Opus Novum Review GrammarOpus Novum Review Grammar

CaseCase Syntactic structures Syntactic structures (clauses, (clauses,

absolutes)absolutes) ParticiplesParticiples The infinitiveThe infinitive NumberNumber Finite verbsFinite verbs DeclensionsDeclensions

CaseCaseCase shows what job a noun, adjective Case shows what job a noun, adjective

or participle is doing in a sentence. or participle is doing in a sentence. These jobs can be These jobs can be subjectsubject, , direct direct objectobject, , object of prepositionobject of preposition, to , to

name a few.name a few.Case is expressed by the endings of Case is expressed by the endings of

words, which change according to those words, which change according to those jobs. jobs. EquEquusus and and equequosos have distinct have distinct

jobs in a sentence, just like jobs in a sentence, just like II and and meme do do in English.in English.

There are There are five major cases five major cases and and two secondary cases two secondary cases

Syntactic structuresSyntactic structures

Purpose clausesPurpose clauses Relative clausesRelative clauses Complementary infinitivesComplementary infinitives Indirect statementIndirect statement Ablative absolutesAblative absolutes

Relative clause exemplaRelative clause exempla

Nuntius quem regina mandāvit non Nuntius quem regina mandāvit non tacebat.tacebat.

The messenger whom the queen sent was not The messenger whom the queen sent was not keeping quiet.keeping quiet.

Nuntius quī non tacēbat clamāvit et Nuntius quī non tacēbat clamāvit et ppoopulum permovit.pulum permovit.

The messenger, who was not keeping quiet, The messenger, who was not keeping quiet, shouted and moved the people deeply.shouted and moved the people deeply.

Puella quam magister docēbat equōs Puella quam magister docēbat equōs amavit.amavit.

The girl whom the teacher was teaching loved The girl whom the teacher was teaching loved horses.horses.

Complementary InfinitiveComplementary Infinitive

The complementary infinitive is an The complementary infinitive is an infinitive related to a verb which infinitive related to a verb which needs to be “completed” before its needs to be “completed” before its full meaning can be understood. Such full meaning can be understood. Such verbs include studeō, properō, dubitō, verbs include studeō, properō, dubitō, possum. possum. ((list of most common complementary infinitiveslist of most common complementary infinitives))

ExemplumExemplum

Mars nōn pMars nōn pooterat militēs gloriōsōs terat militēs gloriōsōs docēredocēre..

Mars was not able to teach the boastful soldiersMars was not able to teach the boastful soldiers

Common Head/Mind VerbsCommon Head/Mind Verbs Audiō 4: to hearAudiō 4: to hear RespRespoondeō, respondere 2, respondī, responsus: ndeō, respondere 2, respondī, responsus:

to answer, replyto answer, reply Sciō 4: to know Sciō 4: to know Videō, videre 2, vidī, visus: to seeVideō, videre 2, vidī, visus: to see Cognoscō, cognoscere 3, cognovī, cognitus: Cognoscō, cognoscere 3, cognovī, cognitus:

to get to know, realize, become to get to know, realize, become aware ofaware of

Sentiō, sentīre 4, sensī, sensus: to feelSentiō, sentīre 4, sensī, sensus: to feel Credō, crCredō, creedere 3, credidī, creditus: to believedere 3, credidī, creditus: to believe Sperō 1: to hopeSperō 1: to hope Clamō 1: to shoutClamō 1: to shout Negō 1: to deny, refuseNegō 1: to deny, refuse

Common Complementary infinitivesCommon Complementary infinitives

coepī, coeptus (defective verb-only 3rd and 4th principle coepī, coeptus (defective verb-only 3rd and 4th principle parts)parts) he/she/it began tohe/she/it began to

constconstiituō, constittuō, constituuere 3, constere 3, constiituī, constitūtustuī, constitūtus

to to decidedecide

debeō, debere 2, debuī, debitus debeō, debere 2, debuī, debitus to ought toto ought to dubitō, dubitāre 1, dubitavī, dubitātus dubitō, dubitāre 1, dubitavī, dubitātus to hesitate or doubtto hesitate or doubt mereō, merere 2, meruī, meritusmereō, merere 2, meruī, meritus to deserveto deserve possum, posse, potuī,possum, posse, potuī, --- --- to be able (can)to be able (can) properō, properāre 1, properavī, properātus properō, properāre 1, properavī, properātus

to to hurry or hastenhurry or hasten

ststuudeō, studere 2, studuideō, studere 2, studui to be eager, to be to be eager, to be desirousdesirous

ttiimeō, timere 2, tmeō, timere 2, tiimuimui to fear, to be afraid toto fear, to be afraid to

Indirect statementIndirect statement

An indirect statement is simple An indirect statement is simple statement that is being statement that is being reported or reported or commentedcommented on in some way. on in some way.

