Optim-Raex-Fenatran

Hannu Indrén9.10.2011 www.ruukki.com

Technicalpresentations today

Contents

http://www.ruukki.com


Contents of technical presentations

High strength Optim-steels and wear resistan Raexsteels

Product properties and available dimensionsBenefits for the userBending and welding of Optim-steelsWelding of Raex-steels

Application examples from different customersegments

Lifting equipmentWaste collecting and handling, recyclingTipper bodies and other transportation equipment


3 Hannu Indrén9.10.2011 www.ruukki.com

Optim -High strength formable steels



Hot-rolled plates, sheets and coils

100

300

500

700

900

1 100

1 300

Formable Steels

Yield Strength (N/mm2) Hardness (HBW)

Laser

Optim QLOptim MLOptim MC

Raex

High-Strength andUltra High-Strength Steels

Optim QC

400

500

300

Wear-resistantSteels



Optim - Typical applications

Strip products

Optim 500 - 700 MC

Optim 700 MC Plus

Plate products

Optim 500 ML

Optim 700 QL

Strip products

Optim 900 1100 QC

Optim 960 QCW



Optim Product range

Strip products

Optim 500 MC

Optim 550 MCW

Optim 650 MC

Optim 700 MC

Optim 700 MC Plus

Optim 900 QC

Optim 960 QC

Optim 960 QCW

Optim 1100 QC

Plate products

Optim 500 ML

Optim 700 QL

MC = thermomechanical rolled

ML = thermomechanical rollled

QC = direct quenched

QCW = direct quenched, weather

resistant

QL = quenched and tempered



Characteristics of Optim steels

Optim steels are designed for customer applications utilizing high strength of the steel in order to increase pay-load and/or performance of the customersproduct.

High strength is achieved by thermomechanicalrolling or direct quenching, not by alloying.

Processing of Optim steels is easy thanks to the good formability (bendability) and weldability.



Optim steels

Dimensions and mechanical properties



Dimensions, Cut lengths (Strip products)

2.0 13.018002.0 12.0Optim 500 MC

2.0 13.016402.5 10.0Optim 650 MC

2.0 12.015503.0 10.0Optim 700 MC

2.0 12.016502.5 8.0Optim 900 QC

2.0 12.016502.5 8.0Optim 960 QC/QCW *)

2.0 12.015503.0 12.0Optim 700 MC Plus

Max. width[mm] **)

Thickness[mm]

Length[m]Steel grade

*) Weather resistant version**) Exact max. width depends on the thickness



34 J / -40 oC8950 -900Optim 900 QC

34 J / -40 oC71000 -960Optim 960 QC

15

15

15

18

40 J / -60 oC750 930700Optim 700 MC Plus

40 J / -20 oC750 930700Optim 700 MC

40 J / -20 oC700 860650Optim 650 MC

40 J / -20 oC560 690500Optim 500 MC

Impact strength

A min. %

Tensile strength (N/mm2)

Yield strength (N/mm2)Steel grade

Mechanical properties, Strip Products



Properties and dimensions,Optim heavy plates

16

14

27 J / -50 oC

30 J / -40 oC

570 - 720

770 940

500

690

Optim 500 ML

Optim 700 QL

Impact strength

Amin. %

Tensile strength (N/mm2)

Yield strength (N/mm2)Steel grade

2.0 15.0

2.0 12.0

1900 - 3300

2000 3000

8.0 60.0

6.0 40.0

Optim 500 ML

Optim 700 QL

Width [mm]

Thickness [mm]

Length [m]

Steel grade



Optim steels

Benefits for the user



Benefits

Higher payload by lowerown weight

Lower fuel consumption

Lower carbon footprint

Higher reach

Lower weld seamvolumes, thanks to lower thicknesses



Higher payload

Lower own weight of the wehicle offers an opportunityto increase payload

As a rule of thumb, thicknessof the structural material canbe reduced according to the formula at right

t2 = t1 x 1

2

t2 = 10.0 x355

700

Example:

Original material: 10 mm, S355

New material: Optim 700 MC

=> t2 = 7.1 mm

30 % reduction in thickness!



Weight saving potential

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 500 1000 1500

Yield strength (MPa)

Wei

gh

t sa

vin

g (

%)

Optim 500 MC

S355

Optim 960 QC

Optim 1100 QC

Optim 700 MC



Lower fuel consumption

When the weight of a vehicleis low the fuel consumption is reducedAs a rule of thumb 1 tonreduction in a 60 ton truck sown weight reduces fuelconsumption by 1 % whendriving emptyLower fuel consumptionresults in lower operatingcosts, increasedcompetitiveness and lowerCO2 emissions



Higher reach

Skylifts are used for fireapplications and maintenance of wind mills

World s highest model todayreaches 112 m, materials areOptim 650 MC and Optim900 QC

It has been possible to increase the horizontal reachof a fire application by 10 - 20 % by changing to Optim 960 QCW steel



Lower thickness, smaller weld seamvolume, lower fabrication cost

By changing to higherstrength material it is possibleto reduce material thickness

Reduction in thickness from10 mm to 8 mm reducesweigth by 20 %.

