Olympe de Georges

• French woman who fought for equal rights for women during the French Revolution

Faction

• Different groups who have dissenting points of view

French Revolution

• Time period in France with major governmental change, death, and rebellion by the lower class

Storming the Bastille

• Members of French lower class attack a military fort/prison searching for weapons to defend themselves against the king’s army

Jacques Necker

• King Louis’ financial advisor who wanted taxes placed on first two Estates to help pay off French debt; he lost his job.

Nobles

• In France, the knights and government officials who made up the 2nd Estate; paid no taxes

Clergy

• Religious leaders who made up the 1st Estate; paid no taxes

Cahiers

• Notebooks that the three Estates created to explain their grievances; 3rd Estate had largest

First Estate

• In France, made up of the clergy and had to most money and power underneath the king

Second Estate

• In France, made up of nobles who took all high level jobs within the country and had the large amounts of money and power

Third Estate

• In France, consisted of everyone not in the first two Estates; included a wide array of people from doctors and merchants to peasants

Ancien Regime

• In France, it was known as the old order that consisted of the Three Estates

Jean-Jacques Roussaeu

• Enlightenment thinker who believed that the betterment of the community was more important then the betterment of the individual

Siam

• Asian country that was able to remain independent by agreeing to unfair treaties and working to create a modern country

French Indochina

• Asian countries taken over by France that consisted of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia

Taiwan

• Portion of China that was taken over by Japan after the First Sino-Japanese War

First Sino-Japanese War

• War between the Chinese and Japanese which was won by the Japanese; enabled Japan to gain control of Taiwan

Emperor Meiji

• Japanese ruler who worked to modernize Japan to keep from being taken over by western countries

Diet

• Japanese legislative body that helped the emperor make government decisions; modeled after the German goverment

Korea

• Asian country known as the “Hermit Kingdom”; taken over by Japan after the Russo-Japanese War

Russo-Japanese War

• War between Russia and Japan which was won by Japan; Japan gained control of Korea; first victory of an Asian country over a European country

Millard Fillmore

• President of the United States who send naval ships to Japan demanding that they open up for the U.S.

Self-Strengthening Movement

• Movement in China started by Empress Ci Xi where the Chinese were going to modernize on their own; failed because the government did not support it

“Three Principles of the People”

• Three ideas created by Sun Yixian in hopes of rallying support from the Chinese; consisted of nationalism, democracy, and economic security

Sun Yixian

• Leader of the Republic of China and became the first president of china

100 Days of Reform

• Period of reform instituted by Emperor Guang Xu after the Chinese defeat to Japan in the First Sino-Japanese War; failed due to lack of support by the government

Hong Kong

• City that was obtained by Great Britain after they defeated China in the Opium War

Taiping Rebellion

• A Chinese civil war between the Imperial Army and the peasants where peasants were seeking from rights; won by the Imperial Army after 14 years of bloody battle; Emperor lost some power

Indian National Congress

• Group of educated Indians that worked for independence in India from the British

Sepoy Rebellion

• Revolt of Indians over the British after Muslim and Hindu soldiers refused to bite off rifle cartridges greased in pig and cow fat; British victory caused the British government to take over the country from the East India Company

Muhammad Ali

• Called the “Father of Modern Egypt” due to his modernizing the country and keeping it independent

Menelik II

• Ruler of Ethiopia who worked to modernize the country; defeated the Italians after using modern weapons and fighting techniques

Usman dan Fadio

• Worked to create a country governed by traditional Muslim law in northern Africa

Nehanda

• Queen of the Shona tribe in Zimbabwe who fought to keep the territory free; was unsuccessful and was executed

Missionaries

• Came to Africa to convert Africans to Christianity; saw the Africans as children in need of guidance

Zulus

• Ruthless African tribe in south Africa that became one of the largest tribes after defeating surrounding tribes; were forced north by the Boars and the Engilsh

Boars

• Dutch settlers who lived in south Africa

Shaka

• Military mastermind and leader of the Zulu tribe

Boar War

• War between the British and the Boars in south Africa; started after diamonds were found in Boar run territories; British won and forced Boars to move north

King Leopald II

• King of Belgium who started taking over portions of Africa which led to other European countries doing the same.

Henry Stanley

• American explorer/journalist who traveled around Africa searching for David Livingston; hired by King Leopald the II to map out Africa for Belgium

Dr. David Livingston

• English explorer who traveled around Africa living with local tribes; treated tribes with respect and hoped to help them; most well known explorer of the time

Berlin Conference

• Meeting between the major countries in Europe to decide how to split up Africa; decided government offices must be set up

Ethiopia

• African country that was able to remain free by using modern weapons to defeat Italy.

Open Door Policy

• Policy supported by the U.S. that would allow all countries to trade with China and not restrict areas to only one country.

Wahhabi

• Movement in Muslim countries that wish to practice the pure teachings of the prophet Muhammad.

Mahdi

• Seen as being the savior of the Islamic faith

Social Darwinsim

• The belief of survival of the fittest in society; used to justify rich over poor, white over black, big companies over mom and pop stores; also promoted racism

Charles Lyell

• One of the first to practice the science of geology.

