membranous canals called membranous canals called endoplasmic reticulum (ER) ,some are endoplasmic reticulum (ER) ,some are free in the cytoplasmfree in the cytoplasm

3.3. Make enzymes and other protein Make enzymes and other protein compounds -“protein factories”compounds -“protein factories”

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUMENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER): (ER):

1.1. Form a network of connecting sacs and Form a network of connecting sacs and canals from the nucleus almost to the plasma canals from the nucleus almost to the plasma membrane.membrane.

2.2. Carry proteins and other substances through Carry proteins and other substances through the cytoplasm from one area to anotherthe cytoplasm from one area to another

3.3. Are both rough and smooth. The rough ER Are both rough and smooth. The rough ER receives and transports newly made proteins receives and transports newly made proteins and smooth ER makes new membraneand smooth ER makes new membrane

GOLGI APPARATUSGOLGI APPARATUS

1.1. Tiny flattened sacs stacked near the nucleus.Tiny flattened sacs stacked near the nucleus.

2.2. Collect vesicles filled with proteins and other Collect vesicles filled with proteins and other compounds from the smooth ERcompounds from the smooth ER

3.3. Chemically processes the molecules and Chemically processes the molecules and packages the material in vesicles that move packages the material in vesicles that move from the golgi apparatus to the plasma from the golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane and opens to the outside of the membrane and opens to the outside of the cell “chemical processing and packaging cell “chemical processing and packaging center”center”

MITOCHONDRIAMITOCHONDRIA

1.1. Made of two membranous sacs one inside Made of two membranous sacs one inside the otherthe other

2.2. Complex, energy releasing chemical Complex, energy releasing chemical reactions occur continuouslyreactions occur continuously

3.3. Supply most of the power for cellular work Supply most of the power for cellular work “power plants”“power plants”

4.4. Enzymes within the walls use oxygen to Enzymes within the walls use oxygen to break down glucose and other nutrients to break down glucose and other nutrients to release energy required for cellular workrelease energy required for cellular work

LYSOSOMESLYSOSOMES

1.1. Are membranous walled organelles that in Are membranous walled organelles that in the active state look like small sacs.the active state look like small sacs.

2.2. Contain chemicals (enzymes) that digest food Contain chemicals (enzymes) that digest food compounds “ digestive bags”compounds “ digestive bags”

3.3. Also digest other substances such as Also digest other substances such as microbes which protects the cellmicrobes which protects the cell

4.4. Can kill the cell if the digesting enzymes Can kill the cell if the digesting enzymes escape from the lysosomes sac into the cell escape from the lysosomes sac into the cell “suicide bags” “suicide bags”

CENTRIOLESCENTRIOLES

1.1. Are two rod-shaped structuresAre two rod-shaped structures

2.2. Lie at right angles to each other Lie at right angles to each other near the nucleusnear the nucleus

3.3. Participate in cell reproductionParticipate in cell reproduction

CILIACILIA

1.1. Fine almost hair like extensions on Fine almost hair like extensions on the exposed or free surfaces of the exposed or free surfaces of some cellssome cells

2.2. Are capable of moving in unison in Are capable of moving in unison in a wavelike fashion over the surface a wavelike fashion over the surface of a cell.of a cell.

FlagellaFlagella

1.1. Are single projections extending Are single projections extending from cell surfacesfrom cell surfaces

2.2. Are much larger than ciliaAre much larger than cilia

3.3. ““Tails” of sperm cells only example Tails” of sperm cells only example of flagella in humansof flagella in humans

STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF A CELLA CELL

NUCLEUSNUCLEUS1.1. Controls cell because it contains the Controls cell because it contains the genetic code- instructions for making genetic code- instructions for making proteins, which in turn determine cell proteins, which in turn determine cell structure and function structure and function 2.2. Component structures include nuclear Component structures include nuclear envelop, nucleoplasm, nucleous, and envelop, nucleoplasm, nucleous, and chromatin granuleschromatin granules3.3. Chromosomes contain DNAChromosomes contain DNA

Movement of Substances Movement of Substances Through Cell MembranesThrough Cell Membranes

PASSIVE TRANSPORTPASSIVE TRANSPORT

1.1. DiffusionDiffusion

OsmosisOsmosis

DialysisDialysis

2.2. FiltrationFiltration

ACTIVE TRANSPORTACTIVE TRANSPORT

1.1. Ion pumpsIon pumps

2.2. Phagocytosis and pinocytosisPhagocytosis and pinocytosis

Passive Transport ProcessesPassive Transport Processes

DIFFUSIONDIFFUSION 1.1. is the process by which substances is the process by which substances

scatter evenly throughout an scatter evenly throughout an available available space without utilizing energy.space without utilizing energy.2.2. movement is from high movement is from high concentration concentration to low concentrationto low concentration3.3. specialized examples diffusion : specialized examples diffusion : osmosis and dialysisosmosis and dialysis