At the same time volume of weld seam is reduced by36 % =>

Lower consumption of fillermaterial and higherproductivity

t = 10 mm

t = 8 mm



Processing of Optim steels

Bending



Bending of steel

Bending is fast, easy and cost effective way to form steel.



Material factors influencing bendability

Material factorsStrengthSteel cleannessShape and location of impuritiesRolling directionDimensional accuracy

Other factorsWork piece surfacequalityWork piece edge preparation

CaAl(Ca -treatment)

Bending to small radius

Rolling dire

ction

Al2O3(no Ca -treatment)



Work piece preparation for bending

Work piece preparation becomes more important factor when the strength level of the material is high:

Smooth cut faces are essential, scratches or grooves act as initiation points for cracks

Surfaces must be free of scratches or grinding marks across the bending line



Minimum bending radius

Minimum recommended bending radius is a way to describe the bendability of material.

Ruukki offers tables where we recommend suitable tooling dimensions for particular plate thickness:

Pay attention to the condition of machines and tools

If possible, use bigger radius than the minimunguaranteed



Minimum bending radiiStrip products

10.08.06.05.04.03.02.0 Steel grade

Thickness, mm

10,5

9,0

(3,0)

3,5

3.0

2.5

14.0

12.0

(4.0)

5.0

4.0

3.0

17.5

15.0

(5.0)

6.0

6.0

4.0

-28.022.0-Optim 960 QC/QCW

-24.018.0-Optim 900 QC

10.08.06.0-Optim 700 MC Plus

16.014.08.0-Optim 700 MC

14.012.08.0-Optim 650 MC

10.08.04.52.0Optim 500 MC

Thicknesses in parenthesis are available as trial deliveries



Optim BendabilityHeavy plates

Minimum permissible internal bending radius, mm

60.054.048.042.036.030.024.0Optim 700 QL

Optim 500 ML 24.021.519.017.014.512.09.5

18-2016-1814-1612-1410-128-107- 8Steel grade



Processing of Optim steels

Welding



Welding of Optim steels

Weldability of Optim steels is good thanks to the lowamount of alloying elements

All common weldingmethodes can be used

Choosing of weldingparametres has to be donecarefully in order to get the best possible mechanicalproperties over the weld



Optim Strip Products WeldabilityCarbon equivalent, max

CEV, max / Optim CEV/EN 10149-2

Car

bo

n e

qu

ival

ent

Yield strength class N/mm2

460 500 550 600 650 700

CEV 0.41

0.50

0.45

0.40

0.35

0.30

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0900 960



Welding parametresHeat input



How to decide heat inputCooling time t8/5

Example of heat cycle during welding

t8/5 -cooling time shows how long it takes for temperature to change from 800°C to 500°C

Most used term in welding metallurgy

Helps welding engineer to decide correct welding parameters



Cooling time t8/5 recommendationsfor Optim steels

Optim 700 MCt8/5 = 5 20 seconds

Optim 700 MC Plust8/5 = 5 20 seconds

Optim 700 QLt8/5 = 8 20 seconds

Optim 960 QCt8/5 = 4 15 seconds



Welding consumables

High strength (matching) fillermaterials need to be used ifthere is a requirement for highstrength weld

If weld is not exposed to highstresses it is always beneficialto use softer (undermatching) filler materials

Recommendations for suitablefiller materials can be found on Ruukki s data sheets



ExampleStrength cooling time

Optim 960 QC, welded joints with different t8/5

times, welding wire X96

700750800850900950

100010501100

0 5 10 15 20t8/5 -time

Mea

sure

d s

tren

gth

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Rp 0.2% Rm Elongation A5Linear (Rp 0.2%) Linear (Rm)



Welding of Optim-steelsSummary

When choosing the welding parameters pay attention to the designed stress level

Several welding wire distributors have suitable filler materials, some of them are listed on Ruukki s data sheetsWelding parameters, especially arc energy, affect the mechanical properties of the HAZFor high strength material: Pay attention to the cleanness of welding grooves !

Minor discontinues may cause lifetime decrease because of higher stress level



To summarize Optim-steels

Wide range of high strength steelsYield strength range 500 1100 MPa

Wide dimensional rangeThin strip products and thick heavy platesare available, thicknesses from 2,5 mm upwards

Excellent workshop propertiesBendability and weldability

Availability guaranteedRuukki and PCP in co-operation



RaexWear resistant steels

Decreased wear and increased lifetime



Hot-rolled plates, sheets and coils

100

300

500

700

900

1,100

1,300

FormableSteels

Yield Strength (N/mm2) Hardness (HBW)

Laser

Optim QLOptim ML

Raex

High-Strength andUltra High-Strength Steels

Optim MC

Optim QC

400

500

300

Wear-resistantSteels



Raex grades and typical applications

Raex 300

Delivered as strip productsConcrete mixers, light tippers

Raex 400Delivered as strip products, heavy plates and tubes

Tipper bodies, excavator buckets, agricultural machinery

Raex 450

Delivered as strip products and heavy plateproducts Heavy duty tipper bodies

BucketsRaex 500

Delivered as strip products and heavy plateproducts

Crushers, excavator bucket lip blades



Hardness of wear resistant steels

Due to the nature of manufacturing process the hardness of wear resistant steels varies in a certain range