Dmitri Mendeleyev

• Russian scientist who created the first periodic table of elements that placed elements in order by atomic weight

Florence Nightingale

• English nurse who worked for more sanitary conditions in hospitals; started first nursing school

Joseph Lister

• Found that cleaning surgical tools with alcohol antiseptic would lead to safer surgeries

Louise Pasteur

• Found that microbes in milk caused people to get sick; developed a way to get rid of the microbes called Pasteurization

Robert Koch

• German scientist who found the germs that caused tuberculosis

Corporation

• A large companies where the owners have shares in the company.

Internal Combustion Engine

• Used to make transportation quicker and easier; used in trains and steam ships

Bessemer Process

• Developed by Henry Bessemer to create cheaper, more pure, light weight steel

Textiles

• Another name for the clothing and cloth that was created using the spinning jenny, flying shuttle, and water frame

John Dalton

• Scientist who found that small living microorganisms cause disease; laid foundation for germ theory

Normal Schools

• Schools set up to teach people to become teachers; “Teacher Schools”

Cult of Domesticity

• The idea that women should stay in the home and men should support the family; “A man’s home is his castle.”

Increased Population

• European population increased because of better medical technology and more available food

Assembly Line

• Form of producing products where workers focused on one phase of production and passed it done the line until completion

Michael Farady

• Invented the dynamo which led to the creation of the first electric motor.

Laissez-Faire

• The economic principle of letting the market determine the prices for goods instead of the government; governments hands off businesses

Standard-of-Living

• How people are able to live with the money that they make; upper class has high standard of living; went up for everyone during industrial revolution

Women Workers

• Women were hired to work in factories more then men because they were paid less and could be intimidated by male bosses to follow orders

Tenements

• Apartment buildings that were falling apart where the conditions were very poor; urban workers lived in these buildings

Putting Out System

• System where businesses would give raw materials to peasants to sew into textiles and then give them back to the business to sell for a profit

Railroads

• Most popular form of transportation because tracks could be laid anywhere; helped put canals out of business

Canals

• Man made waterways that connect two bodies of water; ships paid a toll to go through the canal

James Watt

• Perfected the steam engine that would be used to improve transportation and production

Eli Whitney

• Invented the cotton gin to help the U.S. compete in cotton production

Abraham Darby

• Perfected the process of smelting that separated the iron from the ore and created a purer steel.

Land Enclosure

• Large land owners buy up smaller farms around them to create a huge farm; small farmers were left without jobs

Luddites

• Labor organization that destroyed machines so that they could get their jobs back.

Cotton Gin

• Machine that separated the seeds from the cotton allowing cotton production to increase

Congress of Vienna

• Meeting between European powers after Napoleon was defeated to ensure that revolutions would not start in other European countries

Napoleon

• Military leader who took over France and became dictator; gained support due to his military victories and strong ruling

Battle of Waterloo

• The site of Napoleon final defeat

Reign of Terror

• Time period in France where those seen as traitors against the government were imprisoned and executed; many were innocent

Committee of Public Safety

• Organization in control of France during the Reign of Terror that acted as judge, jury, and executioner; main goal was to keep France “safe”

Robespierre

• Leader of the Committee of Public Safety who claimed that the only way to keep order in France was through means of terror

Declaration of Pilnitz

• Austria and Prussia demanded that the king and queen of France be set free or they would take military action

March on Versailles

• Women went to Versailles to bring King Louise back to Paris and for bread; Marie Antoinette said “Let them eat cake.”

Urban Workers

• The lowest members of the lower class

Bourgeois

• Bankers, merchants, and doctors who belonged to the Third Estate in France; the middle class of the Third Estate

Tennis Court Oath

• Members of the Estates General met on a tennis court and vowed to keep working until a constitution was created

Estates General

• Members of all three Estates meet in France to go over what can be done to help out the people of France

Legitimacy

• Is where European countries worked to make sure that the kings and queens remained in power and avoid revolts

Scorched-Earth Policy

• Military tactic where everything is burned by retreating soldiers so no resources can be used by the enemy; used by Russians to defeat Napoleon

Declaration of Rights of Man

• Created in France to declare that all men are born with equal and with rights and should not be ruled by another; copied almost directly from the Declaration of Independence

Voltaire

• Master of satire who was kicked out of France because of the things he wrote about the church and the king

Montesqieu

• Believed that government powers need to be separated into judicial, legislative, and executive branches

Censorship

• Blocking out the ideas of someone that you do not agree with so they do not spread; the Church and government censored Enlightenment ideas; writers wrote fiction to get around censorship

Thomas Hobbs

• Enlightenment thinker who believed that all men are born good and the best form of government is a democracy; believed that if government does not work for the people it is their job to overthrow the government

Adam Smith

• Father of Modern Economics who believed the free market system was best and that the market should dictate prices

Supply and Demand

• Economic principle where high demand causes the need for high supply; the lower supply is the higher the price is

Diderot

• Created the Encyclopedia that collected all Enlightenment works so they could be spread easily

Natural Law

• Idea found during the Scientific Revolution that claimed all things occurred because of nature instead of supernatural forces

Enlightened Despot

• A ruler who tried to implement Enlightenment ideas into their ruling

Physiocrats

• French philosophers who believed in the idea of free market economy and no tariffs on imported goods