In Latin indirect statement is expressed In Latin indirect statement is expressed by using a by using a head/mind verb head/mind verb along with along with a direct object and an infinitive. That a direct object and an infinitive. That d.o. can be considered the lead noun d.o. can be considered the lead noun of the infinitive and will be translated of the infinitive and will be translated as if it were a subject.as if it were a subject.

Indirect Statement ExemplaIndirect Statement Exempla

Indirect Statement ExemplaIndirect Statement Exempla

Domina filiās dormDomina filiās dormīreīre vīdit. vīdit. The mistress saw that the daughters were The mistress saw that the daughters were sleeping. sleeping.

Musca ranam accMusca ranam acceedere sensit.dere sensit. The fly felt that the frog was approaching.The fly felt that the frog was approaching.

Clamābat magister pueros mensas in Clamābat magister pueros mensas in hortum trahere.hortum trahere.

The teacher was shouting that they boys The teacher was shouting that they boys were dragging the tables into the gardenwere dragging the tables into the garden

Purpose clausePurpose clause

A purpose clause is a subordinate clause that A purpose clause is a subordinate clause that expresses why someone does something.expresses why someone does something.

In Latin, a purpose clause is introduced by In Latin, a purpose clause is introduced by and and ut ut (so that) or (so that) or nēnē (so that . . .not) and (so that . . .not) and uses a verb the subjunctive mood.uses a verb the subjunctive mood.

ExemplaExempla

Cornelia gladium invēnit ut comās Cornelia gladium invēnit ut comās removēretremovēret..

Cornelia took a sword so that she could remove (her) hair. Cornelia took a sword so that she could remove (her) hair.

Faber pilam rFaber pilam raapuit nē filia eam super murum ipuit nē filia eam super murum iaaceret.ceret.

The craftsman grabbed the ball so that the daughter would not The craftsman grabbed the ball so that the daughter would not throw it overthrow it over the wall the wall again.again.

Cases—Five majorCases—Five major Nominative—used for the subject or words Nominative—used for the subject or words

describing the subjectdescribing the subject Genitive-used for possession and with some Genitive-used for possession and with some

adjectives, verbs and prepositionsadjectives, verbs and prepositions Dative-used for the indirect object (to or for Dative-used for the indirect object (to or for

someone or something) and with some someone or something) and with some verbsverbs

Accusative-used mainly for the direct object Accusative-used mainly for the direct object and with some prepositions. and with some prepositions.

Ablative-used with some prepositions [a(b), Ablative-used with some prepositions [a(b), e(x), de, pro, sine, in, sub], ablative e(x), de, pro, sine, in, sub], ablative absolutes, and when used alone, the absolutes, and when used alone, the ablative of means.ablative of means.

Cases- Two secondaryCases- Two secondary

The vocative-used when addressing The vocative-used when addressing someone directly. It uses the nominative someone directly. It uses the nominative forms except in the 2nd declension, where –forms except in the 2nd declension, where –iusius goes to – goes to –īī, and , and –us–us goes to goes to –e–e

Marcus Tullius Marcus Tullius when adressed iswhen adressed is Marce Tullī Marce Tullī The locative-used to tell where something is The locative-used to tell where something is

located or takes place. It is used mainly for located or takes place. It is used mainly for towns (Romae, Athenis) and the words towns (Romae, Athenis) and the words domidomi (at home) and (at home) and ruriruri (in the countryside). (in the countryside).

ParticiplesParticiples

Participles are adjectives made from verbs.Participles are adjectives made from verbs.There are 4 different types of participles in There are 4 different types of participles in

LatinLatinPresent active with the endings -ns, -ntēsPresent active with the endings -ns, -ntēsPerfect passive made from the 4Perfect passive made from the 4thth principle principle

partpartFuture active showing –ur-before the endingFuture active showing –ur-before the endingFuture passive-showing –nd-before the Future passive-showing –nd-before the

endingending

Present participle active endingsPresent participle active endings

The present participle uses third The present participle uses third declension endingsdeclension endings

SingularSingular PluralPluralNominativeNominative duce-nsduce-ns duce-nt-ēsduce-nt-ēsGenitiveGenitive duce-nt-isduce-nt-is duce-nt-iumduce-nt-iumDativeDative duce-nt-is duce-nt-is duce-nt-ibusduce-nt-ibusAccusativeAccusative duce-nt-is duce-nt-is duce-nt-ēsduce-nt-ēsAblativeAblative duce-nt-is duce-nt-is duce-nt-ibusduce-nt-ibus likewise: ama-ns; doce-ns, audie-nslikewise: ama-ns; doce-ns, audie-ns

Present participle usagePresent participle usage

The present participle, translated The present participle, translated ____ing, can serve as an adjective for ____ing, can serve as an adjective for any noun:any noun:Puer currens ancillās in hortō dormientēs vidit.Puer currens ancillās in hortō dormientēs vidit.

Since is originates from verb it can Since is originates from verb it can even take a direct object:even take a direct object:Puer sportulas ferens ancillās mensam trahentēs Puer sportulas ferens ancillās mensam trahentēs vidit.vidit.