Passive Transport ProcessesPassive Transport Processes

FILTRATIONFILTRATION1.1. is the movement of water and solutes is the movement of water and solutes through a membrane caused by through a membrane caused by hydrostatic hydrostatic pressurepressure2.2. move water and solutes from an area move water and solutes from an area with higher hydrostatic pressure to an with higher hydrostatic pressure to an area area with lower hydrostatic pressurewith lower hydrostatic pressure3.3. is the process responsible for urine is the process responsible for urine formationformation

Active Transport ProcessesActive Transport Processes

ION PUMPION PUMP1.1. is a protein structure in the cell is a protein structure in the cell membrane called a carriermembrane called a carrier2.2. uses energy from ATP (adenosine uses energy from ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to move ions across cell triphosphate) to move ions across cell membranes against the concentration membranes against the concentration gradient (lower concentration to higher gradient (lower concentration to higher concentration)concentration)3.3. is specific to particular ionsis specific to particular ions

Active Transport ProcessesActive Transport Processes

PHAGOCYTOSIS PHAGOCYTOSIS – is the movement of cells – is the movement of cells or other large particles into the cell by trapping or other large particles into the cell by trapping it in a section of plasma membrane. The it in a section of plasma membrane. The material then fuses with lysosomes and is material then fuses with lysosomes and is destroyeddestroyed

PINOCYTOSISPINOCYTOSIS- is the movement of fluid and - is the movement of fluid and dissolved molecules into the cell by trapping dissolved molecules into the cell by trapping them in a section of plasma membrane that them in a section of plasma membrane that pinches off inside the cellpinches off inside the cell

Movement of Substances Movement of Substances Through Cell MembranesThrough Cell Membranes

TONICITYTONICITY IIsotonicsotonic is a solution containing an equal is a solution containing an equal

level of NACL as a living red blood cell level of NACL as a living red blood cell HypotonicHypotonic is a solution containing a lower is a solution containing a lower

level of NACL than is found in a living red level of NACL than is found in a living red blood cell blood cell

HypertonicHypertonic is a solution containing a higher is a solution containing a higher level of NACL than is found in a living red level of NACL than is found in a living red blood cell blood cell

DNA STRUCTUREDNA STRUCTURE

1.1. Large molecule shaped like a spiral staircaseLarge molecule shaped like a spiral staircase2.2. Sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate units Sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate units

comprise the sides of the moleculecomprise the sides of the molecule3.3. base pairs (adenine-thymine or guanine-base pairs (adenine-thymine or guanine-

cytosine) compose “steps”cytosine) compose “steps”4.4. Gene is a specific sequence of base pairs Gene is a specific sequence of base pairs

within a DNA moleculeswithin a DNA molecules5.5. Genes dictate formation of enzymes and Genes dictate formation of enzymes and

other proteins by ribosomes thereby indirectly other proteins by ribosomes thereby indirectly determining a cell’s structure and function, determining a cell’s structure and function, genes are heredity determinantsgenes are heredity determinants

GENETIC CODEGENETIC CODE

The coded or stored information in each The coded or stored information in each gene controls protein and enzyme gene controls protein and enzyme production, enzymes facilitate cellular production, enzymes facilitate cellular chemical reactions, and cellular chemical chemical reactions, and cellular chemical reactions determine cell structure and reactions determine cell structure and function and thereby heredity.function and thereby heredity.

DNA with its genetic code is contained in DNA with its genetic code is contained in the nucleus of the cell.the nucleus of the cell.

Protein synthesisProtein synthesis

The process of transferring genetic information from The process of transferring genetic information from the nucleus into the cytoplasm requires the completion the nucleus into the cytoplasm requires the completion of two steps:of two steps:

TranscriptionTranscription is the formation of a messenger RNA is the formation of a messenger RNA (mRNA) from a particular DNA gene sequence. mRNA (mRNA) from a particular DNA gene sequence. mRNA then passes from the nucleus to the cytoplasmthen passes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

TranslationTranslation is the synthesis of protein by ribosomes is the synthesis of protein by ribosomes utilizing the information contained in the mRNA utilizing the information contained in the mRNA molecule to direct choice and sequence of amino acids molecule to direct choice and sequence of amino acids to form a protein strand and moleculeto form a protein strand and molecule

