OGT Review

EnlightenmentEnlightenment

1717thth century intellectual movement century intellectual movement

Worked to limit power of government and church.Worked to limit power of government and church.

Locke believed job of govt. was to protect the natural rights of people Locke believed job of govt. was to protect the natural rights of people or be overthrown.or be overthrown.

Enlightenment thinkers:Enlightenment thinkers:

-Locke= Natural Rights-Locke= Natural Rights

-Montesquieu= Separation of Powers-Montesquieu= Separation of Powers

-Voltaire=Freedom of speech/thought-Voltaire=Freedom of speech/thought

Enlightenment ideas led to: American Revolution, U.S. Constitution & Enlightenment ideas led to: American Revolution, U.S. Constitution & Bill of Rights, French Revolution, Latin American Wars for Bill of Rights, French Revolution, Latin American Wars for Independence.Independence.

Divine Right= Believe that God puts monarchs on throneDivine Right= Believe that God puts monarchs on throne

Philosophe= French philosopherPhilosophe= French philosopher

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

Improved technology in agriculture increased output.Improved technology in agriculture increased output.

Industrial Revolution begins in Great Britain.Industrial Revolution begins in Great Britain.

Many move from rural areas to cities to find work.Many move from rural areas to cities to find work.

Industrialization results in urbanization-growth of cities (poor Industrialization results in urbanization-growth of cities (poor living conditions=slums)living conditions=slums)

Working conditions in factories: dangerous, long hours, little Working conditions in factories: dangerous, long hours, little pay.pay.

Women and children also worked in factories.Women and children also worked in factories.

Led to rise of organized labor- Unions (demand better pay, Led to rise of organized labor- Unions (demand better pay, shorter hours, benefits)shorter hours, benefits)

Assembly Line allows for mass production, prices begin to fall.Assembly Line allows for mass production, prices begin to fall.

Middle Class begins to develop as the standard of living begins Middle Class begins to develop as the standard of living begins to rise.to rise.

Industrial Revolution Cont.Industrial Revolution Cont.

Populism & Progressivism are movements that Populism & Progressivism are movements that develop in response to the poor living & working develop in response to the poor living & working conditions.conditions.

Immigration to the United States increases Immigration to the United States increases because of the availability of jobs.because of the availability of jobs.

-Received low pay-Received low pay -Often established own section of city.-Often established own section of city.

ImperialismImperialism

Imperialism: strong nation has political, Imperialism: strong nation has political, economic, & social control over a weaker economic, & social control over a weaker nation.nation.

White Man's Burden- Idea that the west must White Man's Burden- Idea that the west must civilize backward nations.civilize backward nations.

Colonial Powers force their culture and political Colonial Powers force their culture and political systems on their colonies.systems on their colonies.

The colony existed to benefit the colonial The colony existed to benefit the colonial power.power.

Imperialism was fueled by the need for markets Imperialism was fueled by the need for markets and resources for industrializationand resources for industrialization..

Imperialism Cont.Imperialism Cont.

U.S. becomes imperialist power after the Spanish-U.S. becomes imperialist power after the Spanish-American War – U.S. acquired Guam, Puerto Rico, & American War – U.S. acquired Guam, Puerto Rico, & PhilippinesPhilippines

American businesses fueled acquisition of Hawaii.American businesses fueled acquisition of Hawaii.

President Teddy Roosevelt has “Carry a Big Stick” policy- President Teddy Roosevelt has “Carry a Big Stick” policy- U.S. builds Panama Canal and intervenes in Latin America.U.S. builds Panama Canal and intervenes in Latin America.

Results: Results:

- Japan modernizes to protect herself from imperialist take - Japan modernizes to protect herself from imperialist take overover

- China is separated into Spheres of Influence. (U.S. - China is separated into Spheres of Influence. (U.S. supports Open Door Policy with China.)supports Open Door Policy with China.)

-Struggles in African nations directly linked to past -Struggles in African nations directly linked to past imperialist policies.imperialist policies.

World War I

4 MAIN: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism.

First Modern War: advanced weapons are used (Submarines, machine guns, tanks, planes, gas)

Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand immediate cause of the war.

Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria.

Allies: Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, U.S.

World War I Cont.

U.S. involvement: U.S. involvement:

-initially neutral, sell supplies to both sides.

-German unrestricted submarine war policy-reason for U.S. entry

-U.S. involvement led to defeat of Central Powers

-Great Migration-many African Americans move North for jobs in defense plans.

-14 points=President Wilson's plan for a lasting peace (Not as harsh as Treaty of Versailles)

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles=Ends WWI, very harsh towards Germany.

World War I Cont.

Results:Results: League of Nations est. to prevent war -Fails (no power to prevent aggression, U.S. doesn't join) Causes:Causes: Russian Revolution, Great

Depression, Rise of Dictators, and WWII

Treaty of Versailles

War Guilt Clause-Germany solely responsible for war.

Germany must pay billions in war damages (reparations)

Severely limits size of German military. Germany cannot manufacture war materials. Germany lost all overseas colonies. Poland became an independent nation.

Between the Wars

U.S. returns to isolationist policy- distraught over monetary and human cost of WWI

Red Scare= fear of communism a. result of Communist revolution in Russia b. restricted immigration to the U.S. Harlem Renaissance- Glorification of the accomplishments of

African Americans. a. Music, writers b. Part of the Civil Rights Movement following WWI 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote

Between the Wars- Causes of the Great Depression (1929-1941)

Bank Failures Overproduction Overspending Stock Market Crash

FDR’s plan to combat the depression was called the New Deal.