Present participle active formsPresent participle active forms

Perfect Passive ParticiplePerfect Passive Participle

The perfect participle passive, The perfect participle passive, translated translated having been_____edhaving been_____ed, can , can serve as an adjective for any noun:serve as an adjective for any noun:

Dux occupatus per forum cucurrerat.Dux occupatus per forum cucurrerat.

And sometimes there is another element And sometimes there is another element between the participle and its noun.between the participle and its noun.

Puer in hortō visus florēs ex ancillīs Puer in hortō visus florēs ex ancillīs raptōs ferebat.raptōs ferebat.

Perfect participle passive formsPerfect participle passive forms

Perfect Passive ParticiplePerfect Passive Participle

The perfect passive participle uses The perfect passive participle uses the same endings as 1the same endings as 1stst and 2 and 2ndnd declension nouns. The 1declension nouns. The 1stst declension declension endings are used if the noun endings are used if the noun described is feminine, the 2described is feminine, the 2ndnd if if masculine. (masculine. (formsforms))

Past participle passive formsPast participle passive forms

SingularSingular

NominativeNominative uxor amāt-auxor amāt-a hospēs amāt-ushospēs amāt-us

GenitiveGenitive uxoris amāt-aeuxoris amāt-ae hospitis amāt-īhospitis amāt-ī

DativeDative uxorī amāt-aeuxorī amāt-ae hospitī amāt-ōhospitī amāt-ō

AccusativeAccusative uxorem amāt-amuxorem amāt-am hospitem amāt-um hospitem amāt-um

AblativeAblative uxore amāt-āuxore amāt-ā hospite amāt-ōhospite amāt-ō

PluralPlural

NominativeNominative uxorēs amāt-aeuxorēs amāt-ae hospitēs amāt-ī hospitēs amāt-ī

GenitiveGenitive uxorum amāt-ārumuxorum amāt-ārum hospitum amāt-ōrum hospitum amāt-ōrum

DativeDative uxoribus amāt-īsuxoribus amāt-īs hospitibus amāt-īs hospitibus amāt-īs

AccusativeAccusative uxorēs amāt-āsuxorēs amāt-ās hospitēs amāt-ōs hospitēs amāt-ōs

AblativeAblative uxoribus amāt-īsuxoribus amāt-īs hospitibus amāt-īs hospitibus amāt-īs

The infinitiveThe infinitive

The infinitive serves as a secondary verb—The infinitive serves as a secondary verb—While we can think of its basic meaning as While we can think of its basic meaning as “to___”, it gets its actual meaning and use “to___”, it gets its actual meaning and use only in relation to the finite verb of the only in relation to the finite verb of the sentence. It should never be considered sentence. It should never be considered “The Verb” of a sentence or clause.“The Verb” of a sentence or clause.

There are a number of infinitive forms:There are a number of infinitive forms:Present active Present active and passiveand passivePerfect active Perfect active and passiveand passiveFuture active and (rarely) passiveFuture active and (rarely) passive

Infinitive usageInfinitive usage

The infinitive can be usedThe infinitive can be used

-- in indirect statement, where it -- in indirect statement, where it follows a “mind” or “head” verb and follows a “mind” or “head” verb and a direct object/accusative.a direct object/accusative.

--as a complementary infinite --as a complementary infinite following those verbs (studeo, following those verbs (studeo, propero, dubito) which need to be propero, dubito) which need to be completed before they can be completed before they can be understood.understood.

Mind or Head VerbsMind or Head Verbs

Mind/heads verbs are verbs which Mind/heads verbs are verbs which express obvious mental express obvious mental processes: videre, audire, dicere, processes: videre, audire, dicere, sentire,etc. They are often used sentire,etc. They are often used to introduce indirect statement. to introduce indirect statement. (list of common mind/head verbs)(list of common mind/head verbs)

Indirect statementIndirect statement

Indirect statement is a reported or conveyed Indirect statement is a reported or conveyed statement.statement.

StatementStatement:: the dog was barking. the dog was barking.Indirect statementIndirect statement: The boys knew that : The boys knew that

the dog was barkingthe dog was barkingIndirect statement has three components. Indirect statement has three components.

A mind/head verbA mind/head verbA d.o./accusativeA d.o./accusativeAn infinitiveAn infinitive

exemplaexempla

Indirect statement exemplaIndirect statement exempla

Discipula equōs currere ex agro viderat.Discipula equōs currere ex agro viderat. The student had seen that the horses were The student had seen that the horses were

running from the field.running from the field. Dux piratam ad urbem fugere clamābat. Dux piratam ad urbem fugere clamābat. The leader was shouting that the pirate was The leader was shouting that the pirate was

fleeing toward the cityfleeing toward the city Dominus militēs villam et hortōs et nummōs Dominus militēs villam et hortōs et nummōs

non bene (well) custodivisse cognovit.non bene (well) custodivisse cognovit. The master knew that the soldiers had not The master knew that the soldiers had not

guarded the farm and the garden and the coins guarded the farm and the garden and the coins wellwell

The present infinitiveThe present infinitive

The active form is simply the 2The active form is simply the 2ndnd principle principle part of the verb: mutare, part of the verb: mutare, docēre, mittere, docēre, mittere, audīre, ferre.audīre, ferre. Its translation comes from Its translation comes from its use in the particular sentence.its use in the particular sentence.

