Rozhnov, V., Aramileva, T., Gaponov, V., Darman, Y., Zhuravlev, Y., Kostyria, A., Krever, V., Lukarevsky, V., Naydenko, S., Pikunov, D., Seryodkin, I., Hernandez-Blanco, J. A., and Yudin, V. 2010. Strategy for conservation of the Amur tiger in the Russian Federation. Report: 1-88. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation.

Keywords: 7RU/Amur tiger/biology/conservation/diet/distribution/habitat/hunting/illegal killing/legislation/Panthera tigris/Panthera tigris altaica/population/population size/prey/protection/status/strategy/tiger

Abstract: The Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) is the world's northernmost subspecies of tiger. It is the largest cat species in Asia and, at one time, was widely distributed throughout the continent. Most of the other tiger subspecies are endangered, but thanks to measures taken during the second half of the 20th century, particularly from 1993-2003, the Amur tiger is not threatened with imminent extinction. Nevertheless, continued habitat degradation caused by human activity, together with poaching and the illegal trade in tiger parts and derivatives, are grounds for serious concern for the destiny of the subspecies. Approximately 95% of the entire Amur tiger population lives within the Russian Far East, in particular in the Primorsky Region and the southern part of Khabarovsk Region. Russia, therefore, shoulders the main responsibility for conserving this large predator species.

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STRATEGY FOR CONSERVATIONOF THE AMUR TIGER IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

STRATEGY

2010

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

of the Russian Federation

Strategy for conservation of the Amur Tiger in the Russian Federation approved by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (order No. 25- p of 2 July 2010)

The Strategy has been formulated in line with the recommendations given in the Strategy for Conservation of Rare and Endangered Animal, Plant and Fungi Species that was approved by the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources, Order No. 323 of 6th April 2004.

The Strategy was developed by a working group that comprised V. Rozhnov (Chairman), T. Aramileva, V. Gaponov, Y. Darman,

Y. Zhuravlev, A. Kostyria, V. Krever, V. Lukarevsky, S. Naydenko, D. Pikunov, I. Seryodkin, J. A. Hernandez-Blanco and V. Yudin.

During the preparation of the Strategy, a number of recommendations that were suggested by Y. Alekseenko, V. Aramilev, S. Aramilev, T. Arzhanova, S. Bereznyuk, Y. Dunishenko, P. Fomenko, M. Hotte, O. Krever, S. Christie, A. Kulikov, D. Miquelle, V. Solkin and A. Vrisch were taken into account.

The draft of the Strategy was approved by the participants of the International Science and Practice Conference The Amur Tiger in North-East Asia: Conservation Issues in the 21st Century that took place in Vladivostok on 15th-17th March 2010 and the Mammal Section of the Commission on Rare and Endangered Animal, Plant and Fungi Species of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (order No. 11 of 7 June 2010).

Translation: Yulia Kuleshova and Philip Johnson.

ISBN 978-5-9902432-1-7

Photo credit: Valery Maleev, Vasiliy Solkin, Igor Zhorov, Vladimir Filonov

Severtsov Institute of Ecology

and Evolution

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation

STRATEGY FOR CONSERVATIONOF THE AMUR TIGER IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

2010

2

INTRODUCTION............................................................................3

1. GOAL AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STRATEGY..........................5

2. SYSTEMATICS OF THE AMUR TIGER........................................5

3. DISTRIBUTION OF THE AMUR TIGER IN RUSSIA ...................5-6

4. NUMBER OF AMUR TIGERS IN RUSSIA ...................................7

5. BIOLOGY OF THE AMUR TIGER AND PREREQUISITES FOR CONSERVATION..............................9

6. LIMITING FACTORS.......................................................................14

7. STATUS OF AMUR TIGER PROTECTION..................................22

8. PRIORITIES FOR CONSERVING

THE AMUR TIGER.............................................................................30

9. PARTNERS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGY......................................................................44

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INTRODUCTIONThe Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) is the world’s northernmost subspecies

of tiger. It is the largest cat species in Asia and, at one time, was widely distributed throughout the continent. Most of the other tiger subspecies are endangered, but thanks to measures taken during the second half of the 20th Century, particularly from 1993 to 2003, the Amur tiger is not threatened with imminent extinction. Nevertheless, continued habitat degradation caused by human activity, together with poaching and the illegal trade in tiger parts and derivatives, are grounds for serious concern for the destiny of the subspecies. Approximately 95% of the entire Amur tiger population lives within the Russian Far East, in particular in the Primorsky Region and the southern part of Khabarovsk Region. Russia, therefore, shoulders the main responsibility for conserving this large predator species.

The tiger is at the peak of the food web, a key element of which is the coniferous/broadleaf forest that is found in the southern part of the Russian Far East. Preserving viable populations of the Amur tiger in its natural habitat is integrally linked to the conservation of complete natural forest ecosystems that are in themselves essential to the survival of mankind itself.