WWII

Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, and Japan Allied Powers: Great Britain, U.S., Soviet Union U.S. enters war when Japan attacks U.S. base at

Pearl Harbor. Japanese-Americans are forced to live in internment

camps Women work in factories to help the war effort African Americans continue to migrate north for factory

jobs. War ends when U.S. drops two atomic bombs on

Japan.

Results of WWII

Millions of refugees- people left homeless because of war.

Many European colonies receive independence United Nations established to preserve world peace Nation of Israel established (Arab- Israeli conflict

begins) U.S. and Soviet Union emerge as world’s

“Superpowers” Atomic bombs begin arms race between U.S. and

Soviet Union

Cold War

End of WWII U.S. and Soviet Union become suspicious of each others motives and policies.

a. Compete in arms and space race• U.S. foreign policy based on containment of communism• Soviet Union controls much of Eastern Europe, referred to as

Iron Curtain or Soviet Bloc• Marshall Plan was U.S. program to rebuild Europe after WWII

a. Plan rejected by Soviet Union

b. Plan weakened appeal of communism in

Western Europe.

Cold War Korean Conflict helps Truman gain support for massive U.S. military build-

up. Soviet Union and U.S. disagree over Berlin

a. Berlin Airlift and Berlin Wall Castro comes to power in Cuba allies with the Soviet Union Cuban Missiles Crisis

a. Soviet Union attempts to install

nuclear missiles in Cuba.

b. War is prevented with the U.S. when

Khrushchev backs down and removes the missiles. Vietnam War begins when Communist North Vietnam invades South

Vietnam.

a. U.S. aids South Vietnam because of the Domino Theory.

Civil Rights Movement

Jim Crow Laws allow for the legal separation of races (segregation)

a. upheld by Supreme Court in Plessy v.

Ferguson Brown v. Board of Education declares

segregation unconstitutional

a. Overturns Plessy v. Ferguson Civil disobedience: legal form of protest to bring

about government change.

1950’s – 1960’s

U.S. economy was strong following WWII Cities suffer financially as middle class moves

to suburbs. Baby Boomers: large increase in birthrate

following WWII McCarthyism: Campaign to root at communism

in U.S… (Red Scare) Technological advancements created more

leisure time for the upper and middle class

Forms of Government

Monarchy All monarchs gain power through heredity Types a. Absolute: monarchs has sole control over government (Ppl have few or no rights) b. Constitutional: Power of monarch limited by constitution and or parliament Divine Right- Believe that monarch was put on the

throne by God. Titles- king/queen, emperor/empress, czar/czarina

Forms of Government

Dictator Usually comes to power through military force Has absolute power When a dictator is removed from power this no

clear succession. People have few or no rights. Oligarchy-like a dictatorship except a small

group rules instead of a single person.

Forms of Government

Democracy Government by the people Types a. Presidential (Direct)- the people directly vote on all matters. b. Parliamentary (Representative)- the ppl elect representatives to make decisions for them. Power is limited by the constitution and regular

elections

Forms of Government

Theocracy No separation between Church and State Leader is both political and religious leader Ex. Iran

U.S. Constitution/ Governments

Constitution known as the Supreme Law of the Land. Only way to change the Constitution is through the

amendment process The U.S. government can only limit or place

restrictions on your rights if: clear and present danger, public safety, national security, libel, slander, and equal opportunity.

a. Schenck v. U.S. established clear and present danger The 3 branches of Government (executive, legislative,

and judical) operate on a system of checks and balances.

Amendments

1st- Freedom or press, religion, petition, assembly, and speech 13th- abolished slavery 14th -Citizenship to everyone born in the U.S. (equal protection) 15th - Right to vote to all adult males 16th – Government can collect income tax 17th – Direct election of senators (Progressive Reform)

19th- Women Suffrage (voting) 24th –Outlaws literacy test and poll taxes as requirements for

voting 26th –lowers voting age to 18

Supreme Court Cases

Plessy v. Ferguson: Declared segregation legal

Brown v. Board of Education: segregation illegal

a. overturns Plessy v. Ferguson Bakke v. CA: allows for affirmative action

Economics

Types of Economics:

a. Command: all economic decisions made by

the government.

b. Market: Businesses privately owned

c. Traditional: heredity, traditions

d. Mixed: Combination of privately owned and

government controlled businesses.

Economics Trade: A. Definition: buying, selling, and exchanging of goods within

and between countries. B. Exports: products leaving a country. C. Imports: products entering a country. D. Trade Imbalance occurs when a country’s imports and

exports are not equal.

-more imports than exports hurt a country’s

economy. E. Tariff is a tax placed on imports to protect domestic products. F. Embargo/ Blockade: a country refuses to trade with another

country for political or economic reasons.

Economics

Taxes: A. Government raises money (revenue) by

collecting taxes… 16th amendment. Congress created the Federal Reserve to

manage the nation’s economy. A. It sets the interest rate: raise rate to get

people to save, lower the rate to get people to spend money.

Geography

Region: an area with one or more common characteristics or features.

A. Geographic Region (Rocky Mountains) B. Political Region (U.S.A) C. Cultural Region (Middle East) D. Economic Region (Corn Belt) Geographic Regions changes over time as a

result of human activity. Human activities such as mining & logging will change the physical geography of an areas.

Geography Technology has impacted the way humans deal with the natural geography

of an area. Advanced transportation allows for the settlement in remote areas. Technology also allows for the diffusion (spreading) of ideas from one place to another.

Throughout history people have migrated (moved) for political, social, economic, economic, and environmental reasons.

Immigration: movement into a country Emigration: movement out of a country Globalization: the act, process, or policy of making something worldwide in

scope or application. Indigenous: native to an area Interdependence: being mutually dependent. Topography: graphic representation of the surface of a place or region on a

map.