The passive form take the active form and The passive form take the active form and changes the final changes the final –e –e toto –ī–ī,, with the with the exception of 3exception of 3rdrd conjugation where the conjugation where the whole whole –ere–ere is dropped before adding the is dropped before adding the -ī-ī::

mutārī, docērī, mittī, audīrī, mutārī, docērī, mittī, audīrī, ferrī.ferrī.

The perfect infinitiveThe perfect infinitive

The active form of the perfect infinitive The active form of the perfect infinitive is the third principle part of the verb is the third principle part of the verb with the ending with the ending –sse: –sse: occupāvisse, mīsisse, tulisse.occupāvisse, mīsisse, tulisse.

The passive form is the fourth principle The passive form is the fourth principle part (generally with an accusative part (generally with an accusative ending agreeing with the leading ending agreeing with the leading accusative noun) accompanied by the accusative noun) accompanied by the wordword esse esse ::occupatum esse, latās esseoccupatum esse, latās esse

NumberNumber

Number is the term for whether Number is the term for whether something is singular or plural. All something is singular or plural. All nouns, adjective and participles have nouns, adjective and participles have to show number as well as case and to show number as well as case and gender.gender.

Verbs also have number but it is not Verbs also have number but it is not treated in the first semester.treated in the first semester.

Relative ClauseRelative Clause

A relative clause is a complete sentence found A relative clause is a complete sentence found inside another sentence which describes one inside another sentence which describes one of the nouns in that second sentence. of the nouns in that second sentence.

The relative clause begins with a relative The relative clause begins with a relative pronoun which shows the same number pronoun which shows the same number (singular or plural) and gender (masculine or (singular or plural) and gender (masculine or feminine) as the noun it is describing. The feminine) as the noun it is describing. The relative clause usually ends with a verb.relative clause usually ends with a verb.

Relative clause exemplaRelative clause exemplaRelative pronoun formsRelative pronoun forms

Finite verbsFinite verbs

Finite verbs are those verbs which take Finite verbs are those verbs which take a nominative subject and can be a nominative subject and can be considered the central element of a considered the central element of a Latin sentence.Latin sentence.

Finite verbs can be either active or Finite verbs can be either active or passivepassive

Finite verb tenseFinite verb tense

Finite verbs all show tense, i.e., the Finite verbs all show tense, i.e., the time when something happens.time when something happens.

They also show mood; indicative or They also show mood; indicative or subjunctive. As a very general rule, subjunctive. As a very general rule, indicative states facts, while indicative states facts, while subjunctive gives wishes, commands subjunctive gives wishes, commands or hopes—that is a very gross or hopes—that is a very gross simplification.simplification.

Finite verb tense and meaningFinite verb tense and meaningIndicativeIndicative

The indicative tenses in Latin (with meanings) are The indicative tenses in Latin (with meanings) are Present: s/he __________s, Present: s/he __________s, s/he is _________ing, s/he is _________ing,

Does s/he___________?Does s/he___________?Imperfect: she was _______ing, she used to________.Imperfect: she was _______ing, she used to________.Future: she will _______, she is going to________.Future: she will _______, she is going to________.

Perfect: s/he________ed, Perfect: s/he________ed, s/he has ________ed, s/he has ________ed, did s/he__________?did s/he__________?

Pluperfect: s/he had__________ed.Pluperfect: s/he had__________ed.Future perfect: s/he she will have _____________ed.Future perfect: s/he she will have _____________ed.

Finite verb tense and meaningFinite verb tense and meaningsubjunctivesubjunctive

The subjunctive tenses in Latin are The subjunctive tenses in Latin are Present: let him/her__________, Present: let him/her__________,

he/she may_______________he/she may_______________Imperfect: s/he would, might _______________.Imperfect: s/he would, might _______________.

Perfect: s/he _____________edPerfect: s/he _____________edPluperfect s/he would have _____________ed; Pluperfect s/he would have _____________ed;

In some contexts, the subjunctive is In some contexts, the subjunctive is translated just like its indicative translated just like its indicative counterpart.counterpart.

