Organizational Behavior / Perception1. When you change the way you look at things, the things you look at change

Organizational Behavior / Perception 1

When you change the way you look at things,

the things you look at change.

Perception

“ The study of perception is concerned with identifying the process

through which we interpret and organize sensory information to

produce our conscious experience of objects and object relationship.”

MEANING:

Perceptions differ from person to person.

Each individual perceives the same situation differently.

Perception is a unique interpretation of the situation, not an exact recording of the situation.

Perception is more complex and much broader than sensation.

NATURE OF PERCEPTIONNATURE OF PERCEPTION

It is a cognitive and psychological process. The manner in which a person perceives the environment affects his behaviour. There can be no behaviour without perception and perception lies at the base of every human action.

Perception is the process by which an individual gives meaning to the environment.

It occurs whenever stimuli activate the sense organs.

A stimulus that is not perceived has no effect on behaviour.

Perception is a process that operates constantly between us and reality.


IMPORTANCE OF PERCEPTIONIMPORTANCE OF PERCEPTION

Perception plays a very important role in shaping the personality of an individual.

Perception is central in interpreting the world around us.

Perception affects the outcome of our behavior because we act on the basis of what we see.

An understanding of perception is important to understand and control the human behavior.

Because people’s behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.


Perception is an intellectual process.

Perception is the basic cognitive or psychological process.

Perception is subjective process. Perception is subjective because person beliefs or cultural background shape their perception.

Perception consists of several sub-processes.

PERCEPTUAL PROCESSPERCEPTUAL PROCESS

Perceptual inputs

Stimuli

Perceptual throughputs

Receiving->Selecting->Organising->Interpreting

Perceptual

Outputs

Actions

CONT…


PERCEPTUAL PROCESSPERCEPTUAL PROCESS

Perceptual inputs: Objects, Events and people.All those things in the setting where events occur or contribute to the occurrence of events can be termed as Perceptual inputs.

Perceptual Mechanism: involves three elements viz. selection of stimuli, organization of stimuli and interpretation of stimuli.

Perceptual outputs: Attitudes, Opinions, Feelings & Values.

The result is the “ BEHAVIOUR”


Perceptual ErrorPerceptual Error Halo effect

The process by which the perceiver evaluates another person solely on the basis of one attribute, either favorable or unfavorable.

Expectancy effects

Extent to which expectations bias how events, objects, and people are actually perceived


Continue…Continue…

ProjectionProjection The assignment of one’s

personal attributes to other individuals.

Primacy:Primacy: First impressions


Improving Perceptual AccuracyImproving Perceptual Accuracy

Empathize(share feelings) with Empathize(share feelings) with othersothers

Postponed Impression FormationPostponed Impression Formation Compare perceptions with othersCompare perceptions with others Know YourselfKnow Yourself



Factors that Influence Factors that Influence PerceptionPerception

Perception is influenced by a variety of individuals and situational factors. Physiological DifferencesCultural DifferencesSocial RolesOccupational RolesPrevious Experiences


CONT…CONT…

Self Esteem Expectations/WishesTunnel VisionIntense Feelings & AttitudesStereotypingGroup Pressure




Stereotype:Stereotype:

A fixed, commonly held notion or image of a person or group, based on an oversimplification of some observed or imagined trait of behavior or appearance.

The use of stereotypes is a major way in which we

simplify our social world;




Basic Elements For PerceptionBasic Elements For Perception

Any perceptual event has three components that are:

1.) Perceiver

Any individual perceiving from event

2.) Target

Thing which is being perceived

3.) Situation

ATTRIBUTES OF THE PERCEIVERATTRIBUTES OF THE PERCEIVER

Several attributes unique to our personalities can affect how we see others. These include the following :

i) Self concept

ii) Cognitive structure

iii) Previous experiences

CONT…CONT…

SELF-CONCEPTA person with a positive self-concept tends to perceive

the positive characteristics of others. Conversely, a person with a negative self-concept is likely to focus on negative characteristics. The more accurate a person's self-concept, the more accurate his or her perceptions of others will tend to be.


