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Object-OrientedAnalysis and Design
Arpita Gopal Netra Patil•
method 1 method 8
method 2 method 7attribute 1 attribute 4
method 3 method 6
method 4 method 5
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Sinhgad Institute of Business Administration and ResearchPune
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Sinhgad Institute of Business Administration and ResearchPune
New Delhi - 1100012011
MAGNIFYING OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGNArpita Gopal and Netra Patil
© 2011 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
ISBN-978-81-203-4068-8
The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.
Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus, New Delhi-110001 and Printed by Baba Barkha Nath Printers, Bahadurgarh, Haryana-124507.
ToShri M.N. Navale
The Visionary
Founder PresidentSinhgad Technical Education Society
Pune, Maharashtra
India
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Preface ....................................................................................................................................... xiii
CHAPTER 1: SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN .................................................. 1–14
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 11.2 Software Development Models ......................................................................................... 2
1.2.1 Waterfall Model ................................................................................................... 21.2.2 The Incremental Model ....................................................................................... 31.2.3 Spiral Model ......................................................................................................... 4
1.3 Software Development Techniques .................................................................................. 51.3.1 Prototyping ........................................................................................................... 51.3.2 Clean-room Technique......................................................................................... 61.3.3 Object-Oriented Technique .................................................................................. 6
1.4 Structured Systems Analysis and Design (SSAD) .......................................................... 81.4.1 Features of SSAD ................................................................................................ 91.4.2 The Traditional Way of Programming—Structured Programming ................ 101.4.3 SSADM Disadvantage ....................................................................................... 121.4.4 Why is SSADM not Evacuated? ...................................................................... 12
1.5 Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) ............................................................ 121.5.1 The New Way of Programming—The Object-Oriented Approach ................ 131.5.2 Why an OOAD over SSADM? ........................................................................ 131.5.3 Contribution of Object-Oriented Methodology towards SDLC ...................... 14Exercises .......................................................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER 2: OBJECT ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN ......................... 15–24
2.1 Object-Oriented Modelling ............................................................................................. 152.1.1 Analysis Model .................................................................................................. 152.1.2 Architecture Model ............................................................................................ 152.1.3 Component (Design) Models ............................................................................ 15
2.2 Object-Oriented Approach .............................................................................................. 162.2.1 Object Orientation .............................................................................................. 162.2.2 Object-Oriented Analysis ................................................................................... 172.2.3 Object-Oriented Design ..................................................................................... 18
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2.3 The Constituents of OOAD ............................................................................................ 182.3.1 Objects and Classes ........................................................................................... 182.3.2 Links and Association ....................................................................................... 192.3.3 Generalization and Specialization ..................................................................... 192.3.4 Aggregation and Composition .......................................................................... 20
2.4 Pillars of Object Oriented Analysis and Design ........................................................... 202.4.1 Abstraction .......................................................................................................... 202.4.2 Encapsulation...................................................................................................... 202.4.3 Inheritance .......................................................................................................... 212.4.4 Polymorphism ..................................................................................................... 212.4.5 Coupling ............................................................................................................. 212.4.6 Cohesion ............................................................................................................. 222.4.7 Components ........................................................................................................ 222.4.8 Interfaces ............................................................................................................ 22
2.5 The Language of OOAD—Unified Modelling Language and BPMN ........................ 222.5.1 UML Diagrams .................................................................................................. 232.5.2 Introduction to BPMN ....................................................................................... 24Exercises .......................................................................................................................... 24
CHAPTER 3: BUSINESS PROCESS DIAGRAM AND USE CASE DIAGRAM ......25–47
3.1 Introduction to Business Process Diagram .................................................................... 253.2 Scope of Business Process Diagram .............................................................................. 253.3 Elements of Business Process Diagram ......................................................................... 26
3.3.1 Flow Objects ...................................................................................................... 263.3.2 Connecting Objects ............................................................................................ 283.3.3 Swimlanes ........................................................................................................... 283.3.4 Artifacts .............................................................................................................. 30
3.4 Guidelines for Design of Business Process Diagram ................................................... 313.4.1 Finding out Elementary (Atomic) Processes and Complex (Non-atomic)
Processes ............................................................................................................. 313.4.2 Example Explaining Elementary and Complex Processes .............................. 313.4.3 Represent Processes along the Pools and Lanes ............................................. 323.4.4 Check for Consistency within the Diagram..................................................... 323.4.5 Analyze the Level of Interaction ...................................................................... 32
