~ PADMA MULTIPURPOSE BRIDGE PROJECT

Volume II ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

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Table of contents

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3

4

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INTRODUCTION l.l Project background 1.2 Previous studies 1.3 Project components 104 Environmental Impact Assessment 1.5 The EIA team

PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1 Development objective 2.2 Main bridge . 2.3 River training works 204 Approach roads and transition structures 2.5 Bridge-end-facilities 2.6 Construction yards 2.7 Utility crossings 2.8 Land acquisition and resettlement 2.9 Summary of size and magnitude of operation 2.10 Schedule of implementation 2.11 Materials used for construction 2.12 Project cost and financing

POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 3.1 Applicable environmental legislation in Bangladesh

3.1.1 National Environmental Policy, 1992 3.1.2 National Environment Management Action Plan, 1995 3.1.3 Environment Conservation Act, 1995 3.104 Environment Conservation Rules, 1997

3.2 Other relevant legislation in Bangladesh 3.3 Relevant national policies 3.4. Environmental Impact assessment

304.1 Categories of projects 3.4.2 Present status 3.4.3 Environmental Clearance Certificate

3.5 International treaties 3.6 World Bank environmental policies 3.7 Asian Development Bank policies 3.8 Japan International Cooperation Agency policy 3.9 Islamic Development Bank 3.10 Harmonized safeguard policies 3.11 Compliance with Bangladesh legislation and harmonized safeguard policies

ANALYSES OF ALTERNATIVES 4.1 Without project scenario 4.2 With project scenarios

4.2.1 Comparison offour different sites of the bridge 4.2.2 Alternatives in bridge design 4.2.3 Alternative transition structures 4.204 Alternatives in design of River Training Works

DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT 5.1 The physical environment

5.1.1 Topography 5.1.2 Climate

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I 1 I 3 4 4

5 5 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 9 9 9

12

13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 16 16 16 16 18 19 19 20 20 21 21

23 23 23 23 23 23 24

25 25 25 25

" 5.1.3 Geomorphology and landscape 27 5.1.4 Soils 27 5.1.5 Land use 27 5.1.6 PadmaRiver 28 5.1.7 The Arial Khan 28 5.1.8 Other surface waters 29 5. }.9 Bank erosion 30 5.1.10 Floods 30

5.2 The natural environment 30 5.2.1 Ecosystems 30 5.2.2 Biodiversity 31

5.2.2.1 General 31 5.2.2.2 The river ecosystem 33 5.2.2.3 The charland ecosystem 36 5.2.2.4 The terrestrial ecosystems 38 5.2.2.5 The wetland ecosystems 40

5.3 Socio-economic conditions 41 5.3.1 General 41 5.3.2 Agriculture 42 5.3.3 Fisheries 42 5.3.4 Ferries 42 5.3.5 Health services 43 5.3.6 Access to education 43 5.3.7 Water supply and sanitation 43 5.3.8 Roads and communications 44 5.3.9 Access to energy 44 5.3.10 Physical and cultural resources 44

5.4 Quality of the environment 44 5.4.1 Air quality 44 5.4.2 Noise 45 5.4.3 Surface water quality 45 5.4.4 Groundwater quality 46 5.4.5 Riverbed sediment quality 47

6 SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS AND THEIR MITIGATIONS 49 6.1 Project area and Influence area. 49 6.2 Positive impacts 49 6.3 Environmental and social impacts 49 6.4 Impacts during pre-construction stage 49

6.4.1 Social impacts 49 6.4.2 Environmental impacts 51

6.5 Impacts during construction stage 53 6.5.1 Construction-related impacts 53 6.5.2 Dredging impacts 54 6.5.3 Piling impacts 58 6.5.4 Impacts of River Training Works 59

6.6 Impacts during operation and maintenance stage 61 6.6.1 Social impacts 61 6.6.2 Environmental impacts 61

7 CLIMATE CHANGE AND OTHER RELEVANT ISSUES FOR BRIDGE 63 DESIGN

7.1 Climate change 63 7.1.1 Future sea level rise 63 7.1.2 Temperature and wind force 63 7.1.3 Rainfall and hydrology 63 7.1.4 Impacts on bridge design 63

III

7.1.5 Greenhouse gas emissions 64 7.2 Erosion 64

7.2.1 Natural bank erosion 64 7.2.2 Possible impacts on charlands 64

8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 65 8.1 Objectives ofthe EMP 65 8.2 Measures in Design and Contract Documents 65

8.2.1 Environmental Code of Practices 65 8.2.2 Measures to be budgeted by contractors 65

8.3 Stand alone mitigation and compensation measures 72 8.3.1 Social Action Plan 72 8.3.2 Resettlement Action Plans 72 8.3.3 Income and Livelihood Restoration Plan 73 8.3.4 Gender Action Plan 73 8.3.5 Public Health Action Plan 73 8.3.6 Charland Monitoring and Management Framework 73 8.3.7 Emergency Response Plan 74 8.3.8 Preservation of topsoil 74 8.3.9 Dredging Material Management Plan 74

8.4 Proactive compensation measures to preserve and enhance riverine and 75 wetland areas 8.4.1 Tree replanting and reforestation plan 75 8.4.2 Protected char and river area 75 8.4.3 Charlands Visitor Centre at Mawa 77 8.4.4 Agricultural Development Plan 78 8.4.5 Community Environmental Management Plan 78 8.4.6 Environmental Enhancement Fund 79

8.5 Monitoring and Monitoring Plan 79 8.6 EMP budget summary 80

9 INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS 81 9.1 Institutional structure of implementing SAP and EMP 81 9.2 Project Implementation Unit 80 9.3 Construction Supervision Consultant 82 9.4 Contractors 82 9.5 Safeguard Division 82 9.6 Implementation of EMP 82 9.7 Association with Twining Institutions 82 9.8 Supervision, and monitoring and evaluation 83 9.9 Establishment of Environmental Management System 83 9.10 Establishment of GIS and MIS 83 9.11 Budget for Institutional Strengthening and Capacity building 83

10 PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS AND DISCLOSURE 84 10.1 During project preparation and design 84 10.2 Focus group discussions 84 10.3 Public consultation meetings 85 10.4 Expert consultations 85 10.5 Disclosure 85

ANNEXA HARMONIZED FRAMEWORK OF CO-FINANCIERS' 86 ENVIRONMENTAL SAFEGUARD POLICIES

ANNEXB LISTS OF SPECIES 89

IV

100 ANNEXC ENVIRONMENTAL CODE OF PRACTICES

ANNEXO PROJECT ENTITLEMENT MATRIX

List of tables

Table 2.1 Major components and sub-components ofthe project 9 Table 2.2 List of materials ad their sources 12 Table 2.3 Project cost 12

Table 3.1 Other relevant legislation applicable 14 . Table 3.2 Relevant major policies 15 Table 3.3 Relevant international treaties, conventions and protocols signed by 18

Bangladesh Table 3.4 Compliance of project with GOB legislation and Co-financers safeguard 21

policies

Table 5.1 Soil characteristics of typical soils 27 Table 5.2 Land use in the project area 28 Table 5.3 Fish ponds in the project area 30 Table 5.4 Biota of Bangladesh (between brackets: in the project area) 33 Table 5.5 Endangered fish species in the Padma River 35 Table 5.6 Main occupation of affected households 41 Table 5.7 Level of per capita income of affected households 41 Table 5.8 Estimated cropping patterns and yields in the project area 42 Table 5.9 Number of educational institutes, teachers and students in the project area 43 Table 5.10 Surface water quality in the project area, July 2009 45 Table 5.11 Surface water quality in the Padma River, November 2009 46 Table 5.12 Groundwater quality in the project area, November 2009 46 • Table 5.13 Groundwater quality monitoring in the project area, November 2009 47 Table 5.14 Quality of riverbed sediments, July 2009 47 Table 5.15 Quality of riverbed sediments, December 2009 48

Table 6.1 Summary of land acquisition for PMBP 50 Table 6.2 Summary of affected households and persons 50

Table 8.1 Overview of significant impacts, mitigation measures and monitoring 66 activities

Table 8.2 Cost summary of Social Action Plan 73 Table 8.3 Cost of replanting of trees 75 Table 8.4 Establishment of a protected area 76 Table 8.5 Cost of Visitor Centre at Mawa 77 Table 8.6 Cost of monitoring 80 Table 8.7 Summary of costs of EMP and monitoring 80

Table 9.1 Proposed Budget for Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building 83

Table 10.1 Details of public consultation meetings during detailed design 84

List of figures

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, Figure 2.1 Location of main project components 5 Figure 2.2 Cross-section of River Training Works on North bank (type 6) 7 Figure 2.3 Cross section of River Training Works on South bank (type 2) 7 Figure 2.4 Implementation schedule of the project 10 Figure 2.5 Schedule of implementation of River Training Works 11

Figure 3.1 Steps for obtaining environmental clearance of red category projects 17

Figure 5.1 Typical cross section through the area 25 Figure 5.2 Monthly rainfall in Dhaka 26 Figure 5.3 Monthly rainfall in Madaripur 26 Figure 5.4 Land use maps of the project area from 1999 to 2009 29 Figure 5.5 Biodiversity and monitoring sites in the Project area 32 Figure 5.6 Fish catch composition (%) of the Padma river (OoF, 2001) 34

Figure 9.1 Proposed institutional structure for implementing SAP and EMP 81

VI

• ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ADB AEC AP BEF BBA BOD BP BTD BUET BWTA CCL CEAP CEMC CEMP CIMF CMP COD CSC DC DO DOArch DOE DOF EA EAP EC ECC ECP ECR EIA EISA EMP EMS EP EU FC FS GDP GHG GIS GOB GRP HYV IDB lEE INGO IPOE IPPC mCN IVC JBIC JICA

Asian Development Bank Atomic Energy Commission Affected Person Bridge End Facilities Bangladesh Bridge Authority Biological Oxygen Demand Bank Policy Bangladesh Taka Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology Bangladesh Water Transport Authority Cash Compensation under Law Construction Environme.ntal Action Plan Community Environmental Management Committee Community Environmental Management Plan Charland Impact Management Framework Current Market Price Chemical Oxygen Demand Construction Supervising Consultant Deputy Commissioner Dissolved Oxygen Department of Archaeology Department of Environment Department of Fisheries Environmental Assessment Environmental Action Plan Electric Conductivity Environmental Clearance Certificate Environmental Code of Practices Environmental Conservation Rules Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Impact and Social Assessment Environmental Management Plan Environmental Management System Entitled Person Environmental Unit Faecal Coliforms Feasibility Study Gross Development Product Green House Gasses Geographical Information System Government of Bangladesh Gross Regional Product High Yielding Varieties Islamic Development Bank Initial Environmental Examination Implementing NGO Independent Panel of Experts Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change International Union for Nature Conservation Inventory Verification Committee Japan Bank for International Cooperation Japan International Cooperation Agency

vii

LAP M&E MEA MIS MOC MOEF MOF&L MOHFW MOL MOLa MOLG MOS MOWR MSDS NEMAP NGO O&M OHS OP PAP PCR POB PEC PIU PMBP PPE PVAC PWD RAP REB RHD ROW RTW RV SA SAP SDF STI TC TDS TOR TSS USD WB

Land Acquisition Plan Monitoring and Evaluation Multilateral Environmental Agreement Management Information System Ministry of Communications Ministry of Environment and Forests Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Ministry of Land Ministry of Labour Ministry of Local Government Ministry of Shipping Ministry of Water Resources Material Safety Data Sheets National Environmental Management Plan Non Governmental Organisation Operation and Maintenance Operational Health and Safety Operational Policy Project Affected Person Physical and Cultural Resource Power Development Board Probable Effect Concentration Project Implementation Unit Padma Multipurpose Bridge Project Personal Protection Equipment Property Valuation Advisory Committee Public Works Datum Resettlement Action Plan Rural Electrification Board Roads and highways Department Right of Way River Training Works Replacement Value Social Assessment Social Action Plan Social Development Fund Sexually Transmitted Infections Total Coliforms Total Dissolved Solids Terms of Reference Total Soluble Salts United States Dollar World Bank

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I 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project background

(1) The Padma MUltipurpose Bridge Project (PMBP) is designed to remove the last major physical barrier in the road connection between Dhaka and the Southwest region of Bangladesh, where about one quarter of the population of Bangladesh is living. Currently there is a rather unreliable ferry connection over the Padma River, with limited capacity and long waiting times. Ferry services are sometimes interrupted for days during fog and high floods. A number of these ferryboats are obsolete and often overloaded and frequent accidents happen, some of them resulting in considerable loss of life. Through the construction of the Padma Bridge the unreliable and unsafe ferry connection will be replaced by a reliable and safe fixed river crossing. The bridge will shorten the distance from the Southwest to Dhaka by 100 km and travelling time will considerably be reduced. When completed there will be a reliable highway connection between Dhaka and the landport of Banapole, the seaport of Mongla and the district capitals of Khulna and Barisal, see Figure 1.1, Location of the project. More details are shown in Figure 2.1 Project area details. By inclusion of a provision for a railway crossing the Padma Bridge will offer the possibility to construct a new ralway connection between Dhaka and the Southwest. Padma bridge will also include river crossings for m~ior utility connections to the Southwest including gas and communication lines.

(2) The proposed 6.15 km long bridge will form an integral part of the realisation of the transnational Asian Highway network (Asian Highway no I), which construction programme was ratified by the Government of Bangladesh (GOB) in 2004. In the Road Master plan for Bangladesh, prepared in 2007, the development of this highway (also called National Highway no 8) the Padma Bridge and two other missing links are indicated as high priority projects. The highway is of national importance since it forms the link between Dhaka and the Southwest and two major ports ofthe country. GOB has approved this Master plan, earmarked the Project as a national priority project for early implementation. By completing this project the way is opened for accelerated socio-economic development of the Southwest region, which is currently a rather isolated and underdeveloped area separated from the rest of the country. The incidence of poverty in the southwest region is higher than in the rest of the country. The Gross Regional Product (GRP) of the SW region (Khulna and Barisal divisions) is only 17.4 % as compared to 38 % in the Dhaka division. The Padma Bridge will help to stimulate economic activity in the S W region by providing a reliable and rapid transport connection.

(3) The project area is located at 35 km distance southwest of Dhaka. The bridge will be constructed between a site near the small town of Mawa, situated at the North side of the river and Janjira, a village on the South side of the Padma River. Components ofthe project such as approach roads and bridge-end-facilities will affect an area of six km inland on the Mawa side and four km inland at the Janjira side, whereas bridge and river training works may affect a river of 15 km length upstream and seven km length downstream. The project area includes sections located in three separate administrative districts: Munshiganj district on the Mawa side (North bank) and Shariatpur and Madaripur districts on the Janjira Side (South bank). Upazillas on the North bank are Lauhajong and Sreenagar and the South bank Janjira and Shibchar.

1.2 Previous studies

(4) Since the late nineties several studies have been carried out to investigate the possibilities of constructing a bridge over the Padma River. In 2000 a pre-feasibility report was prepared by the Government of Bangladesh, which concluded that the construction of a bridge over the Padma River was the most viable solution for connecting Dhaka with the Southwest of the country. The alternative was to modernize the existing ferry connections; this was abandoned due to a number of technical and economic reasons. The pre-feasibility study concentrated on two potential locations for the bridge: 0) the present site near the Mawa-Janjira ferry and (ii) an alternative site near Paturia - Goalundo. A first Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) was carried out for these two options.

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(5) Based on a request from GOB, the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) conducted a feasibility study during 2002-2004. This study investigated four possible locations for the bridge and concluded that the most feasible bridge site is at the Mawa-Janjira point. After evaluation this selection was approved by GOB. The final feasibility study (March 2005) included, among others, a preliminary technical design and an economic and financial evaluation. As the feasibility study found that the Padma Bridge is economically viable, the GOB moved ahead for implementation and accordingly the GOB requested BBA to prepare an updated EIA and EMP during 2006 on basis of the guidelines for preparing an EIA from GOB and JICA.

(6) The Asian Development Bank (ADB) also conducted a feasibility study with a preliminary engineering design, including an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and resettlement plan in 2006-2007. This study (ADB PPTA, May 2007) was prepared on basis of the ADB Guidelines for environmental assessments and amongst others also reviewed and analyzed the existing relevant legislation of Bangladesh. The above mentioned studies formed the basis for the decision of GOB to proceed with phase two ofthe project: the detailed engineering design and implementation of the Padma Bridge.

(7) Early 2009 the GOB commissioned MAUNSELLIAECOM in association with nbc, SMEC and ACE to prepare the detailed engineering design of the bridge itself and of the approach roads with small bridges and culverts, of the river training works and of the service areas and associated structures, and of the required resettlement sites. The prospective Co-financiers, including the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, Japan International Cooperation Agency and the Islamic Development Bank reviewed the various reports and concluded that a detailed EIA report had to be prepared on basis of the detailed design which would be in full compliance with the harmonized safeguard requirements of GOB and the Co-financiers.

1.3 Project components

(8) The bridge will be a 6.15 km long fixed crossing double deck steel bridge over the River Padma with a four-lane divided motorway and provisions for a railway line and for utility crossings such as a gas pipeline and communication lines. The components of the project consist of:

• A 6.15 km long two-level steel truss main bridge with a four -lane divided highway on the upper deck and a provision for a single track railway on the lower deck;

• Bridge end facilities (BEF) that include toll plazas on both sides of the river totalling 22.3 ha and service areas (27 ha at the Mawa side and 63.7 ha at the Janjira side) for various functions such as emergency services, construction management and, particularly on the Janjira side tourism in the post-construction period;

• Transition structures that include road and railway viaducts from the bridge to the approach roads. The road viaduct in Mawa is 2.0 km long, while the Janjira road viaduct is about 1.9 km. The length of the rail viaduct is 2.8km in Mawa and 2.9km in Janjira

• The approach roads to the bridge consist of2.3 km four -lane divided highway on the Mawa side and 12.8 km on the Janjira side. They include six bridges (30 270 m) over local waterways, seven local road underpasses, 14 drainage culverts and 11 junctions.

• Future provision of railway on the lower deck of the bridge; • Four resettlement sites (two on the Mawa side: RS02: Jasaldia with area 13.96ha and RS03:

Kumarbhog with area 15.46 ha and two on the Janjira side: RS:4: Paschim Naodoba with area 19.95ha and RS05: Bakborerkandi with area 18.45 ha) for relocation and resettlement of households and business enterprises, including the required supporting infrastructure and services, such as schools, mosques, clinics, markets, utilities etc.; and

• River training works, including 2.0 km of river bank protection on the Mawa side along North bank near Mawa and 12.5 km bank protection on the Janjira side and along the South bank.

The main components of the project are shown in Figure 2.1 and chapter 2.

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1.4 Environmental Impact Assessment.

(9) The project will have considerable environmental and social impacts. This Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) describes the most significant environmental impacts ofthe bridge and associated works on the physical, natural, cultural and socio-economic environment, including the mitigation or compensation measures and an Environmental Management Plan (EMP).

(10) The Padma River combines the outflow of two of the longest rivers in the world: the Ganges and the Brahmaputra. Taking into consideration that the bridge and associated works are for a large part situated in the active floodplain of the Padma River, the environmental impacts of the project are considerable. The project area is densely populated, but simultaneously also part of a very dynamic environment consisting of moving river channels, sandbanks and cultivated temporary wetlands, known as chars. The environmental assessment addresses the impacts on the physical, the biological and the human environment and identifies mitigating measures. The EIA has been prepared to ensure that the PMBP is environmentally sound and sustainable and in compliance with the agreed harmonized safeguard requirements of the Co-financers and GOB.

(II) The project involves a considerable land acquisition and resettlement effort. It is anticipated that more than 76,000 persons will be affected, either by losing land, losing structures or loss of business or employment. For that reason a separate Social Assessment has been prepared, including a Social Action Plan, which incorporates the results of the socio-economic surveys, the programme for land acquisition and compensation, including an agreed framework for resettlement, resettlement action plans for the various components ofthe project and a programme for livelihood restoration.

(12) This EIA study has been based upon a Terms of Reference agreed by all parties to the project, taking into consideration the Harmonized Safeguard Measures ofthe Co-financers World Bank (WB), Asian Development Bank (ADB), Japan International Cooperation Agency (JlCA), Islamic Development Bank (IDB) and GOB. Also the results of previous environmental studies implemented during the JlCA-financed feasibility study (2005), the subsequent Bangladesh Bridge Authority study (2006) and the ADB project preparation study (2007) were incorporated, including the findings of a number of additional studies requested in the TOR of this Environmental Assessment (EA). Potential mitigating measures are described and included in an Environmental Management Plan, including implementation schedules, budgets, responsibilities, institutional requirements and a monitoring plan.

(13) The approach selected was based on participation and consultation of stakeholders. Also experiences from a previous and a very comparable project. the construction of the Jamuna Bridge completed in 1998, have been incorporated in the plan.

1.5 The EIA team

(14) The Environmental Impact Assessment was prepared by team of consultants, including one BBA advisor Dr. Prasad Modak during early stages, three international consultants Dr Masud Karim (Lead Environmental Specialist), Dr Venkata Nukala (Environmental Specialist) and Mr M. Winsby (Ecologist) and seven national consultants Dr Md Nazim Uddin (Environmental Engineer), Ahmed Al Farouq Environmental Specialist), M.A. Momin (Environmental Engineer), Dr. Istiak Sobhan and Ashok Das (Ecologist),Mr Shabuddin (Fisheries Expert), Malik Fida Khan and Nandon Mukharjee (Climate Change Specialist), and Md M. Hossain Sarker (GIS) and reviewed by one advisor Dr. Prasad Modak, and two independent environmental consultants Mr Reitse Koopmans and Mr Hans van Zon. During the studies and presentations comments were received from an independent Panel of Experts including an international environmentalist Dr Erik Helland Hansen, the national advisor on environment Prof. Feroz Ahmed, the national advisor on climate change Dr Ainun Nishat and the international sociologist Dr Masahide Horita.

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II 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 Development objective.

(15) The main development objective of the project is to establish a permanent road crossing, including a provision for a future railway crossing over the Padma River, replacing the existing unreliable and unsafe ferries. This would remove an important obstacle in the development of National Highway 8 (Asian Highway no 1) that will connect Dhaka with the Southwest region of Bangladesh. Together with a provision for a future railway link connecting Dhaka (Narayanganj) with Khulna in the Southwest this would open the way for an accelerated economic development of this rather isolated region of Bangladesh. The project will include a bridge across the Padma River, approach viaducts for road and railway, major river training works, approach roads and embankments and bridge end facilities. The total project area of about 250 km2 and the individual project components are indicated in Figure 2.1. Components of the project such as approach roads and bridge-end-facilities will affect an area of six km Northwards on the Mawa side and four km Southwards at the Janjira side, whereas bridge and river training works may affect an area 15 km upstream and seven km downstream in and along the river, measured from the proposed bridge site.

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Figure 2.1 - Location of main project components

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2.2 Main bridge

(16) The main bridge will be 6.15 km long and will comprise of a two level steel truss bridge with a concrete deck carrying a four-lane divided highway on top. The width of the bridge will be 22.5 m. The lower level of the steel truss will have a provision for a single railway track and utility crossings such as a high pressure gas pipeline and an optical fibre telecommunication cable. The bridge will consist of 41 spans of 150 m length each. The substructure will consist of 42 concrete piers, each resting on a pile cap on top of eight piles driven to a depth of 103 m into the riverbed. The navigational clearance of the bridge is about 18.3 m from the Standard High Water Level (SHWL) which is sufficient for the largest types of inland vessels.

2.3 River training works.

(17) Substantial River Training Works (RTW) are required to protect the project infrastructure against erosion by the river. The north bank of the Padma is relatively high and stable. Here only about two km of revetment will be constructed to reinforce the current embankment and to protect the landing site of the bridge. The situation along the south bank is more complex. This part of the project is situated in the active flood plain and subject to very dynamic processes. The area near the landing site at Janjira is currently affected by strong bank erosion, whereas the South channel is being silted up requiring frequent dredging to keep it open and accessible for the ferries. However this situation could easily change in coming years. Study of river dynamics revealed that more erosion could be expected along the southern side of the river. Especially the southern approach road which runs not far from the South channel embankment has to be protected. After extensive geotechnical and hydro­morphological model studies it was decided to establish a continuous 12.53 km long revetment works at Janjira side and about 2km at Mawa Side to protect the bridge including approaches BEF, RS etc. (at various levels) to protect the present embankment, with a possibility for extension.

(I 8) The RTW along the embankments are partly constructed on land and mostly in the submerged parts of the bank revetment. A gully up to depth of -25m (type 1,2 and 3) and to -15m (type 4 and 5) below PWD will be dredged into the riverbed in front of the embankment. The slope of 1:6 along the side of the bank revetment will be protected with rock riprap or several layers of geobags placed on a geotextile filter. The upper slope has a wave protection of concrete blocks underlain by a geo-textile filter. On the bottom of the gully a layer of2-3 m of rocks (average weight 100 kg) will be deposited with a width of30-45 m the so called "falling apron". The falling apron protects the slope against scour and further erosion as is shown in Figure 2.2 and Figure 2.3. At the riverside of the gully a 1:5 slope is dredged into the riverbed. The total width of the strip of river be dire vet me nt, which has to be dredged, is between 402 and 235 m depending of the type ofRTW and the depth of the riverbed.

2.4 Approach roads and transition structures.

(l9) The approach road on the relatively high Mawa side will be about 2.3 km long. Along the south bank there will be a 12.8 km long road which will be raised above maximum flood leveL The width of the approach roads on both sides of the river will be 23.6 m. They will consist of two lanes on both sides with a lane width of3.65 m and two meter of hard shoulders. The road is designed with a four meter central median with a 30 cm up-stand to prevent vehicles from crossing this central reserve. Along the road there is sufficient space on both sides for a service road and for plantation of trees.

(20) The approach road on the South side crosses a number of small streams and natural gullies draining the area. Since this part of the floodplain is inundated annually by one or more meters of floodwater a number of structures is required to restore and maintain the natural drainage pattern of the area, including outfalls to the South channel. In total there will be six bridges (between 30 m and 270 m long) and 14 drainage culverts. Also there will be seven underpasses oflocal roads. Other local roads will be connected to service roads that run parallel to the main highway.

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Figure 2.2 - Cross-section of River Training Works on North bank (type 6)

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Figure 2.3 - Cross-section of River Training Works on South bank (type 2)

(21) Approach viaducts will be constructed to connect the approach road with the main bridge, while people and vehicles and goods can underpass the road. On the Mawa side there is a length of approximately 1.0 Ian of road viaducts, whereas on the Janjira side the length is around 0.95 Ian with a maximum slope of 4%. The span of the road viaduct is 30 m. The viaducts for the railway have a total length of3.96 Ian and have a slope of maximum 0.5%

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2.5 Bridge end facilities.

(22) The bridge end facilities consist of toll plaza's and service areas on both sides of the river. The required areas will be filled with 3-5 m dredged material to raise the level sufficiently above maximum flood level. The toll plazas in Mawa and Janjira side will be identical, but the Janjira toll gate is considered to be a spare facility for the time being. Both sites have ancillary facilities and a weighbridge. The site in Janjira will be further developed to be an emergency response station, including trauma facilities to ensure proper handling of traffic accidents and as a stand-by in case of any other emergencies or accidents on the bridge. The service area on the north bank will occupy about 27 ha whereas on the south bank a larger area of almost 64 ha will be needed. Each service area will have offices for consultants and BBA, a laboratory, housing for engineers and sports areas and associated facilities during construction. Both service areas will be designed to accommodate a police station, a restaurant, food courts, shops and kiosks, a mosque, a visitor centre and an observation tower, sufficient parking space for visitors and staff, project offices, staff accommodation and housing, club house and entertainment facilities and a medical clinic.

2.6 Construction yards

(23) Two construction yards, one in Mawa and the other in Janjira are proposed for providing contractors with the necessary lands for carrying out construction works and storage of construction materials. In Mawa a newly emerged Charland (81 ha) to the south of the Main bridge approach is selected. This area will be filled with dredge material up to maximum flood level and will be protected by so-called "temporary RTW". The Janjira construction yard will include a harbour and will be used as the "staging area" for materials and equipments for the construction of the main bridge. The requisition (temporary lease) of some 78 ha of land is needed along the river embankment. Both construction yards will be filled with dredged material to raise the level of the surface sufficiently above maximum flood level.

2.7 Utility crossings

(24) There will be provision for a 30-inch diameter high pressure main pipeline for natural gas on the bridge in the lower deck. There is also a provision foreseen for laying an optical fibre cable at the side of the bridge at the first level of the superstructure. There will be a walkway for bridge maintenance which can also be used for train evacuation in case of emergency. The project will also finance the construction of platforms for a 400-kv double circuit line about 1-2 km downstream of the bridge. 6 platforms will be constructed on foundations similar to piers but with lighter design load to accommodate transmission towers with landing platforms and ladders.

2.8 Land acquisition and resettlement.

(25) The implementation of the proj ect will require the acquisition of 1,144 ha of land. Almost half of the land to be acquired is needed for the construction of river training works. An area of about 159 ha is needed for the development of construction yards, but half of it is already government land (char at Mawa). The land used for the CY which is partly agricultural land will be leased for a period of six years and then returned to the owners as non-agricultural reclaimed land and suitable for residential or commercial use. Land acquisition for the project will affect at least 13,501 households, estimated at some 73,329 persons. It has been estimated that in 63% of the cases farmland alone will have to be acquired (partial or entire farms). In 34% of the cases structures, such as houses and commercial structures, will have to be acquired. Other households will be indirectly affected through loss of employment (e.g. ferries and associated commercial establishments, fisheries) and income. Households that lose their homes andlor commercial structures will be able to resettle in one of the four resettlement sites, two on each river bank, totalling about 68 ha. The sites have been carefully selected and land acquisition and demarcation of areas is well underway. Resettlement plans have been developed in a participatory approach with the affected households.

8

2.9 Summary of size and magnitude of operation

(26) A summary of the size and magnitude of the bridge construction and associated works is presented in Table 2.1.

Table 2. t - Major components and sUb-components of the project

Major Project Size or dimension

component Mawa side JanUra side Main Bridge 6.15 km long bridge of 22.5 m width over the Padma River starting at km

08+000 and ending at km 14.15. · River Training Works

2 km long revetment work 12.53 km long revetment work Approach Roads Approach road 2.3 km long of23.6m width 12.8 km long of23.6m width Approach viaducts Northbound: 955 m Northbound: 975 m

Southbound 1,077 m Southbound: 940 m Small bridges None 6 bridges on the approach road Culverts None 14 culverts on the approach road Road iunctions ! None 11 road junctions.

• Underpasses • None 7 underpasses I Brid/!e-end Facilities

Toll plaza 17.5 ha 4.78 ha and 6.6 ha Service area 27.0 ha 63.7 ha Railway Railway provision On the main bridge 6.15 km 2.9km Railway viaducts 2.79 km 2.9km Utility Crossings High Voltage Power 400-kv double circuit line located about 1-2 km downstream of the bridge. Transmission Line platforms will be constructed on foundations similar to main bridge piers.

6

High pressure gas 30 in diameter, 15.9 mm wall thickness, and maximum allowable operating main pressure (MAOP) of 1,135 psig Optical fiber cable 10 cm diameter duct with proper clamping system, pulling, j ointing of optical line fibre cable and hand hole (I.5m x 1.00m) at each 2.00 km interval over the

bridge. Resettlement Resettlement sites lashaldia (RS 2): 13.96 ha Pashcim Naodoba (RS 4): 19.95 ha

Kumarbhog (RS 3): 15.46 ha Bakhorerkandi (RS 5): 18.45 ha Temporary

• Construction yards 81 ha(Acquis!!ion) 78 ha (Requisition)

2.tO Schedule of implementation

(27) Implementation schedules are prepared for the project as a whole (Figure 2.4) and for the RTW (Figure 2.5)

2.ll Materials used for construction

(28) The construction of the project will require large quantities of construction materials of various types and quantities. A list of major materials required is presented in Table 2.2. Local sources will be used as much as possible. However, large quantities of stone/rock have to be imported from abroad. This rock will probably come by railway and/or ships from quarries in India. This will require a

9

substantial logistic operation to be organised by the contractor. Apart from the construction materials, electricity, telecommunication and internet services, office equipments etc. will be required. These

10

11

PADMA MULTIPURPOSE BRIDGE PROJECT SUMMARY CONSTRUCTION PROGRAMME (Provisional: 2 June 2010)

.~-. T"~-"""-""""""""""'~""""""'- ·····-··t····-T~···..,.··-·-···r-·-.. ~·r .. ~~-.. ···-·'T'~-··,.,· .. - ... T·--····T'-·--· .. ·~I ·T .. ~T--~r.,·-II·....T .. -I··-: ...... r SI

No.

1

Contract Package

Construction Yards for Main Bridge- Preparatory Works

2 I Main Bridge and Approach Viaducts

3 I River Training Works (RTW)

4 IJanjira Approach Road & Selected Bridge End Facilities

5 I Mawa Approach Roads & Selected Bridge End Facilities

6 I Service Area-2

Notes:

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Nominal 42 months

Nominal 50 months

Nominal 36 months

Nominal 24 months

Nominal 36 months

Periods not indicated for each

I procurement process has only commenced to date, for 51. No.2 (Main Bridge and Approach Viaducts). jD",o""'I:i;i;-~~-'''i;:" -,~\,o-:iC'oM ,:~: 11 I\n ... il ~~1n ~-r~iT:-~~'T~~I~~j~·-'=~l-~·!~--~'~r-~='~='=N".~"

Figure 2.4 - Implementation schedule of the project

11

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services will be sought from local sources. Electricity in the construction and associated sites will be provided by nearest local substations of the Rural Electrification Board (REB)lPower Development Board (PDB) on both sides of the River. Fuels (octane/diesel) for vehicles and for other equipments (generators, pile driving ships/equipments, etc.) will be one of the major resources required. This fuel will be made available from the local fuel supply network.

