Overview Power Line Communication

8/4/2019 Overview Power Line Communication

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Power line communication

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Power line communication orpower line carrier(PLC), also known as Power line Digital Subscriber Line (PDSL), mainscommunication, power line telecom (PLT), power line networking (PLN), orBroadband over Power Lines (BPL) are

systems for carrying data on a conductor also used forelectric power transmission.

Electrical power is transmitted over high voltage transmission lines, distributed over medium voltage, and used inside buildings atlower voltages. Powerline communications can be applied at each stage. Most PLC technologies limit themselves to one set ofwires (for example, premises wiring), but some can cross between two levels (for example, both the distribution network andpremises wiring). Typically the transformer prevents propagating the signal, which requires multiple technologies to be used toform very large networks.

Contents

[hide]

1 Basics 2 Long haul, low frequency

o 2.1 Utility 3 Medium frequency (kHz)

o 3.1 Home control (narrowband)o 3.2 Low-speed narrow-bando 3.3 Medium-speed narrow-bando 3.4 Transmitting radio programso 3.5 Utility applications

4 High-frequency (1 MHz)o 4.1 Home networking (LAN)o 4.2 Internet access

5 Ultra-High-frequency (100 MHz) 6 Government promotion and regulationo 6.1 US FCC

6.1.1 'Notching out' and dynamic adaptation to contentiono 6.2 United Kingdom and Europeo 6.3 Other governments

7 Automotive uses 8 Failure Scenarios 9 Standards

o 9.1 IEEE 1901, ITU G.hn home gridso 9.2 Smart grids and use of BPL for telemetry and data provision by powercos o 9.3 Standards organizations

10 See also 11 Notes 12 References

[edit] Basics

Power linecommunications systemsoperate by impressing a modulated carrier signal on the wiring system. Different types ofpowerline communications use different frequency bands, depending on the signal transmission characteristics of the powerwiring used. Since the power distribution system was originally intended for transmission ofAC powerat typical frequencies of 50
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or 60Hz, power wire circuits have only a limited ability to carry higher frequencies. The propagation problem is a limiting factorfor each type of power line communications.

Data ratesand distance limits vary widely over many power line communication standards. Low-frequency (about 100-200 kHz)carriers impressed on high-voltage transmission lines may carry one or two analog voice circuits, or telemetry and control circuitswith an equivalent data rate of a few hundred bits per second; however, these circuits may be many miles long. Higher data ra tes

generally imply shorter ranges; alocal area networkoperating at millions of bits per second may only cover one floor of an officebuilding, but eliminates installation of dedicated network cabling.

[edit] Long haul, low frequency

[edit] Utility

Power line carrier systems have long been a favorite at many utilities because it allows them to reliably move data over aninfrastructure that they control. Many technologies are capable of performing multiple applications. For example, acommunication system bought initially forautomatic meter readingcan sometimes also be used forload controlor fordemandresponseapplications.

PLC is one of the technologies used for automatic meter reading. Both one-way and two-way systems have been successfully

used for decades. Interest in this application has grown substantially in recent historynot so much because there is an interestin automating a manual process, but because there is an interest in obtaining fresh data from all metered points in order to bettercontrol and operate the system. PLC is one of the technologies being used inAdvanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) systems.

In a one-way (inbound only) system, readings "bubble up" from end devices (such as meters), through the communicationinfrastructure, to a "master station" which publishes the readings. A one-way system might be lower-cost than a two-way system,but also is difficult to reconfigure should the operating environment change.

In a two-way system (supporting both outbound and inbound), commands can be broadcast out from the master station to enddevices (meters) -- allowing for reconfiguration of the network, or to obtain readings, or to convey messages, etc. The device atthe end of the network may then respond (inbound) with a message that carries the desired value. Outbound messages injectedat a utility substation will propagate to all points downstream. This type of broadcast allows the communication system tosimultaneously reach many thousands of devicesall of which are known to have power, and have been previously identified ascandidates for load shed. PLC also may be a component of asmart power grid.

