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Chapter 5

Respiratory System

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OBJECTIVES

Identify the organs and other structures of the respiratory systemDefine and spell the word partsBuild and analyze medical terms using word parts

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OBJECTIVES (cont’d)

Define, pronounce, and spell the disease and disorder, diagnostic, surgical, and complementary terms for the respiratory systemInterpret the meanings of the abbreviationsRead medical documents and interpret medical terminology contained in them

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Respiratory System Function

Use of oxygen and formation of carbon dioxide during metabolism by body cells. The process is called respiration.

External ventilation (breathing): Oxygen passes from lungs to blood (capillaries) and carbon dioxide passes from capillaries back into lungs to be expelled.Internal respiration: The body cells take on oxygen from the blood and give back carbon dioxide, which is transported back to the lungs.

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Ventilation Cycle

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Organs of the Respiratory System

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Structures of the Nasal Passages and Throat

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Respiratory System

nose: lined with mucous membrane and fine hairs; acts as a filter to moisten and warm the entering airpharynx (throat): serves as a food and air passageway

adenoid: lymphoid tissue located behind the nasal cavitytonsils: lymphoid tissue located behind the mouth

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Respiratory System (cont’d)

larynx (voice box): location of the vocal cordsepiglottis: flap of cartilage that automatically covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing and keeps food from entering the larynxtrachea: passageway for air to the bronchi

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Normal vocal folds visualized with an endoscope

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Respiratory System (cont’d)

bronchus: one of two branches from the trachea, which conducts air into the lungs, where it divides and subdivides (referred to as a bronchial tree).

bronchioles: smallest subdivision of the bronchial treealveolus: air sacs at the end of the bronchioles; oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged through alveolar walls and capillaries

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Bronchioles and Alveoli

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Terminal Airways

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Normal Lung

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Respiratory System (cont’d)

lungs: 2 sponge-like organs in the thoracic cavity (right lung has 3 lobes; left lung has 2 lobes)

pleura: Serous membrane covering each lung and lining the thoracic cavity

diaphragm: Muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity; aids in breathingmediastinum: Space between the lungs

17Normal Lung

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Combining Forms for the Respiratory System

lob/onas/o, rhin/opharyng/opleur/opneum/o, pneumat/o,pneumon/opulmon/o

adenoid/oalveol/obronch/i, bronch/odiaphragmat/oepiglott/olaryng/o

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Combining Forms for the Respiratory System (cont’d)

sept/osinus/othorac/otonsill/otrache/o

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Combining Forms Commonly Used with Respiratory System Terms

atel/ocapn/ohem/o, hemat/omuc/oorth/oox/o, ox/i

py/ospir/o

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Prefixes

a-, an-endo-eu-pan-poly-

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Suffixes

-algia-ar, -ary-cele-centesis-eal

-ectasis-emia-gram

-graphy-graph-meter-metry-oxia-pexy-phonia-pnea

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Suffixes (cont’d)

-rrhagia-scope-scopic-scopy-spasm-stenosis-stomy

-thorax-tomy

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Word Parts Meaning Breathing, Oxygen, and Chest Appear as Combining Forms and Suffixes

Meaning Combining Form Suffixbreathing spir/o -pneachest thorac/o -thoraxoxygen ox/o, ox/i -oxia

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Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts

adenoiditisatelectasisbronchogenic carcinomahemothoraxpansinusitispneumonitispneumothoraxrhinorrhagia

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The right lung is atelectatic and floating in bloody fluid filling the right chest cavity as a consequence of trauma.

This is a hemothorax.