Table 2.2 - List of materials and their sources

I Material c, "'u .........

~~~alt Eastern refinery Chittagong Water Groundwater from local area Energy i Local PDBIREB supply in Mawa side and generators in Janjira side. Diesel will

be procured from local fuel supply network, Sand/gravel Dredged material from river training works; S):lhet sand/gravel Stone/rock Crushed Pakur rock to be imported from environmentally licensed quarries in

i aggregate India

[ROCk ... Indian Pakur rock to be imported from environmentally licensed quarries in India : Cement Local market meeting seecifications

Bricks Local I sl class brick or hollow cement blocks Iron Bar Local market meeting s~ecifications Steel-main Imported from abroad (e.g.Far East) meeting specifications bridge

I superstructure i Geo-textile Imported from abroad (e.g. Far East) meeting seecifications I Steel casing- Imported from abroad (e.g. Far East) meeting specifications : bridge pier

. -- .--~ .

i Wood Local source Bamboo Local source

.. --~-...

Labour Local source especially unskilled labour from among the PAPs

2.12 Project cost and financing

(29) The total cost have been estimated at USD 2,419 billion. The costs of the various project

I

components are shown in Table 2.3. GOB has been in discussion with various Co-financiers to participate in the investment of the project. A number of Co-financers has already showed interest and extended their commitments. These include the World Bank (WB), the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), and the Islamic Development Bank (IDB. In addition to the Co-financiers, GOB will contribute to financing of the project.

Table 2.3 - Estimated project cost

: Item Cost in usn million 1. Construction Cost Main Bridge 907.5 Services on the main bridge 41.4

I Aeeroach Roads 131.6

I

Road Viaducts 60.5 Rail Viaducts 7.8

I BEF 68.3 RTW 597.4 Ferry Route Adjustment 8.0 Construction Yard ill

Total Construction Cost 1916.8 2.Eog:ineeriD!! Cost Construction SuItervision 1M

i 3. Administration Cost

13

Construction Supervision - 10% Construction Supervision 4.6 4. LA & Ressetlement & EMP cost 210 5. Physical Contil!encv 85.9 6. Duty Tax (Vat etc.) 155.3 Total Proiect Cost 2....1.419

Source: Project Cost Estimate, AprilS, 2010.

14

3 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

3.1 Applicable environmental legislation in Bangladesh

3.1.1 National Environmental Policy, 1992 (30) Bangladesh has adopted a national environmental policy in 1992 aimed at sustainable development. The policy sets out the basic framework for environmental action together with a set of broad sectoral guidelines for action. Key elements of the policy are (a) to maintain the ecological balance for ensuring sustainable development, (b) protection of the country against natural disasters, (c) identifying and controlling activities which are polluting and destroying the environment, (d) ensuring environment-friendly development in all sectors, (e) promoting sustainable and sound management of natural resources, (t) active collaboration with international initiatives related to the environment. With regard tot the transport sector the environmental policy aims at prevention of pollution and degradation of resources caused by roads and inland waterways transport. The policy mentions that Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) should be conducted before projects are undertaken.

3.1.2 National Environment Management Action Plan, 1995 (31) The National Environmental Management Action Plan (NEMAP) builds on the National Environmental Policy and was developed to address specific issues and management requirements during the period 1995-2005. The plan includes a framework within which the recommendations of a National Conservation Strategy are to be implemented. NEMAP was developed with the objectives (a) to identify key environmental issues affecting Bangladesh, (b) to identify actions to halt or reduce the rate of environmental degradation, (c) to improve management of the natural environment, (d) to conserve and protect habitats and bio-diversity, (e) to promote sustainable development, (t) to improve the quality oftife.

3.1.3 Environment Conservation Act, 1995 (32) This Act authorizes the Department of Environment (DOE) to undertake any activity to conserve and enhance the quality of environment and to control, prevent and mitigate pollution. The department is the regulatory body and enforcement agency of all environmental related activities. The act includes amongst others addresses the following main issues:

• Declaration of Ecologically Critical Areas; • Procedure for obtaining Environmental Clearance Certificates; • Regulation with respect to vehicles emitting smoke harmful for the environment; • Environmental regulations for development activities; • Standards for quality of air, water, noise, and soils for different areas and for different purposes; • Acceptable limits for discharging and emitting waste; • Formulation of environmental guidelines to control and mitigate environmental pollution,

conservation and improvement of environment.

3.1.4 Environment Conservation Rules, 1997 (33) The Environment Conservation Rules provide a first set of rules under the Environment Conservation Act, 1995. These provide amongst others standards and guidelines for:

• Categorization of industries and development projects, including roads and bridges on the basis of actual and anticipated pollution load;

• Requirement for undertaking Initial Environmental Examination (lEE) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), as well as formulating an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) according to categories of industries/development projects/activities;

• Procedure for obtaining environmental clearance; • Environmental quality standards for air, surface water, groundwater, drinking water, industrial

effluents, emissions, noise and vehicular exhausts;

15

3.2 Other relevant legislation in Bangladesh

(34) There are a number of other laws and regulations applicable which are relevant for the project. These are the following, see Table 3.1:

Table 3.1 - Other relevant legislation applicable

ActlLaw/Ordinance Brief description Responsible Agency

Environment Court Act (2000) Describes environment related legal MOEF proceedings

The Vehicle Act (1927) and the Provides rules for exhaust emission, air and Road Authority Motor Vehicles Ordinance noise pollution and road and traffic safety (1983), Rules for Removal of Wrecks Rules for removal of wrecks and IBWTA and Obstructions in inland obstructions Navigable Water Ways (1973) The Water Supply and Sanitation Regulates the management and control of MOLG,RD&C Act (1996) water supply and sanitation in urban areas. The Ground Water Management I Describes the management of ground water Upazila Parishad Ordinance (1985), resources and licensing of tube wells The Forest Act (1927) Regulates the protection of forests reserves, MOEF

protected forests and village forests The Private Forests Ordinance Deals with the conservation of private MOEF Act (1959) forests and afforestation of wastelands. Bangladesh Wild Life Act Describes the preservation of wildlife MOEF (1974), sanctuaries, parks and reserves The Protection and Conservation Deals with the protection/conservation of DOF ofFish Act (1950) fishes in Government owned water bodies The Embankment and Drainage Describes the protection of embankments MOWR Act (1952) and drainage facilities The Antiquities Act (1968) Describes the preservation of cultural DOArch

heritage, historic monuments and protected sites.

Acquisition and Requisition of Describes procedures and provides MOL Immovable Property Ordinance guidelines to acquisition and requisition of (1982) land Bangladesh Labour Law (2006) Deals with occupational rights and safety of MOLa

factory workers; provision of comfortable work environment and reasonable working conditions

3.3 Relevant national policies

(35) During recent years a number of national policy documents have been prepared and where accepted by GOB. These policy initiatives, strategies and plans all emphasize consideration of the environment and natural resources in order to achieve sustainable development. A summary ofthe major relevant policy documents prepared is given in Table 3.2. It is relevant to mention that GOB has prepared a National Strategy for Accelerated Poverty Reduction showing its strong commitment to achieving the Millennium Development Goals as defined by the UN. While the Government has made important strides towards achieving these targets, this report highlights a number of sources of environmental degradation that merit greater emphasis, not only to bring Bangladesh closer to achieving its targets but also to contribute to the removal of environmental constraints to poverty­reducing growth.

16

Table 3.2 - Relevant major policies

Policy Brief description Responsible Agency

National Land New roads and major improvements will be subjected to an RHO Transport Policy EIA, (2004) Funding will be provided for mitigation measures,

Environmental (design) standards for new roads The National Water Protection and restoration of water resources; MOWR Policy (1999) Protection of water quality, including strengthening regulations

concerning agro-chemicals and industrial effluents; Sanitation and potable water; Fish and fisheries; - Participation of local communities in water sector

development. ! National Land use The policy deals with land uses for several purposes including MOL

Policy (2001) agriculture, housing, forestry, industrialization, railways and

~ ....... roads. The plan identifies land use constraints in these sectors. National Forest Afforestation of 20% land. MOEF Policy ad Forest Bio-diversity of the existing degraded forests Sector Review Strengthening of agricultural sector (1994,2005) Control of global warming, desertification, control of trade in

wild birds and animals - Prevention illegal occupation of the forestlands, tree felling

and hunting of wild animals. National Biodiversity - Conserve, and restore the biodiversity of the country; MOEF Strategy and Action - Maintain and improve environmental stability of ecosystems; Plan (2004) - Ensure preservation ofthe unique biological heritage of the

nation for the benefit of the present and future generations; - Guarantee safe passage and conservation of globally

endangered migratory species, especially birds and mammals in the country;

- Stop introduction of invasive alien species, genetically modified organisms and living modified organisms.

National Fisheries - Preservation, management and exploitation of fisheries MOF&L Policy (1998) and resources in inland open water; Inland Capture Fish cultivation and management in inland closed water; Fisheries Strategy - Prawn and fish cultivation in coastal areas; (2004) - Preservation, management and exploitation of sea fishery

resources National Agriculture The policy deals with programmes to make the nation self- MOA Policy, 1999 sufficient in food through increased production of all crops and

I to ensure a dependable food security system

Draft Wetland - Establishment of principles for sustainable use of wetland MOEF Policy, 1998 resources;

- Maintenance of existing level of biological diversity; - Maintenance of the functions and values of wetlands - Promotion and recognition of the value of wetland functions

in resource management and economic development. Bangladesh Climate - Establishment of six strategic pillars for action, induding (l ) MOEF Change Strategy and food security, social protection and health, (2) disaster Action Plan (2008) management, (3) protective infrastructure, (4) research and

knowledge management, (5) Decreased carbon development, and (6) capacity building and institutional strengthening. A first list of37 programmes is identified.

17

3.4 Environmental Impact Assessment

3.4.1 Categories of projects (36) Under the Environmental Conservation Rules (1997) a classification system was established for development projects and industries on basis of the location, the size and the severity of potential pollution. There are four categories of projects: green, orange A, orange B and red with respectively no, minor, medium and severe environmental impacts. For the red category of projects a full EIA is required. All regional and national highway, railway and bridge projects of over 100 m length fall in the red category. The orange B category includes feeder and district roads and bridges under 100 m length.

(37) The PMBP with a length of more than six km clearly falls under the red category of projects. The Environmental Impacts Assessment should include the prediction, evaluation and mitigation of environmental impacts and an Environmental Management Plan (EMP). The approval of the EIA and EMP is required before submitting an application for an Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC). The procedure is shown in Figure 3.1.

3.4.2 Present status (38) Conditional approval was received from the Department of Environment on June 13, 2007 following submission by BBA of the EIA Report of the ADB PPTA feasibility study (2007). The following conditions applied:

• Project Proponent may undertake activities for land development and infrastructural development of the project with taking consideration of the ECR 1997;

• Limit conditions for discharges to air and water according to Environment Conservation Rules, 1997, Annex I & II;

• The ambient noise levels shall conform to the standards prescribed under Noise Pollution (Control) Rules, 2006;

• Proper environmental monitoring and recording should be maintained. Monitoring parameters are: water flow, water quality, air quality, the surrounding areas for spread of invasive species, the changes in aquatic habitats before, during and after construction, fish catches during and after construction;

• Environmental monitoring reports shall be made available to head quarters and divisional office of DOE on a quarterly basis during the whole period of the project;

• The Project authority must notify DOE soonest of incidents causing or threatening material harm to the environment;

• Before detailed design of the project further studies should be carried out on the extent of bank erosion under project conditions, especially of the South bank; appropriate measures should be taken with respect to construction of a guide bund as well as necessary modifications in the resettlement and compensation plans; and

• Project Proponent shall apply for an Environmental Clearance Certificate, without which proponent shall not start operation of the project.

3.4.3 Environmental Clearance Certificate (39) The ECC is issued by the Department of Environment (DOE), the technical arm of the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF). DOE has approved the TOR of this study and provided a number of additional conditions and suggestions to be incorporated in the study. Public participation or consultation is not a condition in the ECR 1997 and or EIA Guidelines. However, DOE prefers the proponent to engage in public participation.

18

May Start Land and Infrastructural Development

lEE, NOCs, and other supporting documents

Issuance of Site Clearance

Exemption Application for Site Clearance

Prepare TOR for EIA Study for Approval by DOE

Prepare and Submission of EIA

with EMP for Approval

Approved EIA with EMP

Application for Environmental

Clearance Certificate

Annual Renewal of ECC 30 days before

Expiry

Within 60 orking days from

the date of application

Within 60 orking days from

the date of application

Within 30 orking days from

the date of application

Figure 3.1 - Steps for obtaining environmental clearance of red category projects

19

3.5 International treaties

(40) Bangladesh has signed most international treaties, conventions and protocols on environment, pollution control, bio-diversity conservation and climate change, including the Ramsar Convention, the Bonn Convention on migratory birds, the Rio de Janeiro Convention on biodiversity conservation and the Kyoto protocol on climate change. An overview of the relevant international treaties and conventions signed by GOB is shown in Table 3.3.

Table 3.3 - Relevant international treaties, conventions and protocols signed by Bangladesh

Treaty or Convention In Brief description Responsible Agency

On Protection of birds, Paris 1950 Protection of birds in wild state DOEIDOF Ramsar Convention 1971 Protection of wetlands DOEIDOF Protocol Waterfowl Habitat 1982 Amendment of Ramsar Convention to DOEIDOF

protect specific habitats for waterfowl World Cultural and Natural 1972 Protection of major cultural and natural DOA Heritage (Paris) monuments CITES convention 1973 Ban and restrictions on international trade in DOEIDOF (Washington) endangered species of wild fauna and flora Bonn Convention 1979 Conservation of migratory species of wild DOEIDOF

animals Prevention and Control of 1974 Protect workers against occupational MOHFW Occupational hazards exposure to carcinogenic substances and (Geneva) agents Occupational hazards due to 1977 Protect workers against occupational MOHFW air pollution, noise & hazards in the working environment vibration (Geneva) Occupational safety and 1981 Prevent accidents and injury to health by MOHFW health in working minimizing hazards in the working environment (Geneva) environment Occupational Health services 1985 To promote a safe and healthy working MOHFW (Geneva) environment Convention on oil pollution 1969 Civil liability on oil pollution damage from DOEIMOS damage (Brussels) ships Civil liability on transport of 1989 Safe methods for transport of dangerous MOC dangerous goods (Geneva) goods by road, railway and inland vessels Safety in use of chemicals 1990 Occupational safety of use of chemicals in during work (Geneva) the work place Convention on oil pollution 1990 Legal framework and preparedness for DOEIMOS (London) control of oil pollution Vienna convention 1985 Protection of ozone layer DOEIMOEF London Protocol 1990 Control of global emissions that deplete DOEIMOEF

ozone layer UN framework convention on 1992 Regulation of greenhouse gases emissions DOEIMOEF climate change (Rio de Janeiro) Convention on Biological 1992 Conservation of bio-diversity, sustainable DOEIMOEF Diversity (Rio de Janeiro) use of its components and access to genetic

resources International Convention on 1997 International treaty on climate change and DOEIMOEF Climate Changes (Kyoto emission of greenhouse gases Protocol) Protocol on biological safety 2000 Biological safety in transport and use of DOEIMOEF (Cartagena protocol) genetically modified organisms

20

3.6 World Bank environmental policies

OPIBPIGP 4.01 - Environmental Assessment (41) The World Bank requires an Environmental Assessment (EA) for all projects proposed for Bank financing, in order to ensure that these projects are environmentally sound and sustainable. The PMBP was classified as Category A, because of the scope of the expected impacts from construction and operation, the impacts ofland acquisition on about 13,500 households and the resettlement of about 4,975 households (26,690 persons), the impacts expected on fisheries and Hilsha migration. An EIA and EMP were prepared by the projects Design Consultants and the they were reviewed by an independent consultant.

OPIBP 4.04 - Natural Habitats (42) There are no designated conservation areas or nature reserves in the project area. However, OP 4.04 applies, since a part of the area consists of semi-natural charlands in the active GangeslBrahmaputra flood plain, with typical flood plain habitats and breeding grounds which could be affected by the project. During the EIA preparation several consultations were held with national specialists and representatives of the International Union of Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in order to plan potential mitigation measures to reduce adverse impacts of the project on riverine habitats and wetlands, as defined by the Policy.

OP 11.03 - Physical and Cultural Resources (43) This policy is triggered for any project that requires an EIA. The project involves large scale earth moving and dredging up to 30 m deep along both embankments of the Padma River. According to the Department of Archaeology there are no designated antiquities or monuments in the project area. However there is always the possibility of chance-finds during earth movements and construction works. The policy requires a proper management plan for unexpected chance finds during implementation.

OP 4.12 -Involuntary Resettlement (44) It is estimated that about 1,039 ha of land have to be acquired for project works and another 146 ha temporary leased for a period of 6 years. A total of more than 74,000 people will be affected as a result of different project components. Resettlement is required for about 26,690 people. Separate social studies have been carried out and a Resettlement Framework and three Resettlement Action Plans (RAP) have been prepared in close consultation with the affected groups and other stakeholders. These plans aim at minimizing resettlement and offering adequate compensation or settlement alternatives in conformity with World Bank policies and Bangladeshi law.

BP 17.50 - Public Disclosure of Information (45) There are disclosure requirements at every part of the project preparation and implementation process. Consultation with affected groups and local community has taken place during scoping and preparation of draft EJA and EMP and will continue throughout project implementation, as necessary. The Borrower makes the draft EIA and any separate EA report available in country in a local language and at a public place accessible to project-affected groups and local community prior to appraisal.

Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines (46) The EHS Guidelines are safeguard policies with guidelines for environment, health and safety for development of industrial projects. They contain performance levels and measures that are considered to be achievable in new facilities at reasonable costs by existing technology.

3.7 Asian Development Bank Policies

ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (2009) (47) The operational policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) include operational policies that seek to avoid, minimize, or mitigate adverse environmental and social impacts, including protecting the rights of those likely to be affected or marginalized by the development process.

21

Three Safeguard Policies (48) ADB's safeguard policy framework consists ofthree operational policies on: (i) the Environment, (ii) Indigenous Peoples and (iii) Involuntary Resettlement. All three safeguard policies involve a structured process of impact assessment, planning, and mitigation to address the adverse effects of projects throughout the project cycle. The safeguard policies require that impacts are identified and assessed early in the project cycle; plans to avoid, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for the potential adverse impacts are developed and implemented; and affected people are informed and consulted during project preparation and implementation.

Basic principle (50) A basic principle of the three existing safeguard policies is that implementation of the provisions of the policies is the responsibility ofthe borrower/client. Borrowers/clients are required to undertake social and environmental assessments, carry out consultations with affected people and communities, prepare and implement safeguard plans, monitor the implementation of these plans, and prepare and submit monitoring reports

Category A project (51) The PMBP is classified as category A project, which are projects with a potential for significant adverse environmental impacts. An EIA and a Summary EA are therefore required to address significant impacts. After preparation of the ETA the full draft EIA will be disclosed on the ADB web site for a period of at least 120 days before Board consideration. The final EIA will also be disclosed on the website upon approval of the document, as well as possible updates during project implementation and monitoring reports.

3.8 Japan International Cooperation Agency policy

Guidelines JICAlJBIC (52) The JICA guidelines for loan aid (Japan Bank for International Cooperation Guidelines for Confirmation of Environmental and Social Considerations, April 2002) apply for this project. The guidelines are based on the following principles:

• A wide range of environmental and social impacts should be addressed; • Measures for environmental and social consideration should be applied from an early stage until

the monitoring stage; • During the entire process accountability and transparency should be ensured; • Stakeholders opinions should play an eminent role in the decision-making process regarding

environmental and social considerations; • Information on environmental and social issues should be disclosed in consultation with the

project proponent; • The capacity of organizations involved in environmental and social operations should be

enhanced; and • Promptness in implementation.

Category A project. (53) The PMBP project is classified as Category A, as it is likely to have significant environmental and social impacts. The borrower must submit EIA reports. For projects that will result in large-scale involuntary resettlement, basic resettlement plans must be submitted.

3.9 Islamic Development Bank

(54) The EIA Guidelines of the Islamic Development Bank are reported to be under preparation and are yet to be published. Hence, no reference could be made to these guidelines.

22

3.10 Harmonized safeguard policies.

(55) In view of the different requirements of the potential co-financers of the PMBP a harmonized environmental safeguard framework was developed for conducting the EIA study. This framework was used to prepare the TOR for the current EIA. The TOR has been reviewed and approved by the BBA, DOE and by the potential Co-financiers ofthe project. The harmonized safeguard policies have been summarized in Annex A.

3.11 Compliance with Bangladesh legislation and harmonized safeguard policies.

(56) The present status of compliance of the project with Bangladeshi legislation and harmonized safeguard policies is indicated in table 3.4.

Table 3.4 - Compliance of project with GOB legislation and Co-financers Safeguard Policies

Legislation/PoJicy Actions taken to comply GOB Environment TOR for EIA study approved by DOE

Conservation Community EMP/IEE for Resettlement Sites prepared Rules, GOB-EIA EIA for PMBP prepared and submitted for approval guidelines and Permanent Consultations with Stakeholders and Disclosure of EIA

• conditions by DOE Application for ECC • EIA guidelines for Post Project Monitoring Plan included

Industrial Projects International Verification protected sites, Red List and vulnerable habitats treaties

Harmonized Early screening and Previous environmental studies reviewed (EEl, EIA -JICA, BBA, EIA Framework scoping -ADB) Co-financers- Scoping sessions DOE Participatory 57 meetings, workshops, consultation meetings and focus group

approach discussions held Integrate EA and Natural environment, human health, social aspects, physical cultural SA resources taken into consideration Risk assessment Labour, health and safety risks determined

Environmental Code of Practices prepared (occupational health, labour)

ency Preparedness Plan Non project related Impact Climate change and effect on GHG emissions studied issues Regional and Strat«;!gic cumulative impacts determined Alternatives 4 different alignments compared

4 alternative bridge design types and 2 bridge types compared 3 alternatives for River Training Works compared 2 alternatives for transition structures compared Without project alternative studied

Involuntary Social and Poverty Assessment of Affected Households carried out Resettlement Joint verification with BBA of Census data

Public Consultation and Participation Plan prepared and carried out Resettlement Action Plans prepared for Resettlement sites (RAP I), Main Bridge and Approach Roads (RAP II), River Training Works (RAP III) Resettlement Framework including legal basis for compensation prepared Assistance to BBA in land acquisition and compensation programme Permanent monitoring

Pollution Baseline survey of environmental quality

23

LegislationlPolicy Actions taken to comply Stricter Environmental standards applied and included in Environmental Code of Practices (ECPs) in contract documents

Natural habitats Verification of protected areas and vulnerable habitats carried out Wildlife survey (baseline) carried out

Physical and Verification with Department of Archaeology implemented Cultural Resources Chance find procedure included in contracts Gender Gender Action Plan prepared Public Health Public Health Action Plan prepared Vulnerable Charland Monitoring, Management and Development Plan prepared communities Consultation and Early consultations and participation of affected people in RAP and Information EMP Disclosure Disclosure of EIA summary in Bangia

Stakeholder consultation meetings, focus group discussions and formal public consultations held

24

4 ANALYSES OF ALTERNATIVES

4.1 Without project scenario.

(55) The without project scenario is not acceptable since this will severely constrain the potential for socio-economic development in the entire Southwest region where about one quarter of the Bangladesh population lives. Relative isolation of this part ofthe country because of absence of a good communication infrastructure, in the form of adequate road and railway connections with the rest of the country, will further deprive the region of the potential for increased production, provision of goods and services, relocation and generation of new economic activities and employment. A stagnating regional economy will affect incomes and increase the number of people living below the poverty line, especially in the major urban centres such as Khulna and Barisal. Opportunities for more export through Mongla seaport and Benapole land port will be reduced because of high transport cost. Current risky and unreliable ferry services will remain in service, often resulting in long waiting times for trucks (ten hours and more) and cars (two hours). Noise, oil pollution and hindrance of commercial navigation caused by the fleet of ferries, launches and speedboats crossing the river on daily basis will continue.

4.2 With project scenarios

4.2.1 Comparison offour different sites of the bridge (56) During the Feasibility study (FS), JICA, 2005 four different locations for the bridge were studied and compared. Out of two preferred options the Mawa- Janjira site was finally selected as the best option, mainly based on factors such as travel time and distance to Mongla seaport and cost of associated works. Environmental and social impacts (more or less comparable in the two options) were also taken into account in this evaluation. Out of three possible types of bridge a bridge with a 180 m span concrete extra-dosed girder superstructure was recommended. The length of the bridge (in 2005) was estimated at 5.6 km. The recommended alternative combined a railway and a road on the concrete upper deck, comparable with the Jamuna Bridge.

4.2.2 Alternatives in bridge design (57) In the detailed design phase four possible bridge design options were studied, including three options with a bridge superstructure consisting of two levels (road on upper deck and railway below), including a two-level steel truss bridge. After comparison with the proposed option the one-level . concrete bridge from the feasibility study it was concluded that concrete bridges are generally more expensive as compared to a steel truss bridge. Another major advantage of the last is that the construction of a steel truss is relatively easy and does not need a long time to construct. Thus, finally a detailed evaluation was made between the single level concrete extra-dosed bridge and the double level steel truss bridge on basis of the following factors: technical robustness, constructability, maintenance, cost, social aspects, environmental impacts and proven previous use. In October 2009 a decision was taken to go ahead with the design of the steel truss bridge, mainly on basis of the factor construction time, which is only three years, while the concrete bridge would take double this time. Environmental impacts on river hydrology and aquatic life in the selected option are also lower in view of the restricted construction time and lower number of piers required. The present bridge design is based on a bridge length of 6.15 km, since considerable bank erosion has recently taken place on the unprotected original landing site on the Southern side, near Janjira. Various options for the electricity line with the Bridge structure were also explored. It was concluded that the costs of the solid insulated cable supported within the bridge structure would be excessively more than 3 times the suspension tower cost. The option of constructing the 6 platforms J-2km downstream has been chosen.

4.2.3 Alternative transition structures (58) Two options were studied to separate road and railway alignments in order to minimise the length ofthe viaduct structures. In the first option the four-lane road from the bridge is divided into two carriageways of which one passes under the railway viaduct. In the second option the whole road passes over the top of the railway viaduct. The first option has been selected in view oflower cost,

25

better aesthetics and some technical advantages. The preferred option requires about seven ha more land acquisition.

4.2.4 Alternatives in design of River Training Works (59) The purpose of the river training works is to protect the river bank from erosion so that bridge, approach roads and railways can remain functional also during high floods. For the relative stable North bank the risk of erosion is rather low and therefore the design principals of the feasibility study with some minor modifications have been followed. However the South bank near Janjira is very vulnerable and susceptible for bank erosion. Since the feasibility study, an area of 500 m deep inland has been eroded away and from satellite observations in subsequent years this process could be followed. The optimal type of river training works to be applied has been subject of detailed hydrological and model studies and consultation of experts. Periodicities in the behaviour of the river have been established and the most vulnerable points subject to bank erosion and scour were identified. Also physical and numerical hydraulic model studies were applied to determine the effect of various options of bank protection.

(60) Initially there were two major options: alternative one consists of a revetment on the bank of the Southside channel. This alternative consists of a 12 km continuous revetment bund along the south bank for protection of all project components on this side of the river. A section of six km of this revetment near to the bridge would be raised above flood level to prevent overtopping or outflanking from floodplain flows. The revetment will be constructed in front of the present embankment. Alternative two consists of a guide bund to protect the landing site of the bridge and two hard points on the bank of the South side channel to protect the approach road, which is only situated a few km inland and runs parallel to the bank of the South channel. This alternative was later optimized by shifting the two hard points across the channel on the charland. This alternative 'two-modified' was believed to give a better hydraulic performance and would not require the purchase of so much land on the populated channel bank, where also two ferry ghats are located.

(61) A detailed comparison however revealed that alternative one will sufficiently prevent bank erosion of the major project components and has considerable less environmental impacts on river ecology and charlands. It requires less dredging, but it needs 190 ha of land on the floodplain. It will not touch any charland. The South channel will remain open which is a sincere wish of the population on the chars.

(62) Alternative two-modified requires 52 ha of floodplain and 197 ha of charland. The South channel will be closed in this alternative. A detailed comparison of these two alternatives concluded that alternative one is the preferred option.

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5 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

5.1 The physical environment

5.1.1 Topography

(63) The project area is situated in the flood plain of the Padma River about 60 Ian downstream of the confluence of two of Asia's longest rivers the Ganges and the Brahmaputra River. The Ganges catchment area is around one million lan2 of which only 5% lies in Bangladesh and the Brahmaputra is about 600,000 lan2 of which 12% lies in the country. The flood plain of the Padma River consist of an active part where dynamic accretion and erosion processes dominate and somewhat more elevated slightly older parts which have been formed during the last century. A typical cross-section through the river valley is shown in figure 5.1.

Figure 5.1 - Typical cross section through the area

Left Bank

O+-----------~----~~_+----_4~------------------------------

·5 +---------~ ---\---+---Ground Level, m -Riverbed

PadmaPJver

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 lS 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

(64) The left bank river levee on the Mawa side of the Padma River is silted up to elevations of around 6.7-7.7 mPWD, which is slightly above max flood level (7.5 m PWD). The right bank or south side near Janjira shows a pattern of ridges and depressions with elevations between 3.6 and 7.7 mPWD.

5.1.2 Climate.

(65) The project area has a typical monsoon climate with three main seasons: summer (from March to May), monsoon (from June to October) and winter (from November to February). Summers are warm and humid with average monthly temperatures around 28" C, with occasionally moderate to heavy rainfall. The monsoon period is wet and humid with 80% of total annual rainfall. Winters are generally cool with low humidity and hardly any rainfall.

(66) The project area is situated between the two meteorological stations of Dhaka and Madaripur, both at approximately 40 Ian distance. The first station usually receives more rain with an annual variation measured over four years between 1,991 and 2,885 mm. The second station receives less rainfall with 1,501-2,061 mm/year. In figure 5.2 and 5.3 the monthly rainfall distribution for these two stations is shown.

27

Figure 5.2 - Monthly rainfall in Dhaka

II1II 2005 II1II 2006 II1II2007 II1II 2008

E 600 E

500 '" -c: 'iii 400 IX:

300

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Figure 5.3 - Monthly rainfall in Madaripur

800 ,--------------------------------------------------,

700 +---- ................................................. ~.~----.. ----............. . ............................................................... -------- ... _. i

• 2005 II1II 2006 II1II 2007 II1II 2008

E 600 +-------------------------------- -----------------~

E =500 +---------------------------~ ~ c ~ 400 +........................................................................................................................................ .,.

>-1~300 +-----------------------~~~

o ~200 +-----------------~~--

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

(67) Most rain falls in the period May to October with a peak in July (301-753 mm) and a second one in September. August is often somewhat drier.

(68) December and January are the coldest months with an average monthly temperature of 18°C, while April to September are relatively hot months with an average monthly temperature between 28 and 30° C. The maximum daily temperatures recorded are 39°C for Dhaka and 40 °C for Madaripur. The minimum daily temperature in Dhaka is 10°C and in Madaripur 9°C. During the year the humidity is high with daily maxima between 95 and 100%.

(69) The wind blows mainly from two directions: during winter there is often a light wind blowing from the north or northwest. From March to May violent thunderstorms produce winds from the northwest up to 50 kmlhour. During intense storms in early summer and monsoon season southerly winds dominate. Exceptional high wind speeds have been recorded in Madaripur during intense storms (up to 120 kmlhr).

28

5.1.3 Geomorphology and landscape (70) Three different geomorphologic units are found in the project area. The North bank is part of the Lower Ganges/Brahmaputra River flood plain, which is characterized by a relatively stable and elevated river levee with medium textured soils, which have been silted up to slightly above annual flood level. At some distance of the river lower lying backswamp deposits (elevation +2.5 to 4.5m) with clay soils can be found, even with some peat deposits in the lowest parts. The area is densely populated with most occupation and trees on the high river levee and rice cultivation in the lower lying areas.

(71) The South bank near Janjira is located on a North- South oriented meander belt complex, consisting of parallel sandy ridges and lower lying depressions which are N-S oriented and often with some form of natural drain or small stream flowing towards the main channel. Homestead development and trees are found on the higher ridges and on the embankment of the channel (elevation +5 to 5.5 m). In the lower depressions, which are treeless areas (elevation +3.5 to 4.5m), different crops are grown in winter and mainly rice in summer. There is also livestock holding in the area and a number of fish ponds. Towards the Eastern part ofthis area the elevation increases near to the bridge over the Arial Khan.

(72) The third unit consists of char Janajat, which is a complex of aggregated chars. A char is a tract of land surrounded by water, which emerges as a result of hydro-morphological dynamics of a river. Chars can appear and disappear through accretion and erosion processes. Some chars become stable once vegetation develops and other chars are attached after the channels separating them have silted up. Char Janajat is formed during the last 20 years by the braiding and meandering Padma River. The area consists of mainly vegetated and often cultivated charlands, which are slightly raised above the average river level (elevation + 2.5 to 4m). About 34% of the charland is cultivated.

5.1.4 Soils (73) Soils in the area are of alluvial origin. The river levees have well drained medium textured greyish-brown soils (mainly loam or silt loams) on top of stratified fine sandy and silty deposits. These soils are non-saline and non-alkaline and calcareous with around 10% free lime. They can be classified as Eutric Fluvisols. These soils usually have good physical and chemical properties and have a pH which varies between 7.5 and 8.0. They are moderately fertile and suitable for a broad range of crops. At some distance of the river, more land inward, often finer textured grey coloured material has been deposited in the lower basins and depressions. These soils can be characterized as Calcic Gleysoils, with humic topsoil and greyish coloured subsoil with typical iron mottling. Groundwater tables often can be found within 0.20-0.75 m, depending of the season. These soils are very suitable for rice cultivation. The soils of the charlands consist mainly of very fine sand or silt loam, often stratified. Outside the monsoon season groundwater tables in the chars can be found near to the surface or at shallow depth.

Table 5.1 - Soil characteristics of typical soils

'" '#. bI) bI) '" bI)

" 10. .:c S .:c e ;;!e. Depth U ... ;::::: ;::::: Soil Type ;;!e. - '#. 0 <::> ~ " - 0

in em ;;!e. e " " 0 s e s u s ;;!e. " ;;!e. " = Ol ~ '2 N u u u "C ;;!e. = ;. = " ., "C " ;.. .... U U = ... = ~ CII bI) Q., Q., c.. ;:: CII

~ ~ 0 ~ :a. tl e:; rg ~ fLl 6 &5 Vi U filii Eutric 0-25 35 47 18 loam 10 1.0 11.7 8.0 14.0 19.8 100 0.7 2 0.2 Fluvisol 25 - 50 37 45 I 18 I loam 11 0.7 12.2 mm20

.7 100 0.5 3 0.3

! Calcic 0-25 35 42 23 loam 4 ! 2.2 1 7.1 12.0 8.8 82 ~ 0.1 Gleysoil 25 -50 36 47 17 loam 5 0.7 3 7.7 12.0 9.5 86 0.1

5.1.5 Land use (74) Both embankments of the Padrna River can be characterized as rural areas with agriculture being the most dominant land use. However on the North (Mawa) side there is more urban and commercial influence. Distance from Mawa to Dhaka is only 1-1.5 hour by car. The presence of the capital is reflected in the lower share ofagricultumlland as compared to the other side of the river. On

29

the North side of the river only 65% of the land is occupied by farms, whereas more than 86% of the land on the South side is farmland. Residential development on the North bank is considerably higher (31 %) than on the South bank (12%). Land use on the chars is completely different. Most people are fishermen and about 34% ofthe charlands is used for agriculture. A considerable area (43%) is classified as fallow land (bare, semi-natural grassland, or wetlands covered with sedges and reeds) partly used for grazing cattle. About 3% of the charlands are occupied by housing and settlements.

Table 5.2 - Land use in the project area

use in % North bank - Mawa South bank - Janjira Charland Agricultural 64.7 86.4 34.0 Housing/settlements 30.8 12.3 3.0 Commercial 0.4 0.1 -Fallow 0.7 0.1 43.0 Orchard/plantations 0.2 0.4 -Water 1.1 0.1 3.0 Cultural resources 0.2 0.1 -Others 2.0 0.6

•

Bare sand 17.0 Total 100 100 100

Source: Consultants estimate, 2009

(75) The land use distribution has been mapped with the help of Landsat satellite imagery taken in 1999,2005 and 2009 and in different periods of the year: February, April and November; see figure 5.4. From the imagery it can be seen that most of the area south of the river is cropped during November and February with winter crops, whereas in April most of the area is fallow. The development of char Janajat and the silting up of the South Channel towards Kathalbari can be clearly seen in this sequence of images.

5.1.6 Padma River (76) The Padma River is the confluence of two of world longest rivers, the Ganges (2,700 km) and the Brahmaputra (2,900 km). The rivers have their sources in the gletchers of the Himalaya Mountain Range and both are draining a huge catchment area in the Indian Plains. The flow of the Padma River is thus determined by the combined discharges of these two rivers and their respective tributaries. There is a huge difference in the flow of both rivers during the monsoon and in the dry season. The dry season flow of the Ganges is usually only about 10% of the monsoon flow, whereas for the Brahmaputra this might be about 20% ofthe flow during monsoon. The width of the Padma at the Project site varied in the past from two to six km.

(77) The behaviour of the riverat Mawa is rather unpredictable and varies between braiding, straight and meandering in cycles of about 20 years. There were periods that the river flowed as a single thread, but there were also periods in the past that multiple channels occurred. Historically the main channel can be located anywhere. Atthe present time it runs near to the North bank, but it is expected to move towards the South channel. Maximum discharge ofthe Padma River at Mawa measured during the 1998 flood was 115,711 m3/sec. The once in 100 year flood has been estimated at 148,000 m3/sec. The average water level slope of the Padma is about five cmlkm.

5.1. 7 The Arial Khan (78) The Arial Khan is a distributary of the Padma River that takes off about 15 km upstream from the proposed bridge alignment. This river has a wet season flow between 2,500 and 4,500 m3/sec. The Arial Khan acts as a large spill channel of the Padma River. It has a length of 120 km before it discharges into the Bay of Bengal. The river is a meandering one and has a recent history of bank movement and formation of meandering loops with occasional natural cuts in those loops. The river is a very important source of fresh water for agriculture and fish culture in the surrounding areas. It plays also an important role in the river morphology of the Padma River and the associated development of char Janajat.

30

Figure 5.4 - Land use maps ofthe Project area from 1999 to 2009

converted to land use

5.1.8 Other sUrface waters (79) The South channel is a relatively short river channel, which is located near Janjira, separating the Southern bank ofPadma River and Char Janajat. The channel has been silted up, but is kept open (by dredging) to facilitate the ferries and other vessels to reach the ferry ghats at Kathalbari and Kawrakandi and Naodoba village on the South side of the river.

(80) Other surface waters in the area include the Naodoba River: a small tributary with a width of about 80 m and an average depth of five m. There are a number ofkhals: drainage channels which run South-North and cross the proposed alignment of the approach road. On the charlands there are beels (natural depressions) and a number ofbaors (oxbow lakes). Within the project area there are more than 700 fish ponds, see table 5.3. These fish ponds vary considerably in size between 150 m2 and 3,000 m2

• Many of them are surrounded by homesteads trees.

31

T bl 53 F· h d· h a e - IS Ipon s m t e project area District Upazila No of Fish Ponds

Munshiganj Lauhajang 330 Sreenagar 10

Madaripur Shibchar 234 Shariatpur Janjira 140 Source: FINN map, 1999

5.1.9 Bank erosion (81) The width of the Padma River near the proposed site of the bridge is changing due to major bank erosion taking place along the South embankment. The embankment near Janjira is rather low and was subjected to heavy erosion during the last few years. This is the reason that the present design of the bridge is much longer (6.15 km) than was anticipated during the feasibility study in 2005 (5.6 km). Structural measures through river training works are necessary here to reinforce and protect the embankment. The North bank is rather stable and there is hardly any erosion by the river.

5.1.10 Floods (82) A large part of the project area is inundated during the annual floods. In normal years there is little impact from the floods, because people have learnt to live with them and have built their houses on the highest places. Most agricultural land, especially the rice areas are flooded and this is considered to be beneficial, since fertile silt and clay are deposited in the flood plains at some distance of the main river. Only when these floods come early and many kharif crops are still on the field a lot of damage can be done to crops and food supply. Exceptional high floods (1987,1988, 1998, and 2004) often cause large damage to property and losses of food stocks. Generally, the people living on both embankments of the river are better prepared against floods, since main roads and other infrastructure and housing are raised above maximum flood level. However the charland communities are very vulnerable and people here are affected most during exceptional floods, which can inundate their charlands with 1.5 m of water or more.

5.2 The natural environment

5.2.1 ~cosystefJnS

(83) The deltaic plains in which the project is situated enjoy a number of ecological zones, each with their associated flora and fauna. The variability is mainly determined by hydrological conditions (seasonal variations in water levels and seasonal connections between river and floodplain) and soil composition. The zone in which the project is located is the 'Ganges Floodplain'. This zone is characterized by the main Ganges (Padma) river system, surrounded by a landscape of ridges, basins and old channels. During the monsoon seasons the river is constantly shifting within the floodplain, therewith eroding embankments and depositing new charlands, often quickly colonized by vegetation. Ganges river sediments differ from those of the other main rivers in Bangladesh by a high lime content; this and the specific flood patterns determine to a large extent the biodiversity of the Ganges Floodplain~

(84) Typical ecosystems in the project area are partly natural and partly manmade. The natural systems are:

• The river Padma and its tributaries. Major rivers generally include rich ecosystems with high biodiversity. Deeper areas are the biotope for a variety of fish, mammals, reptiles and invertebrates, whereas shallow areas and floodplains, often richly vegetated, are indispensable breeding and nursing biotopes for many riverine and some marine species of fish and crustaceans. Moreover, rivers act as ecological corridors and transport ways for organisms and seeds.

• Charlands within the main river course. Dynamic fluvial processes of alternating erosion and sedimentation caused by periodic flooding, create deposition of large masses of silt between land and water (and partly within the main water course proper). These newly accreted semi-terrestrial islands are locally called 'chars'. They stabilize over time and are subjected to ecological succession, creating high biological productivity and biodiversity. This, in tum, attracts large

32

numbers of migrating birds; the Padma area is part of the main Eastern Trans-indian migratory route and probably also of the Andaman Islands route.

(85) Manmade ecosystems are located on the older lands (colonized earlier charlands). They comprise:

• Homesteads and settlements. Homesteads and human settlements in and around the project site bear rather diverse plant communities, consisting of a combination of cultivated plants and wild shrubs and herbs. This vegetation contributes to household requirements for food, fodder, medicines, and fuel, and it also provides feed and shelter for a range of wildlife species.

• Agricultural fields. The major type ofterrestrial ecosystem is agriculture-based. The main crop is paddy, with its usual range of wild plants (weeds). In spite of its relatively low biodiversity, the crop-weed association provides an important source of feed and shelter for wildlife.

• Tree ecosystems. Real forest ecosystems are not found in the project area, but rather closed canopies of evergreen trees are encountered, especially around ponds. All roadsides are planted with trees as well; these rows of trees have regularly been shown to act as wildlife (bird) corridors in the heavily-populated landscape of Bangladesh.

• Permanent and seasonal wetlands. Permanent wetlands include canals, perennial water bodies and ponds. A large portion of the agricultural fields is inundated in the rainy season; they are considered temporary wetlands. These are arbitrarily considered man-made, whereas the natural charland wetlands are considered part of the charlands themselves. All wetlands contain free floating, submerged, and emergent plants, creating an important habitat for a range of animals.

5.2.2 Biodiversity. 5.2.2.1 General (86) The mixture of ecosystems results in relatively high biodiversity in the project area and its direct surroundings. In the highly populated Bangladeshi floodplains, where virtually every piece of land is used for human activities, biodiversity might seem less important than in undisturbed areas, but the opposite is the case. Representing the transition zone between Indo-China, the Himalayas and the rest of the Indian subcontinent, Bangladesh once was rich in wildlife species. Its tropical moist forests were botanically amongst the richest in the Indian subcontinent, and they supported the greatest faunal diversity. The population size of most ofthe species has declined drastically, but the remaining plant and animal diversity is still high and for its survivallargeIy dependent on sharing their habitat with humans. Especially the river systems and their direct surroundings, including the present project area, are biodiversity hotspots, not only as a habitat for water-dwelling organisms, but also as a refuge for terrestrial flora and fauna and as an ecological corridor between relatively less disturbed areas.

(87) The great biodiversity of the project site is demonstrated in Table 5.4, in which the biota encountered during a limited number of field observations are compared with country data. The information is collected from field observations made during five wildlife surveys in the project area only: on 21122 July 2009,8/9 September 2009,20/21 November 2009, 13/14/15 January 2010 and 25/26 March 2010; fish data from catch statistics during spring tides and from enquiries, and remaining data from accidental sightings and older reports. The Table shows that 380 vertebrates (approximately one quarter of the Bangladeshi species) are found in the project area; the survival status of 53 of them is in a critical stage (IUCN Red List). The role of the area for migrating birds (winter visitors) is clear by the observation of24 species. The actual biodiversity situation will be substantially more divers.

(88) Invertebrates were not sampled in a structured manner, nor are data bases available. From most groups of insects some species were observed, and various crustaceans and molluscs were observed in the river. In addition, the plant survey identified 21 rare species.

33

Figure 5.5 - Biodiversity and monitoring sites in the project area

13'J7 23"'" ZMif :t3':1II$: 13"2.f

t: t i ~

-+] ...j f .. '" JI'J

.>-., • .I Z:v

IIIJnj~!'I ii " ~ ~ ~ r¥il J~ UlnJJhi \, S!

1 I II ~rI.4iItt· I

un 11 I l" Un a 31 ~~~\

!:t , '" i II j II I ... ::: I···· , ~

I " j : J

~ '" ~ ~

34

Table 5.4 - Biota of Bangladesh (between brackets: in the project area)

Species in Status Group Bangladeshi

ro'ect area Vulnerable

(Source: IUCN Bangladesh, 2000 and project survey).

5.2.2.2 The river ecosystem

Significance (89) The ecological significance of the river and its tributaries is threefold:

• Habitat for numerous species of vertebrates and invertebrates. Most ofthose are found all over the river and floodplains systems in the country; for them the project area is not a critical biotope. For a number of endangered species, however, the area might have special value. Various fish breeding and nursing grounds are located close to the area.

• Corridor for migratory species, including fish (to and from breeding and nursing grounds) and birds (using the river as migration guidance). For numerous non-migratory species the river systems provide an opportunity for survival of fragmented or isolated communities. The corridor function of rivers for plant seeds and spores is important as well. The PMBP project area crosses main migration routes.

• Production of harvestable organisms, mainly fish and crustaceans. The river project area (some 1,000 ha) is fished throughout the year by professional and temporary fishermen with a variety of gear. The reconnaissance catch assessment survey (25 sites) and enquiries amongst fisher folk during the present EIA process showed that 2,700 fishermen obtained combined annual yields of approximately 800,000 kg. The large number of temporary fishermen (virtually every family needs to fish for survival) will add substantially to this yield.

Species a. Mammals. (90) For a few species the project area might be of special importance, namely the highly threatened Ganges River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica) and the Otter species (Lutra lutra and Lutra perspicillata). Presence of the Otters in the project area was confirmed by observations. Lists of species are presented in Annex B.

(91) The population of the Ganges River Dolphin is decreasing day by day, mainly as a consequence of human activities, Many individual dolphins suffocate after getting entangled in fishing nets, whereas the population as a whole suffers from construction of dams: local migrations are prevented and potentially breeding populations of animals are separated. Young are born year-round in this species, but a significant birth peak takes place in December and January, at the beginning ofthe dry season, and from May to July. Any disturbance (especially acoustic) during this period affects reproduction success and thus species survival. The project area, both river and channels, is known for the occurrence of dolphins; during the present opportunistic field survey 33 times dolphins were sighted. Ganges River dolphins prefer river stretches where convergent streams create eddy counter­currents in the mainstream flow and, to a lesser extent, 'marginal habitats' where sharp upstream bends create a similar but smaller counter-current. In the Ganges river system, high concentrations of dolphins were recorded at the confluences of the Padma with smaller streams and mid-channel islands scattered throughout the river course, the places where their food organisms (fish, crustaceans) are abound. Next to acoustic disturbance, the project will create an increase of river turbidity, both by dredging and by planned erosion oflarge masses of deposited silt. The direct effect on dolphins is not clear.

35

b. Birds. (92) In the river ecosystem, nearly all groups of oriental birds are represented by one or more species. In addition, a large number of migratory birds is found here during the winter.

(93) Birds of prey survive well in the area. Common species include kites, eagles and falcons. The Brown Fish Owl (Ketupa zeylonensis) is listed in the mCN Red Data Book whereas the Barn Owl (Tyto alba) and the Grey-headed Fish Eagle (Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus) are listed by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna (CITES). These and all other observed bird species are listed in Annex B.

c. Reptiles and Amphibians. (94) Within the river ecosystem the amphibian and reptilian populations are moderate and not in abundance. For a few species the project area is expected to be of special importance, namely the endangered and Padma-specific Brown Roofed Turtle (Pangshura smithii), the Ganges Softshell Turtle (Aspideteres gangeticus), and the vulnerable Spotted Flapshell Turtle (Lissemys punctata). The Brown Roofed Turtle is confined to large rivers; it is reported to mainly inhabit the Padma River. The presence of the nearly extinct Gangetic Gharial (Gavialis gangetic us) was confirmed by one observation. Lists of species are shown in Annex B.

d. Fish. (95) Catch assessment surveys were carried out in the project area during five days in 2009/20 10 (21-22/07,08/09,21/11, 14/01 and 25/03) in pre-selected sites in the Padma River and the connected canals (bridge site, and five and ten km upstream and downstream of the bridge site). Although professional fishing occurs throughout the year, there are two distinctive peaks in the lower part of the Padma: during the pre-monsoon season (April-July) and in the post-monsoon season (October­December). Both peaks are captured in the sampling scheme. The samples were collected during spring tide, i.e. New moon phase or Full moon phase (Zoe) of the lunar month. For the sampling only common local gear was used, resulting in somewhat biased samples. It is expected, however, that the combination of this field sampling, enquiries amongst fishermen and literature data provide a relatively complete picture of the occurrence offish species, their breeding grounds and migratory patterns. An important literature source was the extensive catch assessment in the Padma River in 2001, carried out by the Department of Fisheries. The results are shown in Figure 5.6. Since sampling took place over the whole length of the river, the contributions of Hilsa, major carps and shrimps are relatively low, since they are not evenly distributed in the river system. The anadromous Hilsa catches were more concentrated in the Lower Padma (743 ton, versus 315 ton from the Upper Padma). For carps and catfish the opposite was found: main yields were collected from the Upper Padma Since 2001 no major studies were carried out; fisheries experts expect that present species composition will be more or less comparable, since main circumstances in the river environmental did not change much and since commonly used gear is rather non-selective.

Figure 5.6 - Fish catch composition (%) of the Padma river (DoF, 2001)

36

• (96) The PMBP fisheries surveys revealed 86 fish species, including floodplain resident species. Earlier DOF work identified 158 species. The dominant order found was Cypriniformes. A consolidated fish species list is presented in Annex B.

(97) Based upon the mCN Red List, species of conservation significance in the Padma River are shown in Table 5.5.

(98) Some species of fish remain confined to the riverine waters, some species migrate from the flood plain to the river mostly for breeding, and others migrate to the upper reaches during monsoon season. The major migratory fish of the Padma is Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha); Hilsa migrates up-river from the estuary and the Bay of Bengal to spawn. Hilsa adults migrate upstream through the project construction site during March-May. Catfishes and major carps migrate up and down within the river during the same period. They are less prominent in the lower Padma, but highly regarded. Small shrimps are available throughout the river, whereas the lower Upper Padma yields some 70,000 kg of big shrimp annually. All these commercially important species, as well as most others, are dependent on shallow areas (underwater meadows) for spawning and nursing. It is expected that increased turbidity caused by the project will decrease the value of the downstream breeding areas, whereas noise and increased human activities will decrease the accessibility to upstream areas for anadromous migratory species.

Table 5.5 - Endangered fish Species in the Padma River

name Rui

Feather back

L.nandina L. P.sarana P.ticto

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(99) Hilsa is not only the main anadromous migratory, but this species also presents the largest single component of the Bangladesh inland fisheries. In the Padma section of the delta it is by far the most dominant species (up to 45%) in the catch. Traditionally, Hilsa fishing takes place from mid-June till mid-August (returning adults), followed by a second peak (young fish) from mid-September till mid-October. During the rest of the year fishermen focus on other species (other gear).

(100) Bangladesh inland and coastal fisheries represent a safety net for the economic and nutritional needs of many rural poor. According to the World Bank Country Environmental Analyses (2006) four out of five rural Bangladeshis, amounting to as many as 85 million people, are dependent to some extent on aquatic resources. More than 2,700 full-time fishermen were identified on the banks of the project area and it is expected that at least 30,000 people or more fish on a part-time basis.

(101) The pattern of fishing at the project site is found similar to that in the lower part of the Padma: a major peak in the pre-monsoon season (April-July) and a second peak in the post-monsoon season (October-December).The overall catch per fisher is declining, mainly due to the growth in the population of full-time fishers, supplemented by large numbers of part-time fishers. Inland fisheries, which include for a large part Hilsa fishing already suffers an estimated loss ofUS$ 42 million per year (World Bank, Country Environmental Analyses, 2006). As more people become landless, fishing becomes increasingly the only option and more people start fishing without the traditional "code of conduct" As a result, more and more egg-bearing females and very young Hilsa are found on the local markets. The significance of Hilsa fishing is massive, both in economic terms and in protein value: Hilsa produces 80% of the protein needs of the rural population. The increase in fishing effort and the decreased recruitment has put a substantial stress on Hilsa popUlations. Any additional negative effect on recruitment is considered disastrous.

(102) In the Padma several main fish breeding grounds are found. Janjira is considered one of the most important breeding grounds for carps, catfishes and Hilsa, but a number of smaller spawning and nursing grounds are found to the SE (Nada) and NW of the project site.

e. Invertebrates. (103) A detailed survey of invertebrates and other lower organism in the study area (as in the remainder of the country) is lacking. Still the aquatic invertebrates are important, especially as fish food organisms (benthos and plankton) and for maintaining good water quality. Various bottom snails clean away decaying organic matter whereas bivalves filter micro-organisms from the water. As a result, the invertebrate communities are valuable indicators of water quality. The larger crustaceans (Macrobrachium rosenbergii, M malcolmsonei and Cancer sp.) are commercially fished throughout the year.

f. Plants. (l04) The river itself does not provide a biotope for many plant species, except in shallow parts and along the embankments. The relevance of this vegetation will be discussed under the charland ecosystem.

5.2.2.3 The charlands ecosystem

Significance (lOS) Charlands are newly accreted lands from river (or sea) deposits. The Padma main channel is constantly shifting within its active floodplain, eroding and depositing large areas of new charland in each flooding season. If new charlands do not erode quickly, they are colonized by pioneer vegetation (especially Crotolaria retusa, Phragmites karka, Saccharum spontaneum and Ipomoea sp.). Dense growth of these tall grasses starts anchoring the loose deposits and accelerates further silt deposition. Subsequently, either natural succession (by other grasses, bushes and finally trees) or human activities result in development of habitable land.

(106) In the direct surroundings of the project site three main charlands are situated (see Figure 5.5):

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• The extended and partly inhabited charland complex northwest of the intended bridge, consisting of Char Janajat Purba Kash, Munshir Char, Char Magur Khanda Nepal Char and Vabir Char. The total area is commonly called "Char Janajat"; its consolidated size approximates 60,000 ha;

• The young charland complex directly under the bridge demarcation, consisting of Char Tarapasa on the western side of the alignment and Majhir Char stretching out to the east; the combined size approximates 9,000 ha, and

• The charland complex east of the project site, consisting of the young Chandra Bari Char and Char Lauhajang and the more developed Char Korhati. Approximately 7,000 ha of this complex lay within the project area.

(107) The ecological significance ofthese charlands is considerable:

• Habitat. Young, vegetated charlands form a major habitat for the Bangladeshi vertebrate fauna: mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. The areas are relatively free from noise and other disturbances, whereas the mixed vegetation and the large number of water bodies support a rich hunting, feeding and roosting habitat. A range of waterfowl, both local and migratory, are directly or ecologically dependent on charland ecosystems. Char Janajat is an important habitat for mammals, birds and reptiles, Majhir Char (under the planned bridge alignment) is a major staging ground for migratory birds, and Chandra Bari Char is considered a bird's paradise. Especially the reed lands (wetlands) on Char Janajat are considered biodiversity hotspots.

• Reproduction area. This represents the foremost ecological significance of charlands and their submerged extensions (wetlands and shallow riverine areas). Aquatic reptiles (among which the endangered turtles and, most probably, the Gharial) lay their eggs in the sandy beaches, mostly between December and February. For many riverine and marine fish and crustacean species the shallow submerged parts of the charlands are indispensable breeding and nursing grounds; the field surveys for the project showed that big carp and catfish species actually do breed near the bridge site.

• Settlement and livelihood. Given the shortage ofland in Bangladesh, stabilized charlands are quickly occupied by farmers and fishermen, profiting from the natural richness of these new and fertile lands. For the poorest segment of the population fish (and a range of other products) from the charland wetlands are a significant condition for survival. These wetland-dwelling people are increasingly vulnerable to threats to the wetland resources.

Species (108) All species are included in the lists of Annex B. a.Mammals. (109) The charlands provide the typical biotope for the endangered Jungle Cat (Felis chaus) and the critically endangered Indian Crested Porcupine (Hystrix indica). On all charlands, and especially on Char Janajat, jackals, jungle cats, mongoose, bandicoots, shrews, squirrels, and bats are observed regularly. Large numbers of footprints of the Jungle Cat and the Fishing Cat (Felix viverrina) were seen in the project area. Also the endangered Large Indian Civet (Viverra zibetha) and a few vulnerable species were actually observed. Since the submerged areas of the chars are particularly favourable microhabitats for fishes, and since fish is the main food for dolphins, the chars and sand banks in the middle of the rivers, like Majhir Char, are important feeding biotopes for the dolphins.

b. Birds. (110) The project site and its surroundings are important bird areas within the Ganges-Brahmaputra­Meghna Delta, both for resident and migratory birds: more than 100 of Bangladesh' 628 bird species were sited here. Especially the reed lands on the chars support feeding and roosting places for wild birds. Majhir Char (under the planned bridge alignment) is considered a major staging ground for migratory birds: during the field observations for this EIA 44 species of winter visitors were observed here.

c. Reptiles and Amphibians. (111) Thirteen amphibian species (of which two are endangered and three are vulnerable) were observed during the field survey, but most probably many more are present in the favourable charland habitat. The charlands provide important habitats or oviposition areas for the species observed.

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(112) Among the reptiles are six turtle species, including the common Indian Roofed Turtle (Pangshura tectum) and Median Roofed Turtle (Pangshura tentoria), but also the very rare Brown Roofed Turtle (Pangshura smithii), the endangered Ganges Softshell Turtle (Aspideteres gangeticus). and the vulnerable Spotted Flapshell Turtle (Lissemys punctata). Other reptiles observed on the charlands are the Bengal Monitor (Varanus bengalensis) and the Yellow Monitor (Varanus jlavescens), both categorized as endangered in the IUCN Red List. Ten species of snakes were found, of which three are 'redlisted': Common Krait (Bungarus caeruleus), Spectacled Cobra (Naja naja) and Monocled Cobra (Naja kaouthia). All three are aquatic to semi-terrestrial, and usually found nearby water bodies.

d. Fish. (113) Charlands usually show a number of pools and creeks. Since the project's fish observations were limited to commercial catches, these small waters were not sampled. However, all waters contain fish species, often typically adapted to the changing circumstances of charlands. The submerged riverside areas of the char lands are very important breeding and nursing biotopes for many kinds of fishes, including all commercially important species.

(114) The fate of Bangladesh's capture fisheries is inextricably tied to the condition of its wetlands, including those in the project area. The capture fisheries yields are declining because of a number of developments, but especially because of the loss of wetland habitat. The IUCN Red Data Book of 2000 indicates that already almost 30% of the fish species for which data are available were in some danger of extinction during that year, and that 54 inland species (out of a total of 266) are endangered. Since then the situation is expected to have worsened.

e. Invertebrates. (115) No detailed information was collected and no published data on the specific importance of charlands for invertebrates were available. All common groups of insects were encountered. As for fish, the submerged riverside areas of the charlands provide important breeding places for freshwater shrimps and nursing biotopes for their larvae and postlarvae. The flooded areas are also important living areas for various species of crabs and molluscs.

f. Plants. (116) An attempt was made to assess the various vegetation types within the project area, using satellite imagery and reconnaissance field visits. Species diversity in the charlands proved to be comparatively low, with most species belonging to the Cyperaceae or Gramineae families.

5.2.2.4 The terrestrial ecosystems (117) The terrestrial ecosystems include homesteads and settlements, agricultural fields, and areas under plantation.

Significance (118) Being man-made, the significance of these ecosystems is mainly the provision ofliving opportunities to the rural population. However, they also support some floral and faunal biodiversity, albeit that most species are common and found allover the country. The additional ecological significance is the corridor function (the relatively continuous availability of the habitats secure geographical distribution of species) and the availability of trees, supporting fauna elements that otherwise would not be found in the area. Most trees are found around the homesteads and along roads.

Species (119) All species are included in the lists of Annex B. a. Mammals. (120) Common mammals that were found within the area are Mole Rat (Bandicota bengalensis), Bandicot Rat (Bandicota indica), House Shrew (Suncus murinus), Field Mouse (Mus booduga), House Mouse (Mus musculus), House Rat (Rattus rattus), Small Indian Mongoose (Herpestes

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autopunctatus), and Golden Jackal (Canis aureus). Trees (and some higher buildings) provide a habitat for flying mammals, such as the Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Cynopterus sphinx) and the Indian Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus coromandra). None of those is considered endangered or rare.

b. Birds. (121) A total of about 92 terrestrial bird species were observed within the project area. Most of them are common, but one is listed in the IUCN Red Data Book: the Brown Fish Owl (Ketupa zeylonensis). In addition, two species are listed in the list of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna (CITES): the Barn Owl (Tyto alba) and the Grey-headed Fish Eagle (lchthyophaga ichthyaetus). Both were not observed, but reported from the area. One rather rare bird, considered endemic to the Indian Sub-continent, was observed: the Black Breasted Weaver (Ploceus benghalensis). Birds of prey survive well in the area. Common birds of prey are Brahminy Kite (Haliastur indus), Black-winged Kite (Elan us caeruleus), Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilomus cheela) and Common Kestrel (Falco tinnuculus).

c. Reptiles and Amphibians. (122) During the survey many lizards and skinks were observed. Among the lizards Brook's House Gecko (Hemidactylus brookii), the Common House Gecko (Hemidactylusfrenatus) and the Common Garden Lizard (CaZotes versicolor) were found most frequently. These reptiles prefer places around or within human habitation. Keeled Grass Skinks (Mabouya carinata) were found in all terrestrial habitats. The endangered Bengal Monitor (Varanus bengalensis) and Yellow Monitor (Varanus flavescens) were observed as well.

d. Invertebrates. (123) No detailed surveys were carried out. The insect and spider fauna of the project area is not considered different from that in the rest of the country. The aphids (Hemiptera) are of major economic importance for the direct damage they cause to crops and for viral diseases they transmit. Of the Hymenoptera various species of bees and wasps were observed. Of the Coleoptera the Scarab Dung Beetle was common, as were the ladybirds. Different types of firefly were observed as well. Of the Diptera all common house and stable flies were seen, as well as the flesh flies and horse flies. Sand flies appeared to be common, both indoors and in the fields. All common mosquito genera (Anopheles, Culex, and Aedes) were present as well. None of the observed species is considered rare or endangered.