The need to protect the Amur tiger in the Russian Far East is provided for in current legislation. The Amur tiger is listed in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation. Its protection is enshrined by a number of federal laws (eg. Law On Environmental Protection, Law On Wildlife and Law On Specially Protected Natural Areas) and also by international agreements (ie. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, (CITES)). The Russian Federation is party to both of these international conventions. In addition, tiger conservation measures are listed in, amongst other documents, the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation On the Conservation of the Amur Tiger and Other Rare and Endangered Wildlife Species within Primorsky and Khabarovsk Regions, No. 795 of 7 August 1995, and the Ministry of Natural Resources’ Conservation Strategy for Rare and Endangered Species of Animals, Plants and Fungi, No. 323 of 6 April 2004.

The fi rst Amur Tiger Conservation Strategy for Russia was approved by the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources more than 14 years ago on 24 June 1996. It was aimed at summarizing half-a-century’s experience in protection and research, formulating key principles and outlining a comprehensive set of activities for the long-term conservation of the tiger.

The implementation of the above-mentioned strategy from 1997 to 2008 resulted in the retention of the general trend in the Amur tiger population. This was similar to the mid-1990s when the number of animals was generally stable, but experiencing a gradual growth in number and expansion in the tiger’s range. At present, the tiger occurs over a large part of the forested areas of Primorsky and southern Khabarovsk Regions. The peripheral areas of tiger habitat on the left bank of the Amur River, which includes the Lesser Hingan and the area of land to the north-north-west and upriver to the Zeya Reservoir, began to recover. Nowadays, two to three tigers are encountered each year in the Jewish Autonomous and Amur Regions.

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Compared to the situation that existed in the 1990s, the status of the Amur tiger population has changed in several ways. Relatively fl at areas with little forest cover that were developed for agriculture have been lost from the tiger’s range, the Sikhote-Alin and Eastern Manchurian mountains have effectively become separated from one another and the overall tiger population is declining. The socio-economic situation within Russia has also changed. Together, these changes all lead to the necessity for developing an updated conservation strategy for the Amur tiger in Russia.

In this updated version of the strategy, special attention is being paid to the following areas:

• extending the set of activities that will effectively protect the Amur tiger, its habitat and its main prey species (the set of activities is not limited to just the protection of the tiger itself)

• reducing the degradation of Amur tiger habitat by introducing best practices and improving forest and wildlife management

• strengthening civil and criminal penalties for poaching and the illegal possession of and trade in Amur tiger parts

• providing incentives to encourage small businesses within local communities that support tiger conservation

• improving population monitoring systems for the Amur tiger.

In order to secure the long-term conservation of the Amur tiger, therefore, special measures are required to ensure the well-being of the tiger population and to take into consideration the increasing level of human impacts on ecosystems in the Russian Far East.

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1. GOAL AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STRATEGY1.1 Overall goal of the Strategy

The overall goal of this new strategic document is to identify mechanisms which help to conserve a viable population of Amur tigers within the Russian Federation that numbers no less than 500 individual animals and which possesses the maximum genetic diversity possible.

1.2 Principal objectives of the StrategyTo achieve the goal of this Strategy, the principal objectives are:

• to conserve the existing Amur tiger population

• to identify mechanisms which conserve the Amur tiger population whilst taking into account the growing impact of humans on the ecosystem

• to minimize the negative impacts of humans on the Amur tiger population.

2. SYSTEMATICS OF THE AMUR TIGER2.1 Russian, English and systematic nomenclature

Amur or Ussuri Tiger, Siberian or Amur Tiger, Panthera tigris altaica Temminck, 1844.

2.2 Taxonomic statusClass Mammalia

Order Carnivora

Family Felidae

Genus Panthera

Species Panthera tigris Linnaeus, 1758

Subspecies Panthera tigris altaica Temminck, 1844.

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3. DISTRIBUTION OF THE AMUR TIGER IN RUSSIA

The former range of the Amur tiger in Russia extended up to the 50o-51oN latitudes. In the early-19th Century, one could encounter tigers in the Amur, Jewish Autonomous, Primorsky and Khabarovsk Regions. Intensive and unregulated hunting resulted in a decline in the total population number from the early-19th Century to the late-1930s. This was accompanied by a fragmentation of its range. On the left bank of the Amur River, the core area of its permanent range remained only in the Lesser Hingan. By 1916, tigers had disappeared from the eastern slopes of the Sikhote-Alin. Small groups of tigers still occurred along the western macro-slopes of the Sikhote-Alin in the Khor, Bikin, Greater Ussurka and Ussuri River basins, as well as in some parts of the Black Mountains and on the left bank of the Amur River within the Kyra and Urmi River catchments. In the 1940s, the distribution of the tiger within the Sikhote-Alin, its main habitat, became fragmented.

