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Organisasi dan ArsitekturKomputer
L#1: Fundamental ConceptsAmil A. Ilham
http://www.unhas.ac.id/amil
http://www.unhas.ac.id/amil/STMIK2016/arsikom/
ADMINISTRASI KULIAH
Administrasi Kuliah
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Penilaian
• Final Test
• Quiz
• Tugas Individu dan Kelompok
• Presentasi, dll.
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Rules in this Class
• Please be aware that:– No mark (zero) for late assignments without prior
permission or urgent reasons.
– No mark (zero) for cheated assignments or exams.
– No talks via mobile phone during class.• Silent mode is OK
• You can leave class if you have an urgent call.
– No FB, Twitter, SMS, etc, during class.
– No smoking!
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Administrasi Kuliah
• Hal-hal lain:
– Tidak ada (waktu) perbaikan nilai.
– Ujian susulan hanya akan diberikan jikaberhalangan hadir pada saat ujian karena:
• Sakit atau alasan pribadi lain yang dapat diterima.
• Ada pemberitahuan pada saat ujian atau sebelum ujian(Do not hesitate to let me know!)
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FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
Fundamental Concepts
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A Computer Specification
• Consider the following specification for a personal computer:
– 3.5 GHz Pentium 4 Processor
– 2 GB RAM
– 320 GB Hard Disk
– 48x CD-RW / DVD-ROM Combo Drive
– 17” Video Display with 1280 x 1024 resolution
– 100 Mb/s Ethernet
• What does it all mean?
8Review: clock, bit, byte, numbering system, logic gates
Technology Used in Computers
Vacuum Tube
Transistors
Microprocessor VLSI*chips
*VLSI: Very large-scale integration9
Integrated Circuit- IC
Intel 4004 @ 70s
• Intel 4004, first single chip CPU
– 4- bit processor for a calculator
– 2,300 transistors
– 16-pin DIP package
– 740kHz (eight clock cycles per CPU cycle of 10.8 microseconds)
– ~ 100K OPs per second
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Intel Itanium 9500 Series
• 64-bit processor
• 3.1 billion transistors
• 2.53 GHz, issue up to 12 instructions per cycle
• 8 Cores
• 54 MByte of cache!!
In ~40 years, about 1,000,000 times growth in transistor count and performance!
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Exciting Change
Eniac, 1946
Occupied 17x10 meter ^2 room, weighted 30 tones, contained 18000 electronic valves, consumed 150KW of electrical power;capable to perform 5K addition per second
It impacts every aspect of human life.
PlayStation Portable (PSP)
Approx. 170 mm (L) x 74 mm (W) x 23 mm (D) Weight: Approx. 260 g (including battery) CPU: PSP CPU (clock frequency 1~333MHz) Main Memory: 32MBEmbedded DRAM: 4MBProfile: Game, Audio, Video
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Simple Switch Circuit
• Switch open:– No current through
circuit– Light is off– Vout is +2.9V
• Switch closed:– Short circuit across
switch– Current flows– Light is on– Vout is 0V
Switch-based circuits can easily represent two states:on/off, open/closed, voltage/no voltage. 13
Computer is a binary digital system.
• Basic unit of information is the binary digit, or bit.
• Values with more than two states require multiple bits.– A collection of two bits has four possible states:
00, 01, 10, 11
– A collection of three bits has eight possible states:
000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, 111
– A collection of n bits has 2n possible states.
Binary (base two) system:
• has two states: 0 and 1
Digital system:
• finite number of symbols
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N-type MOS Transistor
• MOS = Metal Oxide Semiconductor– two types: N-type and P-type
• N-type– when Gate has positive voltage,
short circuit between #1 and #2(switch closed)
– when Gate has zero voltage,open circuit between #1 and #2(switch open)
Terminal #2 must beconnected to GND (0V).
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P-type MOS Transistor
• P-type is complementary to N-type– when Gate has positive voltage,
open circuit between #1 and #2(switch open)
– when Gate has zero voltage,short circuit between #1 and #2(switch closed)
Terminal #1 must beconnected to +2.9V.
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CMOS Circuit
• Complementary MOS
• Uses both N-type and P-type MOS transistors
– P-type
• Attached to + voltage
– N-type
• Attached to GND
• For all inputs, make sure that output is either connected to GND or to +,but not both!
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Basic Logic Gates
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Inverter (NOT Gate)
In Out
0 V 2.9 V
2.9 V 0 V
In Out
0 1
1 0
Truth table
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NOR Gate
A B C
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
Note: Serial structure on top, parallel on bottom. 20
OR Gate
Add inverter to NOR.
A B C
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
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Decoder• n inputs, 2n outputs
– exactly one output is 1 for each possible input pattern
2-bitdecoder
Note the use of the bubbles (NOT) in the input.
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Multiplexer (MUX)• n-bit selector and 2n inputs, one output
– output equals one of the inputs, depending on selector
4-to-1 MUX
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Full Adder• Add two bits and carry-in,
produce one-bit sum and carry-out.
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Four-bit Adder
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R-S Latch: Simple Storage Element• R is used to “reset” or “clear” the element (set it to zero)
• S is used to “set” the element (set it to one)
• If both R and S are one, out could be either zero or one.– “quiescent” state -- holds its previous value
– note: if a is 1, b is 0, and vice versa
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
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Gated D-Latch• Two inputs: D (data) and WE (write enable)
– when WE = 1, latch is set to value of D• S = NOT(D), R = D
– when WE = 0, latch holds previous value• S = R = 1
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Register• A register stores a multi-bit value.
– We use a collection of D-latches, all controlled by a common WE.– When WE=1, n-bit value D is written to register.
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Memory• Now that we know how to store bits,
we can build a memory – a logical k × m array of stored bits.
•••
k = 2n
locations
m bits
Address Space:number of locations(usually a power of 2)
Addressability:number of bits per location(e.g., byte-addressable)
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22 x 3 Memory
address
decoder
word select word WEaddress
write
enable
input bits
output bits 30
Summary
• Building Block of Computers
– Logically, each transistor acts as a switch
– Combined to implement logic functions
• AND, OR, NOT
– Combined to build higher-level structures
• Adder, multiplexer, decoder, register, …
– Combined to build processor
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