CELL REPRODUCTIONCELL REPRODUCTION

DNA REPLICATIONDNA REPLICATION is a process by which is a process by which each half of a DNA molecule becomes a whole each half of a DNA molecule becomes a whole molecule identical to the original DNA molecule identical to the original DNA molecule; precedes mitosismolecule; precedes mitosis

MITOSISMITOSIS Is a process in cell division that Is a process in cell division that distributes identical chromosomes (DNA distributes identical chromosomes (DNA molecules) to each new cell formed when the molecules) to each new cell formed when the original cell divides. It enables cells to original cell divides. It enables cells to reproduce their own kind, Makes heredity reproduce their own kind, Makes heredity possiblepossible

CELL REPRODUCTIONCELL REPRODUCTION

PHASES OF CELL DIVISION (MITOSIS)PHASES OF CELL DIVISION (MITOSIS)

ProphaseProphase

MetaphaseMetaphase

AnaphaseAnaphase

TelophaseTelophase

PROPHASE : First PhasePROPHASE : First Phase

1.1. Chromatin granules become organizedChromatin granules become organized

2.2. Chromosomes (pair of linked Chromosomes (pair of linked chromatids) appearchromatids) appear

3.3. Centrioles move away from the nucleusCentrioles move away from the nucleus

4.4. Nuclear envelope disappears, freeing Nuclear envelope disappears, freeing genetic materialgenetic material

5.5. Spindle fibers appearSpindle fibers appear

METAPHASE : Second PhaseMETAPHASE : Second Phase

1.1. Chromosomes align across center of Chromosomes align across center of cellcell

2.2. Spindle fibers attach themselves to Spindle fibers attach themselves to each chromatideach chromatid

ANAPHASE : Third PhaseANAPHASE : Third Phase

1.1. Centromeres break apartCentromeres break apart

2.2. Separated chromatids now called Separated chromatids now called chromosomeschromosomes

3.3. Chromosomes are pulled to opposite Chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of cellends of cell

4.4. Cleavage furrow develops at end of Cleavage furrow develops at end of anaphaseanaphase

TELOPHASE : FourthTELOPHASE : Fourth PhasePhase

1.1. Completed cell divisionCompleted cell division

2.2. Two Nuclei and nuclear envelopes Two Nuclei and nuclear envelopes appear appear

3.3. Cytoplasm is divided (cytokinesis)Cytoplasm is divided (cytokinesis)

4.4. Two fully functional cells, each having Two fully functional cells, each having identical genetic characteristics are identical genetic characteristics are formedformed

TYPES of TISSUETYPES of TISSUE

EPITHELIALEPITHELIAL CONNECTIVECONNECTIVE MUSCLEMUSCLE NERVOUSNERVOUS

EPITHELIAL TISSUEEPITHELIAL TISSUE

Types of Epithelial TissueTypes of Epithelial Tissue

1.1. Simple squamousSimple squamous

2.2. Stratified squamousStratified squamous

3.3. Simple columnarSimple columnar

4.4. Stratified transitionalStratified transitional

5.5. PseudostratifiedPseudostratified

6.6. Simple cuboidal Simple cuboidal

CONNECTIVE TISSUECONNECTIVE TISSUE

Types of Connective TissueTypes of Connective Tissue

1.1. AreolarAreolar

2.2. AdiposeAdipose

3.3. Dense fibrousDense fibrous

4.4. BoneBone

5.5. CartilageCartilage

6.6. BloodBlood

7.7. HemopoieticHemopoietic

MUSCLE TISSUEMUSCLE TISSUE

There are three kinds of muscle tissue:There are three kinds of muscle tissue: SkeletalSkeletal (striated voluntary) – Long threadlike (striated voluntary) – Long threadlike

cells with multiple nuclei and striationscells with multiple nuclei and striations CardiacCardiac (striated involuntary) Branching (striated involuntary) Branching

interconnected cylinders with faint striationsinterconnected cylinders with faint striations Smooth Smooth (non- striated involuntary visceral) (non- striated involuntary visceral)

threadlike cells with single nuclei and no threadlike cells with single nuclei and no striations striations

NERVOUS TISSUENERVOUS TISSUE

1.1. Consists of two kinds of cells : Neurons the Consists of two kinds of cells : Neurons the functional or conducting units and Glia functional or conducting units and Glia ( neuroglia) the connecting and supporting ( neuroglia) the connecting and supporting cellscells

2.2. Is characterized by a cell body and two types Is characterized by a cell body and two types of processes: one axon which transmits a of processes: one axon which transmits a nerve impulse away from cell body and one nerve impulse away from cell body and one or more dendrites which carry impulses or more dendrites which carry impulses toward the cell bodytoward the cell body