In 1947, a blanket ban on the hunting of the Amur tiger was introduced. It succeeded in halting the long-lasting decline in numbers of tigers and stabilizing the population. Isolated population groups gradually began to recolonise suitable available habitats, but the distribution of the tiger remained scattered. From the mid-1960s until the mid-1980s, population numbers increased steadily in all areas south of the Amur River. The tiger recolonised almost all of the suitable habitats within its former range and the population in Sikhote-Alin consolidated into one unifi ed population. The population of tigers in the Eastern Manchurian Mountains, however, remained cut off. From the mid-1980s until the early-1990s in the northern Sikhote-Alin, tigers settled within habitats in which they either didn’t occur before, or were formerly extremely rare, such as the Samarga, Nyelma, Botchi and Kopi River catchments. The recolonisation by tigers over the larger part of its range remained relatively stable.

The results of the censuses conducted in 1996 and 2005 showed that tigers occurred within all of the forested area within its range. The largest part of the tiger’s range in Sikhote-Alin recovered its contiguity and is now no longer fragmented.

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Figure 1: Distribution of the Amur tiger in Russia as indicated in the 2005 Census.

China

Distribution of the Amur Tiger in the Russian Far East in 2005

12 km buffer zone around tiger footprints

6 km buffer zone around tiger footprints

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4. NUMBER OF AMUR TIGERS IN RUSSIASince the early-1940s, the number of Amur tigers has been recorded in a special

register. In 1959, the fi rst fi eld census of Amur tigers was undertaken and followed a specially-developed methodology. This methodology was later improved and used during the 1978/79, 1984/85 and 1995/96 censuses. It was also used during a monitoring program that was undertaken in specifi c pilot areas from 1997 to 2004.

At the same time, with every new census, coverage improved and methods for data collection and processing were standardized. Identifi cation of footprints was carried out by experienced trackers drawn from wildlife managers, foresters, rangers and professional hunters, each of whom had monitored their areas for a long time. This allowed for the collection of objective information on Amur tiger population numbers.

In order to design, standardize and implement state censuses for the Amur tiger in its natural habitat and for the long-term monitoring of the sub-species at federal and regional levels, the Methodical Recommendations for Conducting and Organisation of the Amur Tiger Census in the Russian Federation, No. 63, was approved by the Ministry of Natural Resources on 15 March 2005. This document, which was based on methods that were tested during previous censuses and monitoring programs, helps guide the annual monitoring undertaken in selected areas and the full census of tigers that is conducted every 10 years.

Over the last century, the population number of Amur tigers in the Russian Far East has exhibited a variety of trends, with population decline, stabilization and growth occurring over different periods of time and at varying rates. Analysis of the population dynamics of the Amur tiger operating over the last 150 years shows that the most important factor affecting tiger numbers is human impact (Figure 2).

Since 2000, the range of the Amur tiger has begun to extend northwards and westwards. Evidence suggests that an independent population is currently establishing itself within the Jewish Autonomous Region. The population that established itself in the north-eastern part of Sikhote-Alin and in neighbouring areas of the Botchinsky Nature Reserve is becoming increasingly stable.

At present, the total size of the Amur tiger range in Russia approaches 180,000 km2.

From the south- western Primorye, tigers gradually spread into the neighbouring provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang in China and helped to stabilize the third main grouping of tigers, namely, that living in the Eastern Manchurian Mountains. Research conducted for many years in the western and south-western parts of the Amur tiger’s range suggests that, in recent years, the movement of tigers between the mountainous forests in Russia and China has become regular. The protection of the south-western and western populations of the tiger and wild ungulates, along with their habitats, therefore requires special attention.

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Figure 2: Amur tiger population numbers from 1850. Full censuses conducted from 1940 are shown. Before 1940, estimates of population number have been made based on the size of suitable habitat and the presumed density of prey species at the time.

At the end of the 19th Century in the southern region of the Russian Far East, the Amur tiger was a commonly-hunted species. Intensive hunting, accompanied by the destruction of its habitat, resulted in a sharp decline in numbers during the fi rst half of the 20th Century. This decline and the fragmentation of the tiger’s range continued until the late-1930s when the subspecies teetered on the edge of extinction. After the introduction of the hunting ban in 1947, as well as the partial then full prohibition on the removal of live kittens from the wild, the predators started to reappear in remote and undeveloped areas and population numbers began to gradually recover.