[edit] Medium frequency (kHz)

[edit] Home control (narrowband)

Power line communications technology can use the electrical power wiring within a home forhome automation: for example,remote control of lighting and appliances without installation of additional control wiring.

Typically home-control power line communication devices operate by modulating in acarrier waveof between 20 and 200kHzinto the household wiring at the transmitter. The carrier is modulated by digital signals. Each receiver in the system has anaddress and can be individually commanded by the signals transmitted over the household wiring and decoded at the receiver.

These devices may be either plugged into regular power outlets, or permanently wired in place. Since the carrier signal maypropagate to nearby homes (or apartments) on the same distribution system, these control schemes have a "house address" thatdesignates the owner. A popular technology known asX10has been used since the 1970s.[1]

The "universal powerline bus", introduced in 1999, usespulse-position modulation(PPM). The physical layer method is a verydifferent scheme than the X10.[2]LonTalk, part of theLonWorkshome automation product line, was accepted as part of someautomation standards.[3]

[edit] Low-speed narrow-band
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Narrowband power line communications began soon after electrical power supply became widespread. Around the year 1922 thefirst carrier frequency systems began to operate over high-tension lines with frequencies of 15 to 500 kHz for telemetry purposes,and this continues.[4]Consumer products such as baby alarms have been available at least since 1940. [5]

In the 1930s, ripple carrier signalling was introduced on the medium (10-20 kV) and low voltage (240/415 V) distribution systems.For many years the search continued for a cheap bi-directional technology suitable for applications such as remote meter

reading. For example, the Tokyo Electric Power Co ran experiments in the 1970s which reported successful bi -directionaloperation with several hundred units.[6]Since the mid-1980s, there has been a surge of interest in using the potential of digitalcommunications techniques anddigital signal processing. The drive is to produce a reliable system which is cheap enough to bewidely installed and able to compete cost effectively with wireless solutions. But the narrowband powerline communicationschannel presents many technical challenges, a mathematical channel model and a survey of work is available.[7]

Applications of mains communications vary enormously, as would be expected of such a widely available medium. One naturalapplication of narrow band power line communication is the control andtelemetryof electrical equipment such as meters,switches, heaters and domestic appliances. A number of active developments are considering such applications from a systemspoint of view, such asdemand side management.[8]In this, domestic appliances would intelligently co-ordinate their use ofresources, for example limiting peak loads.

Control and telemetry applications include both 'utility side' applications, which involves equipment belonging to the utility

company (i.e. between the supply transformer substation up to the domestic meter), and 'consumer-side' applications whichinvolves equipment in the consumer's premises. Possible utility-side applications includeautomatic meter reading(AMR),dynamic tariff control, load management, load profile recording, credit control, pre-payment, remote connection, fraud detectionand network management,[9]and could be extended to include gas and water.

A project of EDF, France includes demand management, street lighting control, remote metering and billing, customer specifictariff optimisation, contract management, expense estimation and gas applications safety. [10]

There are also many specialised niche applications which use the mains supply within the home as a convenient data link fortelemetry. For example, in the UK and Europe a TV audience monitoring system uses powerline communications as aconvenient data path between devices that monitor TV viewing activity in different rooms in a home and a data concentratorwhich is connected to a telephone modem.

[edit] Medium-speed narrow-band

The Distribution Line Carrier (DLC) System technology used a frequency range of 9 to 500 kHz with data rate up to 576 kbit/s .[11]

A project called Real-time Energy Management via Powerlines and Internet (REMPLI) was funded from 2003 to 2006 by theEuropean Commission.[12]In 2009, a group of vendors formed the PoweRline Intelligent Metering Evolution (PRIME) alliance. [13]

[edit] Transmitting radio programs

Sometimes PLC was used for transmitting radio programs over powerlines. When operated in the AM radio band, it is known asacarrier currentsystem. Such devices were in use in Germany, where it was calledDrahtfunk, and in Switzerland, where it wascalledTelefonrundspruch, and used telephone lines. In theSoviet Union, PLC was very common for broadcasting since the

1930s because of its low cost and accessibility. In Norway the radiation of PLC systems from powerlines was sometimes usedfor radio supply. These facilities were calledLinjesender. In all cases the radio programme was fed by special transformers intothe lines. To prevent uncontrolled propagation, filters for the carrier frequencies of the PLC systems were installed in substationsand at line branches.

