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Overview of Financial Statement Analysis
Chapter 1
Robinson, Munter, Grant
Grant, Munter & Robinson
Chapter 1 2
Learning Objectives
• Nature and purpose of Financial Analysis
• Accounting standards and processes underlying financial reports
• Role of professional financial analysts
Grant, Munter & Robinson
Chapter 1 3
Analysis for Decision Making
Financial statement analysis is a tool for making complex investment and credit decisions. Specifically, it is used to:– Evaluate historical performance– Predict future cash flows– Establish the value of an enterprise– Evaluate management
Grant, Munter & Robinson
Chapter 1 4
Pricing Investments
• The price an investor is willing to pay depends on predicted future cash flows
• Future cash flows from extending credit– Interest income
– Return of principal
• Future cash flows from equity investments– Dividends
– Proceeds – attributable to value growth – from stock sale
Grant, Munter & Robinson
Chapter 1 5
Estimating cash flows requires
• Current and relevant information
• An evaluation of the firm’s profit and growth potential
• An assessment of the firm’s survival likelihood
Grant, Munter & Robinson
Chapter 1 6
Cash Flows and Prices
Investors would like to pay an amount for an investment such that its annual future cash flows will provide a rate of return (r) greater than or equal to the return other potential uses of the money would provide.
Grant, Munter & Robinson
Chapter 1 7
Cash Flows and Prices
In cases of identical payouts, return equals
pricepurchase
flowscashfutureannualr
Grant, Munter & Robinson
Chapter 1 8
Cash Flows and Prices
Given a desired rate of return and an estimate of future cash flows, purchase price can be estimated as:
return of Rate
flowscash Future Price
Grant, Munter & Robinson
Chapter 1 9
Evaluating Management
• Financial statement analysis may be the basis for a manger’s performance appraisal
• Managers’ compensation may be a function of the this appraisal
• It’s important to understand which elements of performance are within or beyond managers’ control
Grant, Munter & Robinson
Chapter 1 10
Analysis Techniques
• Use publicly available data from financial statements including– Income Statement– Statement of Owners’ Equity– Balance Sheet– Statement of Cash Flows– Notes to Financial Statements
Grant, Munter & Robinson
Chapter 1 11
Analysis Techniques Time series analysis
• Compare a firm to itself over time
• Firms provide at least two periods of comparable data in each set of financial statements
Grant, Munter & Robinson
Chapter 1 12
Analysis Techniques Cross-sectional Analysis
• Compare several firms over the same time period• Designed to hold economic effects constant• Enables analyst to determine how a firm is doing
given the prevailing macroeconomic conditions• Comparison of large, diverse, multinational firms
is complex (and covered in detail in chapters 9 and 18)
Grant, Munter & Robinson
Chapter 1 13
Financial Statements and Performance
• Financial statements are prepared in a consistent manner (enabling cross-sectional and time series comparisons)
• Accounting rules are designed to reflect firm performance
Grant, Munter & Robinson
Chapter 1 14
Basic Financial Statements
• Income Statement– provides results of business activities
• Balance Sheet– states assets and claims against them (liabilities and
owner’s equity)
• Statement of Cash Flows– provides prior cash flow information
– helps analyst assess the firm’s ability to pay interested parties
Grant, Munter & Robinson
Chapter 1 15
Accounting and Reporting Standards
Analysts must become familiar enough with the accounting options available to the firm being studied in order to understand and evaluate the information presented in the financial statements
Grant, Munter & Robinson
Chapter 1 16
Development of US Accounting Standards
• 1900– No mandated reporting requirements even though the
professions of accounting and auditing existed.
• 1933/34– Securities Acts give the SEC authority to regulate
financial reporting.– The accounting profession worked to develop and refine
accounting principles and auditing procedures.
• 1970s– Financial Accounting Standards Board is created as the
authority on financial reporting for publicly traded US firms.