Analysis of the censuses carried out in 1970s showed that population growth and colonization of new habitats by tigers occurred mostly in peripheral areas in the northern part of its former range. The results of the censuses conducted in the 1980s and early-1990s confi rmed a further growth in population numbers and the size of the tiger’s range. The 2005 census indicated that during the beginning of the present century the population number stabilized somewhere between 428 and 502 individuals, including between 97 and 109 kittens (comprising 71 to 77 tigers in Khabarovsk Region and 357 to 425 individuals in Primorsky Region).

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5. BIOLOGY OF THE AMUR TIGER AND PREREQUISITES FOR CONSERVATION

5.1 Biology and reproduction rateTigers evolved in tropical Asia and gradually spread northwards. Settling in the

area now found in the Russian Far East, a separate sub-species, the Amur tiger, evolved. The Amur tiger lives on the northern boundary of the species’ range where it experiences extremes in natural conditions. Together with human impact, these determine the tiger’s relationship with the environment and limit its number and distribution.

The Amur tiger is one of the largest subspecies of tiger and only the Bengal tiger competes with it in size and weight. A male Amur tiger can measure up to 220 cm in body length, while a female varies in body length from 165 to 182 cm. The heaviest tiger recorded living in the wild was 250 kg. The average weight of adult females is 120 kg, while that of males is between 165 and 180 kg. Compared to other subspecies, the Amur tiger has dense and relatively long hair.

Genetic analysis of the Amur tiger population shows that, in Russia, the minimal genetically effective population size is low and amounts to only 35 animals. This is 14 times smaller than the actual population number. Research has shown that two genetically distinct groups of Amur tigers exist within the Russian part of its range. These are the Sikhote-Alin and south-western population groups, both of which are separated from one another by extensive development along the Razdolnayar River. Individual tigers, however, cross over from one group to another. Although low genetic diversity is common in large cat populations, this fact requires special attention with the conservation of the Amur tiger. This is largely because a signifi cant decline in population number can result in considerable genetic loss and irreversible degradation of the subspecies. The south-western population of the Amur tiger in particular requires special attention because of its small size.

The Amur tiger exhibits both solitary and group behaviour (eg. females with cubs). Adult individuals are territorial and mark their territories to indicate their presence. Radio-tracking has shown that the average-sized territory for a male tiger is 1,380 km2, while that for a female is 400 km2. Up to six adult female territories can be found within one resident male’s territory, while the territories of same gender adults usually overlap slightly. Frequenting permanent trails and possessing the habits of returning to their kills and revisiting territorial marks, as well as other territorial behavioural traits, make the Amur tiger vulnerable to poaching. The Amur tiger possesses the largest territories of all tiger subspecies, largely due to the low density of prey within its range. Growth in Amur tiger populations, therefore, is impossible without increasing the density of prey species.

The Amur tiger census that was conducted in 2004/05 indicated the following population structure. Approximately 39% of all the tigers counted were adult males, while 25% were adult females. Twenty-two percent (22%) were cubs under the age of 1.5 years, while 6% of tigers were adolescents aged from 1.5 to 3 years. Another 7% of the tigers could not be classifi ed as belonging to any of the above groups and were either adult or adolescent females, or cubs of indeterminate gender.

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The lifespan of the Amur tiger is usually no longer than 20 years. The tiger can breed when it reaches 3.5 to 4 years old and pregnancy normally lasts 95 to 20 days. Cubs can be born during any season, but most often in summer. Litter size is from 1 to 5 cubs, while the average litter numbers 2.5 cubs. For the fi rst 1 to 2 months, cubs do not leave their den. A den usually consists of a hollow in a rocky slope and is located on the upper portion of a north-facing slope. This slope is usually no less than 20%, making it diffi cult for humans to reach. How well the female tiger selects the den site often determines how safe the litter will be and the subsequent breeding success. The identifi cation and protection of such sites, therefore, is especially important in conserving the Amur tiger.

Young tigers start to become independent from 15 to 22 months (the average is 18.8 months). After the family group breaks up, young males disperse and can move long distances. Young females, on the other hand, usually remain within their mother’s territory or in a neighbouring area. As a result of this dispersal, the Amur tiger is able to settle in vacant territories. This plays an important role in the subspecies’ distribution and expansion of its range.

The average interval between litters is 26.5 months. If females lose their litter during the fi rst few months, this average drops to 11 months. The reproductive rate, which also takes into account cub mortality, is 0.6 to 0.7 cubs for each female per year. If one takes the reproductive age of females as being from 3.5 to 14 years, the average female reproductivity during its whole lifespan is 12.1 cubs, while only 6.5 to 7.3 cubs reach the age of one year.

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Relatively late reproductive age, low fecundity, a long interval between litters and a high mortality rate amongst young and breeding adults all make the Amur tiger a vulnerable subspecies that is not able to restore its population size following any signifi cant decline in numbers. Furthermore, adverse changes in the condition of the tiger’s habitat can also result in a sharp decline in population number. Providing conditions are favourable, however, reproduction can allow for growth in population numbers as well as permit, as has happened in the past, the gradual recovery of populations following signifi cant declines.