e. Plants. (124) The agricultural fields show a difference between the right bank of the Padma River, where spices (onion, cumin seeds, wheat,<rcoriander, garlic, wheat, mustard) and jute are the most important crops, and the left bank, where predominantly two crops are grown: HYV of Boro and potato. On both sides dhaincha (Sesbania rostrata) is grown as green manure. On the right bank about 73% of the net cropping area is covered by double cropping, 16% by triple cropping and 1 % by a single crop, resulting in an average cropping intensity of 205%. On the left bank single cropping is prominent in about 70%, whereas the rest of the areas has double cropping. Here, the average cropping intensity is about 130%.

(125) As far as other plants are concerned, an attempt was made to assess the various vegetation types with satellite imagery and reconnaissance field visits. Standardized transects were established. The following observations were the result:

(126) Homestead vegetation is well developed and shows high diversity of locally cultivated plants and wild shrubs and herbs: 71 homestead species of 49 families were listed (see Annex C). In general, the vegetation contributes effectively to providing food, fodder, medicines, fuel and other household requirements. Commonly planted tree species are the leguminous Albizia saman for timber and fuelwood, the palm Areca catechu for fruit and timber, Manga (Mangifera indica) for fruit and timber, Mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni) for timber and medicines, Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) for fruit, timber and fuel wood, and Banana (Musa sp.) for fruit. Homesteads near wetlands use trees like Trewia nudiflora for timber and fuel wood, and Crataeva nurvala and Barringtonia acutangula for fuelwood. Among the shrubs Ficus hispida is most common.

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(127) Homestead vegetation supports good shelter for many wildlife species. The crop field vegetation is less diverse but also this is a source of food and shelter for wildlife. Main paddy field weeds were Altemanthera sessilis, Amaranthus spinosus, Cynodon dactylon, Polygonum sp., and Oxalis comiculata. Along roads and around crop fields 27 species from 16 plant families were recorded; highest numbers of species were found in Amaranthaceae, Gramineae, Cyperaceae, and Euphorbiaceae families.

5.2.2.5 The wetland ecosystems

Significance (128) Temporary wetlands are flooded agricultural lands during the monsoon periods. Their ecological significance is more or less comparable to that of the submerged areas around the chars: they are important breeding and, especially, nursing biotopes for fish and crustacean species, among which the commercially important Hilsa, major carps, catfishes and Macrobrachium shrimps. Their ecological significance and species occurrence was discussed in the charland section above.

(129) Permanent wetlands are the rivers (discussed above) ponds, depressions (beels) and channels. Their ecological significance is:

• Production, especially offish (aquaculture). Village ponds are also used for all kinds of other, production-related activities, such as jute retting, and for social activities such as washing.

• Habitat. Permanent water bodies are the habitat for plant communities that favour stagnant waters and for the animals associated with them. In general the biodiversity is high, but universal.

Species (130) All species are included in the lists of Annex B. a. Mammals. (131) No mammal species are specific for the permanent wetlands, although the endangered Otter (Lutra lutra) is reported from the project area.

b. Birds. (132) A total of 65 aquatic bird species was observed in the wetlands of the project area. They included water fowl (ducks and goose) and fish-eating birds (herons and kingfishers), both resident and migratory. Several of the observed species are listed in the IUeN Red Data Book, including River Lapwing (Vanellus duvaucelii) and Comb Duck (Sarkidiomis melanotos). The threatened Black­headed Ibis (Threskiomis melanocephalus) was seen flying over the area. For the kingfishers small pond fish is the main food, and presence of ponds, therefore, determines their occurrence in the area. The famous Ruddy Shelduck (Tadomaferruginea), appearing in so many Bengali stories and poems for its profound monogamy, is also regularly observed here.

c. Reptiles and Amphibians. (133) No specific species were recorded from permanent water bodies. Both endangered Monitor species are regular visitors of ponds.

d. Fish. (134) The permanent water bodies house a variety of small fish species; they were not surveyed, but the species composition is expected equal to that in ponds all over the country. In addition, ponds are stocked with consumption fish in different combinations and in different stocking densities. None of them is ecologically bound to the permanent wetlands in the project area.

e. Invertebrates. (135) No data are available, it is expected that the common species complex, associated with the dominant plant coverage, will be present.

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f. Plants. (136) The botanical surveys identified 42 wetland plant species (22 families), of which two are rare. In permanent wetlands virtually all plants are considered weeds, but the same species have high ecological value in the temporary or semi-permanent wetlands (e.g. river boundaries of charlands). Free floating plants are observed throughout the project area, including Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes), water ferns (Saivinia cucullata, and Azolla sp.) and duckweeds (Lemna spp.). Dominant rooted floating plants are Water Lilly (Nymphaea nouchali), and Water Gentian (Nymphoides indicum). A range of submerged and creeping species is found as welL

5.3 Socio-economic conditions

5.3.1 General (137) The three project districts have a strong rural character. In 2001, 88-89% of the population was living in rural areas and only 11-12 % in rural centres. During the last decades this is changing and at present the rate of urbanization is high. Many people in the area have migrated to urban centres, such as Shatiatpur, Maduripur, Munshiganj and Dhaka. According to a survey under households affected by the project (see table 5.6) most people in Mawa work in trade, business or services (66%) and only a minority (5%) in agriculture. At the Janjira site the picture is totally different: about 50% ofthe workforce is active in agriculture, whereas only 25% has employment in trade, business or services.

Table 5.6 - Main occupation of affected households

Occupation Mawa side Jan.jira side Total Grand total

Male Female Male Female Male Female Number % Agriculture 25 0 341 3 366 3 369 31 ~try!Construction • 18 2 27 4 45 6 51 4 Transport 63 0 62 0 125 0 125 11 Tradelbusiness 211 1 113 3 324 4 328 28 Service 108 6 54 4 162 10 172 15 Others 30 31 28 52 58 83 141 12 Total 455 40 625 66 1080 106 1186 100 Source: Consultants Report on Poverty and Social Analysis, January 2010

(138) Income levels of affected households are shown in table 5.7. Average incomes at the Mawa side ofthe river are substantially higher than at the Janjira side. At least 33% of the households have a per capita income lower than BOT 20,000, indicating that poverty rates in the area are high, with most ofthe hard core poor living on the Janjira side of the river.

Ta ble 5.7 - Level of per capita income of affected households

i Mawa side Jan.iira side Total ! Income in BDT x 1,000

Number % Number %, Number 0/0 <10 25 5 62 9 87 7 10- 20 107 22 201 29 308 26 20- 30 111 22 154 22 265 22 30- 50 112 23 133 19 245 21 50-75

61 =Ht 64 9 125 11 >75 80 75 11 155 13 Total 496 689 100 1185 100 i

Average income 49,116 39,189 43,084 Source: Consultants Report on Poverty and Social Analysis, January 2010

(139) The population of char Janajat (about 60 km2) is estimated at 200,000 people. Most of them

are very poor and live mainly of agriculture and fishing.

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5.3.2 Agriculture (140) Agriculture is the most important economic activity in the area. Farm sizes are small «1 ha) and despite of a good productivity of the soils farm incomes are low. Only a small part of the farms is irrigated by tube wells. High yielding varieties of rice are grown in Mawa on 83% ofthe land, which are the low lying areas, whereas potato is successfully grown on the somewhat higher and better drained soils. Overall cropping intensity at the Mawa side is 130%. At the Janjira side the cropping intensity is much higher with 205%. ~bout 73% of the area is double cropped and on 16% of the land three crops are cultivated. However, crops grown during monsoon are often affected by early floods or by insect attacks and suffer considerable losses. At the Janjira side rice is grown on 41 % of the farmland, next to a range of other crops, such as jute, sugarcane, onion, pulses, mustard, chilli, onion, groundnut, wheat and others, see table 5.8.

Table 5.8 - Estimated cropping pattern and yields in the project area

Crop Area in ha Av. yield in mT/ha Total annual production in mT Mawa side

Rice (boro) 147.2 6.3 927 Rice (roppa) 98.6 3.5 345 Potato 48.6 27.2 1322

Janjira side Rice (aus) 294.5 2.0 589 Rice (aman) 211.1 2.5 528 Pulses (maskolai) 157.1 1.3 204 Onion 137.4 10.2 1401 Jute 39.3 3.5 138 Sugarcane 98.2 46.3 4547 Dhonicha 49.1 7.5 368 Chili pepper 39.3 3.3 l30 Garlic 49.1 5.0 246 Wheat 39.3 3.5 138 Mustard 39.3 3.0 118 Pulses (mosuri) 39.3 1.9 75 Groundnut 39.3 1.9 75

Source: BIDS Survey 2009-2010

(141) Livestock is integrated in the farming systems, especially on the Janjira side. Most farmers own one or more cows for milk production and some young cattle, next to goats and poultry (chicken, ducks, and geese). Livestock holding is especially important on the charlands, because of the availability oflarge areas suitable for grazing.

5.3.3 Fisheries (142) Less than 2% of the households indicate that they depend on fishing only, but virtually all households fish for their own protein food, a condition to survival for the Bangladeshi rural poor. A significant part of the economy is generated through marketing offish: about 9,000 people are directly dependant on the fish market and trade. Probably a substantial part of the catch on the Mawa whole sale fish market originates from the char people, unofficially fishing in the waters of char Janajat and some of the other upstream chars.

5.3.4 Ferries (143) There are three ferry ghats located in the Project area: at the Mawa side, and at Kathalbari and Kewrakandi on the Janjira side. At least 11 larger ferries, 50 launches, 220 speedboats and 1,100 mechanized boats are involved in the daily traffic between the two embankments (mostly on a 24-hours basis). The number of daily river crossings by ferries between Mawa and Kewrakandi is estimated at 65 by ferries, 98 by launches and 370 by speedboats. About 20,000 people are directly or indirectly dependent on the different economic activities in and around the ferry ghats.

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5.3.5 Health services (144) Health facilities in the project area are not sufficient. In Munshiganj district (Mawa side) there is one doctor for 8,700 people and one hospital bed per 13,000 people. On the Janjira side the situation is even worse with one doctor for around 13,200 people in both districts (Madaripur and Shariatpur). In these districts there is one hospital bed available per 11,000 people.

(145) Furthermore, the existing health services are poorly developed. Especially in emergency situations people have to travel long distances to get proper medical care. The char inhabitants have to travel by boat to Katahlbari to buy medicine or to Mawa town to visit a health facility. Since men are more mobile, they have easier access to health care than women. Many people go to quacks and medicine shops for minor medical treatment.

(146) Common diseases are diarrhoea, anaemia, skin diseases, deficiency diseases, eye diseases, ear diseases, and water borne diseases due to malnutrition and lack of hygiene. More details on the public health situation in the project area are presented the Public Health Action Plan.

5.3.6 Access to Education (147) Good educational institutions are located in the capitals and main urban centres of the three districts in the project area. People living in or nearby these centres have easy access to these schools. Rural students have to travel long distances either on foot or on motorized vehicles to attend. The schools in the rural areas are faced with many problems; often there are insufficient or unqualified teachers. Student attendance is not regular and sometimes even teachers are absent.

(148) In table 5.9 an overview is given of available institutes with the number of teachers and students. Shibchar has the highest number of educational institutes, followed by Lauhajong and Janjira. There is a relatively high focus on religious education on the South side ofthe Padma River. There are many madrasses in Janjira and in Shibchar (both South side) as compared to Lauhajong on the North side. This is not unexpected, since this type of education usually attracts students from very poor families.

(149) A 2006 sample survey of 390 households in the project districts indicated that about 10% male students and 7% female students never attended school. Another 32% male and 20% female students drop out during the secondary level of school due to various reasons of which poverty was the main one. Literacy rate on the Mawa side is estimated at 68% and on the Janjira side at 64%.

Table 5.9 - Number of educational institutes, teachers and students in the project area Type of Institute Lauhajong Ueazila Shibchar li[!azila Janjira U[!azila

Institutes Teachers Students Institutes Teachers Students Institutes Teachers Students

Prim~ School 66 639 6,600 118 708 11,800 56 633 5,600

Junior Hi~h School 0 0 0 8 70 1,793 2 26 884

12 344 8,524 31 548 15,390 15 239 9.118

2 41 423 4 154 1,837 3 404 855 6 105 1,977 18 398 3,628 10 188 3,628

5.3.7 Water supply and sanitation (150) Most people in the project area (about 90%) use groundwater from tube wells for drinking and the rest use surface water from rivers and ponds for the supply of potable water. Water from shallow aquifers at Mawa usually contains high concentrations of arsenic, but water from tube wells deeper than 90 m are not contaminated with arsenic. At Janjira side, water drawn from both the deep and shallow aquifers are arsenic-free.

(151) Most sanitary facilities in the project area have sanitary latrines (89%), while 11 % use hanging toilets. In recent years sanitary latrines are increasingly popular, also on the Janjira side.

5.3.8 Roads and communications (152) The construction of Highway 8 between Dhaka and Mawa has improved the connections between the project area and the capital considerably. From Mawa, people can reach the city in one

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hour by bus. Within the project area there is a network of paved and earthen roads on upazilla level. The earthen roads are suitable for rickshaws and rickshaw-vans. During recent years people have much better access to paved roads than in earlier days.

(153) A questionnaire among 407 households in 2007 revealed that 82 % of the people in Mawa travel to their work on foot against 49 % on the more rural Janjira side. People in Janjira still use ox­carts and increasingly tractor drawn carts for transportation. About 11 % of the people in Mawa use rickshaws or vans to go to their work and 5 percent use buses. In Janjira about 18 % travel by rickshaw or van, about 8 % use bus and another 9 percent use auto-tempos. About 14 % of the population on the Janjira side travel by boat to their work at the other side of the river.

(154) There are suitable postal and telecommunication facilities available in Mawa, including post and telegraph offices and telephone service shops. A large number of people use cellular phones. At the Janjira side there are hardly any postal and telecommunication facilities available. Post and telegraph offices and telephone service shops are situated at distances of about three krn and ten km respectively.

5.3.9 Access to energy (155) To obtain an adequate supply of fuel for cooking is a major concern for the rural people in Bangladesh. For cooking the majority of the people in the project area use different sources of energy, including natural gas, electricity (few), fire wood, dried cow-dung, jute stalks, crop residues, dry leaves and branches of trees. Only some better-off families use gas cylinders in their kitchen. Most people in Mawa buy fuel (88%) and the remaining 12 % collect fuel from own or free sources. The picture is reverse in Janjira, where 82 % of the households get fuel from own sources or they collect firewood from nature. Only 18% buy their fuel.

(156) Electricity is available and used for lighting and running electrical appliances. In Mawa 73% of the households use electricity. No households were reported to use electricity for pumping irrigation water and only 3% use electricity for small commercial cottage industries. In Janjira only 23% use electricity in their residences; about ten percent of the families cannot afford using electricity, while 67% in Janjira are not connected at all because of absence of a supply network. Only 2% use electricity for irrigation and another 3% for commercial purposes.

5.3.10 Physical and cultural resources (157) There are no designated historical, archaeological or cultural resources within the project area. However, Lauhajang on the North bank has a rich cultural and historical heritage with some beautiful mosques and tall minarets. The Idrakpur fort, the earliest Muslim architecture, is a popular tourist place in this district. These monuments will not be affected by the project.

(158) Within the affected area there are a number of religious places and schools that will have to be relocated in the resettlement sites or in neighbouring areas. These include one private elementary school and one madrasa, 12 temporary mosques, one mazar (shrine of holy Sufi), 11 private clubs or societies, and two family graves and two public mosques (Jamey mosque). Among the structures affected two structures were identified as Physical and Cultural Resource (PCR): the Kumarbogh Jamey Mosque and the shrine of holy Sufi Gaus Mastan, which is visited regularly by local Muslims.

(159) The Kumarbogh Jamey mosque, a registered wa/ifproperty, lies to the east ofthe main approach to the bridge in Mawa and consists of two structures. It is the largest mosque within the affected land, with dimensions of 23 x 15 m, two stories and a characteristic minaret tower. The mosque can accommodate up to 700 to 800 devotees.

5.4 QuaJity of the environment

5.4.1 Air quality (160) The major sources of air pollution in the project area are ferry traffic, vehicular traffic and dust and emissions from brick fields. At the three ferry ghats waiting trucks, busses and cars lead and

46

heavy traffic congestions result in extensive exhaust emissions. Also emissions from the numerous, often poorly maintained ferries, launches and speedboats crossing the river contribute to air pollution. Air quality measurements have been carried out by the Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) in eight locations (four on North bank and four on South bank). Air quality measurements were made near to the ferry ghats, where high emissions could be expected and near to the resettlement sites where low emissions were expected. The data collected did not always confirm the expectations and it was concluded that especially the measurements of fine dust emissions were not reliable. Moreover, different sampling durations made comparison with the national standards difficult. Is important to use standard methodology in repetition ofthese measurements in future, and to compare the data with the standards set in the ECR of 1997.

5.4.2 Noise (161) The major sources of noise in the project area are the ferry ghats and the traffic on road and river. Vibration also occurs at ferry ghats during uploading and offloading of heavy vehicles. Noise levels were measured at ten sites in the project area by BUET in July and November 2009. The measurements were made at a distance of ten m from the road and the sampling period of each measurement was 15 minutes. Highest noise levels of 77 dBA were recorded at the Mawa roundabout during the day and 73 dBA during the night at the approach road in Sikderkandi village (July 2009). The standard for noise level set by the Bangladesh Environment Conservation Rules of 1997 is 60 dBA for commercial and mixed areas. All measured levels were above this standard.

(162) The noise level in July 2009 showed in some rural areas also values higher than anticipated. Discussions with BUET revealed that noise monitoring was carried out sometimes during thunderstorms or community activities not representing normal situations. Therefore, one more sampling campaign was carried out in November 2009 to monitor the ambient noise level. During this sampling, four sets of 15 min each of noise records were monitored for day time and for night time: over 24 hours there were eight sets of data records. Data were presented in the Report of the Environmental Quality baseline monitoring report (EAP Volume 3). In November 2009 the highest noise levels were recorded at the Ferry Ghat in Mawa of73 dBA at day time and 69 dBA during night, again well above the Bangladesh standards.

5.4.3· Surface water quality (163) Surface water quality of the Padma River, the Naodoba Channel and other surface streams and ponds was measured in July 2009. The results are shown in table 5.10. When these data are compared to irrigation water standards (see table 5.11) they are satisfactory, with the exception of the high amounts of total and faecal coliforms in the samples (maximum allowable concentrations are 100 and o respectively). The samples were taken in the monsoon period, when part of the area was flooded and water was contaminated with liquid and solid wastes, including human excreta from the residential areas. Without boiling this water is definitely unsafe for use as drinking water.

Table 5.10 - Surface Water Quality in the Project Area, July 2009

Streams, canals and onds Parameter lin it RS2 RS3 RS4 RS5 SAl SAl CYI CY2 Naodoba

H IDS ISS EC CI NH3-N Fe As DO BOD COD IC Fe Oill rease m <MDL Source: the Consultant Environmental Quality Monitoring, July 2009

47

Khal 7.6 123 78

(164) Surface water from the Padma River has also been tested during the dry period in November 2009. Also here some samples show high concentrations of total coliform; even higher than the standard for irrigation water. The drinking water standard is higher; the water is unsuitable for drinking.

Table 5.11 - Surface water quality of the Padma River, November 2009

MawaSide Janjira Side

At 2km At 0.5km Parameter 250m

Bridge 1.5km 3.0km from 10.5 7km 3.5km

Bridge 0.5 dIs from river dis of

Site, uls, u/s, River kmuls, uI. uls

Site, Janjira bank Bridge Mawa

Mawa Mawa Bank, Janjira Janjira Janjira .Tanjira Janjira

Mawa pH 8.2 8.2 8.3 8.2 7.9 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.5 TDS (mg/I) 116 112 liS 131 1.37 150 145 146 144 144 l4l ISS (mg/) 86 179 72 50 42 5 53 9 172 98 46 EC htS/em) 184 184 183 183 220 226 230 226 224 223 CI (mg/I) 3 4 2 3 6 4 5 4 4 5 5 NH3-N (mgtl) 0.21 0.22 0.25 0.15 0.25 0.19 0.21 0.22 0.27 0.1 Fe (mg/I) 0.92 L4 0.82 0.96 0.64 0.22 0.56 0.26 ,'\<1;.4 O. As (mg/l) 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.003 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.0 OO(mg/l) 4.6 4.5 "4,5: . ~, 4J~i' ~<l"'S 4.~ :7·· , ..... ::,4,.lL <' 4,6,; ; ,,;z;4;1, '0, 4; BOD5 (mg/I) <0.2 1.4 <0.2 <0.2 4.8 1 <0.2 0.6 <0.2 1. COD (mg/I) <0.2 2 <0.2

~ 2 <2 <2 <2 2.

TC l tntc '·lnti!"· 350 500 80 tntc tate 90 FC tntc tntc " 190 ,:UO '. '.

.60 1,460 r;~30 50 Oil & Grease

21.5 7.54 5.4 5.14 5.2 3.4 <MOL <MOL <MOL mw1)

Source: the Consultant EnVironmental Qualzty Momtormg, November 2009

5.4.4 Groundwater quality (165) Most people in the project area use groundwater from tube wells for drinking (90%) and the rest use surface water from the river and ponds. Groundwater at the Mawa side is not always safe, especially from the more shallow tubewells as can be seen from table 5.12.

Table 5.12 - Groundwater quality in the project area, July 2009

Surface water quality Standard Irrigation

6.5-8.5 --

2,250

-~5

<10

-<1000

0

DOE drinking water standard

698 0.22

182 198

o 120 20 35 10 1-;;;-0:7:;!,,-;~---;:---I----;4-::;'O-l----"2~0;-:---=-=~-~""'--;;-'::;;'-T----26"----:2;:;2+---;:9:-:-4-1---'~-I----::;:;:--I--"::':';'--;;-;:::0=-,-,

'2 48

(166) Groundwater samples were collected in July 2009 from a number of hand tubewells for water quality analysis. The results of these samples were compared with the DOE standards for drinking water. Groundwater from shallow tubewells (RS I, RS2 and RS3) shows concentrations of arsenic that are higher than tolerable amounts. Groundwater from deep tubewells (below 100 m) on the left bank has arsenic values below the national standards and can be considered safe. It appeared that groundwater from both shallow and deep wells has a relatively high natural content of iron and manganese, higher than the national drinking water standards. The WHO drinking water standards for iron and manganese are 0.3 and 0.5 mg/l respectively. The amounts encountered may cause slight health problems, but they will certainly cause inconvenience (bad taste, laundry stains). Moreover, they will give some problems of clogging and flocculation of iron and manganese oxides in pipes.

I tntc = too numerous to count

48

Ammonia nitrogen concentrations in groundwater are very high in some of the samples, mainly due to the seepage of fertilizers from agricultural lands. In most wells the amount of faecal coliform is too high as well.

(167) Analytical results from samples of groundwater from the same sites in the dry period (November 2009) are shown in table 5.13. These confirm that As, Mn, Fe, NH3-N, and faecal coliform concentrations at some locations exceed the drinking water standards of Bangladesh.

(168) It is concluded that water from shallow aquifers is not suitable for the supply of safe drinking water. Groundwater from deep aquifers below 100 m depth is often of better quality. Groundwater from deep tubewells (below 91 m) at Mawa Side (RS2-1, CYI) has arsenic values below the national standards and could be considered safe. Iron, manganese and NH3-N are also below the maximum tolerable limits for deep groundwater. Ammonia seems not to be a problem in deeper tubewells, provided that they are well installed and no leakage occurs from the shallow aquifer.

Table 5.13 - Groundwater quality monitoring in the project area, November 2009

Parameter

Source: the Consultant Environmental Quality Monitoring, November 2009

5.4.5 Riverbed sediment quality (169) Significant dredging of riverbed materials (mainly sand) will be required during construction. The total quantity of dredged material from the RTW alone is estimated at around 44 million m3

• Part ofthe dredged material will be used for earth filling of the approach roads, RTW, the service areas and other areas. Samples of riverbed materials were collected during July 2009 from various locations along the Padma River to identifY the possible presence of heavy metals. The results of these tests are given in table 5.14.

(170) From the results it can be concluded that there are no significant quantities of heavy metals in the sediments, with the exception of the relatively high content of mercury (Hg) in two samples: one taken one km upstream from the bridge along the Mawa river bank and the other at the Mawa Bridge Landing Site.

Table 5.14 - Quality of riverbed sediments, July 2009

Parameter Unit BLS-J d/s-J lk~ 2km- lkm-BLS-M BL BLS-M u/s-M

Lead (Pb) mg/kg 35.5 25.2 22.7 21.7 19.7 22.7 r--

mg/kg Cadmium (Cd) 03 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.2 Chromium (Cr) mg/kg 29.8 11.2 9.5 11.4 10.5 19.2 Copper (Cu) mg/kg 37.7 18.1 12.4 9.6 11.3 19.1 Zinc (Zn) mg/kg 67.2 37.5 30.9 25.5 29 53.6 Manganese (Mn) mg/kg 270 152 128 129 109 201 Arsenic (As) mg/kg 4 2.9 0.7 0.6 0.5 2.2 Selenium (Se) mg/kg <0.01 0.3 0.01 0.8 0.1 03 Mercury (Hg) mg/kg 0.2 0.2 03 oj~

BLS=Bridge Landing Site; d/s= down stream; uls= up stream; J= Janjira; M= Mawa * PEe: Probable Effect Concentration, US EPA, 2000.

49

PEe'"

128 4.98 III 144 . 459

33 -

1.06 i

(171) Considering the importance of these data, another 11 samples of river bed materials (four samples from the river bank at Mawa side, five samples from river bank at Janjira side and two samples from the mid of the river along the proposed bridge alignment) have been collected in December 2009 and tested in the Analytical Laboratories in Singapore. The samples have been taken from the top layer (l m) of river sediments. The concentrations of heavy metals and harmful organics (especially multi-residue pesticides such as carbamates, pyrthethoids, organo-chlorines, organo­phosphates and organo-nitrogen) were analyzed. The results ofthese tests are given in table 5.15. The results indicate that there are no harmful concentrations in any of the surface sediment samples present. This is not surprising since these sediments consist mainly of silty fine sand with a very low clay and organic matter content. Contents from deeper layers were not tested.

Table 5.15 - Quality of riverbed sediments, December 2009

Mawa Side Jan'ira Side Mid River RBM- RBM- RBM-03 RBM-04 RBM- RBM RBM- RBM- RBM- RBM- RBM

Parameter OI 02 1.5km uls 3 km U/S 05 06 07 08 09 10 -11

0.25 BSL Bridge Bridge 10 km 3.5km Bridge 0.5km in river in km dIs Mawa North North dis river B' e South

<1 <1 1.4 <1 1.2 <1 <1 <0.1 <OJ <0.1 <OJ <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

5.6 9,9 8.4 3.6 7.0 2,2 2.2 4.4 13 14 3.6 10 5,5 3,9 3.8 4.1 6.0 1.2 4.1 1.1 Ll

<0.02 <0.02 <0,02 <0.02 <0.02 <0,02 <0.02 8.1 14 II 6.0 9.3 3.3 3.3

Zinc 27 14 24 26 II 19 9.3 7.2 Pesticides nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil

Source: the Consultant Environmental Quality Monitoring, November 2009

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PEe

33 4.98 III 144 128

1.06 48,6 459

6 SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS AND THEIR MITIGATION

6.1 Project area and Influence area.

(172) The project area ofPMBP, including components of the project such as approach roads and bridge-end-facilities, covers an area stretching six km inland from the Padma River on the Mawa (North) side and four km inland at the lanjira (South) side. Bridge and river training works may affect an area 15 km upstream and seven km downstream. The project influence area is much larger due to increased traffic volumes and comprises (i) the corridor of the Trans Asian Highway 1 from Tamabil­Sylhet-Sorail-Kanchpur-Dhaka-Mawa-Bhatiapara-Norail-lessore-Benapole, (ii) the corridor of the Trans Asian Railway network and the railway missing link from Gendaria to Mawa through the bridge to Bhanga-Kashiani-Narail-lessore-Benapole, while (iii) river training works and bridge may have additional impacts on the natural erosion and accretion processes in the active flood plain and especially on development of chars up and downstream of the bridge.

6.2 Positive impacts

(173) The Padma Bridge is expected to have a number of positive impacts on the Bangladesh society as a whole. The most important of those will be the establishment of an easy, safe and reliable communication link between the banks ofPadma River. Road and railway connections with the Southwest will improve considerably and this will have an accelerating effect on both local and regional socio-economic development.

(174) An additional positive impact is that river crossing utility infrastructure will facilitate connection of the Southwest to gas, electricity and communication networks in the rest of the country and it will avoid expensive alternative constructions. In the project area new employment and business opportunities will be created and the improved connectivity will enhance access to health care and to educational and recreational facilities. Air and noise pollution will be reduced and traffic congestion and long waiting times for ferries will disappear.

6.3 Environmental and social impacts

(175) The proposed bridge and its associated constructions will influence a range of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and their inhabitants: humans, animals and plants, since the project activities traverse embankments, river areas, mudflats and charlands. The significance of the impacts on these ecosystems depends primarily on the duration and timing of the activities. Major impacts are expected to be the result of the following general project activities:

• Changes in land use; • Dredging; • Piling; and • River training works.

(176) Types, levels and potential mitigations of impacts of these activities are described hereunder, as far as relevant, for three project phases: Pre-construction, Construction, and Operation and Maintenance.

6.4 Impacts during pre-construction stage

6.4.1 Social impacts (177) One of the major negative impacts of the project is caused by the acquisition of land needed for the project and the subsequent displacement and resettlement of its current inhabitants. The social impacts will be briefly indicated here. For details reference is made to the Social Assessment document.

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(178) The land to be acquired for the project totals 1,144 ha of mainly farmland and residential area, while another 78 ha, required for the construction yards at Janjira side, will be leased from the owners for a period of six years. A breakdown of the land acquisition for the project is given in table 6.1.

Table 6.1 - Summary of land acquisition for PMBP

Land Acquisition ha 1 Approach road/railway Acquisition 176 2 Service areas Acquisition 90.73 ..,

Toll Plaza Acquisition 28.9 .)

4 Resettlement sites Acquisition 68.7 5 River training works Acquisition 508.7 6 Main Bridge (Charland) Acquisition 190.0 7 Construction Yard at Mawa side Acquisition 81.0

Total to be acquired: 1144.03 8 Construction yards at Janjira side (Requisition) Requisition 78.0

for 6 years

(179) The 994 ha of land to be acquired will affect 8,526 households, who will lose agricultural land, whereas 4,975 households are losing structures, such as housing, commercial establishments and others. An estimated 2,882 people are indirectly affected since they are losing employment, wages or other sources of income. Thus an estimated total of 13,501 households or some 73,329 persons will be directly affected by the project. A summary of these project impacts is given in table 6.2.

Table 6.2 - Summary of affected households and persons

Type of impacts Affected households Affected persons Physical impacts: Loss of farmland and other land 8,526 46,637 Loss of structures (housing, business and others) 4,975 26,692 Subtotal 13,501 73,329 Economic impacts: Loss of employment, wages and income 2,882 Total 13,501 76,211

(180) Changes in land use lead to adverse impacts on the assets and livelihood resources of the communities. About 9,250 of the affected households lose more than 10% of their income due to land acquisition or dislocation of houses and commercial buildings.

(181) The social impacts have been addressed in a Social Action Plan. It consists of a Resettlement Policy Framework that provides an overall policy and guidelines for resettlement and three Resettlement Action Plans (RAP) for (i) the Resettlement Sites, (ii) the Main Bridge, Approach Roads and Bridge-End Facilities and (iii) the River Training Works. Apart from these plans a number of plans and programmes is designed, including an Income and Livelihood Restoration Programme, a Gender Action Plan aimed at women and vulnerable groups, a Public Health Action Plan and a Charland Monitoring and Management Framework. These plans were prepared using results of a census survey, field visits, and a participatory approach through numerous meetings and focus group discussions with the affected communities. The mitigation of the social impacts will not be discussed here, but reference is made to the Social Action Plan (11 volumes) and the Social Assessment of the project.

o Full compensation should be provided with respect to titles to land andfull restoration should be provided of livelihoods of affected persons losing their land, resources, housing, business or employment. Households physically displaced and affected economically will receive due compensation, relocation assistance and allowances in accordance with the project Resettlement Policy Framework.

o A separate environmental assessment was carried out for the Resettlement Sites. A stand­alone report is available for the same. It has resulted in the inclusion of environmental

52

management measures into the contracts for resettlement sites - leveling, site development of common infrastructure, etc. The checklist for the contractors working on this site requires periodic monitoring of items from the construction stage EMP. This follows regular inputs from the environmental specialist in the site design and provision offacilities such as solid waste management. A Community Environmental Management Plan has been prepared for the post-construction stage to involve the residents ofthese sites in the use, supervision, monitoring, and managements of environmental services.

(182) The construction of about 15 km of bank revetment along the river banks will require the clearing of vegetation and dwellings on and near the river embankments. There will be a complete destruction of the existing natural and social infrastructure on these embankments that will be replaced by a revetment bund consisting of artificial materials and a buffer area of 150 m on the land side. An estimated 5,000 people, representing the poorest segment of society, are presently living on the embankments and a substantially larger number is dependent on regular riverine fisheries activities along the embankments. The fish they catch is an essential commodity for survival. Continuation of traditional fishing will partly be possible (cast nets), but the use of set nets will be prevented by the artificial substrate. Moving of the fisheries activities to other areas is unrealistic, since all riverine stretches are fully occupied (customary law). Moreover, there are no means of transportation.

o Full compensation should be provided to the people living and fishing on the embankments where RTW will be constructed, either in money or in replacement gear. As far as RTW on the Janjira side are concerned (some 12.5 km), replacement gear may consist of poles and nets for brushpark fisheries and floating ponds (cages). At the Mawa side the river is too deep for this gear; here the (more limited) fisheries activities along the two km ofRTW could continue if people are provided with hook-and-line.

6.4.2 Environmental impacts (183) Large quantities of materials are harvested from elsewhere, including rock from India, sand and gravel from Sylhet.

o Harvesting and transportation oflarge quantities of materials from elsewhere should be cleared by the relevant environmental authorities. Project impacts in other countries or areas belong to the responsibility of the project authority; acquisition of clearance should be included in contractor's contracts.

(184) Removal of vegetation around the bridge, connecting roads, construction yards, and other service points has a significant impact on terrestrial flora and its dependent fauna. All vegetation and trees in the road and railway alignments, right-of-ways and on other project sites will be removed, before infertile fine sandy dredged material is used to raise the level of these areas with an average 2-4 m to reach an elevation which corresponds with the maximum flood level (once in 100 year flood). The terrestrial ecosystem structure of these areas will be changed permanently. Given the long history of human settlement in these areas, there is a high probability that most plant and animal species are rather common and used to disturbances. Course herb and shrub vegetation will return quickly in and around new settlements and roads. The main wildlife habitat in the existing vegetation is encountered in trees (fruit bats, birds, tree frogs, bees); as long as trees are replaced the clearing will result in temporary loss of these wildlife elements in the area proper. In addition, construction of road, railway and service areas will inhibit the free movement of terrestrial fauna in the area, since they form major physical barriers. According to RAP 1,2 and 3 a total of201,273 trees (excluding bamboo and banana) is estimated to be cut during clearance of the 250 km2 of project land. Total numbers of banana and bamboo trees are estimated as 359,549. This will include:

• Some 17,700 trees (including banana and bamboo) of a number of species will be cleared from resettlement sites;

• Some 80,000 trees of a number of species will be cleared from the planned new road, transition structures and toll plaza another 4,900 from the service areas; and

'. Some 107,000 trees of a number of species will be cleared from the RTW alignment.

(185) To compensate the loss of 201,273 trees a tree plantation and green belt development plan has been drafted, which includes the planting of 405,461 trees. In addition, 719,098 bamboo and banana

53

saplings will be distributed to the people of the host villages. The share of bamboo and banana will be 60:40. Owners of trees will get compensation under the RAPs and are also allowed to fell their own trees and take the wood free of cost to be used for timber or fuel wood. In all areas the fertile topsoil (0.5 m) will be removed and stockpiled for later reuse, since tree planting in deposited silt (filling material) will not be very successful. Trees will be planted in strips along road and railway alignments to mitigate noise, to form green belts around construction yards and resettlement sites, and along side slopes and at selected locations behind the guide bunds of river training works. Young saplings wll be distributed to settlers to plant suitable trees around the houses as homestead garden. The following measures are identified to compensate negative impacts as much as possible and to increase replanting success:

o Maintaining comparable tree diversify. Replanting programmes should include a range of tree species, in order to compensate for the loss of sources of timber, fuel wood, fruit, fodder and medicines.

o Only trees with a girth of 10 cm or more (3-5 years old) should be planted. Replanting of larger trees would be better, but the availability is doubtful. Replanting of trees of3-5 years old will still result in loss of the use of tree products for another 3-5 years. Partial use of new quickly-fruiting varieties may be considered, but those (low) trees produce smaller quantities than traditional trees and they do not provide fuel wood.

o Use of compost in tree planting holes will have to be compulsory in order to increase planting success.

o Early establishment of a tree nursery. It is not expected that existing tree nurseries will have some 400,000 trees (plus yearly replacements as planned in the Community Environmental Management Plan) of adequate size in stock. Since compensation trees should at least be three years old, a nursery survey and tree ordering will have to be carried out in 2010. If the survey dictates so, additional nursery establishment might become an urgent activity for the early pre­construction phase.

o Regular maintenance of all newly planted trees. Watering and weeding will have to take place during the dry season; without watering replanting will be meaningless.

o Planning, setting up of nurseries, planting and maintenance. It is recommended to attract a qualified NGO to manage, organize and supervise treeplanting activities in cooperation with the Forestry department. Women affected by the project and other vulnerable groups should be employed in these activities, within the framework of the Income and Livelihood Restoration Plan.

(186) Removal of trees will result in shortage offuel wood (Janjira side). Replanted trees will require at least five years before fuel wood harvesting may start slowly.

o Resettled households should be fully compensated for loss of fuel wood during five years after tree replanting, and in a decreasing manner during further five years. Costs are included in the compensation package.

o Compensation to tree owners for the loss of other products, in order to overcome the period between felling of productive trees and equal production by new trees. Costs are included in the compensation package.

(187) Loss of agricultural lands. An estimated 640 ha of agricultural land will be lost in the project area. This loss will impact 8,525 farmer families, who will receive compensation in cash. It is not considered realistic to expect that the loss of production can be covered by boosting the production in the remaining neighbouring areas of the project. The land used for construction yards will be returned to the owners (at present mainly GOB) after completion of the project, but this land is unsuitable for agricultural production due to deposition of dredged material. This land could be used for urban or industrial development in stead.

o Those affected by the project will receive cash compensation for land and other assets at full replacement cost as per market price at the time of dispossession. Besides this, the households are eligible for additional support in the Income and Livelihood Restoration Plan to ensure minimum disruption of their lives and livelihoods during the project construction period and afterwards.

54

o Agricultural Development Programme. Farmers losing (part of) their agricuituralland can also participate in a programme aimed at increasing productivity by diversification of crops, introduction of improved varieties and inputs, and micro-credit. Under the programme a number of agricultural extension workers will assist and train farmers in close cooperation with the Department of Agricultural Extension. It is proposed to hire a qualified NGO or a institution like the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute for designing and implementing such a programme. The area set aside for this (less than five ha) will only be able to help a small number of affected farmers.

(\88) Loss of homestead flora and fauna. The changes in land use affecting an estimated 1,144 ha of land will also affect the common flora and fauna associated with the homestead and field crops concerned. As a result of the intensive agricultural land use, the structural complexity and diversity of homestead and settlement veget~tion provides a significant microhabitat for local fauna species. Most species, however, are common to very common and will find new habitat in the surrounding undisturbed crop areas as well as in the new settlements. A few rare species are found; they are able to resist anthropogenic influences because of their high mobility. Also these species will easily find new habitat elsewhere; the project activities will not decrease their occurrence in Bangladesh.

oRe-use of top soil from old settlements in the new settlements will guarantee quick restoration of the homestead flora and fauna.

(189) Decreasing quality of crop lands. Both filling of areas and transport of dredged material will result in increased sand contents with low fertility in the surrounding agricultural lands adjacent to the filled areas through run-off, erosion and waste. Potential harmful substances might leak from the new soils during monsoon.

o Compacting of filled areas and turf planting after compaction. o AnalysiS of contents of pollutants in fill material (especially heavy metal ions).

(190) Loss of ponds. An estimated 12 ha offish ponds, mainly temporary ones on government land, but used by local fishermen will be lost due to project activities. Pond flora and fauna are widespread in Bangladesh; pond demolition is not expected to result in measurable impacts. But ponds are also used for the production of carps and catfish for household use. With a common production level of 2,000 kglha, some 24,000 kg of fish will be lost yearly. In addition, food fish production from 724 ha of floodplain (at lest 150,000 kg) will be lost The average consumption is in the order of 20 kg/capita/year, resulting in a loss offood fish for some 9,000 persons per annum. The following mitigation measures are identified, although not effective during the first few years:

o Provision of an equal pond area in the resettlement areas. The planned 1.45 ha pond (Community Environmental Management Plan) is sufficient to compensate for the loss of 1.5 ha of from homestead or village areas.

o Establishment of a protected char area and of fish (reproduction) sanctuaries in the river proper. Temporary ponds on the char and the fish sanctuary are expected to compensate sufficiently for the loss of the approximately 10.5 ha of temporary floodplain ponds lost because of land filling activities.

(19l) Pollution through solid waste and sewage from field camps and construction yards.

o Suitable and adequate waste disposal and processingfacilities need to be in place.

(192) Construction of yards on charlands with high biodiversity. Especially Reedlands on Char Janajat and Char Chandra Bari are important wildlife areas, which should not be subject of any project building activity.

o Construction of yards should be restricted to old lands and developed charlands. Use of Janajat and Char Chandra Bari for vegetation clearance and construction yards is ecologically unacceptable. Barring these two main charlands for yard construction also excludes their use for transportation activities and for replacement of ferry ghats.

55

6.5 Impacts during construction stage

6.5.1 Construction-related impacts (193) In a project of this magnitude and complexity there are many impacts and risks which potentially could affect air, soil, and water quality, and which could cause hindrance (noise, dust, traffic) or pose safety hazards (health and safety). The majority of these impacts are less significant and could be avoided, prevented or mitigated by contractors adopting good operational practices and environmental management guidelines (use of internationally acceptable standards) and by permanent monitoring and inspection. Most impacts could be prevented or mitigated by including an Environmental Code of Practices and Environmental Management Guidelines in the contract documents (see Annex C). The less significant impacts are not further discussed here. Other construction-related impacts are:

(194) Interjerence with river transportation. The main type of river transportation that will be negatively influenced by project construction is the movement of ferries.

o Provision of a safe alternative ferry route is planned. Care will have to be 'taken that this alternative route remains at a distance of the main wildlife area (Reedlands) of Char Janajat.

(195) Transport of materials over land and river. Large quantities of concrete, steel and rock, and other building materials will be transported both on water and by road during mobilization and construction. These transports will cause traffic congestions and hindrance on roads and during navigation in the river. Also associated safety hazards have to be considered. Especially local roads are not designed for carrying heavy traffic and this may result in considerable damage to local roads.

o Prevention and mitigation can be achieved by constructing temporary bypass roads in order to maintain uninterrupted traffic flows to ferries and urban centres.

o Damaged roads should be repaired. o Movement of vessels, barges and dredgers will be restricted to designated areas to reduce

risks of collisions and accidents.

(196) Increased activity in the project area (movement of people and equipment, building and construction activities) is likely to disturb faunal populations, especially birds, reducing the quality of habitat for wildlife.

o No effective mitigation; night-time activities should be kept to a minimum.

(197) Requirement of bricks for building activities. Building of new houses, mosques, health centres and schools require large number of bricks. Further buildings are required for project activities, such as offices, toll plazas. Brick production in Bangladesh is environmentally very damaging: good quality arable land is turned unusable, non-renewable natural resources are extracted extensively (clay, wood) and the firing process results in heavy air pollution. For mitigation purposes, an alternative is recommended:

o Use of hollow cement blocks in stead of traditional bricks for all relevant project construction activities. Hollow bricks are available in Bangladesh and promoted by Holcim Cement. Building size ofthe blocks is 4.5 times that of bricks; the (small-scale) production cost amounts to 15 takalblock. The production process is clean; simple production units are on the market for approximately 12,500 taka and can be handled by local traders (one person produces 200 blocks per day). It is proposed that BBA and local administration undertake a pilot project in using hollow cement bricks in some of the public buildings to be constructed in the Resettlement Sites. Using this environmentally-friendly building material in the Padma Bridge project could help boosting its use in Bangladesh.

6.5.2 Dredging impacts (198) Dredging works will be carried out during the dry season, when currents are not strong, along river banks up to a depth of -25 m PWD to remove the riverbed sediments for construction ofRTW. In addition, dredging will be carried out in the shallow riverbeds along the bridge alignment to provide adequate depths for the barges carrying cranes and other heavy construction equipment for the main bridge substructure and superstructure works. This includes dredging of some vegetated charlands.

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Dredging is also required for smooth ferry operations during construction. Further, additional dredging may be required to source borrow material for filling up of some ofthe project sites, which will be developed prior to RTW. In order to decrease impacts to a minimum a Dredging Material Management Plan (DMMP) is made, in which care is taken to address all negative impacts specified below. The following impacts are foreseen:

(199) Turbidity of surface water around cutterheads. The project authorities expect that this will remain localized and temporary, since turbidity plumes in strong currents subside within a few hours. Normally turbidity is not considered a major problem during the monsoon seasons, since the additional amount of turbidity is calculated to be in the order of3.2% of the "normal" annual sediment transport of the Padma. However, virtually all dredging will be carried out during dry seasons, when currents are not strong and silt quantities will add substantially to the Padma's sediment transport. The resulting turbidity will reduce light penetration into the water body, which will negatively influence the production of plankton, the main source of food for a large number of aquatic organisms, and it will hamper the functioning of fish gills, especially in fry. The following mitigation measures are required and should be part and parcel of the Dredging Material Management Plan:

o Contractor must use anti-turbidity valves; o Cutterhead turbidity must be monitored constantly during dredging. Typical TSS values

measured in the project area during the dry season range from 5-50 mg/I upstream and 72-98 mg/l downstream, with peaks levels at the construction site of 179 mg/l, probably caused by heavy boat traffic. Commonly used values for acceptable surface water TSS levels are 50-60 mg/I. If cutterhead turbidity exceeds 200 mg/I for longer than 2 hours there will be an unacceptable high risk of damage to fish gills; and dredging schedules will have to be adapted or silt curtains will have to be used.

(200) Water quality deterioration during dredging. Water quality deterioration during dredging (high turbidity) will affect aquatic fauna and to some extent also the use of river water (bathing/ washing) by the population. With the silt, the amount of total dissolved solids will increase. It is unclear what the effect will be, since the chemical quality (dissolvable compounds) is generally not known. Limited data were collected on chemical quality (heavy metal ions) in the top 1 m of the river bed sediment. Since virtually all dredged material is of a rather sandy nature, the ion adsorption is low, which might result in an increase of heavy metal levels in the surface water. Therefore the following will have to be included in the Dredging Material Management Plan:

o TDS levels must be monitored during dredging. Measurements during the dry season showed Padma water values of 112-150 mg/1. The commonly used standard for surface water is a maximum of 1,000 mg/l IDS, which is not expected to be reached. If, however, during dredging the TDS level clearly exceeds (doubles) the earlier measured values the heavy metal content of the water must be monitored as well.

o The presence of toxic substances in surface water downstream of the dredging operations will have to be monitored constantly. Dredging, especially deep dredging for RTW, will expose deep, unoxidized layers, which might mobilize toxic substances like hydrogen sulphide, methane, hydrocarbons, pesticides and heavy metals. Genuine standards for surface water should not be exceeded.

(20 I ) Charland dredging will result in loss of wildlife habitat. Dredging of charlands and submerged embankments will result in loss of wildlife habitat and aquatic fauna will be forced out of their preferred habitat. It is estimated that about 1267 ha of acquatic habitat of which 485 ha is in Padma River and about 767 ha of floodplains will be lost due to RTW and associated works. Dredging of parts of charlands will be carried out in order to create gullies for barge and ferry manoeuvring. Dredging activities in the charlands will severely disturb wildlife.'All chars around the project site are important wildlife areas, especially those where reed associations have established (large areas on Char Janajat; patches on Char Majhir and Chandra Bari Char). The chars are known as resting and staging grounds for migratory birds. For aquatic reptiles the charland sandy embankments are important nesting and oviposition places, especially for the threatened or endangered river dwelling freshwater turtles present in the project area. Similarly snakes and other reptile species may face similar consequences from the project activities. The submerged parts of the chars are main breeding and nursing biotopes for numerous fish and crustacean species, as well as feeding grounds for

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dolphins. The species reported from these chars include a relatively large number of endangered mammals, birds (both resident and migratory), reptiles and amphibians, and therefore the chars have high conservation significance within the wider area.

o Main mitigating will be compensation for the loss of wildlife habitat by the establishment of a 1,200 ha protected wetland area (600 ha char and 600 ha river) or sanctuary for charland wildlife (the first in the country). Protection of a riverine wetland is fully in line with the WB's Water Resources Assistance Strategy for Bangladesh, and also with GOB's Declaration of Ecologically Critical Areas (Environmental Conservation Act, 1995), the National Water Policy (1999) and the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2004). Establishment of a Char Reserve (or Sanctuary or Protected Area, including a Fisheries Sanctuary) will have a positive effect on the country's natural resources and continuation of the wetland's environmental services to the poor segment of the population. The area must acquire official governmental status. The protected char and river area will contain a core zone and a buffer zone, both clearly demarcated. Human activities in the area will be restricted, but people presently dwelling in the area will continue to find a local living: the protected area will be managed and maintained by the local community (income from tourism and otherwise). Rangers (most probably in cooperation with the Forestry Department) will be trained to monitor and guard the area. Any tree removal from the reserve will be prohibited in order to compensate as much as possible for loss of nesting opportunities elsewhere.

The reed lands and annex submerged areas of Janajat Char are excellently suitable for such compensation measure, since the human habitation is relatively low and the biodiversity is very high. However, other areas might be equally suitable, including newly established areas (dredge material disposal; no acquisition costs and no habitation), as long as some protection against erosion is in place. PMBP consultants should commence site selection, and involve a professional biodiversity-oriented organization like IUCN in final decisions. IUCN could also be involved in ecological zoning, design of ecotourism facilities (nature trails, watch hides), preparation of protected area management programmes, and for training of rangers and guards.

o The environmental quality of the remaining chars should remain high by minimizing the release of oil, oil wastes or any other substances harmful to plants or animals. These chars will temporary be lost for biodiversity conservation, but later repopulation from the protected char area is expected.

o Further compensation for the loss of habitat will be obtained by improving the local and national knowledge on charlands and their biodiversity. This will also enhance future protection. In stead of a Jamuna-type of wildlife museum, a full-fledged Charland Visitor Centre would be established. A suitable location would be (close to) Mawa, from where tourists and day-trippers from Dhaka can travel per (electric) boat to the protected char area on char Janajat or elsewhere in order to make a guided walk in the nature reserve and watch the reed lands with its fauna. For this purpose an educative wildlife observation tract will be designed and created in the conservation area. In the Visitor Centre itself, information (brochures, exhibits, souvenirs) will be available, showing aspects of the Padma bridge project, of the compensation measures to maintain the area's ecological values, and of charland development and biodiversity. Experience elsewhere has shown the positive effects of this provision of educative information, especially among school children.

The Mawa site is preferred for the Visitor Centre, since large numbers of schoolchildren are expected; their visits might well be limited if they have to pay toll. The PMBP construction yard on the Mawa side (state land) will be used by bridge authorities after bridge construction, but they need less than half of the area. The Visitor Centre could be constructed (or -existing building could be converted) on the other half.

For design of the Centre, its exhibits and educational materials and for training of staff a professional organization with experience in eeo-tourism development will have to be involved.

(202) River dredging will force aquatic fauna away from their preferred habitat. Dredging for river training works and other PMBP activities will generate more than 44 million m3 of dredged material.

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The various project sites (roads, service areas, construction yards, railway stations, toll plazas and the river training works themselves) will require some 20.2 million m3 of dredged material for filling. Since most of the filling will take place before the main river training work dredging most of the material will be required from other areas, mainly from the river itself. Depending on exact locations and timing of river dredging, the impact will be significant: the Dredging Material Management Plan (DMMP) will have to indicate the details. Part ofthe impact will be temporary (two seasons); most aquatic species are likely to return after the completion of the work. Many benthic invertebrates (crabs, mollusks, worms) are not able to actively and quickly move away from dredging activities and will be killed. Further destabilization and upturning of mudflat sediment may result in damage to those benthic populations. Sediment organisms play an important role in the aquatic food web and in cycling of energy, but the damage to mudflat invertebrates by river dredging is not considered significant, since it will be localized and since the invertebrate species concerned are common and they have a high regenerating capacity. More important is the damage to the breeding and nursing biotope of fishes and the feeding area for dolphins; this impact and suitable mitigation were largely discussed in earlier sections (submerged parts of charlands), but the following mitigations should be added and be part of the DMMP:

o Dredgingforfilling material should avoid the charlands and their submerged extensions as much as possible. Dredging of parts of Janajat Char and Chandra Bari Char, both biodiversity hotspots will have to be excluded.

o The proposed charland protected area should extend into the river as a fish sanctuary, in order to safeguard breeding, nursing and fishing areas for aquatic fauna. Also the aquatic part of the conservation area should be well demarcated and guarded; it is expected that this measure will have a positive effect on fish and dolphin populations that far exceeds the compensation for dredging.

(203) Deep dredging in the main gully during March-May will interfere with Hilsa migration. There is quite some confusion regarding the migration patterns of Hilsa, but the present status of science confirms that all subspecies of this commercially and dietary important fish migrate from seawater to freshwater for breeding. Various Hilsa breeding grounds are situated upstream of the project site. The Dredging Material Management Plan should include the following mitigating measure:

o Dredging for the RTW on the Mawa side (two km) should be suspended during the main Hilsa migration period (March to May). On the Janjira side dredging may continue.

(204) Dredging may damage unknown sites and objects of cultural or heritage importance. It should be realized that the Ganges and Brahmaputra delta also have been densely populated during medieval times and before. Objects and sites of archaeological value might have been covered over centuries by river sediments and could be exposed during dredging. A recent case of a suddenly emerging medieval temple from the Ganges River, just before merging with Brahmaputra has shown that such events are even likely.

o Chance-finds procedures should be included in the contract documents for the dredging contractor.

(205) Disposal of dredged material on charlands will severely impact flora and fauna. There is shortage of dredged material in the early project phases (for filling of sites) and there will be more than 25 million m3 excess dredged material in later phases, mainly resulting from the river training works. It was proposed to stockpile this dredged material during the dry (dredging) season on two charlands, the Majhir char and char Tarapasa. The stockpiling will result in raising the level of the chars by (at least) some 3.2 m; all this dredged material is expected to erode into the river during the subsequent monsoons, when river silt content and turbidity are high already. The selected stockpile areas are considered 'not in use'. As far as human use is concerned this might be correct, but as was stated already earli¥r the charlands, and especially their submerged parts, play an important role in river ecology and in production of the commercially important food fish for the Bangladesh population. During the monsoon the newly vegetated areas add to the submerged parts (the plants provide stabilization of those mudflats), and it is exactly there that fish eggs are deposited, where young fish (fry and fingerlings) find their feed, and where fish eaters, including dolphins and otters, find their prey. By uplifting of the surface of the chars the monsoon will not be able to transfer them

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into the usual wetland areas, and as a consequence the charlands are lost for fish reproduction and dolphin feeding.

(206) There are additional impacts from stockpiling of dredged material because of increased river transportation by dredgers and by pumping of dredged material (oil, noise, vibration). Levels and impacts are unclear. It is also not clear what the relation is between stockpiling on Majhir Char and the need for new gullies for barges and ferries through the same char.

o Adaptation of the DMMP is not easy, especially since no clear picture is available of how much dredged material will be available when and where and what type of dredging equipment will be used. In Bangladesh a continuous demand for filling material exists and the possibilities to bring supply and demand together have not been investigated fully. This might result in a considerable quantity of dredged material for which no other option exists than temporary or permanent stockpiling (land reclamation). So far only an outline ofthe DMMP has been prepared. It is essential to work out a more detailed plan together with the dredging contractor, during contract negotiations.

o Part of the dredged material might be used for creation of a new, artificial char with low elevation, if a location can be identified where such char may be reasonably expected to possess a life time of 10+ years. Such an artificial area, if protected from human immigration, could well develop in a biodiversity-rich char in 3-4 years time and would meet the demands for a compensatory char protected area. Small damage will be compensated by the proposed Nature reserve andfish sanctuary.

(207) Water quality will deteriorate during dredging. Aspects of water quality deterioration were discussed earlier, and the proposed mitigation activities will also be required:

(208) Monitoring is required oftotal soluble solids (TSS) and total dissolved solids (TDS), followed by dredging adaptations in order to keep them under acceptable levels. This includes monitoring during monsoon periods in case substantial silt stockpiling on chars takes place.

6.5.3 Piling impacts (209) Piling takes place during the construction phase only. Impacts will therefore mainly have a temporary character, but effects are significant and lasting. The following impacts are foreseen:

(210) Disturbance offish migration route by vibrations. The anadromous Hilsa fish migrates upstream for feeding and breeding during March-May. Young fish and returning adults will migrate back to the sea throughout the year, but with a distinct peak during the winter months. Although Hilsa migrates mainly through deeper parts of the river, also vibrations from piling in shallow stretches will be transmitted through the river water and disturb migration. For most commercially important species (Hilsa, carps, catfish) migration is indispensable to reach the breeding areas close to or upstream of the project site. Vibrations caused by piling will chase fish away from the wider area, resulting in loss of recruitment. Although these disturbances will take place during two years only, the effect on especially Hilsa will be long-lasting: interruption of its migration from the sea to the upstream breeding areas will result in the absence of two year-classes born upstream of the project site, and those year-classes will subsequently not use the same migration route when they are adult. This will virtually eliminate the breeding opportunities for this important food fish in the traditional Padma breeding areas upstream of the project site. This is especially important since Hilsa recruitment is already suffering from the stress of overfishing.

(211) Also downstream migration, especially of Hilsa during winter, will be negatively influenced by vibrations, but the seawards thrive is probably strong enough to overcome the disturbance. Moreover, interruption of downstream migration has no direct negative effect on recruitment.

o In order to safeguard fish migration, piling in water should be discontinued during March to May in deeper areas of the river. After extensive discussions with the project authorities it was decided that this mitigation measure is achievable with a depth limitation of seven meter. A shallower limitation would create unacceptable technical and financial problems.

o Piling on land, on Majhir char and in water shallower than seven meter might in principle continue during March-May, provided that vibration measurements and Hilsa observations

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indicate uninterrupted migration. If monitoring results point at severe interruption of Hilsa migration the acceptable piling depth will be decreased.

(212) Noise pollution from piling disturbs behaviour of aquatic fauna. There has been much scientific debate over sound levels causing problems for dolphins and fish. Typically, fish detect sounds of frequencies up to 2,000 Hz and will thus be able to hear underwater noise generated by piling. The sideline organs of fish are extremely sensitive for vibrations. All fish is expected to move away from the area during piling activities, which will create low yields for the 2,700 full-time fishermen and the scores of temporary fishermen traditionally active in the area.

(213) Dolphins have very sensitive acoustic organs, and thus are sensitive to noise and vibration. Ganges River Dolphins are present within the project site; they are likely to avoid the area during the construction period and especially during the main calving period (mainly May-July). Both dolphins and fish use sounds for communication; strong vibrations might well disturb their common behaviour patterns, potentially resulting in loss of reproduction capacity. Combination ofthese effects with the loss of breeding and nursing biotopes for fish and feeding ground for dolphins from dredging operations will cause a major project impact.

(214) The limited data available show that also turtles can hear low-frequency sounds. Behavioural changes have been observed when turtles are exposed to sound levels above 175 dB. These aquatic turtles, all endangered, use charlands near the project area as their nesting site; disturbing of nesting might have a negative influence on the already vulnerable turtle populations.

(215) Birds generally react on sudden noise by flying up and away. Commonly they return to their nesting or feeding places straight away. It is expected that virtually all bird species will avoid the area close to the project site during construction activities, but that they will return to the charlands immediately thereafter. In case of continuing strong noise, however, biologically relevant bird songs may be masked, resulting in lower breeding success. The following mitigation is required:

o The piling system with lowest sound generation should be selected in order to keep the disturbances as minimal as possible.

o In order to prevent impacts on reproduction of the Ganges Dolphin, noise should be kept as low as possible during the main calving period, which is May to July. For this reason, the limitation to piling for Hilsa migration (during March to May not in areas deeper than seven m) will be extended till end of July.

(216) Transportation of piles and other large materials will require dredging away of parts of Majhir Char. In addition, the provision of alternative routes for ferries will result in additional gullies through char Janajat. Dredging of gullies will not only counteract the deposit plans for dredged material on the char, but it will also decrease the ecologically important charland proper. In order to keep the latter impacts as low as possible:

o Char dredging has to be limited as much as possible. Whenever possible, barges and ferries should make use of existing gullies and new and temporary ferry ghats should be located downstream ofthe project site (east of the River Training Works). Continued use of the present Kewrakandi Ghat, making use of the existing gullies, is an acceptable option for small craft only.

6.5.4 Impacts of River Training Works (217) Impacts ofRTW on floodplain and river ecology are in principle long lasting or permanent. These impacts are highly significant in view ofthe large footprint ofthe RTW, which is estimated at 328 ha on land and 292 ha in the river. The following impacts are foreseen:

(218) Dredging, filling and reshaping of 15 km of RTW alignment (44 million m3 in two years) will result in substantial loss of wildlife habitat. All embankments around the project site are wildlife areas, especially those where grass and reed vegetations have established. Given the limited availability of non-in habita ted lands in Bangladesh and the high natural biodiversity, it is essential to keep as many charlands as possible untouched. The value of these sites is in principle comparable to that of the charland beaches discussed earlier ( dredging impacts), although some areas are prone to human disturbance. Replacement of the natural embankments by artificial materials in order to

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increase bank stability will have a severe effect on all elements of the river bank ecosystems. Especially the submerged parts of the embankments are important: their benthic communities, macrophytes and plankton provide main breeding, nursing and feeding biotopes for numerous fish and crustacean species, as well as feeding grounds for dolphins.

o Main mitigating will be the compensation for the loss of wildlife habitat by the establishment of a protected area or reserve for charland wildlife, as described under dredging impacts.

(219) Increase of turbidity during the dry season will inhibit production of plankton, the basis of the aquatic food chain. Since most dredging will take place along the embankments, where the major feeding places are concentrated, the effect might be substantial. In addition, dredged material will settle on submerged plants downstream, inhibiting photosynthesis and therewith their function in the ecosystems.

o Main mitigating measures were mentioned under the section on dredging; they mainly consist of anti-turbidity valves on the cutterheads and of constant monitoring of turbidity. When turbidity along the embankments downstream of the dredging operations reach TSS values of 200 mg/I for longer than 2 hours there will be an unacceptable high risk of damage to fish gills, and dredging schedules will have to be adapted or silt curtains will have to be used.

(220) The use of anchoring materials (geobags, riprap, geotextile) will result in a loss of 700 ha natural embankment with submerged forelands. Embankments, and especially the submerged parts, are important feeding and breeding biotopes for virtually all aquatic fauna. Undisturbed parts are nesting places for birds and reptiles. Natural shore vegetation is rich in insects, serving as food for birds. Protected stable riverbanks with underwater slope coverage have the positive impact of providing more shelter to fish and other aquatic life as compared with present embankments, but shelter is substantially less important than other habitat functions.

o No direct mitigation is possible, but the impacts support the need for compensation in the form of a wildlife reserve or sanctuary, including a riverine zone.

(221) River training works decrease the present seasonal wetland area. Temporary wetlands are flooded agricultural lands during the monsoon periods. Their ecological significance is more or less comparable to that of the submerged areas around the chars; decrease of the wetland area will result in loss of feeding and nursing biotope of all fish and crustacean species.

o No direct mitigation, but the impacts support the need for the compensation in the form of a wildlife reserve or sanctuary, including a riverine zone.

(222) Embankment dredging will force aquatic fauna away from their preferred habitat. Dredging for filling material is already discussed under the dredging section above. The longitudinal character of dredging for river training works will have an additional impact on Hilsa migration, especially along the northern embankment.