Finite verbs endingsFinite verbs endingsIndicative activeIndicative active

11stst 22ndnd 33rdrd

4 4thth

PresentPresent -at -at -et-et -it-it -it -itImperfectImperfect -ābat -ābat -ēbat -ēbat -ēbat --ēbat -

iēbatiēbatFutureFuture -ābit -ābit -ēbit-ēbit -et-et -iet -iet Perfect: add Perfect: add –t–t to the 3 to the 3rdrd principle part principle partPluperfect: add Pluperfect: add –erat–erat to the 3 to the 3rdrd principle part, principle part,

after removing the after removing the -ī-īFuture perfect: add Future perfect: add –erit–erit to the 3 to the 3rdrd principle principle

part, after removing the part, after removing the -ī-īparadigmparadigm

Finite verbs formsFinite verbs formsIndicative passiveIndicative passive

11stst 22ndnd 33rdrd 44thth

PresentPresent -atur -atur -etur-etur -itur-itur -itur -iturImperfectImperfect -ābatur -ābatur -ēbatur -ēbatur -ēbatur -iēbatur-ēbatur -iēbaturFutureFuture -ābitur -ābitur -ēbitur-ēbitur -etur-etur -ietur -ieturPerfect: add the word Perfect: add the word est est to the 4th principle partto the 4th principle partPluperfect: add the word Pluperfect: add the word eraterat to the 4th principle to the 4th principle

part.part.Future perfect: add the word Future perfect: add the word eriterit to the 4 to the 4thth

principle part.principle part.paradigmparadigm

ConjugationsConjugations

Verb are sorted in 4 conjugations. The Verb are sorted in 4 conjugations. The inifinitive shows the conjugation (-āre, -ēre, inifinitive shows the conjugation (-āre, -ēre, -ere, -īre). The conjugation dictates what -ere, -īre). The conjugation dictates what vowels will be before the endings in the vowels will be before the endings in the imperfect tense (tenimperfect tense (teneebat, audbat, audieiebat), as well bat), as well as the present participle (necas the present participle (necaantem, ntem, ponponeentes).ntes).

They are also important in forming the They are also important in forming the present (both indicative and subjunctive) present (both indicative and subjunctive) and future tenses. These forms are not and future tenses. These forms are not learned in the first semester.learned in the first semester.

Present and Future tenses activePresent and Future tenses active

11stst conjugationconjugation 22ndnd 33rd*rd* 44thth

Present indicativePresent indicativePortatPortat docetdocet mittitmittit auditaudit

Present subjunctivePresent subjunctivePortetPortet doceatdoceat mittatmittat audiataudiat

Future indicativeFuture indicativePortabitPortabit docebitdocebit mittetmittet audietaudiet

*3rd –io verbs (like facio, facere, fēcī, factus) straddle the 3*3rd –io verbs (like facio, facere, fēcī, factus) straddle the 3rdrd and and 44thth conjugations. conjugations.

Usually they resemble the 4Usually they resemble the 4thth conjugation ( conjugation (facit, faciat, facietfacit, faciat, faciet) but ) but in the infinitive (facere) and imperative resemble the 3in the infinitive (facere) and imperative resemble the 3rdrd..

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Present and Future tenses passivePresent and Future tenses passive

11stst conjugationconjugation 22ndnd 33rd*rd* 44thth

Present indicativePresent indicativePortaturPortatur doceturdocetur mittiturmittitur

auditurauditur

Present subjunctivePresent subjunctivePorteturPortetur doceaturdoceatur mittaturmittatur audiaturaudiatur

Future indicativeFuture indicativePortabiturPortabitur docebiturdocebitur mitteturmittetur

audieturaudietur

*3rd –io verbs (like facio, facere, fēcī, factus) straddle the 3*3rd –io verbs (like facio, facere, fēcī, factus) straddle the 3rdrd and 4 and 4thth conjugations.conjugations.

Usually they resemble the 4Usually they resemble the 4thth conjugation ( conjugation (facit, faciat, facietfacit, faciat, faciet) but in ) but in the infinitive (facere) and imperative resemble the 3the infinitive (facere) and imperative resemble the 3rdrd..

Click here for activeClick here for active

Finite verbs formsFinite verbs formsIndicative activeIndicative active

11stst 22ndnd 33rdrd 4 4thth PresentPresent amatamat docetdocet mittitmittit audit auditImperfectImperfect amābatamābat docēbat docēbat mittēbat audiēbatmittēbat audiēbatFutureFuture amābitamābit docēbitdocēbit mittetmittet audiet audiet Perfect: Perfect: amāvitamāvit docuitdocuit mīsitmīsit

audīvitaudīvitPluperfect: Pluperfect: amāveratamāverat docueratdocuerat mīserat audīveratmīserat audīveratFuture perf: Future perf: amāveritamāverit docueritdocuerit mīseritmīserit audīverit audīverit

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Finite verbs formsFinite verbs formsIndicative passiveIndicative passive

11stst 22ndnd 33rdrd 4 4thth

PresentPresent amaturamatur doceturdocetur mittiturmittitur auditur auditur

ImperfectImperfect amābaturamābatur docēbatur docēbatur mittēbatur audiēbaturmittēbatur audiēbatur

FutureFuture amābituramābitur docēbiturdocēbitur mittetur mittetur audieturaudietur