The only natural enemy of the Amur tiger is the brown bear. Adult male brown bears can attack female and young tigers with the intention of eating them. Brown and Himalayan bears also scavenge on tiger kills and can chase tigers off their kill. This means that tigers have to kill additional prey.

Understanding the causes of tiger mortality is central to the formulation of an effective conservation strategy for the Amur tiger. Research indicates that a large proportion of deaths amongst Amur tigers is due to human-related causes. The presence of roads within tiger territories represents a particularly serious threat as the majority of animals killed are shot by poachers travelling along the roads in vehicles. It is also a common occurrence for tigers to be run over by vehicles. Natural mortality amongst Amur tigers is not commonly recorded. Data clearly demonstrate that one of the fi rst priorities to be addressed in Amur tiger conservation must be the combating of poaching.

5.2 Habitat requirementsWithin the Russian part of its range, the Amur tiger prefers cedar pine/broad-

leaf forest and oak forest and, to a lesser extent, broad-leaf and riparian forests. The principal parameters that determine the quality of Amur tiger habitat are the suitability of the habitat for the tiger’s main prey items and the degree of human impact. The most suitable habitats for ungulates in the southern part of the Russian Far East are the same types of forest that are favoured by the tiger. Therefore, taking into consideration the close link between predator and prey, the most effective way of conserving the Amur tiger is to manage ungulate habitats on a scientifi c basis.

The key locations for Amur tiger conservation are clearly those selected from areas that are favoured by both the tiger and its prey. Conservation of forests where Korean cedar pine and Mongolian oak occur will help to stabilize the tiger’s existence in Russia. Over-exploitation of these forests and their destruction through wildfi res will result in the loss of feeding grounds for those animals that are potential prey for Amur tigers. It will also lead to further contraction and fragmentation of the tiger’s range and seriously threaten the existence of the predator itself.

The other important factor in the tiger’s conservation is the preservation of those riparian forests that have been affected most by humans. Tigers regularly use forested rivers and mountain valleys as migration corridors and hunting grounds. This is because such areas are important for concentrations of prey species during winter, especially during those winters when high snowfall is experienced.

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In general, relatively low biotopic selectivity amongst Amur tigers has allowed for a contiguous spatial distribution of the tiger throughout highly varied forest mosaics.

5.3 Diet and predatory behaviourThe Amur tiger feeds on a wide range of species. However, the tiger prefers

ungulates whose size is equal to or exceeds that of itself. Four species of ungulates, namely, wild boar, red deer, roe deer and sika deer, are the main prey items for tigers. In different parts of the tiger’s range, the proportion of these prey species in the tiger’s diet depends on their population density. In addition, and especially during periods when there is no snow, the Himalayan and brown bear also contribute signifi cantly to the tiger’s diet, as do badger and raccoon dog. The fact that the Amur tiger does not have a limited hunting preference means that it can switch between prey items and has a greater ability to survive in different habitats.

To satisfy its energy needs and depending on its geographical location, the Amur tiger requires between 50 and 70 large ungulates per year, along with other smaller prey items and bears. The reproductive capacity of the majority of tiger prey species does not exceed 15 to 25% a year. Therefore, exploitation of ungulates as game species should take into consideration the needs of tigers that live within hunting management units. The well-being of the Amur tiger is considered to be secure if the number of large ungulates occurring within the tiger’s range is between 400 and 500 individuals. Such a density of ungulates does not occur everywhere. Monitoring data shows that population numbers of all tiger prey species are declining and that carrying capacities are steadily decreasing. This is because, among other reasons, natural habitats are being degraded.

Additional factors that negatively affect ungulate population numbers include the unpredictability of pasture production prior to winter and the fact that more and more winters now experience abnormal amounts of snowfall. Populations suffer the most damage when these events occur together.

If the Amur tiger experiences a shortage of natural prey, it can supplement its diet by killing and eating livestock. It does this by leaving the forests and entering human settlements. This situation leads to confl ict between tigers and humans that can result in tigers being shot illegally and/or the need to catch and remove them.

This confi rms the need for proactive measures to be taken to stabilize and then signifi cantly increase the number of prey items for the Amur tiger.

5.4 Interaction with humansCompared to other species, the Amur tiger is not as aggressive towards humans.

Usually, a tiger that comes across a human will try to avoid direct contact and leave. Even ‘problem’ tigers that have lived close to human settlements for a long time and regularly visit them to take livestock normally try to avoid people. Humans encountering tigers is not common, but when they do it is very rare for the predator to show aggression. Nonetheless, a potential threat does exist and in some cases tigers do attack.