o Dredging for river training works along the northern shore should be suspended during the main Hi/sa migration period (March-May). Dredging along the south-western side (Janjira side) may continue.

o In order to prevent concentration of silt and other waste, dredging should proceed in upstream direction. An additional advantage is that aquatic fauna will be driven towards clean water.

(223) The RTW and the raised alignments of the approach road will obstruct the natural drainage flow in the area. This may lead to waterlogging problems and stagnation of flood water after floods retreat.

o For mitigation and prevention of these problems it is important to keep the existing natural drainage system functioning and to improve the system where the natural flow is blocked, hampered or changed in direction. A number of bridges and culverts have been designed to overcome these problems, but waterlogging may still create local problems in residential and agriculture areas. It is important to monitor the natural flow system during the monsoon and flood period for a number of years. It is expected that improvements to the drainage systems

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might be required at a number of localized places. Special attention should be given to the outflow of the natural drains, streams and gullies collecting flood/rainwater from the areas behind the RTW.

(224) The use of dredged material in the construction of RTW might affect neighbouring agricultural and residential areas. The leachate of these sediments might contain colloids and possible harmful substances which might percolate into the surface and groundwater system of the hinterland. Damage to adjacent agricultural lands and homestead areas should be avoided.

o To mitigate this problem, a buffer zone behind the RTW of 150m wide with tree plantations and a proper drainage system should be created to contain seepage and leaching of effluents from dredged material, which might especially occur during floods and monsoon. The side slopes of the embankments should be properly compacted and covered with a layer of topsoil of at least O.5m. A turf grass cover should prevent possible erosion and gullying. More inland a strip planted with trees and a deep drain should separate the RTW from the hinterland.

o Provisions should be made to set aside sufficient good quality topsoil before starting with the RTW.

6.6 Impacts during operation and maintenance stage

6.6.1 Social impacts (225) Increased risks because of enhanced traffic volume. A considerable increase in traffic passing the bridge is expected from 12,056 vehicles per day in 2014 to more than 75,500 in 2044. This increase will have impacts on the environmental quality for the population living in the roadside settlements.

o Settlement planning should include traffic management and noise reduction in order to prevent decline of the quality ofliving and to prevent increase of safety hazards and accidents.

o An Emergency Response Plan has been prepared, which covers all aspects of emergency management including prevention, preparation, response and follow-up of emergencies (accidents, flooding, spill/leakage of hazardous materials). An Emergency Response Team and an Emergency Response Centre with trained staff and equipment will be established to deal with such events.

(226) Increased Green House Gas emissions. It is expected that more than 75,500 vehicles will cross Padma River daily in the year 2044, contributing extra GHG emissions of approximately334,200 ton CO2 equivalents/year (based on use of conventional fuel). Total project GHG emission contribution as compared to the national total and world emission is insignificant. Moreover, the suspension of regular ferry services will contribute to a further reduction ofGHG emissions.

o Introduction o/new techniques and new sources offuel wherever possible will result in lowering the additional GHG emissions.

6.6.2 Environmental impacts (227) Increased noise levels because of enhanced traffic volume and speed. Traffic speed will be higher on the planned four-lane road, adding to noise. Commercially impDrtant fish species like carps and catfish breed near the project site. It is unclear what the effect of traffic noise will be on their reproductive behaviour, but since this noise is expected to be of a relatively continuous character their will be quick habituation, as is presently the case with the noise from river traffic. Vibrations from trains, however, might cause more disturbances, since they will be transmitted through water and they are less continuous. Train vibrations might well result in a permanent loss .of a part of the present feeding, breeding and nursing biotDpe of dolphins and fish, and, especially, .of resting and staging grounds for migratory birds. .

(228) Noise from traffic will not have an impact on bird presence or behaviour; since the noise is more cDncentrated in place and more continuous in time than that from the present system of irregular ferry movements. The presence of other terrestrial wildlife and livestock species is a testament to their resilience to human induced disturbance.

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a Provision of sound screens/barriers along the new road in the neighbourhood of schools and, ifnoise measurements command so, also in the neighbourhood of homesteads and settlements.

a Use of silent sleepers on the bridge proper. a Provide speed reduCing devices on the bridge and set maximum train speed.

(229) Oil spills from the bridge.

a Provision of oil gutters along the road on the bridge.

(230) Change of river and floodplain hydrology because of RTW Long-term impacts from RTW cannot be prevented: flow patterns may lead to changes in charland patterns different from what would have happened without the RTW. Natural erosion and accretion processes will be influenced.and replaced by comparable processes elsewhere. This, in tum, might influence the livelihoods of people living along the river.

a No direct mitigation, but changes in flow patterns should be monitored and potentially affected people should be warned well in advance.

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7 CLIMATE CHANGE AND OTHER RELEVANT ISSUES FOR BRIDGE DESIGN

7.1 Climate change

(231) The Government of Bangladesh has a pro-active policy with regard to climate change. In 2008, the national "Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan" was published, prioritizing disaster risk reduction, decreasing of carbon emissions, and provision of adequate finance for mitigation of impacts.

(232) Climate change may result in the rise of future sea levels, higher temperatures, and wind speeds and increased cyclone intensities and rainfall, which are all factors that may affect the design of the Padma Bridge. A study was carried out as part of the EIA into the potential effects of climate change.

7.1.1 Future sea level rise (233) Sea level rise in the Bay of Bengal is the combined effect of global sea level rise, local changes in sea level due to ocean density and circulation changes and possible subsidence or uplift of the delta. The study used a model previously used in climate studies in Bangladesh. Three scenarios for global sea level rise in the year 2100 as projected by the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2007 were used:

• a high-end, low-probability estimate of sea level rise of 0.98 m; • a low-end estimate of sea level rise of 0.26 m; • a pragmatic mid-range estimate of sea level rise of 0.60 m;

(234) The above scenarios would cause a water-level rise at the bridge site of respectively 0.47 m, 0.27 m and 0.09 m. Even in the most extreme scenario seawater intrusion would remain far from the bridge site, which is located 240 km inland.

7.1.2 Temperature and windforce (235) Maximum, mean and minimum temperatures can rise between 2° and 4° C. The maximum temperature can reach values of 43.9° C in 2050 and 46.6 ° C in the year 2100 in the once in hundred year event. Cyclone intensities may increase with 10 to 20%. Wind forces can increase to 110 kmIhr and during cyclones even up to 126 kmlhr.

7.1.3 Rainfall and hydrology (236) Due to climate change the maximum rainfall may increase to 372 mm for I-day and 514 mm for a 2-day period. The increased rainfall intensities can affect the entire hydrology of the Ganges­Brahmaputra basin. Model studies show that increased precipitation could result in a potential peak discharge of 151,000 m3/sec at Padma Bridge and a minimum flow of7,345 m3/sec.

7.1.4 Impacts on bridge design (237) Based on the results of the climate change studies the following extreme situations were taken into consideration in the design of the Padma Bridge:

• A maximum extra water-level increase at the bridge site of 0.63 m, which is the combined impact of sea level rise (extreme scenario) and increased rainfall in the catchment area leading to a maximum water level of7.44m PWD;

• A maximum temperature of 46.6 °C and a minimum temperature of 9.3 °C; • A maximum rainfall of372 mm in I-day period and 514 mm in a 2-day period; • A predicted maximum peak discharge of 151,100 m3/sec and a lowest flow of 7,345 m3/sec; and • Maximum wind speed of 126 kmIh.

(238) Following these design criteria no direct impacts from climate change on lifetime and functioning of the bridge is expected.

(239) A positive impact from the project might be mentioned as well: one of the pillars of the Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan is to develop infrastructure to ensure that coastal and river

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embankments are fit to deal with likely impacts. The project's RTW assist in meeting this national strategy.

7.1.5 Greenhouse gas emissions (240) Bangladesh' Climate Change Strategy advertises low carbon development as one of its six main pillars. During the project's climate change study, assessments were made of the carbon emissions from fuel combustion, evaporation and leaks after construction of the bridge: they are estimated to rise from the present 165 ton/year to some 750 ton/year in 2014 (and to a tenfold ofthis in 2044). Although the total amount might be insignificant from a global perspective, the impact will certainly be negative and will need to be compensated by emission decreases elsewhere. The proposed use of hollow cement blocks in stead of traditional bricks for all building activities on resettlement sites and the planned increase of the number of trees in the area will result in partial compensation.

7.2 Erosion

(241) Erosion of river banks and of charlands is a common phenomenon in the active Padma River system. Periods with little erosion and more accretion usually alternate with periods of increased land erosion.

7.2.1 Natural bank erosion (242) During the last two years Char Janajat has been exposed to increased land erosion and it is expected that the charlands upstream of the Arial Khan off-take may also experience some massive erosion, especially on Char Badrashan. This could be caused by a change in the main channel flow of the Padma River in southern direction. This will happen both with and without the project, and is expected to become more severe due to future heavier rainfall patterns and accelerated melting of Himalayan glaciers. It is not very likely that the bridge will have much influence on this erosion process. The affected area lies more than 15-20 km upstream of the bridge and studies with numerical and physical models concluded that the expected backwater effect from the bridge would be not more than 2 km upstream. Further protection of the charlands at the present time would fall beyond the scope of the present project.

7.2.2 Possible impacts on charlantis (243) However, char dwellers could attribute the increased erosion to the construction of the bridge and raise compensation claims against BBA. For this reason a Charland Monitoring and Management Framework (CMMF) has been prepared which gives guidelines for identifying potential impacts and risks for the charland communities given the uncertainty of erosion and accretion processes in the floodplain of the Padma River. Development of an Early Warning System for riverine floods and subsequent erosion levels will have to be included.

66

8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

8.1 Objectives of the EMP

(244) This section presents an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) that outlines a programme of activities to minimize or attenuate potential environmental impacts.

(245) The main objective of the EMP is to:

• Ensure that negative impacts identified in this EIA are effectively eliminated, controlled, mitigated or compensated;

• Provide guidance to the implementing organisation (BBA and their Consultants and Contractors working on the Project) on appropriate measures to be implemented to ensure that impacts are effectively eliminated, controlled, mitigated or compensated;

• Build capacity within the implementing organisations in environmental management; and • Provide training in environmental management to staff involved in construction and in the

operation of the project.

(246) The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) includes various categories of mitigating and compensating measures. These are appropriate instruments that can be adopted to prevent, mitigate or compensate for potential impacts or risks caused by the project. The measures include:

• Measures that can be included in design and contract documents. Many of the measures are included in lists of Environmental Code of Practices (ECP) to be annexed to the general conditions of all contracts carried out under the project;

• Stand-alone mitigation measures, for which the required actions are beyond the responsibility or ability of contractors, unless the contracts are specifically aiming at such measures; and

• Proactive compensatory measures, e.g. measures to preserve specific habitats.

(247) An overview of impacts and mitigating measures is presented in Table 8.1.

8.2 Measures in Design and Contract Documents

8.2.1 Environmental Code of Practices (248) The ETA process was instrumental in improving some ofthe earlier design options (in river training works, resettlement sites, approach roads, etc). The design consultant has incorporated general and specific environmental protection measures into the contract documents.

(249) Most of the construction related impacts and some of the operation related impacts can be prevented, minimised or mitigated by following environmentally-friendly design options and by including special conditions in the respective construction bid documents. A standard Environmental Code of Practices (ECP) has been prepared to address all general less significant construction-related environmental impacts. ECP's for 19 different construction related activities is presented in Annex C.

(250) The design consultant will include relevant ECP's in the contract documents and makes them conditional for contract award.The task of the supervising consultant is to monitor implementation.

8.2.2 Measures to be budgeted by contractors (251) The specific measures concerned are listed hereunder. In general they concern adaptations in technology that are not expected to require substantial funds: they can be found within the already specified budgets for civil and social works. The identified measures will complement the environmental requirements that are normally included in contractor contracts relating to waste and sewage, noise and vibrations, health and safety, damage to properties, etc.

67

IMPACTS/ISSUES

PADMAM{JI.:l1lfJJ'RPOSE BRIDGE

Table 8.1 - Overview of significant impacts, mitigation measures and monitoring activities

MITIGA TION TIME I COST IN I RESPONSIBILITY MONITORING MEASURES FRAME USD x 103 Implement. I Supervision INDICATORS

MONITORING FREQUENCY

1 Safe and reliable fixed river 1 Desirable outcome of traffic volume monthly

""~r.9"~~iI:t.fL"""""""""""_,,,,," .. """,""","""""" __ ,_,,_ _____pr.~1~~!"",""""_""""""""""""''''''''"''''''_ 2 Economic indirect benefits on 2 Desirable outcome of regional economic

development of SW re ion pro· ect statistics

rAi~pRE-C()N~Jt'CTION STAGE: S~:IM'~CTS 1 Land Acquisition for project t Compensation according - land acquired

(1,039 hal to Resettlement Action compensation Plans (RAP I, II, III) and Entitlement Matrix

..... , .. --... -,-..... -...... ,,,,,,,. "''''''''"''""-"''"''''-".-.... ,,-"""-.... -----[----''-----''"---"""-.. """"-"""-"-·"-"1""'"'"'''''''''··'''· ... ''''· ..... "-,, .. ''''''''' 2 Land Requisition (temporary) for 2 Engage NGOs for 2009-2014

construction yards (146 hal implementation of RAPs

byDCandBBA persons resettled,

-"",,,,,,",,,, ,-"",.,.,+-''''''''''--."'''''',,.,,''',' -grievances and INOO, BBA,NGO

PIU,EMA quarterly

3 Resettlement of 4,975 households (HH) from project

1 Total for RAP I, II and III

claims submitted and solved

INGO ··········"'11>10""""" ·,····'!=HH'resettiedTnRS I permanent

areas 2010-2011

2010- 2012

2010-2020

4b Compensation under RAP 12010 - 2011 to 8,526 families for loss of and stock

309

Included in RAP I, II and III

68

PIU, NGOs

PIll, NGOs

NGOs

BBA,DAE

BBA,DAE

CSC, PIU

PIU, EMA

- HH resettled in host areas

- Infrastructure & - services in

- Persons receiving short-term and long-term assistance

Compensation paid by DC andBBA

permanent

I permanent

permanent

permanent

permanent

IMPACTS/ISSUES MITIGATION MEASURES

TIME FRAME

5 Decreasing of crop land quality 15a Compacting of filled areas 12010 - 2011 5b Reuse of top soil after 2010-2011

tilling 5c 12011-2014

6 Loss of 12 ha of fish ponds 16a Full compensation for loss 12010-11

7 Shortage of fuel wood

8 Clearance of vegetation and dwellings on 15 km of embankment

9 Relocation of local ferry ghats to a new site

2 Removal of about 560,822 trees including bamboo and banana trees

offish 6b Construction of 1.5 ha of 12010-2011

environmental authorities 2a Compensation of tree

owners

2010-2020

2c Replanting of 12010-2012 405,46ltrees of upto 1 year old (saplings) and with comparable diversity 12010-2012 (without bamboo and banana) 12014-2016

2d Maintenance and watering of replanted trees 12011-2015

2e Distribution of banana and bamboo saplings to the

of host 2010

COSTIN USD x 103

In budget Contractor

1.5 ha

RESPONSIBILITY

Implement. Supervision

included in I('()ntr!'ld()r<: RAPs

PIU, CSC

PIU

NOO,BBA

],383 NOO FD

NOO FD

NOO FD 922

NOO FD 461

p.m.

69

MONITORING INDICATORS

MONITORING FREQUENCY

Pollutants in fill I Weekly Topsoil in place permanent

Turf Compensation paid I permanent

Ponds I permanent

Compensation paid 1 permanent

Compensation paid I permanent

monthly

documents Compensation paid 1 permanent

Nr of trees planted I permanent

Nr of trees cared for 1 permanent

Nr of saplings planted

Routes thr'

permanent

···················1

------- -------- --------

MITIGATION TIME IMPACTS/ISSUES

MEASURES FRAME

construction yards ~~~~

and processing facilities

COSTIN USD x 103

Contractor

70

RESPONSIBILITY

Implement. I Supervisio;

I --------

MONITORING INDICATORS

MONITORING FREQUENCY

RESPONSIBILITY I MPACTSIISSUES

transportation I ferry routes; 1 b Movement of barges only 12010-2014 ° 1 Contractors I PIU I Uninterrupted river I permanent

2 ::~~:::;:~~::drivcr-- F~=:~:;;~~~, 12010-2014 Included IContractors I PIU I Roads and bypasses I permanent in

Civilwo Contractors PIU Road status reports 1 monthly rks Contractors PIU Nr of complaints permanent

2b Repair damage on roads 12010-2014 1 Included in Civilwo

rks 2c Maintain uninterrupted 2010·2014

traffic flows -----------------.... --... -... -----... " ... "-.--1"-.-----------.. -... ""-----.------.. --------"---.-.--,, .. -. 3 Increased risk of accidents 3 Restrict movement of I Contractors I PIU I Nr of accidents I permanent

vessels, barges, dredgers

!~5!~~ig~~~~"~.~~ 4 Keep night-time activities 12010-2014 0 1 Contractors IPIU I Logbooks; nr of I permanent

to a minimum

2 Surface ·wa"tc"r-quaTii:Y·-------,,·-·"-·-·[i"Permaneni"monTtori'ng"--"-'12(jfo~26"i4'" ·· __ ······r-----4-f----IContractors-·----·j"PI-U;AEc-------lTi5s;-T~·,_S~heavy 13times a year dredging

3 Loss·orapp;:ox~1;2"6·;rha-or·------ ---____________ ..---- ... ------l---------+--------;;-~:rl~~ton I 3a Compensation by 2010-2014 1,434 Consultants, PIU, IUCN Status reports;

wildlife habitat because of establishment and 5 year contractors, monitoring reports charland and riverine dredging O&M of 1,000 ha NGOs

protected wetland area on Char, incl. riverine fisheries sanctuary

3b Establishment and 5 year 12010-2014 1.279 1 Consultants. 1 PIU. IUCN

71

MITIGATION TIME IMP ACTSIISSUES

MEASURES FRAME

O&M of a Charland Visitor Centre

3c Dredging Material 2011-2012 Management Plan, cxcluding biodiversity hotspots on Char JanajatJChar Chandra Bari

3d Minimize release of oil 1201 0-2014 and other toxic substances .................................................................................................................... _ ...... r ........................................ _ ...... _ .... _ ...... _ ..................................................

4 Intcrference with Hilsa migration 4 No dredging in water at 2010-2014

M.~" •• ""'"M.'.'"".'·MM_"_" ______ ._ ...... __ •• " ........ ,""_

5 Impact on buried archaeological or historic objects or sites in flood Elain and river

6 Stockpiling of dredged material

routes

2 Noise pollution disturbs behaviour of aquatic fauna

Mawa side during March-

.......... l\.IIax .. _ .................................................................................... 5 Chance-finds procedures

in dredging contracts

6a Dregding Material 12010-2014 Management Plan, excluding biodiversity hotspots on Char JanajatJChar Chandra Bari

6b Find market for dredged 2010 material

6c Consider creation of an 2010·2011 artificial char at a location

2a Use piling system with lowest sound generation

2bNopilinginwater>7m 12010·2014 deep during April·July (main dolphin calving

COSTIN USD x 10'

In budget Contractor

0

0

0

0

0

o

o

72

RESPONSIBILITY I MONITORING MONITORING Implement. I Supervision I INDICATORS FREQUENCY

contractors, NOOs

Contractors IPIU, IUCN IDMMP; I mid-20l0 Monitoring reports

1 Contractors IPIU 1 Inspection reports I permanent

Contractors pru Inspection reports I permanent Monitoring reports

'"M""'._, .. _M __ .• _~_. ___ ... " ••••• ," ..... ,"" •• "'_".<" ,

Contractor PIU, Number of chance I permanent finds

I Contractors IPIU IDMMP; I mid-20W Monitoring reports

Contractors, IPIU I Sales I end of 2010 NOOs Consultant, IPIU I Char for protected I quarterly IUCN area

Contractors permanent

Contractors Piling Plan I mid-2010 Monitoring reports

IMPACTS/ISSUES MITIGATION MEASURES

Establishment of compensation wildlife

2 2a Permanent

" __ "_""U_" ___ M"~.H'M' ..••... _ •••..•• _ •• " •• " •• __ ••• ,_" •• ___ •• _._ ••• _ ••••

3 Natural drainage flow will be influenced by stockpiling of dredged material and higher

see under dredging-2 2b Dredge in upstream

direction -'j----Drainageprovislons

2010-2014

2010-2014

embankments - - .. ~"~N!:A'Nb MAIN'fE~k~$!l

.. 1 a Traffic management and

2 Increased greenhouse gas emissions due to increased traffic volume

2 bridge

noise reduction in settlement planning

I b Emergency response plan, 12010 team and centre

Ie Provision of sound screens 12010-2014 in selected places, if

la Silent sleepers on bridge I b Speed reduction devices

for traffic/train 2

2010-2014 2010-2014

2014

COSTIN RESPONSIBILITY

o Contractors

o Contractors

1,228

p.m.

Civilworks Included in I Operator

Civilwo rks

73

PlU

PlU

DMMP mid-2010

DMMP mid-2010

Response on yearly emergencies Noise measurements I monthly

Gutters in place

IMPACTSIISSUES MITIGATION MEASURES

systems (underpasses,

TIME FRAME

mig~t£.h(it1gt:____ ----------------------1 ........ -... . 5 Morphological changes in river 5 Extension of revetment from 2012

might cause bank erosion along bund to protect Southern

- .... !~~ .. §~~t_~!?(i'.l,~ ..... _ ............ _. ______ .____________ .... -(iI?PE2-~<?-~-!I?(i~------ .. -----.--1-... ---.-----.--.. -._ .. _._ .. _._ 6 Shifting of main channel Padma 6 Design solution to prevent from 2012

River to the South Bank may erosion during high floods induce new bank erosion up and to stabilize char stream of Arial Khan

RESPONSIBILITY COSTIN USD x 103 Implement. Supervision

Civilworks

BBA

Included in I BBA RTW

p.m. IBBA

74

BBA

MONITORING INDICATORS

monsoon

patterns

MONITORING FREQUENCY

quarterly

Stabilization plan 12014

(252) Additional measures are:

• Restriction of construction yards to old lands and developed charlands; • Compacting of filled areas, covering them with top soil from old settlements, planting them with

turf, and maintaining turf until full cover is established. (as far as road verges are concerned, spraying of a mixture of tar, compost and grass seeds guarantees low levels of erosion during germination and quick turf establishment);

• Provision of ponds for domestic use and fish production in the resettlement areas (approximately 12 ha, to compensate for the loss of an equal area);

• Use of hollow cement blocks for buildings in stead of traditional bricks; • Acquisition of environmental clearance for harvesting of natural products (rocks, gravel); • Use of silent sleepers for railway; • Provision of oil gutters along the bridge; • Interruption of piling in water deeper than seven m during March-July; • Use of a piling system with lowest sound generation; • Prevention of night-time activities with bright lights, especially in or close to the river; • Use of anti-turbidity valves for dredging; • Maximum restriction of Char dredging and no dredging at Char Janajat and Chandra Bari Char,

both biodiversity hotspots; • Suspension ofRTW dredging at the Mawa side during the main fish migration period (March­

May); and • Dredging in upstream direction.

(253) During construction, the consultant responsible for supervision ofEMP and RAP will monitor civil works contractors and verify that they implement the works in accordance with the measures mentioned in the construction bid documents. The supervising consultant will also raise environmental sensitivity and awareness of the personnel of contractors and sub-contractors working on the project.

8.3 Stand alone mitigation and compensation measures

8.3.1 Social Action Plan (254) A Social Action Plan (SAP) has been prepared which details compensation and resettlement. These are based on the following principles:

• Avoid or minimize impacts through alternative designs; • Consultation of affected households and disclosure of plans at the project sites; • Compensation of lost assets at full replacement cost determined by an independent property

valuation commission; • Provision of resettlement assistance to all affected persons; • Establish grievances committees to resolve disputes; • Provision of additional assistance to poor women and vulnerable groups; • Provision of income and livelihood restoration support; and • Monitoring by independent external agency/experts.

(255) The details of these principles have been worked out and included in a Resettlement Framework, which describes all the entitlements, procedures and activities for compensation and resettlement assistance to the affected households and individuals. An overview of the eligibility for entitlements is given in Annex D. The Social Action Plan further includes Resettlement Action Plans for the different project components and supporting programmes focussed on participatory approach, support to poor women and vulnerable groups, public health and safety, and potential impacts on charlands. A summary of the cost of SAP is given in Table 8.2.

8.3.2 Resettlement Action Plans . (256) Resettlement Action Plans have been made for the Resettlement sites (RAP I), the Main Bridge and Approach roads (RAP II) and the River Training Works (RAP III). Four resettlement sites will be developed for permanent relocation of households which have indicated to be willing to

75

resettle in these villages. Designs for these resettlement villages have been prepared; they include the provision of infrastructure and services. Another group of households has expressed their wish to relocate themselves (self-relocation in host areas). These households will be absorbed in neighbouring villages to share existing civil facilities. In order to support the integration of these families into the existing communities the project will improve or expand the existing religious and educational facilities in these host villages, as well as physical infrastructure, such as access roads, water supply, drainage and power supply.

8.3.3 Income and Livelihood Restoration Plan (257) As part of the Resettlement Action Plans an Income and Livelihood Restoration Plan is prepared, in order to develop alternative incomes and skills for those people that are forced out of their traditional livelihoods: farmers, fishermen, ferry personnel. Some of those people (numbers are not yet known) may be employed temporary in project activities, but most of them will require a complete new life. A development fund of I million US$ is earmarked for the Plan; it is not yet clear if, and for what part, this fund will be used for compensation of lost income.

Table 8.2 - Cost summary of Social Action Plan

Item million BDT million USD I RAP-I 2,100.00 30.66 2 RAP-II 6,464.57 94.37 3 RAP-III 9,956.58 145.56 4 Gender Action Plan - -5 Public Health Action Plan 607.38 8.68 6 Public Consultation and Participation Plan 5.00 0.07 7 Charland Monitoring and Management Framework - -8 Institutional and Implementation Arrangements - -

Total 19,133.53 279.33

8.3.4 Gender Action Plan (258) A gender action plan has been prepared to promote women's participation in project planning and implementation and to maximize women's access to project benefits. It is expected that the bridge and the improvement of road and communications networks will have far-reaching impacts on their lives. Improvement of road connections will increase mobility and access to health clinics, educational institutions and social services. Better opportunities for employment and income generating activities will also be created for women. The plan pays special attention to support for poor, female-headed and disabled households.

8.3.5 Public Health Action Plan (259) The objective of this plan is to set up a programme of preventive health care aimed at the resettled communities in the four resettlement sites and the host areas. The programme of information, education and communication will focus on issues like personal health, sanitation, food and nutrition, vaccination, malaria prevention and HIV/Aids/STI prevention. Also curative health facilities and services will be set up in the four resettlement sites and in two service areas. These centres will provide medical services to resettled people, the general public as well as to the work force in the project. The two facilities in the service areas will also have the capacity to treat emergency cases. The centre on the south bank will be able to manage trauma patients. The programme is designed to facilitate an easy integration into the public sector health care system of the respective upazillas after completion of the project.

8.3.6 Charland Monitoring and Management Framework (260) Hydro-morphological studies of the Padma River during the last decades have revealed that there is a risk of bank erosion of the Janajat charlands upstream of the bridge. According to local people on this char there has been about two km of erosion during the last two years and more erosion is to be expected during the years to come. This natural process, which is a common phenomenon in the delta of Bangladesh, is rather unpredictable. Most probably the construction of the bridge and the associated river training works will not accelerate the erosion process, since the backwater effect of

76

bridge and RTW is limited to a few kilometres only and model studies have confirmed that bridge construction is expected to have no impact on the river flow. However, ifbank erosion should occur, it will be very difficult to assess whether the bridge is responsible for increased bank erosion or natural erosion. Given the uncertainty of erosion and accretion in the floodplain of the Padma River a Charland Impact Management Framework will be developed to monitor developments and implement mitigation measures in case of adverse developments affecting the charland communities who are amongst the most vulnerable groups of people in Bangladesh.

8.3.7 Emergency Response Plan (261) An Emergency Response Plan has been prepared for unexpected events and accidents during the operational phase, such as extreme flooding, traffic accidents (road and rail), leakage or spill of hazardous materials, civil disturbance/riot, terrorist attacks/threats and gas leaks or explosions. The plan aims at applying effective prevention techniques to avert an emergency event from ever taking place. It further includes measures for a rapid and effective emergency response; the provision of assistance to emergency and security services; the implementation of an evacuation plan if required, and the establishment of good communications with persons/institutions involved in transport and emergency services.

8.3.8 Preservation of topsoil (262) The topsoil of the areas to be filled with dredged material should be preserved, since this material contains humus and clay and represents the most fertile part of the soils in the project area. Material from dredge disposal mainly consists of infertile and sterile fine sand and silt, without any clay or humus and devoid of any soil life. It would take many years and large quantities of compost and manure to achieve sufficient water holding capacity and fertility to make the dredged material suitable for tree cultivation and as homestead garden. Therefore it is important that a layer of 0.25-0.50 m of topsoil (depending on later land use) is stripped off and put aside and stored for later application as covering layer on top of the sandy dredged material in those areas where tree planting or homestead gardening is foreseen.

8.3.9 Dredging Material Management Plan (263) Dredging works will be carried out during the entire construction period (three seasons), in order:

• to remove riverbed sediments for the construction ofRTW; • to prepare channels in the shallow parts of the river near the bridge. alignment to make the

construction site accessible to barges carrying cranes and other heavy construction equipment; and • to provide alternative channels for ferry operations.

(264) These dredging activities will generate an enormous quantity of dredged material, part of which will be needed at a later stage of the project. Large quantities of dredged material are needed for earth filling activities of the various project sites to levels above maximum flood level, although at different moments during construction, requiring stockpiling of dredge dredged material for some time in temporary basins (Confined Disposal Facilities) or on non-vegetated charlands. A Dredging Material Management Plan aims at bringing supply and demand together as close as possible. Part of the dredged material might be used for creation of an artificial char to be developed into a protected char area.

(265) A Dredging Material Management Plan is prepared in order to optimize operations and to minimize damage to charlands, wildlife habitats and fisheries. The plan describes the method of dredging operations and type of equipment to be used, method and conditions for each of the designated dredging areas, and methods for temporary or permanent disposal. Essential elements of the plan are the description of methodologies and tools to be used by contractors, direction of dredging operations, and interruption of dredging during ecologically sensitive periods. All these elements will be part and parcel of the contract documents for dredging contractors. Their compliance will be checked by the supervising consultant, whereas the final effects on habitats, biodiversity and fisheries will be monitored by an appropriate independent organization, such as IUCN, engaged by the Supervising Consultant.

77

8.4 Proactive compensation measures to preserve and enhance riverine and wetland areas

8.4.1 Tree replanting and reforestation plan (266) More than 400,000 trees will be planted to compensate for the loss of trees on the 1,185 ha to be acquired by the project. The trees will be planted in strips along the approach roads, along internal roads and in green belts around resettlement sites, construction sites, public places and behind river training guide bunds. Species selected include 50% trees for timber, 30% fruit trees, 10% medicinal tree species and 10% trees suitable for production of fuel wood. Settlers will receive a number of saplings to be planted around their houses after topsoil has been relocated there. On the sandy non­settlement sites tree planting holes should be filled with compost in advance. In order to compensate the 359,549 bamboo and banana trees, 719,098 saplings of banana and bamboo will be distributed to the people in the host villages. The ratio of bamboo and banana will be 60:40. This will bring positive attitude within the host village population for accepting project affected people.

(267) Although tree growth is fast under the tropical conditions of Bangladesh, it will take a number of years (the longest for timber and fruit trees) before they will provide their services at the level of the trees they have to replace. In order to keep the waiting period low, only trees of (at least) 3-5 years old (girth of 10 cm or more) will be planted. Tree owners will be compensated for their loss of trees and for the period without products (including fuel wood) from newly provided trees through the RAPs. BBA will engage Forestry Department staff (two officers on deputation basis) for valuation. These Forestry Department officers will also supervise and monitor the tree planting programme, in cooperation with the Safeguard Department of BBA. The actual work (programming, distribution, planting, maintenance and training) will ,be carried out by selected "Plantation Development NGOs".

(268) The availability of 400,000 young trees of suitable size requires a massive nursing activity from the onset of the project. FD district nurseries will only be able to provide a part of the needs. The Plantation Development NGOs should be provided with funds and space to carry out the necessary nursing activities, under supervision of the FD, and starting as early as possible. The tree planting success of the project will be fully dependent on the success of the nursery activities. The cost of the tree planting and forestation is presented in Table 8.3.

a e . - os 0 T bl 83 C t f replantm~ 0 ft rees

Plantation Area Unit Rate,

Quanitity Amount

USD (USD)

RTWs nos 3 160,000 480,000

Approach Road nos 3 149,791 449,373

Service Area nos 3 51,250 153,750 Provision for Additional Plantation nos 3 100,000 300,000

I Saplings (Bamboo and Banana) nos 0.64 719098 ~ • Maintenance for first 2 years nos 2 461,041

Total 2,766,246

•....•.•.•..•.... ··,i.i':;l. ' ./ ':Yc'!~i .......... ." ................. <"y,.,., "'+'+2 : 'i"·"···'·'··

i." .....> ...... .1 I

78

8.4.2 Padma Protected Sanctuary (269) As compensation for the loss of wildlife biotopes and biodiversity conservation through project activities a 1,000 ha protected sanctuary or nature reserve will be established on a suitable location close to the project site, where the main biodiversity hotspots are located. A suitable location would be Char Janajat. The reed lands and the submerged areas surrounding the char are excellently suitable for such compensation measure, since the human habitation is low and the biodiversity is very high. The protected area on the char must acquire official status and will contain a core area and a buffer zone. The core area will extend into the river, in order to create highly-needed reproduction, nursing and feeding areas for fish, crustaceans, turtles and dolphins.

(270) In stead of developing a protected area on an existing char, with all the difficulties ofland acquisition and erosion, a site selection process could also result in the advice to develop a new char, using the surplus of dredged materials. If an artificial char is kept free of human habitation, the ecosystem development proceeds rather fast. Conditions for selection of this alternative are:

• the char should be relatively close to the bridge site, in order to develop its cost-recovery system (the eco-tourism connection);

• the char should be relatively insensitive to river erosion; • the char should have a height of 1-(max)3 m above the monsoon water level; • the char should have a number of water bodies or channels; • guards should be employed from the start in order to prevent human occupation.

(271) In case an existing char is selected for protected area development, human activities will be restricted there, but people already living there (if any) will continue to find a local living: the protected area will be managed and maintained by the local community (income from tourism and otherwise). Rangers (most probably in cooperation with the Forestry Department) will be trained to monitor and guard the area. On an existing char, any tree removal from the reserve will be prohibited in order to compensate as much as possible for loss of nesting opportunities elsewhere.

(272) The establishment of a protected sanctuary with local management and maintenance and a related cost-recovery system through ecotourism development (see section 8.4.3) could well serve as a regional model for compensation of ecological damage by large infrastructural works.

(273) Preparation of a protected sanctuary could best be done by an organization with international and national experience in this type of activities, such as IUCN. The preparation would include the site selection, zoning and demarcation, design of facilities, official procedures to acquire legal status, development of management and maintenance procedures, training ofloeal people, and design of monitoring schedules and procedures. A cost estimate for establishing a protected area is given in Table 8.4.

Table 8.4 - Establishment of a protected sanctuary

Item Cost Investments: Acquisition of 1000 ha charland (40-50% submerged) @ USp 1000lha 1,000,000 Survey, legal procedures, gazetting of size of protected sanctuary and protection USD 25,000

I status I Preparation of zoning and management plan USD 35,000 ! Boundary markers and boundary buoys

.. _ .... - USD 25,000 . Sign boards USD 5,000

Staff quarters (office, two~leeping rooms, fUfl1itur~Lfittings,) 25 m2 (jiJ US$ 500 USD 12,500 Electricity connection USD 4,000 . Patrol boat with electric motor USD 25,000 Jetty USD 10,000 i

Communication equipment USD 6,000 . -

Design and construction of observation path and observation hides USD 15,000

79

Community-based wildlife monitoring programme (5 years, by NGOs) USD 65,000 Preparation, training and consultancy USD 39,000 International consultancy (1 month, lump sum) USD 20,000 Contingency USD 64,000 Subtotal: USD 1,350,000 Operational cost (5 years) Staffing (4 rangers/guards for 5 years) @ US$ I50/m USD 36,000 Operation and maintenance USD 20,000 Consumables USD 24,000 Contingency USD 4,000 Subtotal: USD 84,000 TOTAL USD 1,434,000

80

8.4.3 Visitor Centre at Mawa (274) In order to acquire financial self-sufficiency for the protected sanctuary, an eco-tourism venture will be part and parcel of the development model. The venture will be set up in the form of a Visitor Centre, where all aspects of charlands (development, ecology, biodiversity) will be made visible in a dynamic and interactive manner, and where charland information materials and souvenirs can be procured. A modem Visitor Centre includes a small restaurant and special facilities for groups of children.

(275) A suitable location for the Visitor Centre would be in Mawa, from where tourists and day trippers from Dhaka can travel per electric boat to char Janajat to make a guided walk in the protected area and watch the reed lands and its fauna. The Mawa side is preferred in order to allow people to visit without the burden of paying bridge toll.

(276) As for the protected area, detailed plans for the visitor centre will be prepared by an experienced organization (IUCN), assisted by international consultants and in close cooperation with BBA, the Ministry of Environment, the Department of Fisheries and the Parjatan Corporation. Implementation of developed plans will be undertaken by the project authority (hardware) and mCN (social aspects, training, information and education materials, exhibits). It is expected that a large part of the residing families from the projected protected area or from the environs can be employed for maintenance and eco-tourism activities; experiences elsewhere have shown that it may be expected that the tourism part will be able to cover the costs within 2-3 years after opening. In case the situation in Bangladesh results in less income than required, the Environment Enhancement Fund (1 % of the toll proceeds) will supplement. For monitoring the effects on biodiversity, reproduction results and migration success, both terrestrial and aquatic, again the services of IUCN will be acquired, being the most appropriate independent organization in this field.

(277) The Visitor Centre could be built in Mawa on (part of) the construction yard area after completion of the bridge project. There will be sufficient space for parking of visitors and for related activities. From the Centre a ready connection to the main roads as well as to the Charland Reserve (by boat) is secured. The Visitor Centre will provide additional employment (some 50 jobs) to local people.

(278) Tickets will be sold for the boat trips. Experiences elsewhere have shown that sales of tickets, souvenirs and consumptions will cover operation and maintenance and salaries after 2-3 years. Since the budgets in Tables 8.4 and 8.5 are calculated for 5 years, a surplus might be created. This will be used for further development of the Visitor Centre as well as the Char protected area. A cost estimate for the Mawa Visitor Centre with exploitation during 5 years is given in Table 8.5.

Table 8.5 - Cost of Visitor Centre at Mawa

Item Cost Investment: Land acquisition p.m. Preparation of design specification and bid document USD 2,000 National Competition for Architectural Design USD 10,000 Design Development (electrical, plumbing, etc) USD 6,500 _M._

Monitoring of Con~truction (Quality control) USD 7,500 Land Preparation {surve~, Soil test, piling etc} USD 12,000 Building Construction (140 sq. meter) USD 70,000 Interior decoration USD 25,000 Site development (access road, entry gate, planting, toilet, parking) USD 30,000 Equipments (Air Cooler, TV, DVD etc) USD 10,000 Furniture and fittings USD 10,000 Electricity Connection USD 2,000 i

Jetty USD 10,000 • Boats ( 4 units, 10 seated, electric motor and safety clothing) USD • 120,000 I-- .

USD Pick-up truck 20,000

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Development of exhibits, education materials, souvenirs etc USD 25,000 Training of guides / interpreter USD 50,000 Contingency (5%) USD 20,000 Subtotal: USD 430,000 Operational cost (3 years): ManagerlHead of Operations (2 years, US$ 6000/m) USD 240,000 Manager (3 years, US$ 550/m) USD 19,800 Charland biologist international (2 years, US$ 3000/m) USD 72,000 Charland biologist national (3 years, US$ 500/m) USD 21,000 Community based conscientization & student's awareness program (5 years) USD 30,000 Boat drivers (5) (3 years, US$ 150/m) USD 27,000 Guides (10) (5 years, US$ 200/m) USD 120,000 Secretary (5 years, US$ 200/m) USD 12,000 Procurement officer/stores manager (2) (5 years, US$ 400/m) USD 48,000 Shop/ticket counter keepers (2) (5 years, US$ 200/m) USD 24,000 Technicians (2) (5 years, US$ 200/m) USD 24,000 Sweepers (2) (5 years, US$ 150/m) USD 18,000 Office/security guards (2) (5 years, US$ 150/m) USD 18,000 Information and marketing (5 years) USD 25,000 Operation and maintenance (5 years) USD 10,000 Consumables USD 100,000 Contingency USD 40,200 Subtotal: USD 849,000 TOTAL usn 1,279,000

8.4.4 Agricultural Development Plan (279) Most of the land acquired by the project was agricultural land; about 1,000 ha will be lost for agricultural production of some 20,000 tons per year. Farmers are compensated for the loss of farmland, but usually in money and not in farmland. It is expected that average farm sizes in the area will decrease and that farmers will have to increase their productivity in order to generate the same farm income as before.

(280) In the agricultural development plan mitigating measures are included to raise productivity, mainly through stimulation of cropping on barren or fallow land (extent not given) and by increasing cropping intensity (especially on the north bank) and diversification towards growing high-value horticultural and agricultural crops, introduction of improved varieties and better marketing on the remaining cropping area (less than 10% of the original area). Provisions have been made to recruit a number of agricultural extension workers in close cooperation with the Department of Agriculture and to supply inputs for demonstration plots on farmers land. Farmers will be trained how to increase their farm incomes through the organization of farmers field schools and through demonstration plots.

(281) It is clear that the plan will not be able to compensate for all losses: the remaining area for agriculture is very small and the proposed cropping systems are at best in an investigation stage. Criteria for selection of farmers are not yet prepared. This means that a main part of the agricultural development plan will consist of payment of compensation and assistance in finding alternative sources of income for the still unknown number of farmer families that will not return to agriculture. Funds for this will have to be found in the RAPs and the Income and Livelihood Restoration Plan, since the Agricultural Development Plan only includes a budget for research, demonstration and training, as well as for technical and financial support to the few farmers that may continue farming.

8.4.5 Community Environmental Management Plan (282) Experience from previous projects showed that the lack of community involvement in the management and operation of resettlement sites has resulted into defunct water supply systems, clogged drains, scattered waste dumps, muddy roads and unhygienic sanitation. From consultations with the community it was also concluded that the environmental awareness of the residents is

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generally very low. For a proper functioning of common facilities involvement of both operator and community are key elements for sustainable management.

(283) A Community Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) will be set up where both operator and community will be involved in implementation and monitoring ofthe community infrastructure (e.g. water supply and sanitation facilities, roads, drainage etc.). The objective of the CEMP is to define the roles of stakeholders and make the communities understand the environmental impacts associated with the establishment and maintenance of basic infrastructure facilities, and provide guidance to them on how to coordinate with the operator for the effective operation and maintenance of these facilities in a sustainable manner. A Community Environmental Management Committee (CEMC) is proposed for each RS to supervise the implementation ofthe CEMP. The budget required for implementation of CEMP is estimated at USD 306,000. The budget for implementation of CEMP will be covered from monthly tariff collection from the community supplemented by toll collection on the bridge (1 % deposit in Environmental Enhancement Fund).

8.4.6 Environmental Enhancement Fund (284) This fund will be created in order to finance sustained environmental development and protection of the project area during the O&M stage. The fund will be created by earmarking a 1 % contribution to the vehicle tolls of the Padma Bridge for development and management of the environment at the project site, including the charland protected area and the charland visitor centre.

8.5 Monitoring and Monitoring Plan

(285) The project monitoring programme has a dual purpose. It is designed:

• to monitor the contractor's work during project implementation in order to check contractual compliance with specified mitigation measures, and subsequently

• to assess the actual environmental impacts ofthe project over the years following completion of the various project components.

(286) The first type of monitoring will be implemented by the contractor and supervised by the M&E consultants of CSC. The second type of monitoring will be commissioned to an independent external agency (local organization/consultants) with sufficient experience in hydrological and ecological monitoring. Monitoring will be continued for a period of 5 years after project completion. Result of monitoring of impacts will have to be reviewed and evaluated from time to time by the M&E consultants or by independent subject-matter specialists provided by the Co-financing agencies. Findings might be used to revise the operational rules of the project.

(287) Commonly, environmental (and social) monitoring requires three prerequisites:

• Setting of baselines. Baselines (the pre-project situation) are required to be able to assess impacts in a quantitative manner. As far as the social impacts are concerned adequate baselines are set in the Social Assessment Report. In the Environmental Report adequate baselines are set for professional fisheries activities, whereas impressive species lists are produced. However, adequate monitoring baselines in terms of indicator organisms, critical habitats, biodiversity hotspots, special areas, etc., all for the various seasons, are not yet made. Since main environmental impacts are not expected before years two and three of the project, there is still time to complete baseline information during the first year (2010).

• Determination of parameters. Monitoring parameters will have to be indicative for the (potential) impacts expected and they will have to be measurable (quantifiable) and objectively verifiable. It is not sufficient to determine a few water quality parameters, unless they are representative for others, and it is not sufficient to determine biodiversity on the basis of field observations and literature data. Setting of suitable parameters is part of the baseline survey and will have to be carried out during 2010.

• Selection of actors. Setting of baselines and impact parameters will have to be carried out by a professional organization (e.g. IUCN) that knows how to recognize critical habitats, which

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indicators will have to be used for what impact category, and how to express this information in a measurable manner. The Environment Unit of the PIU ofBBA will not build up ecological capacity itself, but will be kept fully aware of the significance of results.

T bl 8 6 C t f 't' a e - os 0 mODI onng Item Cost

1. Pre.,construction and Construction Stage A. Ecological Monitoring Contract with nature conservation organization for baseline establishment USD 365,000 Contract with nature conservation organization for biodiversity monitoring - USD 65,000 4 year Monitoring of Hilsa migration through catch assessment surveys during USD 40,000 dredging Subtotal: 470,000 B. Environmental quality monitoring Surface Water (12 sites @ 3 times/yr over 3 yrs.) USD 43,200

Ground Water (5 sites @3 times/ yr. over 3 yrs.) USD 6,750

Drinking Water (10 sites @ 12 times/yr. over 3 yrs.) USD 54,000

Air Quality Monitoring (2 sites@ 3 times/yr. 3 years) USD 23,400

Noise Monitoring (12 sites @ 3 times/yr. over 3 yrs.) USD 10,800

Vibration Monitoring USD 50,000 Dredged Material Quality Testing (9 sites) USD 4,050

Subtotal 192,200

2. Operation Stage A. Biodiversity monitoring during operation - 5years USD 81,250 Subtotal: 81,250 B. Environmental quality monitoring Surface Water (5 sites @ 3 times/yr) 37,500

Drinking Water ( 2 sites @ 3 times/year) 7,500

Air (1 site @ 3 times /year) 19,500

Noise (5 sites @ 3 times/yr) 7,500

Subtotal 72,000

C. Hydro-meteorological Monitoring for 5 years 199,000

TOTAL usn

8.6 EMP budget summary

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8

9

(288) A summary of costs of EMP and environmental monitoring activities is given in Table 8.7.

- Tree planting and reforestation - Establishment of Padma Protected Sanctuary - Agricultural Development Plan TOTAL COMPENSATION PLAN (phase I)

ENVIRONMENTAL COMPENSATION PLAN - Maintenance tree plantation (2 years) - Operational Cost Protected Sanctuary (5 years) - Operation Cost Visitor Centre (5 years) - Community Environmental Management Plan TOTAL COMPENSA nON PLAN MONITORING PLAN - Monitoring ecology, fishery, biodiversity (5 years)

• - Environmental Quality - Hydrometeoroiogical Monitoring for 5 years

In ILRIP

BBA BBA BBA

1,383 1,350

922 84

849 433

81 72

199

Some of the mitigation cost is reduced to avoid double counting, as for example dredged material amangement plan.

2. CSC Environmental Specialist budget has been excluded from the EMP budget since this is included in the overall CSC budget in the Project cost.

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2 88

9 INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS

9.1 Institutional structure of implementing SAP and EMP

(289) The proposed institutional structure to implement the SAP/EMP is shown in figure 9.1.

Figure 9.1 - Proposed institutional structure for implementing SAP and EMP

I Panel of Experts ~-+ Executive Director, BBA

Environment Project Director, PIU, BBA Management - .+ Committee External Expertise

including Twinning Institutions

... • .I. Bridges Unit, PIU, RTW Unit, PIU, BBA Safeguards (E and S) I BBA Unit, PIU, BBA

""'"" Il.l ~ ~ '-'

Construction Supervision ~ ;;t:: ::!

Consultant IZl Q 0

t ..- U 1::

Contractor for Contractor for Contractor NGOs for NGOs for 0 Q..

Main Bridge River Training Resettlement Plantation RAP I, II and III Q.. ::!

EMMP->CEAP Works Sites facilitation Implementation rJJ -EMMP->CEAP (Implementation Other Social 5 ofCEMPby Sanctuary Action Plan 8

;u

residents with identification Components gp NGO Support) Support to RS §

residents for ::.?E

CEMP

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Safeguard Management

BBA Executive Director

, PIU

Project

1 Panel

of +-Committee Director 1 Experts

1 I

1 1

+ + I ---

• ~ 1-..... ...J

Safeguard Division +~

Construction 1-Supervision r---I .... - Resettlement Unit

Consultant - Environment Unit - Field Offices -M&E

I I

+ Contractors NGO's

I +

r EMP RAP '-I

I I I I EMP I I --------I... __ EMP ____ I

9.2 Project Implementation Unit

Dept. of Environment, RHD, Bangladesh Railway

(290) A project Implementation Unit (PIU) headed by a project director has been established by BBA to implement the PMBP. The PIU consists offour units: (i) Bridges and Roads, (ii) River Training Works, (iii) Resettlement, and (iv) Environment. The PIU will have the overall project coordination and management of the project. At present a programme of institutional strengthening is being developed and new staff is being recruited. The PIU is advised in its task by a Panel of Experts, appointed by BBA with national and international experts to provide guidance and periodic review of procedures and the work of the design consultants. The resettlement unit has established field offices in Mawa and Janjira and it operates a Monitoring and Evaluation section. The Environmental Unit (EU) is currently being strengthened to be fully operational during the construction of the PMBP.

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9.3 Construction Supervision Consultant

(291) PIU will employ a construction supervision consultant (CSC) for supervision of civil works, including supervision of implementation of portions of the EMP to be implemented by the Contractor responsible for the bridge and RTW. The CSC team will have an environmental unit with three international and five national environmental experts - including Occupational Health and Safety expert. Environmental specialists of CSC, in coordination with EU staff, will ensure the implementation of environmental management practices at each stage of the project activities. The CSC will also be responsible for updating EMP, if required.

9.4 Contractors

(292) Each Contractor procured under the project (especially the contractors for main bridge and RTW) will be recommended to be a compliant of ISO 14001 Environmental Management System (EMS) certification. Further conditions of compliancy for OHSAH 18000 (2007) related Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) and SA 8000 (Social Accountability) could also be imposed on the contractors. The Contractor staff shall include suitably qualified and experienced persons acceptably fluent in the English language, to function as Environmental Specialist and Occupational Health and Safety Specialist, who will be working in close liaison with the relevant staff of the the Engineer (CSC) and PIU. The Engineer shall assign duties and delegate authority to a suitably qualified and experienced assistant (an Environmental Specialist) to interact with the relevant Contractor staff. Based on the guidance provided in the EMMP, the contractors will prepare a Construction Environmental Action Plan (CEAP). This CEAP will be reviewed and approved by the CSC. It will also be supervised by the CSC for implementation.

9.5 Management Support (M&E) Consultants

(288) To assist the Resettlement and Environmental Units ofPIU it is recommended to engage independent M&E consultants to undertake monitoring of RAP and non-RAP components and the EMP. A management support consultant will be hired by BBA. The Termso of Reference of these consultants will also include the requirement to M&E for the various components of the EMP­whether implemented through contractor or through other specialist NGOs. The MSC team will have be responsible for the collection of the baseline data followed by periodic monitoring and timely evaluation of the implementation of agreed measures.

9.6 Safeguard Department

(289) BBA will eventually establish a Safeguard Department directly under the Executive Director of BBA next to the PIU in order to give due importance to environmental and social issues. Upon completion of the PMBP the environmental and resettlement staff now under the PIU will be integrated into the Safeguard Department. This department will then be charged with the management of environmental and resettlement aspects of all present and future projects implemented by BBA. The unit will consist of 3 senior resettlement specialists and 3 senior environmental specialists.

9.7 Implementation ofEMP

(290) BBA will engage specialized NGOs and agencies to implement mitigation measures and safeguard plans developed under the EAP and the Social Action Plan. From previous experience it is now widely recognized that the task of successfully implementing resettlement programmes requires the typical experience, attitude and skills ofNGOs working at grassroots level. Most of the components of the SAP will therefore be implemented with the help of such organizations. This

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applies to RAP I, II and III, but also to the Public Health Action Plan, the Gender Action Plan and the Charland Monitoring and Management Plan.

(291) Comparably, biodiversity protection and environmental quality monitoring included as part of the Environmental Management Plan needs specific expertise that can be found in international organizations like IUCN. Other elements of the EMP could be implemented by the contractor(s) under supervision of the CSC.

(292) The establishment of a char protected area and the establishment and management of a Charland Visitors Centre could best be planned by international consultants, since this operation is the first of its kind in Bangladesh. Operation and management of the nature reserve and the visitor centre could be carried out by IUCN or a national NGO.

9.8 Using External Expertise/Advice for Environmental Management

(293) Twinning Institutions: PIU will work together with some national organizations and training institutes like CEGIS, BUET, Atomic Energy Commission etc. which will act as 'twinning institutions'. These institutions will support the PIU through providing their laboratories for analyses and other technical facilities. These institutes will also assist in capacity building and development. For this purpose Memoranda of Understanding will be signed for cooperation and support with the twinning institutions.

(294) Environment Management Committee: Since April 2009, the PIU has constituted an environment management committee. This committee includes experts from various national government and non-government organizations, universities, and research institutions. Their inputs are available to the PIU to tackle any pressing issues and also for regular monitoring as well as sorting out co-ordination issues between departments, and providing guidance on policy matters.

(295) Panel of Experts: The BBA appointed panel of experts includes 6 international and 4 national experts to provide guidance to BBA on issues specifically related to the project. The PoE includes an environmental expert. PoE's advice on the EA process has been prompt and helped improve the effective preparation. It is expected that this will continue during the implementation phase.

9.9 Establishment of Environmental Management System

(296) BBA is committed to ensure that its operations will not create adverse environmental impacts. In this regard, the BBA will need to establish and effectively operate an appropriate Environmental Management System (EMS). A conceptual framework for establishing an EMS in BBA will be developed. It is intended to serve as a basis for discussion between the co financiers and the BBA to work out an appropriate EMS acceptable to both parties. The EMS framework is prepared based on an understanding of (i) the extent to which BBA can manage environmental aspects of its business; and (ii) environmental impacts of bridge operations and its associated facilities.

9.10 Establishment of GIS and MIS

(297) PIU will establish and maintain a GIS/MIS system during the implementation of the project. PIU will hire the services of GIS and MIS specialists for development and maintenance of the GIS/MIS system.

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9.11 Budget for Institutional Strengthening and Capacity building

Note:

(298) A budget has been prepared for institutional strengthening and capacity building, see table 9.1.

Table 9.1 - Proposed Budget for Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building

Strengthening/Capacity Building Measure Amount

In usn x 1000 Environmental Consultants ofCSC I 1,863

2 Establishment of Safeguard Department in BBA 1,350

3 Association with Twining Institutions 200

4 Capacity Building in Environmental Management 180 and Monitoring2

5 Other National Training 200

6 Third party arrangements 50

7 Environmental Management System 220

8 Establishment of GISIMIS 50

Total 4,213

1. Environmental Consultants for CSC has been included in the overall CSC budget and excluded from the EMP budget (Table 8.7). 2. POE recommended to use only national consultants for capacity building and hence budget has been reduced.

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10 PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS AND DISCLOSURE

10.1 During project preparation and design (299) The process of public consultation and participation has been an integral part of all project preparations since 2003. During the pre-feasibility and feasibility study a series of 41 consultation sessions were organized in the area in the period between 2004 and 2006. During detailed design (2009-20 lOa total of 17 sessions were held. Some details on these sessions are presented in Table 10-1. These consultations were held as proposed in the Public Consultation and Participation Plan with formal and informal meetings, village level workshops, focus group discussions and disclosures of project impacts to the affected households and communities. The views, needs and aspirations of the affected people as expressed during these consultations have been incorporated in the project design and the proposed mitigating measures with the objective to maximize benefits and minimize adverse social and environmental effects.

Table 10.1 - Details of public consultation meetings during detailed design

! Dates Methodology Sessions Subject Number of Participants2

4 Jan Consultation 2 Environmental issues - Consultant (4)

2010 Meeting -Char people (150) -Local elite

20 Dec Focus Group 1 Environmental and -Consultant (4)

2009 Discusssion social impacts of the -Community (400)

Project - Chairman of Union, - Upazila Chairman of

Sadarpur

11 Nov Field visit and 1 Environmental and - Consultant (2)

2009 discussions social impacts - Community Leaders, &Representatives (9)

- Other community members

Sept Focus Group 10 Environmental and - Consultant (2)

2009 Discusssions social impact - Male Community (150) - Female Community (40)

July Open 3 Resettlement, site -BBA,

2009 Meetings design, allocation - Local administration, criteria - Consultant

- Comm1:lnity

10.2 Focus group discussions

(300) There were different types of consultations. A very important role was played by the Focus group discussions, where discussions were held with affected groups of persons focussing on specific subjects.

At the beginning of such meetings the anticipated impacts were disclosed and followed by discussions on possible solutions to prevent or mitigate such impacts. Major issues discussed in such meetings typically included: (i) land acquisition and possible alternatives; (ii) hydrology, drainage and river erosion; (iii) fisheries and wildlife; (iv) health hazards, (v) tree cutting and impacts on local ecosystems; (vi) community severance; (vii) employment/job opportunities and occupational changes; (viii) traffic congestion; (ix) cultural resources and infrastructure; (x) impacts on char lands; and (xi) relocation and

2 Between brackets: number of participants

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resettlement. Participants actively joined in discussions and contributed very useful suggestions and ideas, which were recorded for follow up. 10.3 Public consultation meetings

(301) Formal public consultations meetings were held at three locations involving about 350 participants representing affected persons, union and upazilla leaders, NGOs, and national and local government representatives. The recommendations from the public consultations have been incorporated in the engineering design and the resettlement and compensation plan for the affected communities.

10.4 Expert consultations

(302) Consultations with various groups of experts were held during the detailed design. The objective was to share information on the project and to obtain feedback on important social and environmental issues to be considered in the Social Assessment and Environmental Impact Assessment. Guidance and expert advice on the social and environmental studies was also received from the Panel of Experts appointed by BBA consisting often national and international experts charged with periodic review of procedures and progress of the PMBP.

10.5 Disclosure

(303) After completion of the English version ofthe Environmental Impact and Social Assessment a Summary in BangIa is prepared and distributed to local authorities and relevant stakeholders. The Summary will also be published on the website of BBA. Advertisements in local newspapers will be published with invitations to the public for participation in two consultation meetings to be held in the project area in October 2010. More details on public consultation meetings are given in the Main EA Report.

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~-........ -"-.'.'T

.Aspeet.·· •.•..... . Screening and Categorisation

ANNEXA

ANNEXA

HARMONIZED FRAMEWORK OF CO~FINANCIERS' ENVIRONMENTAL SAFEGUARD POLICIES

• Screen each proposed project as early as possible to define the scope of Environmental Assessment (EA) covering all project components.

• Categorization should take into account the type, location, sensitivity, and scale of the project and the nature and magnitude of its potential environmental impact. For the Padma Project, the category will be A

____ t--.-----"-Ccc.at.:.ce .... g'-'-or1ze the project according to GOB categorization. For Padma Project, the category will be Red Scoping I • Conduct a process of Environmental Assessment that will consider in an integrated manner the potential environmental (including

health, and safety) risks and impacts of the project. • EA must take into account natural environment (air, water, and land); human health and safety; social aspects (involuntary resettlement,

indigenous peoples, physical cultural resources; trans~boundary and global environmental aspects • Under global aspects, EA should address impact of climate change on the project design, alternatives and operations. • Given the scale and complexity of the project, especially regarding the associated components (e.g. widening of national highway, rail

connectivity etc), EA should be applied at regional and strategic levels • Ensure that the project is designed and carried out in compliance with environmental laws and regulations of the country where the

operation is being implemented, including national obligations established under ratified Multilateral Environmental Agreements

I

\!\tfEAs). Exclusions and • Do not implement project activities that involve or are likely to result directly or indirectly in the significant conversion or degradation of Sensitivities critical habitats

• If a project is located within a legally protected area, implement additional programmes to promote and enhance the conservation aims of the protected area

• Proceed only if there are no technically and financially feasible alternatives, overall benefits from the project substantially outweigh the environmental costs, and any conversion or degradation is appropriately mitigated

• Use a precautionary approach to the use, development and management of renewable natural resources • Conserve physical cultural resources (PCR) and avoid their destruction or damage by using field based surveys with qualified and

experienced expert(s) during environmental assessment • For Padma Project, conduct impact on both terrestrial and aquatic habitats, through detailed scientific studies. Focus on tree felling and

___ -\----- species like Hilsa, dolphins and gharial and migratoryb.~irc.cd",-s-=if=-=:anc:c.lY,-o;:.;:n:.:...;:;:th::.:e-=c:=h=ar=--l=a=n.=.d.=---________ .,--________ --1

Alternatives I • Examination of financially and technically feasible alternatives to the project location, design, technology and components, their potential environmental and social impacts

• Documentation of the rationale for selecting a particular alternative(s) proposed, where relevant • For Padma project, alternatives should be examined for alignment, bridge design, construction methods, River training works etc in

addition!o no~project alternative

93

ANNEXA

Aspect,il!!g~l"ioni~'ed openti~IFnliiw~riF'T':' ..••. • Achieve environmental standards that are stricter (either GOB's or international), and justifY deviations in the EA report when

alternatives to the standards for the project or site are selected.

EMP • For Padma Project'nagr~~i~gQ~standardsfor!he disposal of dredged sand will be itnpLo_rt_a_n_t_. -----------------1

• EMP consists of the set of mitigation, monitoring, and institutional measures to be taken during implementation and operation to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, them, or reduce them to acceptable levels

• Preparation of Management Plan includes • identification of responses to potentially adverse impacts; • determining requirements for ensuring that those responses are made effectively and in a timely manner; • describing the means for meeting those requirements • EMP includes the following components • Mitigation • Monitoring • Capacity development and training • implementation Schedule and Cost Estimates • EMP also provide for workers - safe and healthy working conditions, and prevent accidents, injury, and disease • Establish preventive and emergency preparedness and response measures to avoid, minimize the adverse impacts and risks to the health

and safety of the local communities • For Padma Project, EMP should be presented for pre-construction, construction and operational phases. It should include construction

safety and emergency preparedness plan to address gas leaks/explosion as well as spills due to accidents on the • EMP should not just address mitigation measures but enhancement measures well e.g. green belt development plan, setting of a museum

etc. • EMP should also address regional level planning and policy issues considering cumulative impacts of the associated components

(especially widening of national highway and rail connectivity) that are not in the scope of the present project. • EMP should interface with management of social and economic issues e.g. development of Community Environmental Management Plan _{<::§MPlior the resettlement sites and addressing loss of livelihood of fishermen and ferry boat owners. • Free, prior and informed consultation with affected people and informed participation as early as possible and throughout the project

implementation. Disclosure in local language with understandable content during public consultation. • Ensure community engagement free of external manipulation, interference, or coercion, and intimidation, and conducted on the basis of

timely, relevant, understandable and accessible information. • Establish a grievance mechanism to receive and facilitate resolution of the affected communities' concerns and grievances about the

borrower's environmental performance. I • For Padma Pr()ject, stakeholder (expert) consultation, focus group discussion and two stage formal public consultations have adopted.

• For Padma Project, BBA should use inputs from Independent Panel of Experts (IPOE) and Environment and Social Safeguard Advisors forjndepel1<lent review. --___________________________________________________________________________________ ... J

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ANNEXA

• Compliance with measures agreed with the Bank on the basis of the findings and results of the any Disclosure EMP, as set out in the project documents;

vlllll<ttt: Change

• Status of mitigation measures; and findings of monitoring programs • Monitoring the effectiveness of EMP implementation • Documentation of monitoring results, including development and implementation of corrective actions • uQisclos1±re of periodic progress reports • Compliance with Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency's General Guidance for Practitioners, Incorporating Climate Change

Considerations in Environmental Assessment:

95

Scientific name

Canis aureus

Rousettus lesehenaulti Suneus etruscus

ANNEXB

BIODIVERSITY SURVEYS FOR PMBP (status explanation at bottom of lists)

English name Local name Nr seen

Status

1~lt~ti~~~~1~~:~::::"""""'"-lr:!l"i;~:~'~:~~i"""""-" BIRDS

Acridotheres fuscus Jungle Myna

Common Myna

,',' "f=':'::::,:,=::::,:::,:::~'::::":::::=:",-",-, """""""'1"""";:;:;"'"'1 "'-'-"'"""f"'-'"'-'"-""'I-'"' ,0:;::,","",1

,I"!l.Iil:~,illil<!.ft()~ilrp~,~i5~!

Indian Spot-hilled Duck 1M 142

96

ANNEXB

Observation dates

Scientific name English name Local name

A!:l~~~ .. !}IJl!.I_l:'.s ....... _ ..... ___ .. _':'~~~y.!!e.!c!':'i1!!!. __ . __ ._ . p!:t.~.U:.l!li!~_ ........ _ A~~.e.l!5it:le.!e.!l........... . ... qr.t:ylje.~<!t:l.... .l?E.!l1!rliJ?~.~ ............... _ ... . Asio flammeus Short-cared-Owl Chotokan Pecha

t:;ili~·ri~~~~~iii:~:~.~:.=:~~:::=:=:=:: .~P.~!~~~~!~!.·: .................. :.:=~::=_~: ~~ii.i.~.~YJ~~!ip_~~~.........._ ........ .

Nr seen

y