CONT…CONT…

COGNITIVE STRUCTURE: Cognitive structure, an individual's pattern of thinking, also

affects perception. Some people have a tendency to perceive physical traits, such as height, weight, and appearance, more readily. Cognitive complexity allows a person to perceive multiple characteristics of another person rather than attending to just a few traits


ATTRIBUTES OF THE TARGETATTRIBUTES OF THE TARGET

The first major influence on perception is of the target.In particular, the following attributes of target can be identified:

i) Physical appearanceii) Verbal and non verbal communicationiii) Intentions

CONT…CONT…


PHYSICAL APPEARANCEPhysical appearance pals a big role in our perception of others. Extremely attractive or unattractive individuals are more likely to be noticed in a group than ordinary looking individuals. Motions, sound, size and other attributes of a target shape the way we see it.

VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION


Verbal Communication from targets also affects our perception of them. Nonverbal communication conveys a great deal of information about the target. The perceiver deciphers eye contact, facial expressions, body movements, and posture all in a attempt to form an impression of the target.

CONT…


INTENTIONS:How we interpret the intentions of others influences our perceptions of their personality. For instance, if you assume that your professor is going to criticize your work, you may perceive your instructor to be a negative and critical person.

ATTRIBUTES OF THE SITUATIONATTRIBUTES OF THE SITUATION

Elements in the surrounding environment also influence perception process. Some of these are as follows :

i) Social context

ii) Organizational role

iii) Location of event


Types of perceptionTypes of perception

Color perception Visual perception Speech perception Size perceptionMotion perception

Color Perception:Color Perception:

The ability to interpret information about something on the basis of the effects of colors.Color perception is subjective.

COLOR PERCEPTIONCOLOR PERCEPTION

While perceptions of color are somewhat subjective, there are some color effects that have universal meaning.

Several ancient cultures, including the Egyptians and Chinese, practiced chromotherapy(referred to as light therapy ), or using colors to heal.

Red was used to stimulate the body and mind and to increase circulation. Yellow was thought to stimulate the nerves and purify the body. Orange was used to heal the lungs and to increase energy levels. Blue was believed to soothe illnesses and treat pain. Indigo shades were thought to alleviate skin problems.


Visual perceptionVisual perception

Visual perception is the ability to interpret information and surroundings from the effects of visible light reaching the eye.

Visual perception is a function of our eyes and brain.


Size Perception:Size Perception:

The ability to interpret information about the size of objects

It includes:Size constancyShape constancyColor constancy


Size constancy:Size constancy:

When we know that an object is of a certain size,we tend to perceive it as being same size,regardless of how far it is from our eyes.


Shape Constancy:Shape Constancy:

When we know that the object is a certain shape,we tend to perceive it as the same shape,regardless of the viewing angle.



Color Constancy:Color Constancy:

Colors of the objects tend to remain constant in perception when we know their actual color.



A perception that occurs when a sensory stimulus is present but is incorrectly perceived and misinterpreted, such as hearing the wind as someone crying.

Most of the illusions are optical

illusions i.e• An object causing a false visual

impression

IMPOSSIIBLE FIGURE ILLUSION:

The figures for which our brain is able to take

sensation that is two dimensional and produce

perception that is three dimensional.

Reversible figures present ambiguous infarmation tha can be interpreted in more than one ways.

The Mueller-Lyer Illusion is an optical illusion involving two lines and arrowheads at the ends of each line. When two lines and arrowheads of equal length are used, the one with ends pointing out is thought to be longer than the one with ends pointing in.

The variation in the apparent size of the Moon (smaller when overhead, larger when near the horizon) is another natural illusion; it is not an optical phenomenon, but rather a cognitive or perceptual illusion

Some times the objects at rest seem to be moving while those that are moving seem to be at rest. E.g train at railway station.

Abnormal condition or defects of the sense organs.

Illusion due to odd arrangements of stimuli.

Illusion due to appreciation,interests,

expectations etc.

Illusion due to limitations of the sense organs.

Social factors such as needs, motives,past experiences and expectations about the world and the way we percieve it.

““If a tree falls…”If a tree falls…”If a tree falls in the forest and there is

nobody around to hear it…Does it make a noise?


AnswerAnswer

NO…Sound (like color) is all in your head!


Can you believe that this is a picture and not an animation? To check, just focus on one leaf for 5 seconds




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Organizational Behavior / Perception1. When you change the way you look at things, the things you look at change