An example of the programs carried by "wire broadcasting" in Switzerland:

175 kHzSwiss Radio International 208 kHz RSR1 "la premire" (French)
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241 kHz "classical music" 274 kHzRSI1 "rete UNO" (Italian) 307 kHzDRS 1(German) 340 kHz "easy music"

[edit] Utility applications

Utility companies use special couplingcapacitorsto connect medium-frequency radio transmitters to the power-frequency ACconductors. Frequencies used are in the range of 24 to 500 kHz, with transmitter power levels up to hundreds ofwatts. Thesesignals may be impressed on one conductor, on two conductors or on all three conductors of a high-voltage AC transmissionline. Several PLC channels may be coupled onto one HV line. Filtering devices are applied at substations to prevent the carrierfrequency current from being bypassed through the station apparatus and to ensure that distant faults do not affect the isolatedsegments of the PLC system. These circuits are used for control of switchgear, and for protection of transmission lines. Forexample, aprotective relaycan use a PLC channel to trip a line if a fault is detected between its two terminals, but to leave theline in operation if the fault is elsewhere on the system.

While utility companies use microwave and now, increasingly,fiber optic cablesfor their primary system communication needs,the power-line carrier apparatus may still be useful as a backup channel or for very simple low-cost installations that do notwarrant installing fiber optic lines.

[edit] High-frequency (1 MHz)

High frequency communication may (re)use large portions of the radio spectrum for communication, or may use select (narrow)band(s), depending on the technology.

[edit] Home networking (LAN)

Power line communications can also be used in a home to interconnect home computers and peripherals, and homeentertainment devices that have anEthernetport. Powerline adapter sets plug into power outlets and establish an Ethernetconnection using the existing electrical wiring in the home. (Power strips with filtering may absorb the power line signal.) Thisallows devices to share video and data without the inconvenience of running dedicated network cables.

The most widely deployed powerline networking standard is from theHomePlug Powerline Alliance. HomePlug AV is the mostcurrent of the HomePlug specifications and was adopted by theIEEE P1901group as a baseline technology for their standard,published 30 December 2010. HomePlug estimates that over 45 million HomePlug devices have been deployed worldwide.Other companies and organizations back different specifications for power line home networking and these include theUniversalPowerline Association, the HD-PLC Alliance and theITU-TsG.hnspecification.

[edit] Internet access

Internet accessservice through existing power lines is often marketed as broadband over power lines (BPL), also known aspower-line Internet or powerband. A computer (or any other device) would need only to plug a BPL modeminto any outlet in anequipped building to have high-speed Internet access. International Broadband Electric Communications or IBEC and othercompanies currently offer BPL service to several electric cooperatives. [citation needed]

BPL may offer benefits over regularcable modemordigital subscriber line(DSL) connections: the extensive infrastructurealready available appears to allow people in remote locations to access the Internet with relatively little equipment investment bythe utility. Cost of running wires such as Ethernet in many buildings can be prohibitive; Relying on wireless has a number ofpredictable problems including security, limited maximum throughput and inability to power devices efficiently.

But variations in the physical characteristics of the electricity network and the lack of standards mean that provisioning of theservice is far from being a standard, repeatable process. And, thebit ratea power line system can provide compared to cable
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and wireless is in question. The prospect of BPL was predicted to possibly motivate DSL and cable operators to more quicklyserve rural communities.[14]

PLC modems transmit in medium and high frequency (1.6 to 80MHzelectriccarrier). Theasymmetricspeed in the modem isgenerally from 256kbit/sto 2.7 Mbit/s. In therepeatersituated in the meter room the speed is up to 45 Mbit/s and can beconnected to 256 PLC modems. In the medium voltage stations, the speed from thehead endsto theInternetis up to 135

Mbit/s. To connect to the Internet,utilitiescan useoptical fiberbackboneorwirelesslink.