~~~~~[~~~~:::·'"·::"-"--'==~i~~;l~~~~~~~~f:=-:~-._li!~i1~~!:~~~~J:::::=:::=::=: ~~~tl::::::·t Qe.Ie.l!.s. ... !?!l!~.~Y.1:1.r.!:'.s. .. _. ____ ._ .. _._.8.lI.fo.~.~~~~~~e~. . ......... """ !C_~o.!~.'!.IS.l:!.!l!!.1.l<~.'.lI.!. ___ .. _. 2 Qe..rl1!()!l!ls. ... 1:Jt:!1.l'l'.l!.e.t:ls.i.s ... _ .................. !ce.~~~r.<:~l:'~.!lL" ...... ". ~'!lg1!l .. ~.I!.1:J(:) ..... ""..._._.......... 6 Q~E!r.<!p~2in~~.!L."._._ ... _ g!Ea..tt:~QO'l!~a..I .............. ____._ .. _. ~():r:()_:JS.I!1:J.()_ .. _._._. __ . __ ... "_._........ 2 .Qe.!Y.!e..r.l!.~~._ .. _.. ....... __ ....... _ .... __ ..~it:~.~.!!1gf.!..~!:t.e.E ... _....... ____ ....... _ ..... ~~!l.M!l.<:!!'!lg.a.................... .... ..1 <:.h!l!!l~E.i.ll~.~l!.1:JJ.1,!~........._"" ___ 1jgte.._8.!t:lge~}'..~o.yt:! ... _._ .............. S.()!()_N".IJ!J:1ji!!<l ......... __ ...... __ ..... _ ... I} <:!I!l!!l~!.i_I!~ .. ~t1.1:J.il!~ ....... _. ____ ._._._.._ !:.i.gJe.R.!t:lg.e.~.~!()yeE... .......................... Cl:!.lJ!()_~<!~_IljP:.i.a.. ...... _ .. _. ___ ._ 19