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Most tigers that attack people are either injured by humans, or are sick or emaciated. A study on tiger attacks on people showed that 57% of attacks involved tigers that had been injured by humans, 14% related to tigers sporting injuries of uncertain cause and 21% involved tigers that were sick or emaciated. Amur tiger poaching, therefore, is not only the main cause of the predator’s mortality, but is also one of the main causes of confl icts between the tiger and humans.

The Amur tiger can become aggressive when it has been chased or when it encounters a human unexpectedly, but also when it defends its prey or cubs. Human death from Amur tigers occurs very rarely. In the last 40 years within Russia, 16 fatal cases have been recorded. Between 2001 and 2010, 19 cases of tiger attack were recorded that resulted in two people dying and 12 people being injured. The majority of these attacks were as a result of people provoking tigers to attack.

The most common type of confl ict, representing 57% of total recorded confl icts, is when tigers attack livestock. On average in Russia, 30 head of livestock and domestic animals are killed each year by tigers, the majority of these being dogs and about fi ve cases involving large horned livestock. This is about ten times less than in other countries.

Other confl icts arise as a result of poaching, vehicles colliding with tigers and people coming across orphaned cubs in the wild. Every year, especially during winter, a number of cubs lose their mothers and are unable to live independently. Some of them fall into the hands of humans. Consequently, the issue of reintroducing tigers that have been raised by humans back into the wild becomes very problematic.

Only if proactive measures aimed at providing favourable natural conditions are in place and if local residents are given guidance on how to behave within the predator’s home range, it should be possible to ensure a sustained and peaceful coexistence between the Amur tiger and humans and to minimise confl ict situations and their negative consequences.

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6. LIMITING FACTORSThe occurrence of the Amur tiger is determined by both natural (abiotic

phenomena, natural enemies and competitors and prey availability) and human factors. Human factors and impacts on the Amur tiger can be divided into two main groups, namely, direct (eg. poaching and the necessary removal of tigers) and indirect (eg. forest fi res, logging, extension of road networks, increase in human population density, hunting activities, etc).

6.1 Direct factors and impactsDirect impacts include the killing of Amur tigers by poachers, the need to shoot

tigers when they attack and also general disturbance to the tiger in its habitat.

The most signifi cant factor threatening the existence of the Amur tiger in Russia is its direct destruction. As studies have shown, 72 to 83% of tiger deaths are caused by humans, most of those by poaching, while natural mortality contributes only 17 to 28% of total deaths.

6.1.1 Retrospective review of Amur tiger removal from the wild in Russia

Data on the removal from the wild of the Amur Tiger in the Russian Far East are limited and patchy and of an ad hoc nature.

At the end of the 19th Century in the southern Far East of Russia, the Amur tiger was the usual animal hunted and up to 100 individuals were shot each year. This intensive hunting of tigers, resulting from the desire for hunting trophies, led to a sharp decline in the population number during the early-20th Century. At that time, only about 60 individuals were shot each year. At the same time, uncontrolled hunting resulted in the disappearance of the Amur tiger from a larger part of the southern Primorye. Between 1920 and 1945, encounters with the Amur tiger became very rare. In 1947, a full ban on Amur tiger hunting was introduced. Even after the ban, however, the shooting of tigers continued. Up until 1957, between 7 and 8 tigers were shot each year, the majority of them being females defending their cubs and those that were killed when cubs were removed live.

6.1.2 Removal of animals from the wild for educational and scientifi c purposes

After the introduced of the hunting ban in 1947, the capture of cubs only took place to satisfy the needs of zoos, circuses and zoological experts. Up until 1955, between 7 and 11 tigers were captured. The total number of captured cubs between 1947 and 1956 was 41, but only in the Primorsky Region. In 1956, a full ban was introduced on the removal of young tigers from the wild, including for expert purposes. After that, orphaned tigers were removed from nature and placed in zoos much less often.

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At present, the use of wildlife species listed in the Russian Red Data Book, including the Amur tiger, is regulated by two Decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation, namely, On Approval of the Regulations of Removal from the Wild Animals Species listed in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation, excluding Aquatic Animals, No. 13 of 6 January 1997 and On Issuing Licences for Trading Animal Species listed in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation, No. 156 of 19 February 1996.

Decree No. 156 states, among others things, that keeping Red Data Book-listed animals in captivity is only permitted for purposes of conservation and reproduction in artifi cial habitats and for scientifi c and educational reasons. Their release back into the wild is also allowed for conservation purposes and/or for replenishing natural populations.

Removal of animals from the wild can only be carried out after permission has been granted by the Federal Supervisory Natural Resources Management Service. This permission is in line with the Administrative Regulation of the Service that carries out the State’s function relating to the removal of wildlife species listed in the Red Data Book. This was approved by the Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources, No. 123 of 30 April 2009, which was registered (Registration No. 14115) by the Ministry of Justice on 22 June 2009.