Grant, Munter & Robinson
Chapter 1 17
Development of International Accounting Standards
• International Accounting Standards (IASB)– 14 member committee of auditors, accountants,
academics and financial statement users– Developed International Accounting Standards
(IAS) to help investors cope with financial analysis in global capital markets
– Rules are not used worldwide, but a number of countries do use the framework
Grant, Munter & Robinson
Chapter 1 18
Regulatory Requirements
• SEC filing requirements– Form 10-K audited annual report– Form 10-Q quarterly report– Form 8-K periodic informational reports
Grant, Munter & Robinson
Chapter 1 19
Transactions and the Accounting Process
• Remember, Assets = Claims
• Original owners put $1,000 in corporate checking account
Assets = ClaimsCash Common Stock
$1,000 = $1,000
Grant, Munter & Robinson
Chapter 1 20
Transactions and the Accounting Process
• Maintain the Assets = Claims equality
• Build on previous transaction
• Corporation spends $50 on inventory= Claims
Cash Inventory Common Stock$1,000 = $1,000($50) $50$950 $50 = $1,000
Assets
Grant, Munter & Robinson
Chapter 1 21
Transactions and the Accounting Process
• Change the previous transaction:• Corporation purchases $50 of inventory on credit
=Cash Inventory Accts. Payable Common Stock
$1,000 = $1,000 $50 $50
$1,000 $50 = $50 $1,000
ClaimsAssets
Grant, Munter & Robinson
Chapter 1 22
Transactions and the Accounting ProcessExpanded Transaction Model
• Original owners put $1,000 in corporate checking account
• Corporation purchases $50 of inventory on credit
• Purchase a $5,000 building for $500 cash and $4,500 mortgage
Grant, Munter & Robinson
Chapter 1 23
Expanded Transaction Model
Assets = Claims
Cash Inventory Building Accounts Payable
Mortgage
Payable
Common Stock
$1,000 $1,000
$50 $50
($500) $5,000 $4,500
$500 $50 $5,000 = $50 $4,500 $1,000
Grant, Munter & Robinson
Chapter 1 24
Transactions and the Accounting ProcessExpanded Transaction Model
• The company pays rent of $2,000 for the current month
• The company sells inventory to a customer on account (receivable) at a retail price of $30,000
• The portion of the inventory which was sold cost $15,000 to purchase
Grant, Munter & Robinson
Chapter 1 25
Expanded Transaction Model
Assets = Claims
Cash A/R Inventory Accounts Payable
Common
Stock
Retained
Earnings
($2,000) ($2,000)
$30,000 $30,000
($15,000) ($15,000)
($2,000) $30,000 ($15,000) = $13,000
Grant, Munter & Robinson
Chapter 1 26
Basic Financial StatementsUsing recorded information the…
• Balance Sheet– Reports totals of assets and claims on the date ending
the reporting period
• Statement of Cash Flows– Reports all cash inflows and outflows (more in chapter
4)– The cash column of the transaction model
• Statement of Shareholders’ Equity– Reports changes in the owners’ claim accounts during
the period
Grant, Munter & Robinson
Chapter 1 27
The Professional AnalystBuy-Side and Sell-Side Analysts
• Buy-side– Provide information within the investment firm– Information is rarely available to outsiders
• Sell-side– Provide information to brokers who work with
external clients– Reports are created with external clients in
mind
Grant, Munter & Robinson
Chapter 1 28
The Professional AnalystProfessional Designation
• Association for Investment Management and Research (AIMR)– Established professional standards and ethics for
financial analysts
– Sets disciplinary procedures in the event that unethical behavior is suspected or detected
– Manages the Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA®) exam
• A series of three examinations covering economics, finance, statistics and financial statement analysis
Grant, Munter & Robinson
Chapter 1 29
The Professional AnalystRole of the Analyst
• Incorporate incrementally informative data into recommendations
• Analysis is an ongoing process utilizing many types of resources
• Financial statement analysis is the starting point of this process
Grant, Munter & Robinson
Chapter 1 30
Summary
• Objectives of financial analysis– Forecasting future cash flows– Evaluating past performance
• Role of accounting information
• Importance of accounting standards
• Primary financial statements
• Market efficiency (role of analysts)