_.~~~~~1~~I~:=~.=== __ :=:::=:·::::.:~~~~iE.~~~:.::.·.:::~-:::=:=r~~l~::.~~·~:=:=.=:.~==:::::·· is Corvus macrorhynchos

ocygna javanica

Dicrurusmacroce-;:ciis'· ."M.M~~'""".~AA~M~_··~ .. ~~_· ___ ,·"~~,,~~~~~·.~.,~····_

~gr._~.~!!.g!l!l:~!~~ .. _ ... _ .. _. __ . ____ ._ .. !?_@"Ett~!!}!~E!!le.~j!l ........ ___ .. _._ .. __ .... . Elanus caeruleus

i~~~Yti~!!I)iic.~!~i~~~:::.~::::::: 'Falco tinnunculus

is

Udoi Doel

-Cuckoo

:::-~-:::::-=~.:.=-~ ... - ............ --lc~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~=-.=-·:::J~h~~i$~1~=::: ... :.:: •..• =.:::~~

32

·········1··············· __ ·_·

+ YES

97

ANNEXB

Observation dates

ANNEXB

Scientific name English name Local name Observation dates

K.~t':lp~ .. ~~y!~~e.~~i~._._._ !'3~~':Yf:lXi~1!Q~!' .. _ ...... __ Iq1~.~~l.I:.M.e.(;~<:)p~(;~.! .. _. ___ ...... .

t~J~~~~~!~lr:::=:=:~. __ .. ~::::.:=~~~~~~&~~~~::~.. . .... ~::1~~0i~~:=:::=-_:::==::: ·1 ........-.--f--

h~ll~ __ lJ.r_lIl1!.I:~~.e.E~~!lJ.~ ____ .. __ .. ~~~.':Yf:l:ll~!l:4e.4g~L __ .. . ................ !<;Il£!~.~'!~~_9_~g~~i!_ .. ______ . .I:.!!1:!!~_~~~~~.P_ll!l.!lJ.!'_________ g~~!I!.!'3I!1c::!<::Il~Il~e.~_9.111L_ ............... P!l:~~Lq~g(;illJ __ ........... _ ... . !::.!!1:11~Ji~(~!lE~~ ___ ........ _ .... _ .... _..__ .. g()I.!l~2~ .. ~.I.Il(;!<::Il~.!I~.e..d. ... 9_~L ...... !<;!I!~!I~!l: .. 9~g£Il_~!. __ . !::~pt().~0.rrt!l!:cyl_<:)~~(;!1__ . I:1:IlJ>1e.:~llI.!lpe.d.~lll1~ir.d. !-?e.glJ!li1.<()f.ll()!M()ll.!ll~lli .... Lonchura malabarica Indian Silver bill Deshi Chandithot

•. _--_ •.. __ .... _--- " ,-..• ~~-.. -.-.-.-.... -.-...... --........ "'. ,." •. ,.~"'" ... ,,~."""'*-.-""~~.".

acca

h<:)l1£hl.l.r.!I_p!!I1£~!l!1l1!l_. ____ . __ .___ •... lI:-~.K~_!l~.rrt!l __ !l.~i.!lt}£Il. ______________ _ .M~g!!.I_!l.i.rrt!l:_Il."l~f.ll.<l.(;e.Jlll_!l.!!I ______ _ 009: 2lJ07. 22/07 M~Jii!1_!l.i_'!1_l!)}I1:e..l.I:~l! _____________ . MeroDs oriental is

Me.!()p.!.d.~._!I1~~.~_ll~ ...... _-_ ..... _ ...... -.. f .. --..... _ ... _ .... -t._.-.. ':c .. c .... _ .. +.- ... =---= ...... +-'c..;."".;. . .c,--::.·,--'--',,_ .. :_:c .. :-=·::-'_::..:c._c.;..?..:c.c_c .. :_._,._=_ ... ,_,,'-.. c-'C ... _.=_= ___ ... _ .. _ .. __ . ____ ......

j:::-~~: .. :~:- .. -----.. ·-·--·--· .. -E-~:~~:·::~; .. -··-· .. · .. ---·----.+~~~+...--+-----l:~~~~r:·~~S::::t~r{~[~if&t!irl:(lif(:~~~:-1~~i;~iJ:~~-,:U~~E~i!~

Ploceus pIIIllppllllC> Baya Weaver

Pycnonotus eafer Red-vented Bulbul BangIa Bulbul 300 ..

98

009: 22/07,08/09,2111 I; 2010: 13/01,25/03 QQ?::_:mQ.Z:?~Zo.Z~:Q?2(j2;Q2!Q~;:?§ZiIjQI~:D;QT;~~jQI

:1/07,09/09; 2010: 15/01,26/03 T/07:-09/09;-iohl;--ziHo': Tl/ol: 14i6T)"s)oL

ANNEXB

Scientific name English name Local name Observation dates IN_ H~h I ':;n ~~~~@~~~~tU .. S._--+_~ YES I~'=~:"~I-· .. ·~~··"r~~·~·=·~;~~:=~~~:······· .. · -.. --.. -.......... .. .................. . §~~J.~j~r.1l~~.IP.~!~!:l()t()~ __ ._.._ Jg'?'!l~ Duck

§pi!()r.~is.£~~e)!1 __ . . Sterna aurantia Sternii'hii11rido' i Streptopelia chinensis

§!!~p.~()p'e~!.!l_~~~!l'?,C.,t,:;l .. __ .... ~ ..... ---.Fc:

Sturnus contra

Yl?~i~~~~~f~~~~~·s:=:::.::::_., .... ,l~~~~~~~~~~~i~~~~~ii~=·,:=·'~]~~{1~~~[~~~==~:·:="::=::=::·:·]:~~ duvaucelii

14/01, 25/03, 26/03

.'+.'..'.I-'.'---... + ... ~~~·:t.:~~::=:t?~Q?:~~I!.Q7;:.~~!.Q?:~12n;::2.~jQ::j3.2Q:i;.I~-Lq3.:;~~~2QL 2009: 21107,08/09,09/09,20/11,21111; 2010: 13/01,

······· .. ·····-····-·-.. ·· .. -·-··· .. ·'tii~~f~~~ri~~~i~~:~==:=~:::=t~~f,~h~~~~~~==:::=·:=:::=:l::·~~: indicus +~:::::: %~~~~~t:q~~!~::::=~::=:::=:==l~''.~2''. ... ~l:'?I:'.'l!.''.,~!:'.'!':···_ .. ·· .. ···········IE:~L,~.:'.~~~.~~:'.~E.c:_; .. _ ...... ,., ......... -~ .. ·· .. :~,···l .... · .. · .... · .. · .. ·······f· .. , .. -· ........ ··-.. ·l···~'::::'::~ .. ~ .... 1 .... ~~~, .. ·I~~:'0-~:·~"-':~~:, .. :"' .. ···I,~ ... :'.!,~=.':" .. "..: .. =.:!..: .. ".::'-':.=~~ .. ~.,:,--.. -.... ----................................ ~ Zosterops paJpebrosus

99

Scientific name English name

.Q:t'£~~1'_~Y!!'\J_~ __ lP:~!.~?'.~!!~!U3 __ ._ .. . J:\:t'P.l1!yc.ti~._~)'~?pJ:1.yl.~!i~ ___ ........... . J:\.\JP.l1!y£~i~ .. ~~~.'.l.4~E1:y!':l~ ............... _ .. Fejervarya limnocharis ICricket Frog

Fejervarya syhadrensis Southern Cricket Frog

Hoplobactrachus tigerinus Indian Bull Frog

ANNEXB

Local name Nr

Observation dates seen Local I Birdlife

Bang 9

Sona bang 26

, .... -::::::.:.-.t._ ... _...:~~~~I~I?~~~:~~~~f~~~H:]~i~::H~~E~~i~r::"""l 1.· ......... ;;;; .. ;.........+ ....... _ .. _ ...... _.+ ........... c.::::.; ..• · .. t ••. _ ••• _._ •• ··~Q·Q9.·~·~!!.Q?, .. Q~!.92.;.~.9!Q, ... ! .. ?!9.! ............................................................ .

2009: 21107, 09/09, 21111; 2010: 13/01,14/01, 15/01, 25103, 26/03

CR ..... -.-................ zoo9·:·ii·;of·o9709:-2DTi;-zo·jo:T3Io1:"i4joj~15)oI:···· ............ . 25103,26/03

1·····--;:;·· ·····f--·-----·--··lioOi;:·ii707,·09709;·iDTi;·zoio:Ii"IO1~·i"4/0·C··i5-;Or-···-····· II

R:~~~~:;;;,_;:;~~~;~:i~;;,~t;········.. ...... r':'~g~~I'~ ... ~.~)()~~:ll ........ _._ ............... _ .. ·····Ig~~!@.~!.r.··································· + ... -..... + ............ + ............ ··t·· .. ·· ...... - ......... t .. · . ••· .... · .. ·,· .. ·F·::·:·:·:··:·:: .................... ............................. ··· .... ·t

100

ANNEXB

Scientific name English name LOC~I namej s~: .... _ ... _._~.!atus Chanda n mCN CITES Local

'N ama 'dlanda'" ... .. . ... .

?:tr- ... : :::. : '." .. : ... . 1·······························1...·

·············:::]~~W.:!i~~i~~~~~;re.(~~.····· Giantsnakehead

Observation dates

.A

l~±~~~i~*~~~:=~==::~~=:=::]~f~~~~~~~~~~:~:=:=::=:=:~:::~~lf~~~~~;~:=:=~-···-····-··+·-·--···-··,············~·,,·"~····f·····················+····-···· .:~::J:::~=:~:=:=~~~~iY.~I .. ~:.:: .. --....... ~ .... -... -... -..... -.. -....... --.-..... .

1~~~i~~~~======]~~~1~~~===========j~~=============1==.=--.----~----4- .. -+-----~--------------------- .. -.-- ... --~ , ......................... + ......... _ ....... + ............................. + ....................... -1 .............................................................................................................................................................. j

1~~~~=:==~~==========~~~ill~E~·E=:~~::+·=····=··=·--=··E···I=-:.:~.=:.]:.=.=-.t._:=._~:= __ ::: ... ~.~=::=::::==:====:=====:==:==::=::=::::=::::::1 1~~;t~~~~:~~~f.~8.§:~I~::=::=·:::~;;::::~~:=~~::=~: .:::':::=::::=::::::::~~!;g~~::=:=::::~::=:=:=:==:::=~=:I:=~::::::::ll:::::··;.:.=::l·:·=·::··:::~::·:=:I··· ....... __ ..... , ......... _ .... _ .. _.1-'--..•..• , •.•... --' •..•....••..• - ..•... - .... _ ... _ ......•....

i-::·::.:·:--O ... ;-.:::.= •..... _ •.... _ ..••..•...••...•••••.. -E::·=:::·.:::::·O:·:·;::··-·································· ....•....•..•...••. E·::::::..·········_································+_··············,·····:::·:··:····f··················· ..