Deployment of BPL has illustrated a number of fundamental challenges, the primary one being that power lines are inherently avery noisy environment. Every time a device turns on or off, it introduces a pop or click into the line. Energy-saving devices oftenintroduce noisyharmonicsinto the line. The system must be designed to deal with these natural signaling disruptions and workaround them. For these reasons BPL can be thought of as a compromise between wireless transmission (where likewise there islittle control of the medium through which signals propagate) and wired transmission (but not requiring any new cables).

Broadband over power lines has developed faster in Europe than in the United States due to a historical difference in powersystem design philosophies. Power distribution uses step-downtransformersto reduce the voltage for use by customers. BPLsignals cannot readily pass through transformers, as their highinductancemakes them act aslow-pass filters, blocking high-frequency signals. So, repeaters must be attached to the transformers. In the U.S., it is common for a small transformer hungfrom a utility pole to service a single house or a small number of houses. In Europe, it is more common for a somewhat larger

transformer to service 10 or 100 houses. This makes little difference for power distribution. But delivering BPL in a typical U.S.city requires an order of magnitude more repeaters than in a comparable European city. On the other hand, since bandwidth tothe transformer is limited, this can increase the speed at which each household can connect, due to fewer people sharing thesame line. One possible solution is to use BPL as the backhaulfor wireless communications, for instance by hangingWi-Fiaccess points or cellphone base stations on utility poles, thus allowing end-users within a certain range to connect withequipment they already have.[citation needed]

The second major issue issignal strengthand operatingfrequency. The system was expected to use frequencies of 10 to 30MHz, which has been used for many decades byamateur radio operators, as well as internationalshortwavebroadcasters and avariety of communications systems (military, aeronautical, etc.). Power lines are unshielded and will act asantennasfor thesignals they carry, and they will interfere withshortwaveradio communications. Modern BPL systems useOFDMmodulation,which allows them to mitigate interference with radio services by removing specific frequencies used. A 2001 jointstudyby theAmerican Radio Relay League(ARRL) andHomePlug Powerline Allianceshowed that for modems using this technique "in

general that with moderate separation of the antenna from the structure containing the HomePlug signal that interference wasbarely perceptible at the notched frequencies" and interference only happened when the "antenna was physically close to thepower lines" (however other frequencies still suffer from interference). What the effects of large scale deployment on PLTmodems in house will do to the notching has still to be defined, however in lab tests the notches appear to fill in due tointermodulation between modems.[clarification needed]

[edit] Ultra-High-frequency (100 MHz)

Even Higher information rate transmissions over power line use RF through microwave frequencies transmitted via a transversemodesurface wave propagation mechanism that requires only a single conductor. An implementation of this technology ismarketed asE-Line. These systems claim symmetric and full duplex communication in excess of 1 Gbit/s in each direction. [15]Multiple Wi-Fi channels with simultaneous analog television in the 2.4 and 5.3 GHz unlicensed bands have been demonstratedoperating over a single medium voltage line conductor. Because the underlying propagation mode is extremelybroadband(in the

technical sense), it can operate anywhere in the 20 MHz - 20 GHz region. Also since it is not restricted to below 80 MHz, as isthe case for high-frequency BPL, these systems can avoid the interference issues associated with use of shared spectrum withother licensed or unlicensed services.[16]

[edit] Government promotion and regulation

[edit] US FCC
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On 14 October 2004, the U.S.Federal Communications Commissionadopted rules to facilitate the deployment of "Access BPL",the marketing term forInternet accessservice over power lines. The technical rules are more liberal than those advanced by theUS nationalamateur radioorganization, theAmerican Radio Relay League(ARRL), and other spectrum users, but includeprovisions that require BPL providers to investigate and correct any interference they cause. These rules may be subject tofuture litigation.[citation needed]One service was announced in 2004 forOhio,Kentucky, andIndiana.[17]

On 3 August 2006 FCC adopted amemorandum opinionand an order on broadband over power lines, giving the go-ahead topromote broadband service to all Americans.[18]The order rejected calls from aviation, business, commercial, amateur radio andother sectors of spectrum users to limit or prohibit deployment until further study was completed. FCC chief Kevin Martin saidthat BPL "holds great promise as a ubiquitous broadband solution that would offer a viable alternative to cable, digital subscriberline, fiber, and wireless broadband solutions".[19]