Perfect: Perfect: amātus estamātus est doctus estdoctus est mīssus est audītus mīssus est audītus estest

Pluperfect: Pluperfect: amātus eratamātus erat doctus eratdoctus erat missus erat audītus missus erat audītus eraterat

Future perf: Future perf: amātus eritamātus erit doctus eritdoctus erit missus erit audītus missus erit audītus eriterit

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Finite verb endingsFinite verb endingsSubjunctive activeSubjunctive active11stst 22ndnd 33rdrd

4 4thth

PresentPresent -et -et -eat-eat -at-at -iat -iat

ImperfectImperfect -āret -āret -ēret -ēret -eret -īret-eret -īret

Perfect: add –erit to the 3Perfect: add –erit to the 3rdrd principle part, principle part, after removing the -īafter removing the -ī

Pluperfect: add –sset to the 3Pluperfect: add –sset to the 3rdrd principle part principle part

paradigmparadigm

Finite verbs formsFinite verbs formsSubjunctive activeSubjunctive active

11stst 22ndnd 33rdrd

4 4thth

PresentPresent ametamet doceatdoceat mittatmittat audiataudiat

ImperfectImperfect amāretamāret docēret docēret mitteret mitteret audīretaudīret

PerfectPerfect amāveritamāverit docueritdocuerit mīserit audīveritmīserit audīverit

PluperfPluperf amāvissetamāvisset docuissetdocuisset mīsisset audīvissetmīsisset audīvisset

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Finite verbs formsFinite verbs formsSubjunctive passiveSubjunctive passive11stst 22ndnd 33rdrd 4 4thth

PresentPresent ameturametur doceaturdoceatur mittaturmittatur audiatut audiatut

ImperfectImperfectamāreturamāretur docēretur docēretur mitteretur audīreturmitteretur audīretur

PerfectPerfect amātus sitamātus sit doctus sitdoctus sit missus sit audītus missus sit audītus sitsit

PluperfPluperf amātus essetamātus esset doctus essetdoctus esset missus esset audītus missus esset audītus essetesset

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Relative pronounsRelative pronouns

masc. masc. fem.fem. neuterneuterSingularSingular

NominativeNominative quīquī quaequae quodquodGenitiveGenitive cuius cuius cuius cuius cuiuscuiusDativeDative cuī cuī cuī cuī cuīcuīAccusativeAccusative quem quem quam quam quodquodAblativeAblative quō quō quā quā quōquō

PluralPlural NominativeNominative quīquī quaequae quaequae GenitiveGenitive quōrumquōrum quārumquārum

quōrumquōrumDativeDative quibusquibus quibusquibus quibusquibusAccusativeAccusative quōsquōs quāsquās quaequaeAblativeAblative quibusquibus quibusquibus quibusquibus

7 cases7 cases

There are There are five major cases five major cases in Latin:in Latin: nominativenominative genitivegenitive dativedative accusativeaccusative ablativeablativeand and two secondary casestwo secondary cases:: vocativevocative locativelocative

The five major casesThe five major cases NominativeNominative—used for the subject or words —used for the subject or words

describing the subjectdescribing the subject Genitive-used for possession and with some Genitive-used for possession and with some

adjectives, verbs and prepositionsadjectives, verbs and prepositions Dative-used for the indirect object (to or for Dative-used for the indirect object (to or for

someone or something) and with some someone or something) and with some verbsverbs

AccusativeAccusative-used mainly for the direct object -used mainly for the direct object and with some prepositions. and with some prepositions.

AblativeAblative-used with some prepositions [a(b), -used with some prepositions [a(b), e(x), de, pro, sine, in, sub], ablative e(x), de, pro, sine, in, sub], ablative absolutes, and when used alone, the absolutes, and when used alone, the ablative of means.ablative of means.

Ablative CaseAblative Case Ablative is used with some prepositions Ablative is used with some prepositions

[a(b), e(x), de, pro, sine, in, sub], [a(b), e(x), de, pro, sine, in, sub], ablative absolutesablative absolutes, and the , and the ablative of meansablative of means. The ablatives in the . The ablatives in the following sentences are underlined.following sentences are underlined.

Puer ex Puer ex arborearbore cecidit. cecidit.

The boy fell from the tree.The boy fell from the tree.

Gladio clamoribusqueGladio clamoribusque magister milites terrebat. magister milites terrebat.

The teacher with a sword and shouts was terrifying the soldiers.The teacher with a sword and shouts was terrifying the soldiers.

Fenestrā apertāFenestrā apertā, Maximus solem vīdit. , Maximus solem vīdit.

When the window had been opened, he huge man saw the sun.When the window had been opened, he huge man saw the sun.