101

Scientific name English name Local name

L: ... ::C::":,,.::.:~: .. :. :'":_:,';.;,:,,:~,, ''''''''''_'_''''_'i~Q~i~t.~~1'.~fI~i~~~:,:,,~:~~:~"~,:=: I=.=:::"~~~:::~:,,,.t:.~:;~::::::,:.,,."''''''.''''''.,-,,,,,-,,,,l Pufferfish Ig:~llll~~'<el1,'.YIl:€~!!l.~i,,"''' ... ''''''''.. ,,,l:I.3ur.r:~iYi~g:g~~y="".,,' ',',""''',, ,''','' "'"",,",",",,,,,""F' :,=.:=:C ... :.:.:: .. ,:,,:, :: .. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "'''''',,'''''',,''''

I· .. , .. ",:::,:,::;":""';.c:,:,::.....'''"-,:~''''''·'''''~''''-"~,-,,,,,i ~~~:::a~:~ ~~~h VU = Vulnerable; EN Endangered; CR = Critically LllU(".I};;,""l

Nr seen

VU EN

EN

Status Observation dates

"ocal I Birdlife

YES = proposed for no trading; I = threatened with extinction; II trade to be controlled to help survival; III = protected in at least one country Local Status: CR = Common Resident; UR Uncommon Resident; CWV Common Winter Visitor; UWV = Uncommon Winter Visitor Birdlife Status: LC Least Concern; NT Near Threatened; NRF = No Record Found

102

ANNEXB

ANNEXB

Status Human use Scientific name Family Local name Type

meN I Local PLANTS

~~~~!~~=-=-~ ~.!1Ji[~~~~---=__ ................... -... -~-- ._-:;;: ·=j:r§~~~TI~i;;O~d_ A<::~.Y.!~.~!~~.~.~E~!.~ ................................... A~~.~t.~.~<::~~.~ ............... AP.~!L...... ....................... C ..................... !I.~!.~....................... ...................... ....................... . A~g!~ .. ~~~~J5.>.~.................. .............. 13,!!!~.~.~.~~..................... ... ~~L ................................................................................... 13: ........................ JE~~ ...................... f.~j~ .. ~~.~~~jc.jr.!~............... A!.~.j:':~.~..!.t:.~.~.~.~.~ ........................... _ ............. _ .. !c.t:.g~~i.~~..s.~.t: ............................ ~!E!.S..~.......................................... ...... ............. .. .... ..... YG ................. Tre~ .................. Ii~~~r..~~f.!!~!~(?(?~ .. . N~j:':i~.pr.(?<::~r.!l..... ....... !c~g~~~(?s.~~.. ........ ~!.1~!l.r.(?i......................... ... ............................ C Tree ................ :U~~~r~~.f.!!t)!~ood Alp.j:':~.i:l:Ej<::~~.i~.1.I.............................. ....... !c.t)g~~j~(?~!l.~ .................... Q(?g.~r.! .. ~.j~.jS..J.1: ............. _ .............................................. ... G .... ................... Ir.t)t) ........................... I!~~t).r................. ................... ....... ......................................... . A!b..i.:':i~ .. s..~.~........ ....................... !c.t)g~i~(?~~~........ ............. .............................. ........... ............................. C Tree 1 .... :::T:.i:.m ..... ,b ... e .... r .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. j

A!~~.~r.!!.~ .. s.<::~.~!!l.r.!.s. ... _ ................................. Ap.(?~y.r.!~<::t)~~ ............... G.J.1:~~!.~ .................................................................... 13, ........................ Ir.~.t)....... Timber I A!tt).r..r.!'.I.'!-.~~t).r.:~p~i.I(?~.i.r.:(?j.~t)~... ....... _ ...... A~~.'.I.'!-!.J.1:~<::t)~t) ............ !:!t)!t)!!:~.J.1:!l...... . ................................... ......... YC:;........ ...............!:l.~rb Alternanthera sessilis Amaranthaceae Sachishak VC Herb ~~~.~~~~~:~p~~~~~~:::::::::::.:::::::::::.::::: ~~~~ili~~~~~:::::::::: :::::g~~a.::~~!~::::::.... ........ ......:::::s;;:¢::: . Herb............. .. I Ar.!t.J.1:(?c..e.p.I:J:~I~.s. ... <::~.i!Je.~s..i.s.......... Rubiac.e.~t).....~~~~!r.!......... ..... ........................ C Tree Timber and f""lw{)I)n

Ap.(?~(?g.~.t.<>..r.!.!!:~!~~............................. ... .................... ............. 9.~t)r.!.~~.................... . ..................................... ..... G......... Herb ........................................ ..... . Ap.(?~(?J.I1y.:><:jS..P(?!Y.S.!~.~~Y..~.. ................. M..t)!!.~<::.t)~.e. ........................... 13,.1.I.Y.r.!~........... ........................................................ .. G ..... ...................... Ir.t)t) ........................... I~~~~r..~~.f.!!t)!~<?(?~........... ....... . Ar.~.~~.<::1.I.~e.<::.~.!!........ ......................... ~~!J.I1~t) ............................ ~~P.~.j ........................................................................ yG .................... Tr.~~ ..................... Xr.tIjt.~~.4IiJ.I1~e.r ............................................................ . Ar.!(?C.!l.r.P~.~.e.!.t:.r.:(?EJ.1:Y.!!.tI.S. ........................ M<?.r.:~<::t)~.t:............ ............ .I5:~!!I.1.I.!............. ................................................ ........ c:; ....... .................... Ir.~e........f..r..tI.i.!! .. I!~~t)r. ... ~~ . .f.~t)!~(?(?~.......... ..................................... . Arundo donax Gramineae Baranal VC Herb ~~~~i~~~:~~~~:~X~:................::::::: ~~~!i~~~~~~~~:::::::::::::::: g~~~g~:::::::::::::::::::::::.... .: ... : ... : .............. :.:::::::¢::. ··::.:Ii~~:.:·:::::·:·:::.:::·:: ·I~i!:::::::::::::.: .. :::::::::········ ....... ::.::.::::::.::: ..................... . Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Nim C Tree Timber and medicine A:':.<>..~!.~ .. pj~~!~ .......................... :::=::::::::::: .. §~Ei~i.~~.~~~::.::::::::::::::: g~~.li?~.a.:::.::::::::::: .............................................. :::::¢.::.:. ::::·H~i.~:.:·:.:·.·::: : ..... :::::: .. : .. ::::::::::.:: ....... . ~~J.I1!?.~.s..~ .. s.P:................ ....................... _Qr..~~e..i:l:t: ..... _ ................. !.3..~~ ........................................................... .... yc:; ..... ...................... I!~.e. ........................ I~~.~<::.l:J:i.r.!lt ...................... . !.3..~!.r.!gt<>.~i.~.~c..~~~g~!1.1. ........................ !.3..~~!!:g!<?~.1.1.<::~!l.t)....... ... !:!!j!l.!..................................... ........ ........ .... c:;.... .~.~~ .................... f.~~!.~<?<?~........ .......... . Bombax ceiba Bombacaceae Shimul C Tree Cotton and Fuelwood B·o~assusflab·ei"ifei······························- Pai"mae···························· Tar·············· ..................... -. R ·················Tie·;;············ii;:;;i;·j;uel;o·od··a;.;d··Timbei·········· f:~!~~~~::!~~~i.~:::::::::.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~~i:~~~.:::::::::::::::::::: :::::: ~:a.Ji~:e.C:············· .................................... ........ ...... ····················SiIDib·::···:···:··:···:·::Ih~~~irii::::::::::::::::...........:::::. G~I<>.~(?p.is.gig~te.~...As.<::Ie.pj~~!I<::e.~e... ............ A~~d C Shrub G~!<>.!r.gP.is..Pr.<?<::t)r..~ .................................... A~<::!t)p.j!l.~!I~~!lt) ................ A~~~........... ......................... c Shrub ................... f .... ::; ...... ;............................................................................................................................................................................................................. j

G!l.r..ic..~.P!lp..!ly~................. ..................... c:;.~~~.~~t).1.I.t)........... ....... ~!lP.!i.L................................ C Shrub .............. £.r..t'.i! .. . G.~}.s..~.~~~~!1~~s...... ............................... Ap.(?~y!!:~<::e.~t) ................ .I5:~.~.~~.!I........................ ..................................... 13,..... . ......... ~.~!?.................................................................................................... .......... . G.~~.s.~~.!I.!!I!.!i......................... ................ ~e.g1,!~!r.!(?~~.~ ..................... Q~~<?.r.:~<?~............................. ............................................... . .. ~~1I~ ................ M.e.d.!~.j!!:~ .. ~~.X~e.!.~(?<>..~.................. . ................................. . c:~~s.i.~.fi.~t.ula ................ ................................................ ~e.g~.~.r.!(?~~.~ ........................... !.3. .. !I.~~!~!~i!~.<>.~.~IlI .......................................................... 8. .................... T!t).e. ................ Q~~~e.r.!~.~! .. ~~ .. Me~i~!r.!e............ ..... . . G!I~.s.~~ .. <?<::<::!.4t)r.!:t.!I!!~ ........ _ .................. _. !c.~.g1,!~.r.!(?~~t) ....... _ ........ ~!l.r.~1.I.!~~~r.!.4.!I....................... . ........................... .... ... G........ . .... ~hrllb.. ... .... . .... f..~~.l.~<?<?~........................................... ...... . (:!I~.s.i.!I. si~~.~.... . ................................. !ce.g1,!~.r.!(?s.~.~ ................ M.i.!1jll~i ................... . Tree

Shrub

g;i~~~~i~~~~!i:f~ji:~:::::::·····~::: §~21ffi~;~f~:::::······ ~~~~;:::::::::::::··········l:::l:::::t.:::::J ~~~:

103

Fuelwood Fuelwood Ornamental ........ MMMMM ..................... HHH •• H ••• H •• H •• H.................. • ............... ___ ... ___ •• ___ .. __ ••••

M~d.!<::i.I.?:~~~.Y.e.ge.t.!I!?!e.~......

ANNEXB

Status Scientific name Local name Family Type Human use

IUeN I Local

Clerodendrum inetmc .M'._"'.,.,_ ... .-~ ..... ~_.,.,~~_,.,_~ .... ___ ~M __ •• '

§~e~Ji~~~~~i-·~~~..!l!~""-" .. ·-"·"-"·"·"···tp~f~~~~.;:==·" .. -·_··,,"-·_··1 ........... _ ......... _ .......... _ ....•....••.......... ·r'····················~·······

Colocasia esculenta

f~!~i~jj~~~~p~ii!!£~~::=:::=::~=·:=::=::==:::r9~~e~!;}~~·~::~::.~:::~:~::=:~J Cratacva nurvala

..... --.. -.. -..... -.-... -.. -........ -...... , .... -.. ~.--~-......... --.-"'"'.,~-. '-·""'-··-·""'---·"·"~-----r~~~~£~:~(;~~ :::·:::::::::J~:~j~~c-.::=·~·::::~·: ·:~:··:··:·:·::l:· · •••••• : •••••• :r: ·j~:.::l ::-. ..~~f~ ••••• : ••••••• : ••• · ••• ·f··~·~·· •• ~·~:::~ .:: :~: •• :' •••••• ~:.:::::.':.::' ::: ••. : •• : •••• ~: ••.• :.::.: ~ ... ::::.::: .. :::. ":: •. : ••••• :: ::-] Crotolaria retusa ,¢r.(,t(,~:~~~pI~4I~~iii········ >Gl!~(;!:'!!I .. I;l~.tr.!ll.!.s...................... ................ ............. .

1~~~~i~s=~lI~f~:=:~~:=::::=:::=::::::::=::::::::~1~~~~f~~==~·~:::.=:···:·:·:::~~;~~~=:~·~::~~·:=:=:::~::=::=:~:::::::r •.• = •. : .f:":;~; :::=r:·~:.;;;}~:.:·:: ••• :1·:=:::·::·:::: .. :::::= :.::: .. := :::=.=::=::=: .. ::=::=.:=: =::::::::=: •• =:::~ ... :::-. :=:::::1 GYJl~E!I.s.!..P.:.. ......................... _ ....................... _·· .. -·t·R:·h--::.~~;;~:;;;.;. .... -.. ·· .. · .. ·· .. ·· .. · .. ·~~;~~~-=;.···· .. -· .. ·· .. ··· ...... ··· .. ··· .. ·· .... _·1 .. ···· .. ··· .. ···· .. ···1 .. ······('.0: .I? .. a.l~~t:.gi.'!.s.l~~il·<>.. .. _ .. · ...... _· .. _··_ ...... _ .. · .. ·I-::;:::-=:..::::::.···._ ......... _ .. _ .... _+=:==.~ ... _ .............. .. Datura suaveolens

Herb

.... ~ .... " ... -.... - ................ - .... ~~~!.~~£!:!I£ ............ -.-._ .......... +~~!.: .. = .............. _ ... _." .. " .. " ... _ ............. ~. :.l:.:.!1 ... _ ......... _ ........... _ ....... "."" ....... "!: ... :.:.:.:.c: ... : .. :" •• " ............................. " ... ".!:; .. ,.:;.:; .. ;=".::.;;.,.:::: ... " ... "."" •.•.• " ...... _ .............. +

104

ANNEXB

Status Type Scientific name Family Local name Human use

meN I Local

!c!I??c:>P~i!ll .. ~~~~j.~!!!C:>Ell..... . ............ ~~!c:>p.~Il.!ll!ill~~ll~........... !3..ijll~!g~lls................ c Herb Litchi .~h!.J.l.t:.J:.l:~.i.~ ................................. §llpi!!:411'<:~.a.:~ ................... !C.iEh~........................... C Tree LX!!:!i! !c.1l.4~!g\1l.1l!J.s.~~!.l.~~J.l~.................... ........ QJ.l.llgE.ll.C.~.ll~ ...................... ~~~.hC:>!.~ll!!l............................ C Herb !C~4~igillhys.s.c:>pifc:>lill... ...... QJ.lllgrllc.~ll~ ....................... ~~~hQ~~atp....... ...............................yc ................... I:.Ier~........................ ... . MllJ.lgif~~.l:l..!!.l.~iEll ................................... _ ... ~.ll.~.ll!.4!.ll.c..~ll~ ...................... A~ .................................................... _ ........................................ ....... y~ ...... ........... IE~~ ................ £~\! .. a.:J.l.d.I.\~P..~L ........................................................................... .

~~~L::~~ri!.~~~:::=:=.::::::.:::::::::::::::::::::=:: ~~~~~~~~~:::~=::::::::::::::::: ~1j~~!.~::::::.:::::::::::::::::::::::: ····:::::::~t:: ... : ................... ~~~.~ ................... Medicine ··1 Monochoria hatata Pontaderiaceae Kechur C Herb ..... ---------.. --... --.. --------.------------.------------.--•• --•• ------.-----.--.. --.---...... --•• --.-----•••• ---M ••• ·.·._.· ________ • __ ··_·· __ ···" _____ •• ___ ••• •• ·._·· ___ •• H ___ H ..... _ •• _ •••• _ •• _ •• _. ____ •• _ •• __ •••• _. __ ....................................... _H •••••••••• H ...... M ••• M .................................................................. HH .... M .. _MM __ ... "_HH_HH ...... H._"_H ............................................... M ......... • ............. MM •••••••• M·····MM ...... M •• M ............................................................................ .

Mc:>!.\!!:gll.g!~.iJe.~.ll................. ................. Mc:>!.i.!!:gl:l.~~~.~ ................... _ §.!!i!!1!.................................... ........ __ ........... _e; .... _ . ................... _I~.~.~. M1:!~.1l .. p.ll!.~4!.~.i.l!.<:1l . .Y.ll!,.~.llP.\~J.l.!~ ............. M~..s.~.<:.~.ll~ ........... _ ........... ~ll!.~.................................... VC Shrub My!i~p.~y!!~~!~t~llJ:.l:~~..... . ............ I:.Illl.oEll~~ll~......... ................ ................ .............................. C Herb

. ye.g~!ll~!.~.................................... Fruit

~y£.t.llJ.l.t.~~~ .. ll!p..~~\~.!:I:!.~ ................................ §c:>!llJ.l.ll.c.~ll~ ............ _ ......... §~f~L............................. .. C ....................... I:.I~!.~.......................................... ................ ....... . ~yE!.lp~l!~.ll .. !!:~!:!.<:.~.l:l.I.! ............................... ~~P~ll~ll~.~.~~ ............. §h.llp.!~....................... V C Herb... .......................................... . ~y!.!l:p~l!~.ll .. ~!~l.~ll!.ll...... ........................... ~y!.!l:phll~.ll.~.~.~~............. . ~!!.~h!l.P.l.ll............................. .......................................13: ....................... }:!e!.~....................... ....................... ................... ........ . ~y~phg.~4~~.iJ.l.4\~!:!~... .... M~J.lyllJ:.l:t~ll.<:~ll~....RllJ:.l:c.~uli .... ................. ............................ .. ye; Herb ........... ···f····:·····:······,·:·····,························................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Ocimum americanurn Labiatae Tulshi R Herb M"rlic.in" ................................................................................. . ......................... _ ...... _........................ .. ..................... ................................... .. . .......................................... _............. .. ~:~~.';.':'~~.~J~:~ ................................................................................................................................................................................ j Oxalis corniculata C Herb ~~~~~jp~~::.=:=::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~~~~~~~~~:::::::::::::::::::::: K~y.~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::··:···.····· •.•.••.•••• :::::f:::. .. Herb. . .... ............................... ....................................... ............ . R~.c:>J.l~i~ .. ~y.!~.~.s..!!.i.s. ........................... _ ............. .!.'.1l!~.1l.~ ............................... ~h~11l.~................................... . .............. ...... e;.......... Tree ................ £.~\! ... ll!l4.XI:l.~.I.~c:>.().4....... .................... ...... . .!.'.hE.llg.~.i.!~~.i.':ll!i.':ll ..................................................... . Q!.~!Q~.l:l.~ ................................... ~c:>L.................................. . . ... .... ....... .. .. ..... 'i~........ Herb ····················f···~·····························..........................................................................................................................................................................1

~t~f~~r~:~~{~=:::::::·.·:::::::~· ........................... ::::: ~~~~~~==:::::::·:::::::f~~:~!·::::: ... ··::::::::::::::::::~... ..........•...•..•• .•..... ::::~~:... ~:~~ ····················f~.!.l ... · .. L ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 .!.'.c:>!.ygc:>J.l1:!~ .. ~~!J..ll!!:!~....... . ..... Rg!yg.c:>J.l.~~.~ll~ .................... ~.\~.~.ll.t.ll!.i............................. C Herb p(?!ygc:>.J.l.1:!~g!.a.:~E~........ ....................... .!.'g.~yg.<>.!!.~~.~ll~ ........................ !3..\~.~.ll.t.ll!!.................. C Herb

~t?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~=~.~=~==j==.- g_~~§!:~lf""~=====------!3:llyJ.l~h9S.P.~Ell.~Ke.s~e..J.l.~.... .......................... e;Yp~El:l.~~ll~............................... §h.i.~!J.~llt.!aji ...................................................................... .... 'ie;. Herb l3:i~.i.~1:!.s. .. ~.c:>~.~i.s. ....................................... ~.Il.p.!!<>.~Eill~~.1!~ ................ _ .. l3:.~.!}..................................... . ................................... .... 'i.g...... Shrub Oil 13:c:>!ippll}J.l~!~ll...............................e;~~if~Ell~ ...................... !3..llJ.ls.~is.~.l:l............................... . ........ ........................... C;..... Herb .~.ll.<:.~ic:>!.~pi.s. .... \!.l!.~g~P!ll ............................. Q!.~iJ:.l:~.ll.~............. .. ~ll!~1:!!).1l.................................. . .................................. yg..... Herb ~llgitt..ll!.i..l! ... s..l!.gi..t.!.iK().I.!.ll .................................................................. A!.i.s..~~t.ll~.~.!l~ ...................... g.~g.t.~~~.l.............................. . ........... __. . ... S ........ J... .................... :H .. :[.e: .. r, .. b: ......................... L .......................................•..............•.•......... _ .......•.......•...............................•........•............................................................................................ .J

105

Status Local name Type Scientific name Family

IUeN I Local

.~!:I.I.i~ __ t.~.t~!:I:s.p_e_I!!"!.l!: ... _ .... ___ .. _ .. ______.______ ______ §.!:If_l~j~'.l~ _____________________ ~_!~.~ __ Salvi.~a..Euc':llla.ta_ ..... _ .... ______ .... ____ .... ___ .. §.al~!.l1ia~~a.~ ............. _ .. _ .. _ ...... _.!<:~.iplll111 ___ _ ~l::j~~~j':l:!l_I::!J.!~tJ.~ ____ .___ __ .. ___ .___ ____ .... __ .... _ .~.Y.P_~_r..ll£r::ll~ __ . ______ . __ . __ ~_~j~Ell_._.____.._ .. _._. Scleria lacustris Grarnineae

Shrub Herb Herb Herb Shrub

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ll!~.~~~~-~-~: :==i=~t+--a:~-§.P~.I1c!i!:l_s_4.E}E.i_~ ____ ... __________ .. _______ .. ~_llEil.~~!llC,.tJ.llI.L ______ .. _ ... ~!P!~ ________ .__ __________ .... ~!~~.Il!!J~._llsp~r.._________ " §..~!e.~~I1~_!!l_a._~~g.o.!!i_______________ _________ _ .~y_~18J_':I_I!!_~j.I?L ... ______ ..... __ . Tarnarindus indica ,. ... ____ .... ~ ___ ~~_'~ .. ~K~"~_"~_ .... " ~ .... ~ ........ _ •.

··----------·---·-----·--------IV~~h;;;~~;;';;;------·--------tNf~hi~~·;---------··-----·----------1- .. ----1

.. it~)(_!1:tJ.gll.~!1.!J. ________________ .. _ 1~~~~~~1~~:_~:_==~::-=:J~l~~~;~~=:::=~-=:=:=::=::::=::=:::::::1: =:~:= :::::1 vy!J.J~f!!:I_!!l_i£~.2~.c::~p.~~.ll ___ . _______________________ _ .. ?:j:zY.Phll~_!!l_ll~it.ill~_ll._ ...... __ ..... __ ... . ............... __ ..

Local status: VC = Very Common; C

106

ANNEXB

Human use

Introduction

, I I , I

ANNEXC

ENVIRONMENTAL CODE OF PRACTICES

AnnexC

The objective of preparation of the Environmental Code of Practices (ECP) is to address less significant environmental impacts and all general construction related impacts of the proposed project implementation. The ECPs will provide guidelines for best operating practices and environmental management guidelines to be followed by the contractors for sustainable management of all environmental issues. This ECP will be annexed in the general conditions of all the contracts carried out under the PMBP.

The list of ECPs prepared for the PMBP is given below:

ECP 1: Waste Management ECP 2: Fuels and Hazardous Goods Management ECP 3: Water Resources Management ECP 4: Drainage Management ECP 5: Soil Quality Management ECP 6: Erosion and Sediment Control ECP 7: Top Soil Management ECP 8: Topography and Landscaping ECP 9: Borrow Areas Development & Operation ECP 10: Air Quality Management ECP II: Noise and Vibration Management ECP 12: Protection of Flora ECP 13: Protection of Fauna ECP 14: Protection of Fisheries ECP 15: Road Transport and Road Traffic Management ECP 16: River Transport management ECP 17: Construction Camp Management ECP 18: Cultural and Religious Issues ECP 19: Workers Health and Safety

The Contractor can also prepare a 'Construction Environmental Action Plan' (CEAP) demonstrating the manner in which the Contractor will comply with the requirements ofECPs and the mitigation measures proposed in the EMMP of the EIA Report. The CEAP will form the part of the contract documents and will be used as monitoring tool for compliance. Violation of the compliance requirements will be treated as non-compliance leading to the corrections or otherwise imposing penalty on the contractors.

107

ECP 1: Waste Mana Prol~t A41ii.fit!: ... Impact SOqrce;

General Waste Soil and water pollution from the improper management of wastes and excess materials from the construction sites.

Annex C

Mitigation Measu:tes/!~allageDlent Guidelines

The Contractor shall: - Develop waste management plan for various specific waste streams (e.g., reusable waste,

flammable waste, construction debris, food waste etc.) prior to commencing of construction and submit to BBA for approval.

- Organize disposal of all wastes generated during construction in an environmentally acceptable manner. This will include consideration of the nature and location of disposal site, so as to cause less environmental impact.

- Minimize the production of waste materials by 3 R (Reduce, Recycle and Reuse) approach. - Segregate and reuse or recycle all the wastes, wherever practical. - Collect and transport non-hazardous wastes to all the approved disposal sites. - Train and instruct all personnel in waste management practices and procedures as a

component of the environmental induction process. - Provide refuse containers at each worksite. - Request suppliers to minimize packaging where practicable. - Place a high emphasis on good housekeeping practices. - Maintain all construction sites in a cleaner, tidy and safe condition and provide and maintain

appropriate facilities as temporary storage of all wastes before transportation and final ~ ____________ -+ _________________________ I~ __ disposal.

The Contractor shall: Health hazards and environmental impacts due to improper waste management practices

Hazardous Waste - Collect chemical wastes in 200 liter drums (or similar sealed container), appropriately labeled

for transport to an approved chemical waste depot. - Store, transport and handle all chemicals avoiding potential environmental - Store all hazardous wastes appropriately in bunded areas away from water courses. - Make available Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for hazardous materials on-site

construction. - Collect hydrocarbon wastes, including lube oils, for safe transport off-site for reuse,

treatment or disposal at approved locations. L--_______ .L-____________ -', -C()t1Struc:t()()I1()~~te or other impermeable flooring to prevent seepage in case of spills

108

hazardous goods. Materials used in construction have a potential to be a source of contamination. Improper storage and handling offuels, lubricants, chemicals and hazardous goods/materials on-site, and potential spills from these goods may harm the environment or health of construction workers.

Annex C

The Contractor shall: - Prepare spill control procedures and submit the plan for BBA approval. - Train the relevant construction personnel in handling of fuels and spill control procedures. - Store dangerous goods in bunded areas on a top of a sealed plastic sheet away from

watercourses. - Refueling should occur only within bunded areas. - Make available MSDS for chemicals and dangerous goods on-site. - Transport waste of dangerous goods, which cannot be recycled, to a designated disposal site

approved by DOE. - Provide absorbent and containment material (e.g., absorbent matting) where hazardous

material are used and stored and personnel trained in the correct use. - Provide protective clothing, safety boots, helmets, masks, gloves, goggles, to the construction

personnel, appropriate to materials in use. - Make sure all containers, drums, and tanks that are used for storage are in good condition and

are labeled with expiry date. Any container, drum, or tank that is dented, cracked, or rusted might eventually leak. Check for leakage regularly to identify potential problems before they occur.

- Store hazardous materials above flood plain level. - Put containers and drums in temporary storages in clearly marked areas, where they will not be

run over by vehicles or heavy machinery. The area should preferably slope or drain to a safe collection area in the event of a spill.

- Put containers and drums in permanent storage areas on an impermeable floor that slopes to a safe collection area in the event of a spill or leak.

- Take all precautionary measures when handling and storing fuels and lubricants, avoiding environmental pollution.

- A void the use of material with greater potential for contamination by substituting them with more environmentallv friendlv materials.

109

ECP 3: Water Resources Management Project Activity! Impact Source.

Hazardous Material and Waste

Discharge from construction sites

Soil Erosion and siltation

Construction activities in water bodies

Environmental Impacts·

Water pollution from the storage, handling and disposal of hazardous materials and general construction waste, and accidental spillage During construction both surface and groundwater quality may be deteriorated due to construction activities in the river, sewerages from construction sites and work camps. The construction works will modify groundcover and topography changing the surface water drainage patterns, including infiltration and storage of storm water. The change in hydrological regime leads to increased rate of runoff and in sediment and contaminant loading, increased flooding, groundwater contamination, and effect habitat of fish and other aquatic biology. Soil erosion and dust from the material stockpiles will increase the sediment and contaminant loading of surface water bodies.

Construction works in the water bodies will increase sediment and contaminant loading, and effect habitat offish and other aquatic biology.

Annex C

Mitigation Measures! Management Guidelines

The Contractor shall: - Follow the management guidelines proposed in ECPs I and 2. - Minimize the generation of sediment, oil and grease, excess nutrients, organic matter, litter,

debris and any form of waste (particularly petroleum and chemical wastes). These substances must not enter waterways, storm water systems or underground water tables

The Contractor shall: - Install temporary drainage works (channels and bunds) in areas required for sediment and

erosion control and around storage areas for construction materials - Install temporary sediment basins, where appropriate, to capture sediment-laden run-offfrom

site - Divert runoff from undisturbed areas around the construction site - Stockpile materials away from drainage lines - Prevent all solid and liquid wastes entering waterways by collecting solid waste, oils,

chemicals, bitumen spray waste and wastewaters from brick, concrete and asphalt cutting where possible and transport to a approved waste disposal site or recycling depot

- Wash out ready-mix concrete agitators and concrete handling equipment at washing facilities off site or into approved bunded areas on site. Ensure that tires of construction vehicles are cleaned in the washing bay (constructed at the entrance of the construction site) to remove the mud from the wheels. This should be done in every exit of each construction vehicle to ensure the local roads are kept clean.

The Contractor shall: - Stabilize the cleared areas not used for construction activities with vegetation or appropriate

surface water treatments as soon as practicable following earthwork to minimize erosion - Ensure that roads used by construction vehicles are swept regularly to remove sediment. - Water the material stockpiles, access roads and bare soils on an as required basis to minimize

dust. Increase the watering frequency during periods of high risk (e.g. high winds) The Contractor shall: - Dewater sites by pumping water to a sediment basin prior to release off site - do not pump

directly off site - Monitor the water quality in the runoff from the site or areas affected by dredge plumes, and

improve work practices as necessary - Protect water bodies from sediment loads by silt screen or bubble curtains or other barriers

110

Drinking water

Excavation and earth works, and construction yards

Groundwater at shallow depths is contaminated with arsenic and hence not suitable for drinking purposes.

Depletion and pollution of groundwater resources

Lack of proper drainage for rainwater/liquid waste or wastewater owing to the construction activities harms environment in terms of water and soil contamination, and mosquito growth.

AnnexC

- Minimize the generation of sediment, oil and grease, excess nutrients, organic matter, litter, debris and any form of waste (particularly petroleum and chemical wastes). These substances must not enter waterways, storm water systems or underground water tables.

- Use environment friendly and non toxic slurry during construction of piles to discharge into the river.

- Reduce infiltration of contaminated drainage through storm water management design - Do not discharge cement and water curing used for cement concrete directly into water courses

and draina!!e inlets. - The Contractor shall: - Pumping of groundwater should be from deep aquifers of more than 150 m to supply arsenic

free water. Safe and sustainable discharges are to be ascertained prior to selection of pumps. - Tube wells will be installed with due regard for the surface environment, protection of

groundwater from surface contaminants, and protection of aquifer cross contamination - All tube wells, test holes, monitoring wells that are no longer in use or needed shall be nron~rlv decommissioned

- Install monitoring wells both upstream and downstream areas near construction yards and construction camps to regularly monitor and report on the water quality and water levels.

- Protect !!roundwater suoolies of adiacent lands

Mitigat~ijnMeasuresl Managemel

- Prepare a program for prevent/avoid standing waters, which CSC will verify in advance and confirm during implementation

- Provide alternative drainage for rainwater ifthe construction works/earth-fillings cut the established drainage line

- Establish local drainage line with appropriate silt collector and silt screen for rainwater or wastewater connecting to the existing established drainage lines already there.

- Rehabilitate road drainage structures immediately if damaged by contractors' road transports. - Build new drainage lines as appropriate and required for wastewater from construction yards

connecting to the available nearby recipient water bodies. Ensure wastewater quality conforms to the relevant standards provided by DOE, before it being discharged into recipient water bodies.

111

}l .. dJe~t .A~tivityl lfup_ctS9urce

Ponding

;~~i~OQment~i:ii~p~~ti;

Health hazards due to mosquito breeding

Soil contamination will occur from drainage of dredged spoils

AnnexC

fl\1itigation Measures! Ma~age~~nt~uidelines :C,,; >:<::'

- Ensure the internal roads/hard surfaces in the construction yards/construction camps that generate has storm water drainage to accommodate high runoff during downpour and that there is no stagnant water in the area at the end of the downpour.

- Construct wide drains instead of deep drains to avoid sand deposition in the drains that require frequent cleaning.

- Provide appropriate silt collector and silt screen at the inlet and manholes and periodically clean the drainage system to avoid drainage congestion

- Protect natural slopes of drainage channels to ensure adequate storm water drains. - Regularly inspect and maintain all drainage channels to assess and alleviate any drainage

problem. - Reduce infiltration of contaminated draina e throu h storm water mana ement desi n - Do not allow ponding of water especially near the waste storage areas and construction camps - Discard all the storage containers that are capable of storing of water, after use or store them in

inverted

Guidelines

- Ensure that dredged sand used for land filling should be free of pollutants. Prior to filling, sand quality should be tested to confirm whether soil is pollution free. Sediments should be properly compacted. Top layer should be the 0.5 m thick clay on the surface and boundary slopes along with grass. Side Slope of Filled Land of 1:2 should be constructed by suitable soils with proper compaction as per design. Slope surface should be covered by top soils/ cladding materials (O.Sm thick) and grass turfing with suitable grass.

- Leaching from the sediments should be contained to seep into the subsoil or should be discharged into settling lagoons before final disposal.

- No sediment laden water in the adjacent lands near the construction sites, and/or wastewater of suspended materials excessive of 200mgll from dredge spoil storage/use area in the adjacent

hural lands.

112

Storage of hazardous and toxic chemicals

Construction material stock piles

Spillage of hazardous and toxic chemicals will contaminate the soils

Erosion from construction

AnnexC

The Contractor shall: - Strictly manage the wastes management plans proposed in ECPl and storage of materials in

ECP2 - Construct appropriate spill contaminant facilities for all fuel storage areas - Establish and maintain a hazardous materials register detailing the location and quantities of

hazardous substances including the storage, use of disposals - Train personnel and implement safe work practices for minimizing the risk of spillage - Identify the cause of contamination, jf it is reported, and contain the area of contamination.

The impact may be contained by isolating the source or implementing controls around the affected site

material stockpiles may - Protect the toe of all stockpiles, where erosion is likely to occur, with silt fences, straw bales or ___ -,-' _c_o_ntamill!l-te the soils bunds

Construction acti vities and material stockpiles

Cleared areas and slopes are susceptible for erosion oftop soils, that affects the growth of vegetation which causes e~logical imbalance. The impact of soil erosion are

Increased run off and sedimentation causing a greater flood hazard to the downstream, (ii) destruction of aquatic environment in nearby lakes, streams, and reservoirs caused by erosion and/or deposition of sediment damaging the spawning

offish. and

- Reinstate and protect cleared areas as soon as possible. - Mulch to protect batter slopes before planting - Cover unused area of disturbed or exposed surfaces immediately with mUlch/grass turfings/tree

The Contractor shall: - Locate stockpiles away from drainage lines - Protect the toe' of all stockpiles, where erosion is likely to occur, with silt fences, straw bales or

bunds - Remove debris from drainage paths and sediment control structures - Cover the loose sediments and water them if required - Divert natural runoff around construction areas prior to any site disturbance - Install protective measures on site prior to construction, for example, sediment traps - Control drainage through a site in protected channels or slope drains - Install 'cut off drains' on lare.e cutlfill batter slones to control water runoff sneed and hence

113

Transport

Land clearing and earth works

(iii) destruction of vegetation by burying or gullying.

Earthworks will impact the fertile top soils that are enriched with nutrients required for plant growth or agricultural development.

Vehicular movement outside RO W or temporary access roads will affect the soil fertility of the agricultural lands

lvi~nmental Im~~~il,UH ":'; ::::::::' - , "'<~O ::+~~~ ~<00'~

Flood plains of the existing Project area will be affected by the construction of various project activities. Construction activities especially earthworks will change toool!raohv and disturb the natural

AnnexC

"""";"";";

MitigatioD MeasureS! Ma.~pmeDtGu'deIiDes

erosion - Observe the performance of drainage structures and erosion controls during rain and modify as

Mitigation Me8sllreSI;ManagementGDide,,~s The Contractor shall: - Strip the top soil to a depth of 15 cm and store in stock piles of height not exceeding 2m. - Remove unwanted materials from top soil like grass, roots and similar others. - The stockpiles will be done in slopes of 2: 1 to reduce surface runoff and enhance percolation

through the mass of stored soil. - Locate topsoil stockpiles in areas outside drainage lines and protect from erosion. - Construct diversion channels and silt fences around the topsoil stockpiles to prevent erosion

and loss of topsoil. - Spread the topsoil to maintain the physico-chemical and biological activity of the soil. The

stored top soil will be utilized for covering all disturbed area and along the proposed plantation sites

- Prior to the re-spreading of topsoil, the ground surface will be ripped to assist the bunding of the soil lavers, water oenetration and revegetation

- Limit equipment and vehicular movements to within the approved construction zone - Construct temporary access tracks to cross concentrated water flow lines at right angles - Plan construction access to make use, if possible, ofthe final road alignment - Use vehicle-cleaning devices, for example, ramos or wash down areas

«;~~"it.ation Measu~<~~~~gem~nt Guidelines

- Ensure the topography of the final surface of all raised lands (construction yards, approach roads and rails, access roads, bridge end facilities, etc.) are conducive to enhance natural draining of rainwater/flood water;

- Keep the final or finished surface of all the raised lands free from any kind of depression that insists water ioggin

114

Development and operation of borrow areas

rainwater/flood water drainage as well as will change the local landscape.

Generally dredge spoils will be used as borrow material for filling of construction sites to the 100 year flood level. In case, the borrow pits developed by the Contractor, there will be impacts on local topography, landscaping and natural drainage.

AnnexC

- Undertake mitigation measures for erosion control/prevention by grass-turfing and tree plantation, where there is a possibility of rain-cut that will change the shape of topography.

- Cover immediately the uncovered open surface that has no use of construction activities with grass-cover and tree plantation to prevent soil erosion and bring improved landscaping

The Contractor shall: - Use dredge spoils from the Padma river as borrow materials to the maximum extent possible - Identify borrow pits in consultation with the local governments and BBA. - Obtain the borrow material from: - barren land or land without tree cover outside the road reserve; - excavating land and creating new water tanks/ponds; - land acquired temporarily outside the road reserve; - excavation of proposed culverts; - Do not dug the borrow pits within 5m of the toe of the final section of the road

embankment. - Dig the borrow pits continuously. Ridges of not less than 8 m widths shall be left at intervals

not exceeding 300 m and small drains should be cut through the ridges to facilitate drainage - Slope the bed level of the borrow pits, as far as possible, down progressively towards the

nearest cross drain, if any, and do not lower it than the bed of the cross-drain, to ensure efficient drainage. .

- Do not dig the depth of borrow pits exceeding 45 em when it becomes necessary to borrow earth from temporarily acquired cultivable lands. Strip the topsoil to a depth of 15 em and stockpile for later rehabilitation of the pit Thereafter, dug out soil to a further depth not exceeding 30 em and use in forming the embankment. Spread the stockpiled top soil back on the land once the borrow pit is no longer required.

- Do not locate the borrow pits within 500 m of any identified archaeological, religious or cultural sites if any.

- Haul the borrow materials to embankments, or other areas offill, only after sufficient spreading and compaction plant is operating at the place of deposition.

- Follow the below for restoration of borrow areas are: - Return stockoiled toosoil to the borrow oit if is used for

115

Construction vehicular traffic

Construction machinery

Construction activities

Air quality can be adversely affected by vehicle exhaust emissions and combustion of fuels.

Air quality can be adversely affected by emissions from machinery and combustion of fuels.

Dust generation from construction sites, material stockpiles and access roads is a nuisance in environment and can be a health hazard.

AnnexC

- Stabilize the banks of the borrow pit with the top soil if it is used for fish ponds by compaction; - return stockpiled topsoil to the borrow pit and all worked areas to be stabilized through re-

vegetation using local plants. - Control at each site by ensuring that base of the borrow oit drains into a sediment trao Drior to

"l"h~t'ajno- from the site.

- Fit vehicles with appropriate exhaust systems and emission control devices. Maintain these devices in good working condition.

- Operate the vehicles in a fuel efficient manner - Cover haul vehicles carrying dusty materials moving outside the construction site - Impose speed limits on all vehicle movement at the worksite to reduce dust emissions - Control the movement of construction traffic - Water construction materials prior to loading and transport - Service all vehicles regularly to minimize emissions - Limit the idling time of vehicles not more than 2 minutes The Contractor shall: - Fit machinery with appropriate exhaust systems and emission control devices. Maintain these

devices in good working condition. - Focus special attention on containing the emissions from generators - Machinery causing excess pollution (e.g. visible smoke) will be banned from construction sites - Service all equioment regularlv to minimize emissions - Water the material stockpiles, access roads and bare soils on an as required basis to minimize

the potential for environmental nuisance due to dust. Increase the watering frequency during periods of high risk (e.g. high winds)

- Minimize the extent and period of exposure of the bare surfaces - Reschedule earthwork activities or vegetation clearing activities, where practical, if necessary

to avoid during periods of high wind and if visible dust is blowing off-site - Restore disturbed areas as soon as practicable by vegetation/grass-turfing - Store the cement in silos and minimize the emissions from silos bv eQuiooim!: them with filters.

It 6

Construction machinery

Construction activity

Noise quality will be deteriorated due to vehicular traffic

Noise and vibration may have an impact on people, property, fauna, livestock and the natural environment.

Noise and vibration may have an impact on people, property, fauna, livestock and the natural environment.

Local flora are important to provide shelters for the birds, offer fruits and/or timber/fire wood, protect soil erosion and

L~~~~~ ______ ---' ove!1i11 keep the environment

~tigati~~.