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Atelectasis Showing Collapsed Alveoli

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(air) / cv / (chest)

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Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts

adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)asthmachronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)coccidioidomycosis (valley fever or cocci)emphysemaobstructive sleep apnea (OSA)pulmonary embolismtuberculosis (TB)

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Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts

bronchoplastylaryngocentesislobectomypleuropexypneumobronchotomythoracocentesis or thoracentesisthoracotomytracheostomy

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(chest) / cv / (surgical puncture to remove fluid)

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Types of Diagnostic Procedures

radiography: x-ray images of internal organs using ionizing radiationnuclear medicine: scans using radioactive material to determine the functional capacity of an organultrasound: sonograms, or echograms, using high-frequency sound waves to create an image of body organs

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Types of Diagnostic Procedures (cont’d)

computed tomography (CT scans): computerized images of body organs in slices, horizontallymagnetic resonance imaging (MRI scans): gives information about the body’s biochemistry by placing the patient in a magnetic field

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Types of Diagnostic Procedures(cont’d)

endoscopy: endoscopes, which are lighted, flexible instruments, are used for visual examination of a hollow organ or body cavitylaboratory: diagnostic procedures performed on specimens such as blood, tissue, sputum, and urinepulmonary function tests: diagnostic tests performed to determine lung function

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Diagnostic Terms Built from Word Parts

capnometerendoscopeendoscopicendoscopylaryngoscopythoracoscopethoracoscopy

oximeterpolysomnographyspirometerspirometry

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Pulse Oximetry

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Spirometer

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Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts

Diagnostic imagingchest CT (computed tomography) scanchest x-rayventilation-perfusion scanning

Laboratory procedureacid-bacilli (AFB) smear

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This radiograph demonstrates patchy infiltrates consistent with a bronchopneumonia from a bacterial infection. Typical organisms include

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Hemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, among others.

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This chest radiograph demonstrates a nodular pattern resulting from multiple metastases in the lung from a carcinoma. (The plate and screws in the cervical spine

repaired a pathologic fracture from metastasis).

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Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont’d)

Pulmonary functionarterial blood gases (ABGs)pulmonary function tests (PFTs)pulse oximetry

Other PPD skin test

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Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts

acapniaanoxiaaphoniaapneabronchospasmdiaphragmaticdysphoniadyspnea

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Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d)

eupneahypercapniahypocapniahypoxemiahypoxialaryngealnasopharyngealrhinorrhea

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Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts

airwayasphyxiaaspiratebronchoconstrictorbronchodilatorhyperventilationhypoventilationmucopurulent

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Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont’d)

nebulizernosocomial infectionpatentsputumventilator

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Abbreviations

ABGsAFBARDSCFCOPDCTCXRCO2

LLLLTBLULO2OSAPCP

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Here is an example of diffuse alveolar damage in which the lung is diffusely firm and rubbery. Clinically, this is known as adult

respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

COPDChronic BronchitisAsthmaEmphysema

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Normal Lung

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Diagrammatic view of the respiratory unit (respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts, alveolar

sacs, & alveoli).

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Microscopically at high magnification, the loss of alveolar walls with emphysema is demonstrated. Remaining airspaces are dilated.

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On cut section of the lung, the dilated airspaces with

emphysema are seen. Although there tends to be some scarring

with time because of superimposed infections, the

emphysematous process is one of loss of lung parenchyma, not

fibrosis.

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This cast of the bronchial tree is formed of inspissated mucus and was coughed up by a patient during an asthmatic attack. The

outpouring of mucus from hypertrophied bronchial submucosalglands, the bronchoconstriction, and dehydration all contribute to the formation of mucus plugs that can block airways in asthmatic

patients.

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Bronchiectasis is seen here. The repeated episodes of inflammation can result in scarring, which has resulted in

fibrous adhesions between the lobes. Fibrous pleural adhesions are common in persons who have had past episodes of inflammation of the lung that involve the

pleura. With extensive involvement, the pleural space may be obliterated.

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Abbreviations (cont’d)

PEPFTsPSGRLL

RULTBURIVPS

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Pneumon/pneum/o(lungs, air)

Pneumonia – inflammation of the lungs,With consolidation (filling with exudate)

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Lung Cancer

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At the left the alveoli are filled with a neutrophilic exudate that corresponds to the areas of consolidation seen grossly with the

bronchopneumonia. This contrasts with the aerated lung on the right of this photomicrograph.

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Practice

http://www.gen.umn.edu/faculty_staff/jensen/1135/webanatomy/wa_respiratory/