Organic Macromolecules

Chemical ReactionsThe rearrangement of atoms

6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2

(Reactants) (Products)

En

erg

yTime

Chemical ReactionsEndergonic Reaction

Energy is required

Exergonic Reaction Energy is released

Activation Energy Energy req’d to start rxn

Catalyst Decreases AE Speeds up rxns

ProductsReactants

Chemical Reactions Review

2 Mg + O2 2 MgO Was energy mostly released or absorbed? Is this reaction exergonic or endergonic? Why doesn’t this reaction occur on its

own?

6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Is energy mostly released or absorbed? Is this reaction exergonic or endergonic? Where does the absorbed energy go?

Condensation (dehydration) Monomers join to form polymers

Hydrolysis Polymers can be split into monomers

Macromolecular Structure

Macromolecular Structure

C O H

H

H

H C O H

H

H

H

Dehydration/Condensation

1. H and OH are removed

2. Monomers bond

Macromolecular Structure

C

O H

H

H

H C O H

H

H

H

Hydrolysis

1. Molecules separate

2. Water lyses and occupies open bonds

CarbohydratesC, H, & O in 1:2:1 ratio

Often in rings

or linked rings

Monosaccharide (simple sugar) Carbohydrate monomer Glucose - Photosynthesis Fructose - Fruit Galactose - Milk

CarbohydratesPolysaccharide (sugars linked together) Cellulose - Plant cell walls, wood, cotton Starch - Plant energy storage

Lots of C, twice as much H, very little O

Hydrocarbon chains

Fatty acid (monomer)

Triglyceride (polymer) 3 fatty acids linked together Oil (liquid) - E storage Fat (solid) - E storage,

insulation,

padding

Lipids

Nonpolar- Won’t dissolve in H2O

Polar- Will dissolve in H2O

=

LipidsSteroids (four carbon rings) Cholesterol, venoms, hormones

ProteinsC, H, O, N and sometimes S

Peptide = Amino Acid = Protein Monomer

Over twenty varieties

(Differ only in “radical” group)

R

Radical Group

C

H

NH

HC

O

O H

Proteins

ProteinsPolymers made of amino acids

Structural examples Muscle fibers, hair, cytoskeleton Cell membrane proteins

ProteinsEnzymes Protein catalysts Help convert substrates to products

C C

H H

H H

H C C

H H

H H

HO

H

H

Rate of RxnsTemperature As temp ↑, collisions are more frequent (rate ↑) At high temps, enzyme changes shape (rate ↓)

Temperature

Rat

e

Denaturation

Rate of RxnspH Different enzymes have different optimal

ranges

Rate of RxnsAs [substrate] ↑,

Rate ↑

[substrate]

Rat

e

Nucleic Acids

Nucleotide (monomer) Phosphate group 5-C monosaccharide

Ribose

Deoxyribose Nitrogen base

A, C, G, T, or U

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acid Polymers RNA

Protein synthesis DNA

Primary genetic info