The endings for the ablative case can be found The endings for the ablative case can be found

in the in the declensionsdeclensions pages pages

Ablative of meansAblative of means

When a When a non-humannon-human noun is used in the ablative case, noun is used in the ablative case, withoutwithout being related to being related to a prepositiona preposition or part of or part of an an ablative absoluteablative absolute, it is most likely an ablative , it is most likely an ablative of means. In the following sentences the ablative of means. In the following sentences the ablative of means is underlined. N.B. We often translate of means is underlined. N.B. We often translate the ablative of means as “with” in English.the ablative of means as “with” in English.

servus cibum servus cibum carrōcarrō traxerat. traxerat.The slave had brought the food by means of a The slave had brought the food by means of a cart.cart.

crevit arbor crevit arbor aquā solequeaquā soleque..The tree has grown by water and sun.The tree has grown by water and sun.

ubi pellēbātur ubi pellēbātur rupibusrupibus equus? equus? Where was the horse being pelted with rocksWhere was the horse being pelted with rocks

Ablative absoluteAblative absolute The ablative absolute is a phrase that gives The ablative absolute is a phrase that gives

background information for the rest of the sentence. background information for the rest of the sentence. The A. A. is two words in the ablative case, agreeing in The A. A. is two words in the ablative case, agreeing in number and gender as well. One word is usually a number and gender as well. One word is usually a noun while the other is typically a noun while the other is typically a participleparticiple. The . The translation will depend on the type of participle used.translation will depend on the type of participle used.

Exempla:Exempla:Perfect participle passive, a. Perfect participle passive, a. form form or b. or b. meaningmeaning

turbīs occupatīsturbīs occupatīs after the crowds were attackedafter the crowds were attackedfiliō celato filiō celato after the son was hiddenafter the son was hiddenurbe visā urbe visā after the city was seenafter the city was seen

Present participle active, a. Present participle active, a. form form or b. or b. meaningmeaningasinīs ferentibusasinīs ferentibus while the donkeys were carryingwhile the donkeys were carryingducibus relinquentibusducibus relinquentibus while the leaders were leavingwhile the leaders were leaving

coquō parantecoquō parante while the cook was preparingwhile the cook was preparing

Accusative caseAccusative case

Accusative is used mainly for the direct object and Accusative is used mainly for the direct object and with some prepositions (ad, trans, in, contra, with some prepositions (ad, trans, in, contra, circum, per). The accusatives in the following circum, per). The accusatives in the following sentences are underlined.sentences are underlined.

Puella Puella sportulassportulas per per villamvillam ferebat. ferebat. The girl was carrying the baskets though the villa.The girl was carrying the baskets though the villa.

HospitemHospitem ad ad arboresarbores uxor miserat. uxor miserat. The wife had sent the guest toward the treesThe wife had sent the guest toward the trees

Scelestus Scelestus pecuniampecuniam in in murōsmurōs sepelīvit. sepelīvit. The crook buried the money in the walls.The crook buried the money in the walls.

The endings for the accusative case can be found The endings for the accusative case can be found in the in the declensionsdeclensions pages pages

Nominative caseNominative case

Nominative is used for the subject Nominative is used for the subject or words describing the subject. It is or words describing the subject. It is marked up S. The nominatives in the marked up S. The nominatives in the following sentences are underlined.following sentences are underlined.

Invenit puellam Invenit puellam vaccavacca.. TaurusTaurus per urbem currebat per urbem currebat Villam Villam duxdux reliquerat. reliquerat.

The endings for the nominative case can be found The endings for the nominative case can be found

in the in the declensionsdeclensions pages pages

The two secondary casesThe two secondary cases

Secondary casesSecondary cases

The vocative-used when addressing someone The vocative-used when addressing someone directly. It uses the nominative forms except directly. It uses the nominative forms except in the 2nd declension, where –ius goes to –ī, in the 2nd declension, where –ius goes to –ī, and –us goes to –e.and –us goes to –e.

Exemplum: Marcus Tullius becomes Marce Tulli.Exemplum: Marcus Tullius becomes Marce Tulli.

The locative-used to tell where something is The locative-used to tell where something is located or takes place. It is used mainly for located or takes place. It is used mainly for towns (Romae, Athenis) and the words towns (Romae, Athenis) and the words domidomi (at home) and (at home) and ruriruri (in the countryside). (in the countryside).

Case endings (1Case endings (1stst page) page)

The case of a word is shown in its The case of a word is shown in its ending.ending.

In the word In the word puellampuellam, the ending , the ending –am–am shows that it is in the accusative shows that it is in the accusative case (and it is singular)case (and it is singular)

In the word In the word puellispuellis, the ending , the ending -is-is shows that it is in either the dative or shows that it is in either the dative or ablative case and that is it plural. ablative case and that is it plural.

Case endings (2Case endings (2ndnd page) page)

Case endingsCase endings

Each word that uses case endings can Each word that uses case endings can show 10 different endings depending show 10 different endings depending on its job in the sentence. The are two on its job in the sentence. The are two endings for each case, one for the endings for each case, one for the singular and one for the plural. The singular and one for the plural. The actual ending for each word will actual ending for each word will depend on the depend on the declension declension in which it in which it is found.is found.