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6.1.3 Illegal removal of animals from the wildUp until the late-1980s in the Russian Far East, illegal removal of Amur tigers

from the wild took place only occasionally, usually when animals approached human settlements or attacked domestic animals, but also by hunters during the normal hunting season. At the same time, trading in tiger skins and other tiger products was either very diffi cult or practically impossible. From the early-1990s, however, the illegal removal of tigers became much larger in scale. This was due to reduced control by policing organisations, borders opening, fi rearms becoming more accessible, the illegal trade in tiger parts increasing to satisfy a greater demand from Chinese traders and wealthy Russians and a diffi cult economic environment that caused people to look to other sources of income. Nowadays, the reasons for the illegal removal of tigers remain much the same. The exact number of animals removed, however, is not really known, but in the opinion of experts the actual number is still quite signifi cant and will affect the tiger’s ability to survive.

In addition to the removal of the Amur tiger from the wild for trade purposes, there are other reasons for its illegal shooting.

• Intentional shooting of tigers to be rid of a competitor within hunting grounds. When hunting for ungulates, hunters commonly consider the Amur tiger to be a direct competitor and therefore view the predator as an enemy. After fear for their own safety, the concern that tigers will adversely affect ungulate populations is the second reason given by respondents when answering the question “why tigers do not need protection”. Although the presence of the Amur tiger helps keep the wolf population from expanding and limiting the ungulate population further, hunters still consider tigers in their hunting grounds to be a direct threat to their source of income. Up until the 1990s, a dead tiger did not have any monetary value and if a hunter shot a tiger for any reason the carcase would most likely be left in the forest.

• Intentional shooting of tigers when they attack domestic animals. Although Amur tigers are sometimes shot in response to them killing livestock, this is not a major problem in the Russian Far East as most livestock is kept indoors overnight. At the beginning of the present century, no more than about fi ve head of livestock being killed by tigers each year was recorded in Primorsky Region. Most often than not, tigers kill domestic dogs, this making up 55% of all attacks on domestic animals. When an injured or problem tiger enters a village looking for food, chained dogs offer very easy prey.

• Unintentional shooting of tigers when people accidentally encounter them and view them as a threat. The number of accidental encounters with Amur tigers gives an indication of the risk posed to local communities. Nevertheless, the total number of cases of attack on humans by tigers remains low. During a 40-year period, tigers injured less than one person a year and caused one human death every two years. Even these fi gures are considered too high as a large number of incidents that took place during the 1990s resulted from unsuccessful poaching attempts that caused tigers to attack humans. Around 60% of those tigers attacking people carried old injuries, mostly bullet wounds, infl icted earlier by humans. Consequently, more than half of the incidents in which people were either killed or injured by tigers were, in effect, caused by humans themselves.

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6.1.4 Necessary shooting of problem Amur tigersBetween 1985 and 2005, special permission was granted to shoot 58 tigers, an

average of 2.8 tigers per year. The reasons for issuing such permission were mostly linked to tigers taking livestock or attacking people. Between 1985 and 1990, the number of tigers shot for these reasons was much higher – during the winter of 1986, for instance, 15 tigers were shot. Following the establishment in 1999 of the “problem tiger group” within the Tiger Special Patrol Team, the number of permissions given for shooting troublesome tigers dropped.

6.1.5 Disturbance factorsThe Amur tigers that are most susceptible to disturbance factors are those

living in areas where there is intensive logging of forests all year round. Clear-felling is normally accompanied by the blazing of an extensive network of roads and tracks that deliver plant and equipment to loggers and transport out the felled trees. Consequently, these areas become accessible to people who visit the forests to collect various natural products and to hunt and fi sh. These forest tracks are also willingly being used by Amur tigers. In doing so, however, they put themselves at risk of being shot by vehicle-borne poachers. The situation is aggravated by the fact that tigers, but especially males, commonly throw caution to the wind when they encounter people and come out into the open. Extension of such road networks, therefore, sharply increases the risk of tigers being killed. Furthermore, the extension and improvement of the road networks help large numbers of hunters to gain access to their hunting grounds during winter. In some areas in the south of Primorsky Region, the number of people hunting ungulates is so high that it doesn’t give the tiger much chance to remain unnoticed and undisturbed.

People in the area commonly remove tiger kills that they come across. This means that the tiger has to expend more energy on hunting. In areas of low ungulate population density during winter, this can lead to tigers starving. This is of particular danger to female tigers with cubs.

During autumn, a serious disturbance factor for the Amur tiger is posed by people collecting Korean cedar pine cones. In years of good harvest, such people enter the forests in their thousands, including specially protected natural areas.