[edit] 'Notching out' and dynamic adaptation to contention

New FCC rules (and the IEEE standards) require BPL systems to be capable of remotely notching out frequencies on whichinterference occurs, and of shutting down remotely if necessary to resolve the interference. BPL systems operating within FCCPart 15 emissions limits may still interfere with wireless radio communications and are required to resolve interference problems.A few early trials were shut down,[20][21]though whether it was in response to complaints is debatable. The need to deal withsignals that inevitably will propagate through thick metal wires hanging above crowded areas was always an issue in BPL

standardization and the technologies to resolve it are those already used for wireless, so the issue was primarily one ofthresholds and agreement on who had priority for spectrum.

In the US, simply ignoring wireless users was apparently not legal. The ARRL sued the FCC, claiming that the FCC violated theAdministrative Procedure Actin creating its rules. On 25 April 2008, aUS Court of Appealsagreed with the ARRL that the FCCviolated the APA, especially by redacting data from the public that could have shed doubt on the FCC's decision.

"It is one thing for the Commission to give notice and make available for comment the studies on which it relied informulating the rule while explaining its non-reliance on certain parts", D.C. Circuit Judge Judith Rogers wrote. "It isquite another thing to provide notice and an opportunity for comment on only those parts of the studies that theCommission likes best."[22]

US power and telecommunications companies had meanwhile started tests of the BPL technology, over the protests of the radio

groups. After claims of interference by these groups, many of the trials were ended early and proclaimed successes, though theARRLand other groups claimed otherwise.

Some of the same providers conducting those trials later began commercial roll-outs in limited neighborhoods in selected cities,with some level of user acceptance but also many documented cases of interference reported to the FCC by Amateur Radiousers. Some wireless users filed a petition for reconsideration with the FCC in February 2005.

[edit] United Kingdom and Europe

In theUnited Kingdomand many other countries, high-voltage power lines are called "the mains" and power line communicationis often called power line telecommunication (PLT). Concern of radio users about the proliferation of PLT technology wasacknowledged by theEuropean Commissionwho, in August 2001 issued a Harmonised Standard.[23]A Harmonised Standardcan be used by manufacturers to demonstrate compliance with the Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Directive (but is notmadatory) and will act as a benchmark for enforcement authorities across Europe. [24]

The UK communications regulatorOffice of Communicationcommissioned an independentstudyinto PLT, they have published[25]together with all relevantmaterial.

Ofcom has also investigated a number of alleged complaints of interference attributed to PLT apparatus. All complaints are fromhobbyradio users (radio amateurs,CB radiousers and shortwaveshortwave listeners) and are normallyresolved. No other radioservice has been affected.
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Theindependent studyfound that there will be a low likelihood of interference, providing certain technology enhancements areimplemented. Newer PLT products have adopted interference mitigation in their design.

Anadjournment debateon PLT took place on 18 May 2011,Mark Prisk(Minister for Business and Enterprise) responded onbehalf of the government to a question tabled byMark Lancaster) the adjournment debate can be viewedhere, the transcript ishere.

A draft European Standard (FprEN 50561-1) for PLT has been developed byCENELEC.

The Electromagnetic Compatibility Industry Association (EMCIA), formed in March 2002 for the benefit of companies involved inthe supply, design, test or manufacture of EMC products, or the provision of EMC Services and is a UKTI Accredited TradeOrganisation, submitted a stern report to the Parliamentary Committee overseeing broadband, stating that they "..very stronglyrecommend that the Committee specifically excludes the use of PowerLine Telecommunication (PLT*)..." [26]

The Radio Society of Great Britain is extremely concerned[27]over PLT and has established aSpectrum Defence Fund.

[edit] Other governments

Austria, Australia, New Zealand and other locations have also experienced early BPL's so-called "spectrum pollution" and raisedconcerns within their governing bodies. In the UK, theBBChas published the results of a number of tests (The effects of PLT onbroadcast reception,PLT and Broadcasting,Co-existence of PLT and Radio Services) to detect interference from BPLinstallations. It has also made avideo(Real Media format), showing broadcast of data and interference from in-home BPLdevices.