3.5 Case: Get-Well-Soon Hospital Pvt. Ltd. ....................................................................... 323.5.1 Swimlanes ........................................................................................................... 333.5.2 Flow Objects ...................................................................................................... 343.5.3 Artifacts .............................................................................................................. 353.5.4 Business Process Diagram................................................................................. 36
3.6 Use-Case Diagram ........................................................................................................... 363.7 Scope of Use-Case Diagrams ......................................................................................... 363.8 Benefits of a Use-Case Diagrams .................................................................................. 38
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3.9 Elements of Use-Case Diagram ..................................................................................... 393.9.1 Actors .................................................................................................................. 393.9.2 Use-Cases ........................................................................................................... 393.9.3 Relationships between Actor and Use Case .................................................... 403.9.4 Relationships between Use-Cases ..................................................................... 403.9.5 Relationships between Actors ........................................................................... 42
3.10 Guidelines for Design of Use-Case Diagrams .............................................................. 423.10.1 Actors .................................................................................................................. 423.10.2 Use-Case ............................................................................................................. 423.10.3 Relationships ...................................................................................................... 423.10.4 System Boundary Box ....................................................................................... 43
3.11 Case Merchant National Bank ........................................................................................ 433.11.1 Identifying Actors and Use-Cases .................................................................... 433.11.2 Use-Case Diagram ............................................................................................. 43Exercises .......................................................................................................................... 45
CHAPTER 4: CLASS DIAGRAM AND OBJECT DIAGRAM.............................. 48–66
4.1 Class Diagrams ................................................................................................................ 484.1.1 Analysis and Design Versions of a Class Diagram ........................................ 48
4.2 Elements of Class Diagram ............................................................................................ 494.2.1 Class .................................................................................................................... 494.2.2 Relationships ...................................................................................................... 504.2.3 Association Class ............................................................................................... 554.2.4 Interface .............................................................................................................. 564.2.5 Package ............................................................................................................... 58
4.3 Guidelines for Design of a Class Diagram ................................................................... 584.4 Problem Statement: Merchant National Bank ............................................................... 58
4.4.1 Analysis of Merchant National Bank ............................................................... 594.4.2 Class Diagram—Merchant National Bank ....................................................... 61
4.5 Object Diagram ................................................................................................................ 624.6 Elements of Object Diagram .......................................................................................... 62
4.6.1 Objects ................................................................................................................ 624.6.2 Links ................................................................................................................... 63
4.7 Guidelines for Design of Object Diagrams ................................................................... 634.8 Problem Statement: ABC India Pvt. Ltd. ...................................................................... 63
4.8.1 Analysis of ABC India Pvt. Ltd. ...................................................................... 634.8.2 Object Diagrams for ABC India Pvt. Ltd. ...................................................... 64Exercises .......................................................................................................................... 65
CHAPTER 5: SEQUENCE DIAGRAM AND COLLABORATION DIAGRAM .... 67–81
5.1 Introduction to Sequence Diagram ................................................................................. 675.2 Elements of Sequence Diagram ..................................................................................... 68
5.2.1 Life Lines ........................................................................................................... 685.2.2 Messages ............................................................................................................. 68
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5.2.3 Activation ........................................................................................................... 695.2.4 Guards ................................................................................................................. 695.2.5 Combined Fragments ......................................................................................... 705.2.6 Objects .................................................................................................................. 72
5.3 Guidelines for Design of Sequence Diagrams .............................................................. 745.4 Problem Statement: Milton Jewels Pvt. Ltd. ................................................................. 75
5.4.1 Analysis of Milton Jewels Pvt. Ltd. ................................................................ 755.4.2 Sequence Diagrams: Milton Jewels Pvt. Ltd. .................................................. 76
5.5 Collaboration Diagram .................................................................................................... 775.6 Elements of Collaboration Diagram ............................................................................... 78
5.6.1 Links ................................................................................................................... 785.6.2 Messages ............................................................................................................. 785.6.3 Objects ................................................................................................................ 78
5.7 Guidelines for Design of Collaboration Diagrams ....................................................... 795.8 Problem Statement: Milton Jewels Pvt. Ltd. ................................................................. 79
