Option 5 Monolayer-Multilayer

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    LiteProp TM 108 in Appalachia

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    LiteProp 108 Technology Stimulation Objectives

    Fracture theory has notchanged. We still need tocreate flow capacitycontrast, between fractureand formation.

    However, to ensure optimalstimulation benefit we needto ensure that we have fullpropped pay zone

    coverage .

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    -18

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    0

    S e

    t t l i n g

    V e l o c

    i t y ,

    f t / m i n

    Small conventional proppants fallmore rapidly than large LitePropproppants

    40/80HydroProp

    40/70Sand

    20/40LP125

    30/80LP108

    14/40LP108

    20/40

    Sand

    LiteProp proppants exhibitmuch lower proppant settlingrates than sands or ceramics

    Various Sizes of Proppants in Water Proppant Settling

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    Partial monolayers exhibit vacant areas around and betweenparticles increasing the conductivity of the propped fracture

    Partial Monolayers

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    Partial Monolayers LiteProp proppant provides the means to successfully

    employ proppant partial monolayers in hydraulicfracturing treatments. Why ?

    The low particle specific gravity provides for greatlyreduced proppant settling velocities, resulting in improvedproppant transport , better proppant placement, and muchlarger propped fracture area.

    Proppant embedment and conductivity damage aremitigated by the deformable nature of LiteProp proppants,and the fluid systems generate little, if any filter cake or residual damage.

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    Conduct iv ity vs. Loading, 30/80 LiteProp 108 (SG 1.05)

    1

    10

    100

    1000

    0.000 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.040 0.050 0.080 0.100 0.200 0.500 0.800 1.000 2.000Propp ant Loading, lb/sq ft

    C o n

    d u c t

    i v i t y ,

    m D - f

    t

    1000 ps i 2000 ps i 3000 ps i 4000 ps i5000 ps i 6000 ps i 7000 ps i 8000 ps i

    PML Reg ion Multilayers

    Partial Monolayers

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    LiteProp 108 Technology A heat-treated

    thermoplasticnanocomposite Apparent SG 1.06 Available in 14/40

    Applications to 225F &6,500 psi

    Available in 30/80

    Applications to 240F &7,500 psi

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    LiteProp Specifications

    LitePropProppant

    NominalSpecificGravity(g/cc)

    BulkDensitylb/ft 3

    (kg/m 3)

    MaxClosurePressurepsi (MPa)

    TempF ( C)

    MeshSizes

    108 1.06 41 (657) 6,500 (45)7,500 (52)

    225 (107)240 (116)

    14/40,30/80

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    Benefits Ultra-lightweight greatly

    improves proppanttransport, providingimproved effectivefracture length thanachieved withconventional proppants

    Approaches neutralbuoyancy in fresh water,enabling placement of aproppant partialmonolayer with highconductivity

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    Benefits Synergistic effects fromcombining reduced viscosityand pump rate Improved control of frac

    geometry (reduced height) Extended propped fracture

    length Minimized gel damage Improved well productivity Improved recoverable

    reserves Completion cost reductions

    Reduced proppant flowback

    Fewer wells drilled

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    Benefits Materially robust for long

    service in harsh reservoir environments Does not crush, chip or

    break to generatemigrating fines

    Nonabrasive toequipment or tubulars

    Fracturing fluid systemand additive compatible

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    Applications Shale gas formation

    stimulation Slick water frac for

    naturally fracturedreservoirs

    Linear gel proppantbanking frac treatments

    Conventional cross-linked

    fracturing systems

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    Applications Tip screen-out designs

    Low pressure reservoirs Conductive pad fracs Liquid LiteProp jobs

    VaporFrac Treatments ConformFrac Services

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    Conventional Fracs 120 Mlb 20/40 sand 84 Mgal slickwater fluid 100 bpm rate

    1.0 ppa to 8.0 ppa

    IP: 400 Mcfpd to atmos. 30 d: 100 Mcfpd @ 75 psi

    LiteProp 108 Fracs

    10 Mlb 14/40 LiteProp 108 76 Mgal slickwater fluid 50 bpm 0.05 0.3 ppa

    IP: 3.4 MMcfpd to atmos. 90 d: 700 mcfpd @ 1,800 psi

    Line pressure limited

    Dakota Sand, 30 mi NE of Farmington, NMPerm: 0.1 mD Depth: 7,900 8,135 ft

    BHST: 195 oF Closure Stress: 5,600 psi

    Slickwater Case History

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    Vertical & HZ WellsTo Date

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    VaporFrac Services Mixture of N 2 and Liquid

    LiteProp 108 proppanttogether to form anextreme high gas contentfoamed fracturing fluid

    (~96%) Operationally simple

    Liquid LiteProp slurrymetered into N

    2stream

    Provides for reducedlocation size andequipment requirements

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    VaporFrac System Case HistoryVaporFrac w/ LiteProp 108 in Huron shale multizone

    horizontal wells (SPE 125335)

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    LitePropLiteProp TMTM 108108

    Shale StimulationShale StimulationTreatmentsTreatments

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    SPE 118536 in JPT Sept 2009

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    Shale Slickwater Frac Design

    40/70 = 225,000 lbs14/40 LP 108 = 4,000 lbs

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    LP 108 and CO 2

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    LiteProp 108 Technology Summary

    LiteProp Technology Provides for improved

    propped fracture length Allows for a variety of

    placement fluids Offers an excellent

    design tool for improving proppantplacement

    Is cost competitive on avolume basis

    Exhibits excellentclosure resistance

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    LiteProp 108 Technology

    LiteProp design ideas Naturally fractured reservoirs

    Improves fluid loss control

    Improves fracturepermeability Shale reservoirs Coal bed methane reservoirs Horizontal wells

    Foam fracturing Non-damaging brines as pad

    with LiteProp non-weightedstages following to overridepad (density fracs)

    Minimize conductivity tobottom water Optionally to include RPM

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    LiteProp 108 Technology LiteProp design ideas

    Acid fracturing tosynergistically enhanceconductivity and prolonglife of stimulation.

    Combination withconventional proppantswhere the proppantsmay be mixed together

    Unlimited possibilitiesreally exist ...THINKOUTSIDE OF THEBOX!!!

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