In April 2009 the Wireless Institute of Australia reported that radio amateurs in Australia appear to be safe from the rollout of anationwide Broadband over Powerline or BPL system.[citation needed] Australia's government announced that it will be building asystem based on fibre optic technology for its backbone - though it would likely still rely on BPL on high-voltage lines in remoteareas. This decision would appear to remove the possibility of widespread interference to radio communications from anynetwork-wide adoption of BPL technology, but still leaves as a concern the possibility of interference from in-home use of G.hnover AC.

In June 2007,NATO Research and Technology Organisationreleased a report titledHF Interference, Procedures and Tools(RTO-TR-IST-050)which concluded that widespread deployment of BPL may have a "possible detrimental effect upon militaryHF radio communications and COMINT systems."

[edit] Automotive uses

Power-line technology enables in-vehicle network communication of data, voice, music and video signals by digital means overdirect current(DC) battery power-line. Advanced digital communication techniques tailored to overcome hostile and noisyenvironment are implemented in a small size silicon device. One power line can be used for multiple independent networks. Thebenefits would be lower cost and weight (compared to separate power and control wiring), flexible modification, and ease ofinstallation. Potential problems in vehicle applications would include the higher cost of end devices, which must be equipped withactive controls and communication, and the possibility of intereference with other radio frequency devices in the vehicle or otherplaces.

Prototypes are successfully operational in vehicles, using automotive compatible protocols such as CAN-bus,LIN-busoverpower line (DC-LIN) and [DC-bus].[28][29][30]

LonWorks power line based control has been used for an HVAC system in a production model bus. [31]

TheSAE J1772committee developing standard connectors forplug-in electric vehiclesproposes to use power linecommunication between the vehicle, off-boardcharging station, and thesmart grid, without requiring an additional pin;SAEandtheIEEE Standards Associationare sharing their draft standards related to the smart grid and vehicle electrification. [32]
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[edit] Failure Scenarios

There are many ways in which the communication signal may have error introduced into it. Interference, cross chatter, someactive devices, and some passive devices all introduce noise or attenuation into the signal. When error becomes significant thedevices controlled by the unreliable signal may fail, become inoperative, or operate in an undesirable fashion.

1. Interference: Interference from nearby systems can cause signal degradation as the modem may not be able todetermine a specific frequency among many signals in the same bandwidth.2. Signal Attenuation by Active Devices: Devices such as relays, transistors, and rectifiers create noise in their

respective systems, increasing the likelihood of signal degradation.Arc-fault circuit interrupter(AFCI) devices, requiredby some recent electrical codes for living spaces, may also attenuate the signals. [33]

3. Signal Attenuation by Passive Devices: Transformers and DC-DC converters attenuate the input frequency signalalmost completely. "Bypass" devices become necessary for the signal to be passed on to the receiving node. A bypassdevice may consist of three stages, a filter in series with a protection stage and coupler, placed in parallel with thepassive device.

[edit] Standards

Two distinctly different sets of standards apply to powerline networking as of early 2010.

[edit] IEEE 1901, ITU G.hn home grids

Within homes, the HomePlug AV andIEEE 1901standards specify how, globally, existing AC wires should be employed for datapurposes. The IEEE 1901 includes HomePlug AV as a baseline technology, so any IEEE 1901 products are fully interoperablewith HomePlug AV, HomePlug Green PHY or the forthcoming HomePlug AV2 specification (under development now andexpected to be approved in Q1 2011).

[edit] Smart grids and use of BPL for telemetry and data provision by powercos

Power providers are also standardizing their internal and external communications including use of BPL technologies to providedirect links to power system components like transformers. In North America another IEEE standard group is supervising these

activities.

Unlike home users, power providers are more able to consider widespread deployment of fiber optic cables immune toelectromagnetic interference (and which do not generate any) and for which mature devices (switches, repeaters) are available.Accordingly there is no one single compelling reason to carry data on the existing power lines themselves as there is in homes,except in remote regions where fibre optic networks would not normally be deployed at all. Power network architectures withmany transformers are more likely to be served using fibre.