5.8.1 Analysis of Milton Jewels Pvt. Ltd. ................................................................ 795.8.2 Collaboration Diagram: Milton Jewels Pvt. Ltd. ............................................ 79Exercises .......................................................................................................................... 80
CHAPTER 6: ACTIVITY DIAGRAM AND STATE CHART DIAGRAM ......... 82–97
6.1 Introduction to Activity Diagram ................................................................................... 826.2 Elements of Activity Diagram and their Notation ........................................................ 82
6.2.1 Initial State ......................................................................................................... 826.2.2 Final State .......................................................................................................... 836.2.3 Action/Activity ................................................................................................... 836.2.4 Transitions .......................................................................................................... 836.2.5 Decisions ............................................................................................................ 846.2.6 Synchronization, Fork and Join ........................................................................ 846.2.7 Swimlanes ........................................................................................................... 856.2.8 Objects and Object Flows ................................................................................. 86
6.3 Guidelines for Design of Activity Diagram .................................................................. 866.4 Problem Statement: MCA Admission System .............................................................. 87
6.4.1 Analysis of MCA Admission System .............................................................. 876.4.2 Activity Diagrams: MCA Admission System .................................................. 88
6.5 Introduction to State Chart Diagram.............................................................................. 896.6 Elements of State Chart Diagram and their Notation .................................................. 90
6.6.1 Initial State ......................................................................................................... 906.6.2 Final State .......................................................................................................... 906.6.3 State .................................................................................................................... 906.6.4 Transitions .......................................................................................................... 93
6.7 Guidelines for Design of Statechart Diagram ............................................................... 946.8 Problem Statement: Advertisement Campaign of ABC Pvt. Ltd. ............................... 95
6.8.1 Analysis of Advertisement Campaign of ABC Pvt. Ltd. ............................... 956.8.2 State Chart Diagram for Advertisement Campaign of ABC Pvt. Ltd. .......... 96Exercises .......................................................................................................................... 97
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CHAPTER 7: COMPONENT DIAGRAM AND DEPLOYMENT DIAGRAM ..... 98–111
7.1 Introduction to Component Diagram ............................................................................. 987.2 Elements of Component Diagram and their Notation .................................................. 98
7.2.1 Components ........................................................................................................ 987.2.2 Interfaces .......................................................................................................... 1007.2.3 Dependencies .................................................................................................... 1027.2.4 Port .................................................................................................................... 102
7.3 Guidelines for Design of Component Diagram .......................................................... 1037.4 Problem Statement: GlobalTherm USA Pvt. Ltd. ....................................................... 104
7.4.1 Analysis of GlobalTherm USA Pvt. Ltd. ...................................................... 1047.4.2 Component Diagram for GlobalTherm USA Pvt. Ltd. ................................. 105
7.5 Introduction to Deployment Diagram .......................................................................... 1057.6 Elements of Deployment Diagram and their Notation ............................................... 106
7.6.1 Node .................................................................................................................. 1067.6.2 Component ........................................................................................................ 1067.6.3 Artifacts ............................................................................................................ 1067.6.4 Link ................................................................................................................... 1077.6.5 Dependency ...................................................................................................... 107
7.7 Guidelines for Design of Deployment Diagram ......................................................... 1077.8 Deployment Diagram for Web-Based Application ..................................................... 108
7.8.1 Simplified Deployment Diagram .................................................................... 1087.8.2 Detailed Deployment Diagram ........................................................................ 108
7.9 Problem Statement: John and Tom’s Online Beverages ............................................ 1087.9.1 Analysis of John and Tom’s Online Beverages ............................................ 1107.9.2 Deployment Diagram for John and Tom’s Online Beverages ..................... 110
7.10 Simplified Deployment Diagram for 2-Tier Architecture ......................................... 110Exercises ........................................................................................................................ 111
CHAPTER 8: CASE STUDY—STUDENT LOAN SYSTEM ............................. 112–148
8.1 Problem Statement: Student Loan System .................................................................. 1128.2 Analysis Phase Diagrams: Student Loan System ....................................................... 112
8.2.1 Business Process Diagram............................................................................... 1138.2.2 Use-Case Diagram ........................................................................................... 1168.2.3 Class Diagram .................................................................................................. 1188.2.4 Object Diagram ................................................................................................ 120
8.3 Design Phase Diagrams: Student Loan System .......................................................... 1208.3.1 Sequence Diagram ........................................................................................... 1208.3.2 Collaboration Diagram..................................................................................... 1348.3.3 Statechart Diagram ........................................................................................... 1418.3.4 Activity Diagrams ............................................................................................ 143
8.4 Implementation Phase Diagrams: Student Loan System ............................................ 1448.4.1 Component Diagram ........................................................................................ 1448.4.2 Deployment Diagram ....................................................................................... 147
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