· Maintain all vehicles in order to keep it in good working order in accordance with manufactures maintenance procedures

· Make sure all drivers will comply with the traffic codes concerning maximum speed drivinlZ hours, etc.

The Contractor shall:

AnnexC

· Appropriately site all noise generating activities to avoid noise pollution to local residents - Use the quietest available plant and equipment - Modify equipment to reduce noise (for example, noise control kits, lining of truck trays or

pipelines) · Maintain all equipment in order to keep it in good working order in accordance with

manufactures maintenance procedures - Install acoustic enclosures around generators to reduce noise levels. - Fit hilZh efficiencv mufflers to aODrooriate construction eauinment The Contractor shall: • Notify adjacent landholders prior any typical noise events outside of daylight hours - Educate the operators of construction equipment on potential noise problems and the

techniques to minimize noise emissions • Employ best available work practices on-site to minimize occupational noise levels - Install temporary noise control barriers where appropriate • Notify affected people if noisy activities will be undertaken, e.g. • Plan activities on site and deliveries to and from site to minimize impact - Monitor and analyze noise and vibration results and adjust construction practices as required. - A void undertaking the noisiest activities, where possible, when working at night near the

residential areas

- Reduce disturbance to surrounding vegetation • Use appropriate type and minimum size of machine to avoid disturbance to adjacent

vegetations. • Get aooroval from suoervision consultant for clearance of

117

AnnexC

'q;~::

MitigatiQpMeasuresl Management Guidelines ProjectActMtyl . . ... I · .... ·.·.t s·. ". EnvironlnentaJ Impacts mpa~ auree ........ .

friendly to human-living. As such - Make selective and careful pruning of trees where possible to reduce need of tree removal. damage to flora has wide range of - Control noxious weeds by disposing of at designated dump site or bum on site. adverse environmental impacts. - Clear only the vegetation that needs to be cleared in accordance with the plans. These

ECP 13: Protection of Fauna ProJeet 4eJiiVity/~ b E.viio~~eritanm~a~ 1m, aetBource .. ~;;< .",- - ;;;' - - </,

Construction The location of construction activities activities can result in the loss of

wild life habitat and habitat uali ,.

Impact on migratory birds, its habitat and its active nests

Ve etation

measures are applicable to both the construction areas as well as to any associated activities such as sites for stockpiles, disposal of fill and construction of diversion roads, etc.

- Do not bum off cleared vegetation - where feasible, chip or mulch and reuse it for the rehabilitation of affected areas, temporary access tracks or landscaping. Mulch provides a seed source, can limit embankment erosion, retains soil moisture and nutrients, and encourages re­growth and protection from weeds.

- Return topsoil and mulched vegetation (in areas of native vegetation) to approximately the same area of the roadside it came from.

- Avoid work within the drip-line of trees to prevent damage to the tree roots and compacting the

- Minimize the length oftime the ground is exposed or excavation left open by clearing and re­vegetate the area at the earliest practically possible.

- Ensure excavation works occur progressively and re-vegetation done at the earliest - Provide adequate knowledge to the workers regarding nature protection and the need of avoid

felling trees during construction - Supply appropriate fuel in the work caps to prevent fuel wood collection

Measnres/ Management GuideUnes

- Limit the construction works within the designated sites allocated to the contractors - check the site for animals trapped in, or in danger from site works and use a qualified person

to relocate the animal The Contractor - Not be permitted to destruct active nests or eggs of migratory birds - Minimize the tree removal during the bird breeding season. If works must be continued during

the bird breeding season, a nest survey will be conducted by a qualified biologist prior to commence of works to identify and located active nests

- Minimize the release of oil, oil wastes or any other substances harmful to migratory birds to an waters or an areas fre uented b mi rato birds.

The Contractor shall:

118

clearance

Construction

activities in River

Construction activities on the land

impact shelter, feeding and/or breeding and/or physical destruction and severing of habitat areas

Illegal poaching

The main potential impacts to fisheries are hydrocarbon spills and leaks from riverine transport and disposal of wastes into the river

The main potential impacts to aquatic flora and fauna River are increased suspended solids from earthworks erosion, sanitary discharge from work camps, and

of ponds for site preparation will impact the fishes.

AnnexC

- Restrict the tree removal to the minimum required. - Retain tree hollows on site, or relocate hollows, where appropriate - Leave dead trees where possible as habitat for fauna - Fell the hollow bearing trees in a manner which reduces the potential for fauna mortality.

Felled trees will be inspected after felling for fauna and if identified and readily accessible will be removed and relocated or rendered assistance if injured. After felling, hollow bearing trees will remain unmoved ovemie:ht to allow animals to move of their own volition.

- Provide adequate knowledge to the workers regarding protection of flora and fauna, and relevant !!ovemment re!!Ulations and nunishments for

- Ensure the riverine transports, vessels and ships are well maintained and do not have oil leakage to contaminate river water.

- Contain oil immediately on river in case of accidental spillage from vessels and ships and in this regard, make an emergency oil spill containment plan to be supported with enough equipments, materials and human resources

- Do not dump wastes, be it hazardous or non-hazardous into the nearby water bodies or in the river

The Contractor shall: - follow mitigation measures proposed in ECP 3: Water Resources Management and EC4:

Drainage Management

The Contractor shall: - Inspect any area of a water body containing fish that is temporarily isolated for the presence of

fish, and all fish shall be captured and released unharmed in adjacent fish habitat - Install and maintain fish screens etc. on any water intake with drawing water from any water

that contain fish

119

AnnexC

Eep 15: Road Trans Proj~~f. Aetivityl Imuac:t Sonree

Construction vehicular traffic construction vehicles will affect

the movement of normal road traffics and the safety of the road-users.

··'·>Mit.glltioJt"Measure$lMan~ement<i~ideU1ileS "F;" !_' - .--'--: ">,<-.. ',,:.,:":",:::'.' -- -'_--': '" ,,~

- Prepare and submit a traffic management plan to the BBA for his approval at least 30 days before commencing work on any project component involved in traffic diversion and management.

- Include in the traffic management plan to ensure uninterrupted traffic movement during construction: detailed drawings of traffic arrangements showing all detours, temporary road, temporary bridges temporary diversions, necessary barricades, warning signs/lights, road signs, etc.

- Provide signs at strategic locations of the roads complying with the schedules of signs contained in the Bangladesh Traffic Regulations.

- Install and maintain a display board at each important road intersection on the roads to be used during construction, which shall clearly show the following information in BangIa:

- Location: chain age and village name - Duration of construction period - Period of proposed detour/alternative route - Suggested detour route map - Name and contact address/telephone number of the concerned personnel - Name and contact address/telephone number of the Contractor

~~~~~~ __________ +- Incol1:Y~l:lienceis sincerely regretted. Accidents and spillage of fuels - Restrict truck deliveries, where practicable, to day time working hours. and chemicals - Restrict the transport of oversize loads.

- Operate road traffics/transport vehicles, if possible, to non-peak periods to minimize traffic disruptions.

- Enforce on-site speed limit

120

activities in River The presence of construction and dredging barges, pipe lines and other construction activities in the Padma can cause hindrance and risks to the river traffic.

Accidents

AnnexC

- Not obstruct other normal riverine transport while doing riverine transport and works - Identify the channel to be followed clearly using navigation aids such as buoys, beacons, and

lighting - Provide proper buoyage, navigation lights and markings for bridge and dredging works to

guide the other normal riverine transport - Keep regular and close contacts with Bangladesh Water Transport Authority (BWTA)

regarding their needs during construction of the project - Plan the river transport and transportation of large loads in coordination with B WT A to avoid

traffic congestions. - Provide signage for river traffic conforming to the B WT A requirements - Position the dredge and pipeline in such a way that no disruption to the channel traffic will

occur The Contractor shall: - Prepare an emergency plan for dealing with accidents causing accidental sinking vessels and

ships and other incidents that can result in pollution of the river. - Ensure sufficient equipment and staffs available to execute the emergency plans

_______ -'--____________ ~I ~Pr()vlde appropriate lighting to barges and construction vessels.

Campsites for construction workers are the important

construction camps I locations that have significant impacts such as health and safety hazards on local resources and infrastructure of nearby communities.

- Locate the construction camps at areas which are acceptable from environmental, cultural or social point of view.

- Consider the location of construction camps away from communities in order to avoid social contlict in using the natural resources such as water or to avoid the possible adverse impacts the construction camps on the surrounding communities.

- Submit to the PlU for approval a detailed layout plan for the development of the construction camp showing the relative locations of all temporary buildings and facilities that are to be constructed together with the location of site roads, fuel storage areas (for use in power supply generators), solid waste management and dumping locations, and drainage facilities, prior to the development of the construction

121

Construction Camp Facilities

Disposal of waste

Lack of proper infrastructure facilities, such as housing, water supply and sanitation facilities will increase pressure on the local services and generate substandard living standards and health hazards.

Management of wastes is crucial to minimize impacts on the environment

AnnexC

- Local authorities responsible for health, religious and security shall be duly informed on the set up of camp facilities so as to maintain effective surveillance over public health, social and security matters

Contractor shall provide the following facilities in the campsites: - Adequate housing for all workers - Safe and reliable water supply. Water supply from deep tube wells of 300 m deoth that meets

the national standards - Hygienic sanitary facilities and sewerage system. The toilets and domestic waste water will be

collected through a common sewerage. Provide separate latrines and bathing places for males and females with total isolation by wall or by location. Female toilets should be clearly marked in language understood by the persons using them to avoid miscommunication. The minimum number oftoilet facilities required is one toilet for every ten persons.

- Treatment facilities for sewerage of toilet and domestic wastes - Storm water drainage facilities. Both sides of roads are to be provided with shallow v drains to

drain off storm water to a silt retention pond which shall be sized to provide a minimum of 20 minutes retention of storm water flow from the whole site. Channel all discharge from the silt retention pond to natural drainage via a grassed swale at least 20 meters in length with suitable longitudinal gradient.

- Paved internal roads. Ensure with grass/vegetation coverage to be made of the use of top that there is no dust generation from the loose/exposed sandy surface. Pave the internal roads of at least haring-bond bricks to suppress dusts and to work against possible muddy surface during monsoon.

- Provide child creches for women working on the construction site. The creche should have facilities for dormitory, kitchen, indoor/outdoor play area. Schools should be attached to these creches so that children are not deprived of education whose mothers are construction workers

- Provide in-house community/common entertainment facilities. Dependence of local entertainment outlets by construction camps to be discouraged/prohibited to the extent

ossible.

The Contractor shall: - Ensure proper collection and disposal of solid wastes within the construction camps - Insist waste separation by source; organic wastes in one pot and inorganic wastes in another

pot at household level. - Store inorganic wastes in a safe place within the household and clear organic wastes on daily

basis to waste collector. Establish waste collection, transportation and disposal systems with

122

Project Activity! Impact Source

Fuel supplies for cooking purposes

Health and Hygiene

Environmental Impa~f:S

Illegal sourcing of fuel wood by construction workers will impact the natural flora and fauna

There will be a potential for diseases to be transmitted including malaria, exacerbated by inadequate health and safety practices. There will be an increased risk of work crews spreading sexually transmitted infections and HIV I AIDS.

AnnexC

Miti~ation Measures! Management Guidelines

the manpower and equipments/vehicles needed. - Dispose organic wastes in a designated safe place on daily basis. At the end of the day cover

the organic wastes with a thin layer of sand so that flies, mosquitoes, dogs, cats, rats, are not attracted. One may dig a large hole to put organic wastes in it; take care to protect groundwater from contamination by leachate formed due to decomposition. Cover the bed of the pit with impervious layer of materials (clayey, thin concrete) to protect groundwater from contamination.

- Locate the garbage pit/waste disposal site min 500 m away from the residence so that peoples are not disturbed with the odor likely to be produced from anaerobic decomposition of wastes at the waste dumping places. Encompass the waste dumping place by fencing and tree plantation to prevent children to enter and play with.

- Do not establish site specific landfill sites. All solid waste will be collected and removed from the work camps and disposed in approval waste disposal sites.

The Contractor shall: - Provide fuel to the construction camps for their domestic purpose, in order to discourage them

to use fuel wood or other biomass. - Make available alternative fuels like natural gas or kerosene on ration to the workforce to

prevent them using biomass for cooking. - Conduct awareness campaigns to educate workers on preserving the protecting of biodiversity

ub the project area, and relevant government regulations and punishments on wildlife l'l"otection.

The Contractor shall: - Provide adequate health care facilities within construction sites. - Provide first aid facility round the clock. Maintain stock of medicines in the facility and

appoint fulltime designated first aider or nurse. - Provide ambulance facility for the laborers during emergency to be transported to nearest

hospitals. - Initial health screening of the laborers coming from outside areas - Train all construction workers in basic sanitation and health care issues and safety matters, and

on the specific hazards of their work - Provide HIV awareness programming, including STI (sexually transmitted infections) and HIV

information, education and communication for all workers on regular basis - Complement educational interventions with easy access to condoms at campsites as well as

voluntary 123counseling and testing - Provide adequate drainage facilities throughout camps to ensure that disease vectors habitats

123

Safety

Site Restoration

In adequate safety facilities to the construction camps may create security problems and fire hazards

Restoration of the construction camps to original condition requires demolition of construction camps.

AnnexC

(stagnant water bodies, puddles) do not [onn. Regular mosquito repellant sprays in monsoon. - Carryout short training sessions on best hygiene practices to be mandatorily participated by all

workers. Place display boards at strategic locations within the camps containing messages on best hvaipnir.

The Contractor shall: - Provide appropriate security personnel (police / home guard or private security guards) and

enclosures to prevent unauthorized entry in to the camp area. - Maintain register to keep track on a head count of persons present in the camp at any given

time. • Encourage use of flameproof material for the construction of labor housing/site office. Ensure

that these houses/rooms are of sound construction and capable of withstanding stonns/cyclones.

- Provide appropriate type of fire fighting equipments suitable for the construction camps - Display emergency contact numbers clearly and prominently at strategic places in camps. - Communicate the roles and responsibilities of laborers in case of emergency in the monthly

with contractors. The Contractor shall: - Dismantle and remove from the site all facilities established within the construction camp

including the perimeter fence and lockable gates at the completion of the construction work. • Dismantle camps in phases as the work decreases (do not wait for completion of the entire

work. • Give prior notice to the laborers before demolishing their camps/units • Maintain the noise levels within the national standards during demolition activities - Different contractors' should be hired to demolish different structures to promote recycling or

reuse of demolished material. • Reuse the demolition debris to a maximum extent. Dispose remaining debris at the designated

waste disposal site by BBA. • Handover the construction camps with all built facilities as it is if agreement between both

parties (contactor and land-owner) has been made so. • Restore the site to its original condition or to an agreed condition with the landowner defined

prior to the commencement of the works (in writing). • Not make false oromises to the laborers for future emolovment in O&M of the Padma

124

Construction activities near religious and cultural sites

Disturbance from construction works to the cultural and religious sites, and contractors lack of knowledge on cultural issues cause social disturbances.

Annex C

!,~p.·'~~tIgatio, M~~j~~~nt (juhlelines ~~';':\Z;<::,:,:' :~, ;"!';;:

The Contractor shall: - Communicate to the public through community consultation and newspaper announcements

regarding the scope and schedule of construction, as well as certain construction activities causing disruptions or access restriction.

- Do not block access to cultural and religious sites, wherever possible - Restrict all construction activities within the foot prints of the construction sites. - Stop construction works that produce noise (particularly during prayer time) should there be

any mosque/religious/educational institutions close to the construction sites and users make objections.

- Take special care and use appropriate equipment when working next to a institution.

- Stop work immediately and notify the site manager if, during construction, an archaeological or burial site is discovered. It is an offence to recommence work in the vicinity of the site until approval to continue is given by the PIU

- Provide separate prayer facilities to the construction workers. - Show appropriate behavior with all construction workers especially women and elderly people - Allow the workers to participate in praying during construction time - Resolve cultural issues in consultation with local leaders and supervision consultants - Establish a mechanism that allows local people to raise grievances arising from the

construction process. - Inform the local authorities responsible for health, religious and security duly informed before

commencement of civil works so as to maintain effective surveillance over public health, social and security matters

125

#

ECP 19: Worker Health and Safe PrqjectA~.ivityl ImP3ctiS~urce

Best practices

Accidents

.Environmen*:ft~:~mpacts

Construction works may pose health and safety risks to the construction workers and site visitors leading to severe injunes and deaths. The population in the proximity of the construction site and the construction workers will be exposed to a number of (I) biophysical health risk factors, (e.g. noise, dust, chemicals, construction material, solid waste, waste water, vector transmitted diseases etc), (ii) risk factors resulting from human behavior (e.g. STD, HIV etc) and (iii) road accidents from construction traffic.

Child and pregnant labor

Lack of first aid facilities and health care facilities in the immediate vicinity will aggravate the health conditions of the victims

AnnexC

Mitigation

The Contractor shall: - Implement suitable safety standards for all workers and site visitors which should not be less

than those laid down on the international standards (e.g. International Labor Office guideline on 'Safety and Health in Construction; World Bank Group's 'Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines') and contractor's own national standards or statutory regulations, in addition to complying with the national standards of the Government of Bangladesh (e.g. 'The Bangladesh Labor Code, 2006')

- Provide the workers with a safe and healthy work environment, taking into account inherent risks in its particular construction activity and specific classes of hazards in the work areas,

- Provide personal protection equipment (PPE) for workers, such as safety boots, helmets, masks, gloves, protective clothing, goggles, full-face eye shields, and ear protection. Maintain the PPE properly by cleaning dirty ones and replacing them with the damaged ones.

- Safety procedures include provision of information, training and protective clothing to workers involved in hazardous operations and proper performance

- Appoint an environment, health and safety manager to look after the health and safety of the workers

- Inform the local authorities responsible for health, religious and security duly informed before commencement of civil works and establishment of construction camps so as to maintain effective surveillance over public health, social and security matters

The Contractor shall: - not hire children of less than 14 years of age and pregnant women or women who delivered a

child within 8 preceding weeks, in accordance with the Bangladesh Labor Code, 2006 - Provide health care facilities and first aid facilities are readily available. Appropriately

equipped first-aid stations should be easily accessible throughout the place of work - Document and report occupational accidents, diseases, and incidents. - Prevent accidents, injury, and disease arising from, associated with, or occurring in the course

of work by minimizing, so far as reasonably practicable, the causes of hazards. In a manner consistent with good international industry practice.

- Identify potential hazards to workers, particularly those that may be life-threatening and provide necessary preventive and protective measures.

- Provide awareness to the construction drivers to strictly follow the driving rules 1---___ -:--___ t--::----c:---=-__ --,------=--_____ -I--~P:...:ro:...:v_=_id=_e=__=_ad=_e:..:Jquate lighting in the construction area and along the roads I Construc!ion

n

I~<l~k of proper infrastructure I The Contractor shall provide the followin ~ ----

126

Water and sanitation facilities at the construction sites

Other ECPs

Trainings

facilities, such as housing, water supply and sanitation facilities will increase pressure on the local services and generate substandard living standards and health hazards.

Lack of Water sanitation facilities at construction sites cause inconvenience to the construction workers and affect their personal hygiene.

Potential risks on health and hygiene of construction workers and general public

hygienic conditions as mentioned in ECP 17 Construction Camp Management: - Adequate ventilation facilities

AnnexC

- Safe and reliable water supply. Water supply from deep tube wells that meets the national standards

- Hygienic sanitary facilities and sewerage system. The toilets and domestic waste water will be collected through a common sewerage.

- Treatment facilities for sewerage of toilet and domestic wastes - Storm water drainage facilities. - Recreational and social facilities - Safe storage facilities for petroleum and other chemicals in accordance with ECP 2 - Solid waste collection and disposal system in accordance with ECPl. - Arrangement for trainings - Paved internal roads. - Security fence at least two m height. - Sick bav and first aid facilities - The contractor shall provide portable toilets at the construction sites, if about 25 people are

working the whole day for a month. Location of portable facilities should be at least six m away from storm drain system and surface waters. These portable toilets should be cleaned once a day and all the sewerage should be pumped from the collection tank once a day and should be brought to the common septic tank for further treatment.

- Contractor should provide bottled drinking water facilities to the construction workers at all the construction sites.

The Contractor shall follow the following ECPs to reduce health risks to the construction workers and nearby community: - ECP 2: Fuels and Hazardous Goods Management - ECP 4: Drainage Management - ECP 10: Air Quality Management - ECP 11: Noise and Vibration Management - ECP 15: Road Transport and Road Traffic Management - ECP 16: River

- Train all construction workers in basic sanitation and health care issues (e.g., how to avoid malaria and transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STI) HIV / AIDS.

Lack of awareness and basic knowledge in health care among the construction workforce, make them susceptible to potential - Train all construction workers in general health and safety matters, and on the specific hazards

____ --'----_o~ftheir"'{)rk Training should consist of basic hazard awareness, site specific hazards, safe diseases.

127

~

';t1nenL.llmp~ets work practices, and emergency procedures for fire, evacuation, and natural disaster, as appropriate.

AnnexC

- Commence the malaria, HIV / AIDS and STI education campaign before the start of the construction phase and complement it with by a strong condom marketing, increased access to condoms in the area as well as to voluntary counseling and testing.

- Implement malaria, HIV/AIDS and STl education campaign targeting all workers hired, international and national, female and male, skilled, semi- and unskilled occupations, at the time of recruitment and thereafter pursued throughout the construction phase on ongoing and regular basis. This should be complemented by easy access to condoms at the workplace as well as to voluntary counseling and testing.

128

Annex D

ANNEXD

PROJECT ENTITLEMENT MATRIX

owner(s) as I"'~'H'U"~~ by Deputy (RV) of agricultural I'-'U'HHJ,H"~'JVH,"'J (DC) in land.

process of CCL Dislocation Allowance ofTk. 100 (one hundred) per decimal but not exceeding Tk. 20,0001- (twenty

by Property Valuation rt""~""·" Committee

(PVAC). Deputy Commissioner (DC) will pay cash compensation under law (CCL) for the land. at the field If RV is higher than CCL, upon receipt of payment data

difference will be paid from DC office. BBA with assistance

from the RAP Implementing NGO (INGO).

dislocation allowance be paid by BBA with

assistance from INGO.

Landowners will be informed of the details of the land acquisition and compensation process, resettlement package and payment procedure.

PVAC will recommend RV for land based on current market price (CMP) assessed by an independent agency at the time of dispossession including cost of titling. CMP will be assessed for each affected mouza for each type ofland averaging (i) minimum approved price ofland available at respective Sub-

, offices, (ii) reported price, and (iii) transacted price ofland at those mouzas (CMP should not be less than minimum approved price of land). RV will be obtained by adding the titling cost prorated on

CMP thus obtained (RV=CMP+CMPxa%, where 'a' is the rate of applicable registration cost for purchasing the land for CMP equivalent amount of money). RV will be approved by the Ministry of

will determine the market price of land averaging last 12 months sale prices (from the date of service notice U/S 3) as per registration deeds in affected mouzas for each type ofland obtained from

respective sub-registrar's offices. For all private land, the market price will be enhanced by 50% for Icomflensatlon under law (eeL). For khas land (DC is the owner at respective districts on behalf of the Igo,velrnnllerlt), eeL will be the assessed market price without 50% enhancement.

Title updating for usufruct and other rights will be done before issuance of notice under section 6 with assistance from INGO.

INGO shall encourage Entitled Persons (EPs) to consider purchasing land or investing the money in Inr,rlrllll't1vel income activities.

129

AnnexD

Loss Item 2: LOSS OF HOMESTEAD, COMMERCIAL, INDUSTRIAL LAND AND COMMON PROPERTY'RESOURCES Unit of Entitlements Application Guidelines Additional Services Entitlement Legal Replacement Value PVAC will recommend RV. Legal owners will be owner(s) as (RV) ofland. DC will pay CCL for the land. assisted by INGO to identified by Dislocation Allowance If R V is higher than CCL, the organize legal documents DC in the @Tk. 200 (two hundred) difference will be paid by BBA in support of their process of per decimal but not with assistance from INGO. ownership. CCL exceeding Tk. 20,000/- Other resettlement assistance in INGO will identify loss payment. (twenty thousand). cash will be paid by BBA with and entitlement of

A plot in the residential assistance from INGO. female owners and co-or commercial area of APs, upon allocation of an RS sharers through share the resettlement site plot, will pay the price of the determination at the field (RS) for the homestead plot to BBA at the rate of CCL upon receipt of payment or commercial land of the land acquired for the RS. data from DC office. losers respectively.

Implementation Issues: Affected persons (APs) will be informed of the details of the compensation policy, resettlement package and payment procedure. RV will be determined and approved for the project following the procedure as stated under LOSS ITEM 1. CCL for private and khas land will be determined by DC as stated under LOSS ITEM 1. Title updating for usufruct and other rights will be done before issuance of notice under Section 6 with assistance from the INGO. The INGO will encourage and motivate EPs to purchase homestead! commercial! community or industrial land or invest the compensation money in productive or income generating activities. The resettlement site plots will be allocated to the head of the deserving households on a 99 years lease basis on payment at the rate of CCL of the land acquired for the RS.

Loss Item 3: LOSS OF WATEIt.:OQJ>,IES (pONDS, BOTH CULTIVATED AND NON-CULTIVATED) .... '. ....... . . ... .

Unit of Entitlements .' Application Guidelines Entitlement Legal owner(s) as identified by DC in the process of CCL payment.

RV of the water body (private land). Dislocation Allowance of Tk. 100 (one hundred) per decimal for perennial water-body but not exceeding Tk. 20,000/­(twenty thousand).

Implementation Issues:

PV AC will recommend RV of private land. DC will pay CCL for the land. IfRV is higher than CCL, the difference will be paid by BBA with assistance from INGO. Other resettlement benefits will be paid by BBA with assistance fromINGO.

Additional Services Legal owner or lessees will be assisted by INGO/BBA to organize legal documentation in support of their ownership.

Owners or cultivators ofland and water body will be informed of the details of the compensation policy, resettlement package and payment procedure. RV will be determined and approved for the project following the procedure as stated under LOSS ITEM 1. CCL of private and khas land will be determined by DC as stated under LOSS ITEM 1. Title updating for usufruct and other rights will be done before issuance of notice under section 6 with assistance from the INGO. The INGO shall encourage and motivate EPs to consider purchasing water body or investing the compensation monies in productive or income generating activities.

130

..

Unit of Entitlement Legal owner( s) as identified by DC in the process of CCL payment.

RV of residential structure. Transfer Grant @ Tk. 7 (seven) per sft of affected structure. Reconstruction Grant @ Tk. 10 (ten) per sft of affected structure. Special Assistance of one­time payment ofTk. 5,000/­(five thousand) for each female, disabled, elderly headed and very poor household. Owner will be allowed to take away all salvageable materials free of cost.

1m lementation Issues:

Applicable to all structures located on the Right of Way (ROW) at cut-off dates. PV AC will recommend the RV of structures. Inventory Verification

Committee (IVC) will verifY and record structures eligible for RV and other assistance. DC will pay CCL for structure and ifCCL is less than RV, BBA will pay the difference directly with assistance from INGO. BBA will provide other resettlement benefits directly with assistance from INGO.

Annex 0

Assistance in relocation and reconstruction.

Joint Verification (DC and BBA) and/or Census will identifY (records floor areas and category) structure for titled owners. PV AC will recommend replacement value (RV) of structure considering the cost of materials, labor inputs and land development cost at current market rates. Ministry of Communications will approve the RV of structures recommended by PV AC. Compensation must be paid before EP dismantles and removes the structures as per civil works requirement. The date of service of notice uls 3 will be the cut-off date for titled owners and BIDS Census will be recognized as the cut-off date for structures not recognized by DC. In case of major differences identified betwi!en databases, BBA will verify the data_thr_o_u""h __ th ____ e ____ I'-V_C"-. ___________ --'

Legal owners as identified by DC in the process of CCL payment.

RV of commercial, industrial, CPR structure. Transfer Grant @ Tk. 10 (ten) per sft of affected structure. Reconstruction Grant @ Tk. 15 (fifteen) per sft of affected structure. Owner will be allowed to take all salvageable materials back free of cost.

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Applicable to all structures located on ROW at cut-off dates. PV AC will recommend the R Y of structures. lye will verifY and record structures eligible for RY and other assistance. DC will pay CCL for structure and ifCCL is less than RV, BBA will pay the difference with assistance fromINGO. BBAINGOs will provide other resettlement

relocation and reconstruction.

Annex D

Implementation Issues: Joint Verification identifies (records floor areas and category) structure for titled owners and Census identifies structure for non-titled owners. Replacement value (RV) of structure will be determined and approved in the process as stated in LOSS ITEM 4. Compensation must be paid before EP dismantles and removes the structures as per civil works requirement.' The cut-off dates for titled owners and socially recognized owners as stated in LOSS ITEM 4.

Legal owners identified by DC in the process of CCL payment. Socially recognized owners of structures built on the ROW as identified by Census and verified by IVC.

RV of structure. Transfer Grant @ Tk. 7 (seven) per sft of affected structure. Reconstruction Grant @ Tk.l 0 (ten) per sft of affected structure. Special Assistance of a one­time payment ofTk. 5,000/­(five thousand) for each female­headed, disabled-headed, elderly-headed and poor household. If landless, the residence losing households will get a homestead plot of2.5 decimals at RS free of cost. An AP losing a shop will be entitled to purchase a commercial plot at RS at a cost equivalent to CCL. Owner will be allowed to take all salvageable materials free of cost.

Applicable to all structures located on ROW at cut-off dates. PV AC will recommend the RV of structures. IVC will verify and record structures eligible for RV! other assistance and the landlessness of residence losing households for allocation of RS plot. DC will pay CCL for structure to legal owners and if CCL is less than RV, or there is no eCL (for socially recognized owners), BBA will pay the difference or the RV directly with assistance from INGO. BBA will provide other resettlement benefits directly with assistance from INGO. AP, upon allocation of a commercial plot at RS, will pay the price of the plot to BBA at the rate of eeL of the land for the RS.

Services Plot in the resettlement site will be provided for residential and commercial structure losers, and assistance in relocation.

Joint Verification identifies (records floor areas and category) structure for titled owners and Census identifies structure for non-titled owners. Replacement value (RV) of structure will be determined and approved as stated in LOSS ITEM 4. Compensation must be paid before EP dismantles and removes the structures as per civil works requirement. The cut-off dates for titled owners and socially recognized owners as stated in LOSS ITEM 4. The homestead losers will produce documentary evidence and the BBA through IVC will cross verify the landlessness of the homestead losers for allocation of an RS plot for free. Residential sites plots in the settlement sites will be allocated to the landless households on a 99 years lease basis in the name of both spouses. In case of single parent household, the household head irrespective of will the allocation.

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En Legalowner(s) as identified by the DC in the process of CCL payment. Socially recognized owners of trees grown on public or other land, as identified by Census and verified by IVe .

trees and bamboo. Fruit-bearing trees without timber: if the tree is at or near fruit-bearing stage, the estimated current market value of the fruit. Fruit-bearing trees with timber: RV for the timber, and estimated current market value of fruit. Banana groves: R V of all trees and estimated current value of one-time crop of each full-grown

. tree. i Owners will be allowed to fell

trees and take the timber, free of cost after payment of CCL or RV as a licable.

1m lementation Issues:

Applicable to all trees and plants located on ROW at cut-off dates. DC will pay CeL as applicable for trees/plants. If eeL is less than R V or there is no CCL (for socially recognized owners), the difference or R V of different species of trees will directly be paid by BBA with assistance fromINGO. PV AC will recommend RV of trees and fruits.

AnnexD

INGO to explain RAP policies regarding compensation for the trees of different categories and size and make the EPs aware that they could take the timber and fruits free of cost.

Standard rates for trees of different species available with the Department of Forestry will be considered by PVAC in calculating the RV.

i The INGO will provide guidance in plantation and post-plantation care.

cultivators as identified in joint verification by DCandBBA.

RV of standing crops/fish stock. Owners will be allowed to harvest crops and fish stock.

Applicable for all crops/fish stock standing on land/pond within ROW at the time of dispossession. De will pay eeL for crops/fish stock. BBA will pay the difference directly with assistance from INGO ifCCL is less than RV. PVAC will recommend RV of crops/fish stock at harvest.

in the process of claiming compensation from DC offices for organizing necessary documents.

R V of crops/fish stock will be recommended by PV AC (based on data obtained from district agriculture extension office and district marketing officer/fisheries department) for those identified through joint

on-site verification before . over land.

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• Annex D

Loss Item 9: LOSS OF LEASED /MORTGAGED IN LANDIPONDS •..

Unit of Entitlements Application Guidelines Additional Entitlement Services Leaseholder RV of crops/fish stock. With legal agreement: Legal owner and INGO will assist with legal Outstanding lease mortgagee/ leaseholder will be paid CCL in ensuring that papers. money back to the by DC in accordance with the law. the lessee Socially lessee by the owner as With customary tenancy agreements, receives all recognized per agreement. including socially-recognized verbal eligible lessee or Dislocation allowance agreements: Legal owner will receive payments. sharecropper, @ Tk. 100 per decimal CCL from DC. The legal owner will pay INGOwill in case of for actual cultivator to the outstanding liabilities to the mediate refund of customary cover the income loss lessee/mortgagee. Under the following outstanding lease informal from the land, not conditions: (i) all contractual liabilities money by the tenancy exceeding Tk. 5,000/-. are already paid up; (ii) if not, the legal owner to the arrangements, owner will get the residual payment after lessees. including all liabilities are paid up. socially BBA will ensure RV of crops to the recognized cultivator with direct payment of the agreements. difference, ifCCL is less than RV, with

assistance from INGO. Dislocation Allowance will be paid to the actual cultivator of the acquired land by BBA with assistance from INGO.

Implementation Issues: JVT will identify each land owner and any persons who presently have interest in the acquired land due to mortgage, lease or khai-khalashi right. Any disputes over status of present interest in the land will be resolved through grievance redress procedure. Once resolved, INGO will assist in processing payments of all outstanding liabilities on the land to the appropriate persons. Dislocation Allowance to cover loss of income will be paid to the tenant as per project-specific policy provisions. IVC will verify and confirm socially recognized lessees for identification.

Loss Item 10: LOSS OF INCOME FROM DISPL,A(JEDCOMMERCIAU INDUSTRIAL PREMISES(()WNEROPERATEI» . . ........................... ...../ Unit of Entitlements Application Guidelines AdditionalSe."iees Entitl~ment ..•.....

Any proprietor Grant for Loss of Business owners will be paid EPs will be brought or businessman Business @ 5% of DC's the entitlements after award under income or artisan payment for the structure. of compensation by DC to the generating program. operating in One time Moving owner of premises. premises, at the Assistance ofTk. 5,000 BBA will directly pay the time of issuance for tenants. entitlement to the eligible of Notice U/S 3. A commercial plot of 80 affected persons with

sft in the resettlement site assistance from INGO. at cost equivalent to CCL. Price of commercial plots to

be paid by AP to BBA will be at the rate of CCL for the land acquired for the RS.

l34

• AnnexD

~~mentation Issues: Primary eligibility to be based on businessmen identified by BIDS Census and lor DClBBA joint verification. IVC will verify eligibilities not covered by joint verification. All the business operators will be entitled for grant against loss of business and a commercial plot at resettlement site. However, one time moving assistance will be provided to only the tenants. The income-generating program will be implemented engaging an NGO experienced in rehabilitation and livelihood generation activities for the poor.

Regular wage earners affected by the acquisition.

Grant to cover temporary loss of regular wage income @ Tk. 220 X 90 days for farm labor; Tk. 220 X 60 days for non-farm labor; Tk. 300 X 60 days for skilled non- farm labor. Female-headed households, disabled, elderly and extremely poor to be paid a one-time grant ofTk 5,000 (five thousand) as Special Assistance. Income and livelihood

restoration assistance from Social Development Fund, to be created the

EP must have been an employee of landowner or business located in the acquired lands for at least twelve months, as identified by Joint Verification and/or BIDS Census. The needs of vulnerable groups will be assessed. The resettlement benefits will be paid by BBA with assistance from INOO.

EPs will be brought under income and livelihood regenerating program. Involvement of qualified APs in construction work. Involvement of qualified APs in tree plantation and social afforestation.

Primary eligibility to be based on wage earners identified by Census and/or Joint Verification. Further claims and will be settled the redress committee.

rented-out premises as identified by Census and verified by IVC. Household/person rented-in any such structure as identified by Census and verified by IVC.

Dislocation Allowance ofTk. 4,000 (four thousand) for each unit of premises to both the renter and the rentees.

premises will be entitled for the dislocation allowance. The owners of rented out premises will be entitled for dislocation allowance for each unit of premises rented out to separate families or persons. Dislocation Allowance will be paid by BBA with assistance from INGO.

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AnnexD

Implementation Issues: Census will identify the owner and renter of the residential and commercial premises duly verified by IVC.

Loss Item 13: ADVERSE IMPACT ON HOST POPULATION DUE TO RELOCATION OF Afs Unit of Entitlements Application Additional Services Entitlement Guidelines ... ' ..

Households Enhancement of BBA will assess the Investment in the host area to relocated to the carrying capacity of needs and develop improve health, education, and host villages common civic facilities at host other public services.

amenities/utilities of areas. Afforestation in the host area. the host communities as per assessment by BBA.

Implementation Issues Community needs for enhancement of common facilities in host areas will be assessed through a needs assessment survey.

Loss Item 14: HOUSEH(lLDS LOSING MORE 1,'~ 10%()F THEIR INCOME (FROM AGRICULTURE OR BUSlNESS) DUE TO THE PROJECT>' . .. . ,." Unit of Entitlements Application Additional Services Entitlement Guidelines . Persons losing Onetime The one time more than 1 0% of Dislocation Dislocation Allowance EPs will be brought under income their income from Allowance @ Tk. will be paid by BBA and livelihood regenerating all sources as 4,000/- per with assistance from program. identified by household. INGO. Census and Skill training and Income generation verified by IVC. credit support under program will be

income generation implemented engaging program. anNGO.

Implementation Issues: Loss of income will be assessed as per actual loss of productive resources (land and businesses) to the project and the total income of the affected households from all sources through Census of all affected households. IVC will verify the percentage of loss comparing the actual loss and the total income from all sources of the affected households. Households turning into landless due to acquisition of agricultural land will be eligible for larger credit from the social development fund for longer duration.

Loss Item 15: LOSS OF SUBMERGED LAND (ERODED LAND) Ullitof· Entitlements I Application G~~~elines . l Additional Services Entitlement •. Legalowner(s) In absence of legally All application as mentioned Previous owners of of land (DC's established AD line, all under Loss Item 1 (if not eroded land will be khas land after entitlements as khas land). assisted by INGO to legally provisioned for Loss DC will receive CCL for land organize legal established AD Item 1. (ifkhas land) without 50% documents in support of Line). In case of khas land, enhancement. their ownership. Previous private CCL to respective DCs. PV AC will assess and INGO will identify loss owners of land RV ofkhas land to recommend RV of eroded and entitlement of below AD Line. previous owner(s). land after AD line. female owners and co-

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r !

Annex D

Seizure Allowance @Tk. 200 (two hundred) per decimal but not exceeding Tk. 20,0001-.

Data from record roomltehsil office will be collected for identifying the previous owners of land.

sharers through share determination at the field upon receipt of payment data from DC office.

Implementation Issues:

IVC will verify and recommend the previous owners. ORC will approve for payment of entitlements.

Project Affected persons (PAPs) will be informed of the details of the compensation policy, resettlement package and payment procedure. RV will be determined and approved for the project following the procedure as stated under LOSS ITEM 1 (if the land is not khas). Upon establishment of AD line by DCs, RV of the eroded land under acquisition will be assessed for 25% of the RV of similar land in the main land or the actual price of underwater lands in riverbed whichever is higher. CCL for private and khas land will be determined by DC as stated under LOSS ITEM 1. Title updating for usufruct and other rights will be done before issuance of notice under Section 6 with assistance from the INOO. The INOO will encourage and motivate EPs to purchase homestead! commercial! community or industrial land or invest the compensation money in productive or income generating activities.

Households/persons affected by any unforeseen impact identified during RAP-III

be determined as per the resettlement policy framework

The unforeseen impacts will be identified through special survey by the IVC as per request from impacted popUlation. The entitlements will be approved by the MOC and concurred by the Co-financiers

As appropriate

The unforeseen impacts and affected persons will be identified with due care as per policy framework and proposed to the MOC and the co-financiers for approval including quantity of losses, their owners and the entitlements.

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