Even if a home is using BPL it may not necessarily connect to the Internet using a BPL-based gateway (typically a smart meter),although this would have major advantages to both the consumer and provider. NIST and IEEE have considered whetherrequiring smart meters to all be fully functioning BPL gateways would not acceleratedemand side managementand create auniform market into which security, home control and other providers can sell.

[edit] Standards organizations

Several competing organizations have developed specifications, including theHomePlug Powerline Alliance,UniversalPowerline Associationand HD-PLC Alliance. On December 2008, the ITU-T adopted RecommendationG.hn/G.9960 as astandard for high-speed powerline, coax and phoneline communications.[34]TheNational Energy Marketers Associationwas alsoinvolved in advocating for standards.IEEE P1901is an IEEE working group developing the global standard for high speedpowerline communications. In July 2009, the working group approved its "IEEE 1901 Draft Standard for Broadband over PowerLine Networks: Medium Access Control and Physical Layer Specifications" as anIEEEdraft standard for broadband over power
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lines definingmedium access controlandphysical layerspecifications. The IEEE 1901 Draft Standard was published by theIEEE in January 2010, the f inal standard approved on 30 September 2010 and published on 1 February 2011.

NISThas includedIEEE 1901,HomePlugAV andITU-TG.hnas "Additional Standards Identified by NIST Subject to FurtherReview" for theSmart grid in the United States.[35]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_line_communication

POWER LINE COMMUNICATION
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SOURCH :http://www.slideshare.net/element14/solution-on-power-line-communication-plc-from-st-microelectronics

Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC)
http://www.slideshare.net/element14/solution-on-power-line-communication-plc-from-st-microelectronicshttp://www.slideshare.net/element14/solution-on-power-line-communication-plc-from-st-microelectronicshttp://www.slideshare.net/element14/solution-on-power-line-communication-plc-from-st-microelectronicshttp://tijarohonline.blogspot.com/2011/05/power-line-carrier-communication-plcc.htmlhttp://tijarohonline.blogspot.com/2011/05/power-line-carrier-communication-plcc.htmlhttp://tijarohonline.blogspot.com/2011/05/power-line-carrier-communication-plcc.htmlhttp://www.slideshare.net/element14/solution-on-power-line-communication-plc-from-st-microelectronics


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The Power line Carrier System enables Power Utilities to reach the remote areas where telephone cables dont reach . It is fully

integrated, voice/data communication system capable of supporting the most demanding Power line networking environment for

communication between electricity board sub-stations and locations.

PLCC schematic

The equipment can be configured for speech-plus operation (simultaneous transmission of speech and audio tones). When

used for data one, each channel can carry up to twenty four 50 baud telegraphic/data channels or a smaller number of channels

at higher baud rates. Elements of the system may also be used for transmission over cable, open-wire lines, and radio multiplex

applications.

This is a single-side-band (SSB) carrier system that uses the available frequency spectrum more efficiently than all other

modulation techniques. Each terminal is available as either a single or twin channel unit. Each channel provides a voice-grade

circuit over the transmission medium, and occupies a separate KHz band in either direction of transmission.

LINE TRAPS

High voltage transmission line are used for the transmission of carrier signals between 30KHz to 50KHz for Speech, Data, and

Protection signals. Line traps are used to prevent the loss of these high frequency signals to the sub-station side. The Line Traps

are connected in series to the Transmission line and are designed to carry the rated power frequency current, as well as to

withstand the substation fault currents.

COUPLING DEVICE

The 650W Coupling Device comprising of coupling filters and protective devices is used to couple the PLCC terminals onto the

high voltage transmission line. The device is purely passive and is inserted between the low voltage terminals of the couplingcapacitor and the co-axial connection to the carrier terminal. The coupling filter, together with the coupling capacitor forms T

section band pass filter with multi band selections.

IGITAL PROTECTION SIGNALING EQUIPMENT

Tele-protection equipment transmits the trip signal from the protection equipment in power station and substat

Documents

Overview Power Line Communication