DeclensionsDeclensions

Each noun is assigned to one of five declensEach noun is assigned to one of five declensions ions

and only uses the and only uses the case endings case endings of that of that declension. declension.

The only way you know that a noun is in one The only way you know that a noun is in one declension (and not another) are the declension (and not another) are the endings which it uses. If you know the endings which it uses. If you know the nominative singular form and the nominative singular form and the accusative plural from, you can figure out accusative plural from, you can figure out all the other forms (with a few all the other forms (with a few exceptions).exceptions).

Declensions matterDeclensions matter

The word The word vaccvaccaa (1 (1stst declension) will always declension) will always be be vaccvaccamam when it is a singular direct when it is a singular direct object and object and vaccvaccasas when a plural direct when a plural direct object.object.

The word The word taurtaurusus (2 (2ndnd declension) will declension) will always be always be taurtaurumum when it is a singular when it is a singular direct object and direct object and taurtaurosos when a plural when a plural direct object.direct object.

The charts of the declension are found here:The charts of the declension are found here:11stst 22ndnd 22ndnd neuter neuter 33rdrd 33rdrd neuter neuter

44thth 44thth neuter neuter 55thth

22ndnd declension neuter declension neuter

SingularSingular PluralPlural

NominativeNominative templ-umtempl-um templ-atempl-a

GenitiveGenitive templ-ītempl-ī templ-ōrumtempl-ōrum

DativeDative templ-ōtempl-ō templ-īstempl-īs

AccusativeAccusative templ-umtempl-um templ-atempl-a

AblativeAblative templ-ō templ-ō templ-īstempl-īs

The first declensionThe first declension

SingularSingular PluralPlural

NominativeNominative vacc-avacc-a vaccvacc-ae-ae

GenitiveGenitive vaccvacc-ae-ae vaccvacc-arum-arum

DativeDative vaccvacc-ae-ae vaccvacc-īs-īs

AccusativeAccusative vacc-amvacc-am vacc-āsvacc-ās

AblativeAblative vacc-āvacc-ā vacc-īsvacc-īs

22ndnd declension declension

SingularSingular PluralPluralNominativeNominative taur-us*taur-us* taurtaur-ī-īGenitiveGenitive taurtaur-ī-ī taurtaur-ōrum-ōrumDativeDative taurtaur-ō-ō taurtaur-īs-īsAccusativeAccusative taur-umtaur-um taur-ōstaur-ōsAblativeAblative taur-ō taur-ō taur-īstaur-īs*some nominative singulars end in *some nominative singulars end in –r–r: puer, ager, : puer, ager,

vir, magister, and (except in puer) that -e- before vir, magister, and (except in puer) that -e- before the final –r disappears in the oblique cases the final –r disappears in the oblique cases agrum, magistrumagrum, magistrum

33rdrd declension (mas/fem) declension (mas/fem)

SingularSingular PluralPluralNominativeNominative flos*flos* florflor-ēs-ēsGenitiveGenitive florflor-is-is florflor-um**-um**DativeDative florflor-ī-ī florflor--

ibusibusAccusativeAccusative flor-emflor-em flor-ēsflor-ēsAblativeAblative flor-e** flor-e** floribusfloribus*The nominative singular ending is undefined. There is no set *The nominative singular ending is undefined. There is no set

formform**some words show **some words show -ium: navium, urbium-ium: navium, urbium, in the genitive , in the genitive

plural, and a smaller group show plural, and a smaller group show –ī–ī in the ablative singular. in the ablative singular.

33rdrd declension neuter declension neuter

SingularSingular PluralPluralNominativeNominative caputcaput capit-a*capit-a*GenitiveGenitive capit-iscapit-is capit-um*capit-um*DativeDative capit-īcapit-ī capit-ibuscapit-ibusAccusativeAccusative caputcaput capit-a*capit-a*AblativeAblative capit-e capit-e capitibuscapitibus*Some words show *Some words show –ia–ia in the nominative and in the nominative and

accusative plural and accusative plural and –ium–ium in the genitive plural: in the genitive plural: animalia, animaliumanimalia, animalium

44thth declension declension

SingularSingular PluralPlural

NominativeNominative lac-uslac-us lac-ūs lac-ūs

GenitiveGenitive lac-ūs lac-ūs lac-uumlac-uum

DativeDative lac-uīlac-uī lac-ibuslac-ibus

AccusativeAccusative lac-umlac-um lac-ūs lac-ūs

AblativeAblative lac-ūlac-ū lac-lac-ibusibus

5th declension5th declension

SingularSingular PluralPlural

NominativeNominative fid-ēsfid-ēs fid-ēsfid-ēs

GenitiveGenitive fid-ēī fid-ēī fid-ērumfid-ērum

DativeDative fid-ēī fid-ēī fid-ēbusfid-ēbus

AccusativeAccusative fid-em fid-em fid-ēsfid-ēs

AblativeAblative fid-ē fid-ē fid-fid-ēbusēbus