16 April 2011 | NewScientist | 29

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that needs to change. A “new conservation” is also required that acknowledges the importance of agriculture.

Although agriculture sometimes leads to an increase in species richness, all too often it does the opposite. That is one reason why conservationists remain focused on establishing nature reserves and other protected areas. While these can be important, recent analyses have shown that they are not large or representative enough to encompass all threatened species. Moreover, protected areas are sometimes established at a cost to local people, which makes them socially and economically contentious.

Conservationists need to broaden their outlook and work with farmers, agricultural scientists and agribusiness to support the integration of biodiversity with agriculture. Together, conservationists and agriculturalists can move forwards.

There are signs of progress. In December 2010, the UN General Assembly created a body to do for biodiversity and ecosystem services what the IPCC does for the global climate. The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) will be a forum to integrate agriculture and conservation knowledge, and translate it into policy.

On top of that, a huge international research project called The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity is drawing attention to the economic benefits of ecosystem services and calculating the costs of biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation. Thanks to TEEB, the multitrillion-dollar value of the world’s nature-based assets is rapidly being made clear.

If we are to have any chance of handing on a healthy, productive planet upon which more than 8 billion of us can survive and thrive, agriculturalists and conservationists must reconcile their differences. n

What did you say about evolution that upset people in your community?My trouble started three years ago when I wrote an article saying that we needed to move beyond the simplistic idea held by many Muslims that God created Adam from clay and then breathed life into him. This literal interpretation of the Koran is still the dominant position. I was brought up a creationist and was a fundamentalist for many years, but I came to the conclusion that evolution is entirely compatible with the Koran and that alternative interpretations of the creation story that account for evolution are valid.

What happened recently to stir things up?Things escalated in December when a visiting influential Saudi scholar, Salir al-Sadlan, was asked whether someone who believed in evolution was fit to lead prayers, and he said no. An online petition against me was set up, saying I should be removed from al-Tawhid mosque, where I have been a prayer leader for 25 years. So in January I held a lecture at the mosque to clarify my position on why evolution does not undermine the scriptures. The lecture was disrupted by a small gang of fanatics and I had to abandon it.

How has this affected your everyday life?It has been quite serious. At the lecture a leaflet was handed out saying that anybody believing in evolution or who propagates it must be killed. Knowing some of the people behind this, in the small fanatical fringe of the British Muslim community, I know they believe that literally. They are pro-violence. So it was very worrying, especially as I have young children. I have had to take out extra security at home, which I guess will stay for the rest of my life.

How common is the creationist position among Muslims?It is the default position. Most of us are taught that evolution is wrong, unproven and a blasphemy. A lot of people enjoy science programmes on TV such as those by David Attenborough, but they tend to say he’s an unbeliever so we can’t trust him.

One minute with…

Usama Hasan

Recently you retracted your views because of the outrage they caused. Could you explain?My retraction was saying that I misjudged how to go about explaining these things. Sooner or later someone will have to address the issue of evolution – it’s a no–go area, especially with the clerics – but I’m abandoning my attempt to reconcile it with the Koran until things settle down. I am not willing to risk my life over this issue.

With hindsight I probably went too far in stating a position so explicitly; a better option may have been to simply open up the debate. I have been heartened by the support I have had. Many people have said that while they didn’t actually agree with me, I should have the right to discuss the matter.

What is the best way to raise the issue of evolution among Muslims?We need more Muslim scientists who are known to be devout to speak out about their views. I have had a lot of support from Muslim scientists, but they wouldn’t speak out because they knew the reaction they were likely to get. They were scared. Interview by Michael Bond

I want Muslims to question creationism, says the physicist and imam who has had death threats for supporting evolution

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ProfileUsama Hasan is a senior lecturer in the department of business information systems at Middlesex University, UK, and an imam at al-Tawhid mosque in leyton, east london

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