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Organic Chemistry Recognizing the 4 main classes of organic molecules.

Organic Chemistry Recognizing the 4 main classes of organic molecules

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Page 1: Organic Chemistry Recognizing the 4 main classes of organic molecules

Organic ChemistryOrganic ChemistryRecognizing the 4 main classes

of organic molecules.

Page 2: Organic Chemistry Recognizing the 4 main classes of organic molecules

Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds• An organic compound

is any compound that contains atoms of the element carbon.

• Carbon has 2 electrons in its 1st energy level and 4 electrons in its 2nd energy level.

electron

neutron

proton

Page 3: Organic Chemistry Recognizing the 4 main classes of organic molecules

CarbonCarbon• Carbon’s 4 valence

electrons form covalent bonds with other carbon atoms, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen.

• Carbon can share one electron in a single bond, two electrons in a double bond, and even three electrons (triple bond not shown)

Page 4: Organic Chemistry Recognizing the 4 main classes of organic molecules

IsomersIsomers• Butane has the chemical formula C4H10.

• Chemical formulas describe the type and number of atoms.• Structural formulas describe the type, number and position of atoms.

Butane’s structural formula is seen below.• Isomers have the same chemical formula, but different structural

formulas.

Page 5: Organic Chemistry Recognizing the 4 main classes of organic molecules

MonosaccharideMonosaccharide• Here are 3 examples of a

monosaccharide• A monosaccharide is a

carbohydrate.• These 3 elements are also

isomers.• They all have the chemical

formula C6H12O6.

• The C:H:O ratio for a monosaccharide is 1:2:1.

Page 6: Organic Chemistry Recognizing the 4 main classes of organic molecules

Glucose: Chain and RingGlucose: Chain and Ring

• Glucose (and other monosaccharide) chains can bend to form a ring.

Page 7: Organic Chemistry Recognizing the 4 main classes of organic molecules

Disaccharide and PolysaccharideDisaccharide and Polysaccharide

• One monosaccharide can join with another monosaccharide to create a disaccharide like sucrose.

• A polysaccharide like cellulose (on the right) is many monosaccharides linked together.

Page 8: Organic Chemistry Recognizing the 4 main classes of organic molecules

Glycerol and FatsGlycerol and Fats• Glycerol is a key

component to many lipids.

• Fat, or triglycerol, forms when a glycerol head connects with three fatty acid tails.

Page 9: Organic Chemistry Recognizing the 4 main classes of organic molecules

Saturated and Unsaturated FatsSaturated and Unsaturated Fats• Fatty acids can be

either saturated or unsaturated.

• Saturated fats contain only single bonds between carbons.

• Unsaturated fats contain at least one double bond between carbons.

Page 10: Organic Chemistry Recognizing the 4 main classes of organic molecules

Proteins and Amino AcidsProteins and Amino Acids• Proteins are the third major

family of organic compounds.

• Proteins are made by linking amino acids together.

• The side chain is a variable group.

• There are 20 different variable groups that make 20 different types of amino acid.

Page 11: Organic Chemistry Recognizing the 4 main classes of organic molecules

Peptide Bonds and PolymersPeptide Bonds and Polymers• The bond linking two amino acids together is called a

peptide bond.• Protein chains may contain hundreds, even thousands, of

amino acids.• These long chains of organic molecules are called polymers.

Page 12: Organic Chemistry Recognizing the 4 main classes of organic molecules

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids• Nucleic acids are the

final class of organic compound.

• Nucleic acids are composed of individual nucleotides.

• Each nucleotide contains a sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.