Organic Molecules

I. The 4 Life Substances

A. Also called organic molecules

B. Organic means made of carbon(C), hydrogen(H), and oxygen(O).

C. Inorganic means NOT made of C, H, and O. Ex: water

Building large molecules of lifeChain together smaller molecules

building block molecules = monomers

Big molecules built from little moleculespolymers

Small molecules = monomers

Bond them together = polymers

Building large organic molecules

Building important polymers

sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar

nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide

Carbohydrates = built from sugars

Proteins = built from amino acids

Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides

aminoacid

aminoacid–

aminoacid–

aminoacid–

aminoacid–

aminoacid–

How to build large moleculesDehydration Synthesis

building bigger molecules from smaller molecules

A water molecule is lostbuilding cells & bodies

repair growth reproduction

+

ATP

How to take large molecules apartHydrolysis/Digestion

taking big molecules apartHydrolysis splits molecules using watergetting raw materials

for synthesis & growthmaking energy (ATP)

for synthesis, growth & everyday functions

+

ATP

The Organic Molecules are:

1. Lipids

a. The monomers (or building blocks) are glycerol and fatty acids.

Polymer—?

b. Lipid functions include:

1. Is the main component of the cell membrane.

2. Long-term energy storage

3. Padding, insulation, and flotation

c. Lipid examples: fats, oils, and waxes

d. Specific examples: cholesterol and other steroids, some hormones

e. Lipid model: Contains: C,H,OG fatty acidLYCE fatty acidROL fatty acid

Lipids

2. Proteinsa. The monomers are

amino acids.

*There are 20 different amino acids. The amino acids are held together by peptide bonds.

Amino Acid monomers

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Proteins--Amino Acid Structure

Amino acids have a central carbon with 4 things bonded to it:Amino group –NH2

Carboxyl group -COOH

Hydrogen -H

Side group -R

Amino

group

Carboxylgroup

R group

Side groups

Leucine -hydrophobic

Serine-hydrophillic

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(Proteins continued)

b. Protein functions include:

1. Make up tissues (or build structure) in organisms

2. Speed up chemical reactions as enzymes (called catalysts)

3. Is a component of the cell membrane

c. Protein Examples: enzymes, antibodies, some hormones

d. Examples of foods containing protein:

meats, eggs, beans, nuts

e. Protein model:

Contains: C,H,O, and nitrogen (N)

amino acid—amino acid—amino acid—amino acid

(Most proteins have 100-1000 amino acids.)

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Protein Structures or CONFORMATIONS

Hydrogen bond

Pleated sheet

Amino acid

(a) Primary structure

Hydrogen bond

Alpha helix

(b) Secondary structure

Polypeptide(single subunit)

(c) Tertiary structure

(d) Quaternary structure

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3. Carbohydratesa. Monomers are monosaccharides.

b. Function: stores and releases energy

c. 3 categories of carbohydrates are:

1. monosaccharides—Also called simple sugars

examples: glucose, fructose (fruit sugar)

2. disaccharides—Made of 2 simple sugars

example: sucrose

3. polysaccharides—Made of many simple sugars

examples:

starch (as in potatoes, rice, pasta, etc.)

cellulose (in plant cell walls)

glycogen (for animal energy storage)

d. Carbohydrate model:Contains: C, H, OThis is only an EXAMPLE!!!

glucose----glucose----glucose----glucose----glucose

(This is a polysaccharide.)

Carbohydrates

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e. In aqueous (watery) solutions, monosaccharides form ring structures.

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4. Nucleic Acidsa. The monomers are

nucleotides. Each nucleotide is made of a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base.

b. Nucleic acid examples:

DNA, RNA, and ATP

c. Nucleic acid functions:

DNA—contains genetic information

RNA—helps to make proteins

ATP—stores energy

d. Nucleic Acid model:nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide

e. Nucleotide model:Contains: C,H,O,N, and phosphorus (P)

phosphate

sugarnitrogen base

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Nucleic AcidsNitrogenous base

(A,G,C, or T)

Phosphategroup

Thymine (T)

Sugar(deoxyribose)

Phosphate

BaseSugar

Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.

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