Hardness value presented in the product name, as for instance Raex 400, is an average value, not minimum

This is the case with all wear resistant steels from all manufacturers

360 HBW 440 HBW

Number of plates

Hardness range

Example 20 mm Raex 400



Heavy plates420 5006.0 30.0 Raex 450

Cut lengths360 4402.5 8.0Raex 400

Heavy plates450 5406.0 40.0Raex 500


Heavy plates360 480 30.0 40.0Raex 400

Hardness values




Cut lengths270 3902.5 -8.0Raex 300

Product shapeHardness (HBW)Thickness mmSteel grade

Raex steels, hardness values



Raex steels, dimensional range

Thickness ranges

6 40 3.0 6.5 Raex 500

6 403.0 8.0Raex 450

6 402.5 8.0Raex 400

-2.5 8.0Raex 300

Heavy plate(mm)

Cut lengths(mm)

Steel grade



Raex steels, typical mechanical properties

Typical mechanical properties

-30°C816001250Raex 500

-40°C814501200 Raex 450

-40°C1012501000Raex 400

-40°C111000900Raex 300

Impact strengthCharpy V 20 J

ElongationAs %

Tensile strengthMPa

Yield strengthMPa

Steel grade



Raex - relative lifetimeExample of abrasive wearing test results

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

4

4,5

5

150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600

Raex 500

Raex 450

Raex 400

S355S 700 MC

Hardness HBW

Rel

ativ

e lif

etim

e



Processing of Raexsteels

Welding



Welding of wear resistant Raex steels

Weldability is good.

All common welding processes may be used.

Special instructions for wear resistant steels must be followed.

The choice of working temperature, consumables and welding energy must be done carefully.



Wear resistant steels are alloyed, which means

That the strength and hardness level of the base material is highHardenability of the material while thermal cutting or welding is increased compared to mild steels

Which affects

That the risk for cold cracking increases!



Cold cracking (called also as delayedcracking, hydrogen cracking)

Cracks may appear some days after weldingMost critical issue when welding wear resistant steels especiallywhen plate thicknesses are highSusceptability for cold cracking must be taken in account whenplanning welding process of wear resistant steel



Factors causing cold cracking

Caused by a combinationof following factors:

Hydrogen content of the weld metal and HAZ

Stress level of the welded structure

Microstructure of HAZ



Hydrogen content and stressesRole of welding consumables

Hydrogen content of ferritic consumables must be low.

Undermatching filler metals are preferred if the welded joints are not exposed to heavy loading. Correspondingly, the use of matching filler metals is necessary, if a welded joint is exposed to hard wear or the filler metal is required to have high strength.

Alternatively, austenitic consumables may be used in joints where undermatchingconsumables are required. Austenitic consumables are not susceptible to cold-cracking. Thus, usually, the welding can be carried out without preheating.



MicrostructureAffect of arc energy

Too rapid cooling increases the hardening of HAZ and makes the material more susceptible to cold cracking.

Too slow cooling decreases the hardness, strength and impact strength of the joint.

Optimal properties in welded structures are reached when cooling time t8/5 is in range of 10 s 20 s

For MAG welding of a 10 mm thick plate, the cooling time requirement corresponds to the arc energy range of 1.2 - 1.7 kJ/mm.



Recommended welding parameters for Raex steels, Heat input



Increasing the working temperature slows the cooling of welded joints, which decreases the generation of a hard and brittle microstructure in the heat affected zone (HAZ)

It is recommended to increase the working temperature of Raex 400, when the combined plate thickness exceeds about 40 mm. The respective thickness is about 30 mm for Raex 450 mm and 20 mm for Raex 500.

Raex 300 does not usually require an elevated working temperature in a normal workshop environment.

Working temperature



Raex Practical tips for welding

Use non-alloyed, undermatchingfiller materials, when possible

If a good wear resistance of weld is needed, capping runs can be welded with alloyed filler materials

Elevated working temperature shall be used when hardness and/or plate thickness increases

Please, take a look on the tables on Ruukki s data sheet



Raex Practical tips for welding

Welding should be done continuously

Excessive cooling of the welded plate should be avoided

Mineral wool can be used to avoid excessive cooling

Welding should be commenced in the middle of the plate

Dry welding consumables may only be used

For more detailed info, please take a look on the brochure

Welding and Thermal Cutting of Raex-steels at www.ruukki.com!


http://www.ruukki.com!


To summarize Raex-steels

Wide range of high strength steelsHardness range 300 500 HBW

Wide dimensional rangeThin strip products and thickheavy plates, thicknesses from2,0 mm upwards

Excellent durability under heavy abrasive conditions

Availability guaranteedRuukki and PCP in co-operation



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Comments?

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Optim-Raex-Fenatran