Local development, forest logging and the expansion and improvement of road networks, therefore, open up access to remote habitats and signifi cantly increase the disturbance factors for Amur tigers.

6.1.6 Spread of contagious diseasesA number of contagious diseases can cause deaths amongst both adult and

young tigers and also decrease fertility amongst breeding pairs. Considering the low genetic diversity within the Amur tiger population (and consequently its high vulnerability to various diseases) as well as the low reproduction rate, the spread of viral and protozoan diseases can represent a threat to the secure existence of the Amur tiger. Tigers can contract a number of contagious diseases through both

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contact with other tigers and by eating infected animals, especially other predators such as badgers, raccoon dogs, bears and lynx. A threat to the Amur tiger also exists through contact with dogs and, to a lesser extent, cats. Both can act as carriers of a number of diseases that are dangerous to tigers.

6.2 Indirect factors and impactsAmong the forms of indirect human impact affecting populations of the Amur

tiger, the most signifi cant are those relating to the reduction in size of habitats that results from economic development, including clear-felling, and to inappropriate game management that undermines the food resource for tigers. The effect of adverse factors can be aggravated by unfavourable climatic conditions, such as occasional heavy snowfalls that force ungulates to migrate in large numbers up and down slopes. During years of heavy snowfall, the food resource for Amur tigers declines sharply and it may take many years for it to recover. As a result, tiger mortality from starvation and poaching increases and in some years can reach catastrophic levels.

6.2.1 Changes in natural habitatOne of the main reasons why the population status of the Amur tiger is

worsening is the loss and transformation of its habitats that has mainly resulted from economic development within the area. During the 20th Century, however, habitat degradation was apparently not the most important factor affecting the Amur tiger population. The main period when the population was recovering (ie. from the 1950s until the 1980s) coincided with the intensive logging of forests within Sikhote-Alin. However, this logging did not have much impact on the population recovery process. Nowadays, the infl uence of habitat degradation on tigers is becoming more signifi cant because road networks are being extended, Korean cedar pine nuts are being extensively harvested, Mongolian oak is being logged and ash and other tree species within key riparian forests are being intensively cut. As a result, the size of habitat suitable for the Amur tiger is contracting and the quality of the habitat for ungulates is declining. This means that the habitat supports fewer animals. Because habitat degradation is taking place, the importance of those protected areas in which ungulate densities are high and poaching is under control has increased signifi cantly. Suffi cient size of protected areas and the existence of ecological corridors between them are important prerequisites for ensuring the conservation of healthy tiger populations with minimal negative impact from poaching and habitat degradation.

6.2.1.1 Economic development impactsRussia’s economic development programs for the foreseeable future pay special

attention to the Russian Far East. In particular, these include the Socio-Economic Development Strategy for the Far East and the Baikal Region for the Period Up Until 2025, No. 2094-r, which was approved by the Decree of the Russian Government on 28 December 2009, and the Federal Special Purpose Program Economic and Social Development of the Russian Far East and Trans-Baikal Region for the Period Up Until 2013, No. 480 of 15 April 1996.

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Primorsky Region, which comprises 2.7% of the entire area of the Russian Far East and which contains most of the Amur tiger range, is home to 30% of the entire human population in the Russian Far East. According to the census conducted in 2002, the human population density within the region at the time was 12.2 persons per km2, while the average population density in the Russian Far East was 1.1 persons per km2. Compared with other regions within the overall tiger range in Asia, however, the habitat of the Amur tiger within the Primorsky and Khabarovsk Regions remains much less populated by humans.

A large portion of the river valleys and plains where the Amur tiger and ungulates were most abundant before development took place is now occupied by human settlements and farmland. As a result, the Amur tiger has been forced to move to less suitable habitats which are also less productive for ungulates. This makes the tiger even more susceptible to adverse human impacts.

At the same time, the Amur tiger can adapt to practically all forms of development within an area, providing the natural resources are managed sustainably. An exception, however, is where mining is involved.

The main reason for deterioration in habitat quality for the tiger caused by development is the accompanying reduction in food availability. Within Primorye and Priamurye, tracts of forest where Amur tiger habitat still exist are repeatably affected by the clearing of trees and forest fi res. With every year, the food resource for ungulates subsequently declines. To maintain the number of Amur tigers as well as of other large predators, a high and stable number of wild ungulates is required. This can only be assured if suffi cient food resources are available.

Several existing and planned large development projects could affect the status of the Amur tiger’s habitat.

One of them is the construction of the Eastern Siberia – Pacifi c Ocean oil pipeline. This is planned to pass through Amur tiger habitat in the southern part of Sikhote-Alin. The pipeline itself, its associated infrastructure and the oil refi nery, as well as the immediate areas around them, will adversely affect the territories of between 35 and 40 adult tigers.

Another project is the construction of the Sakhalin-Khabarovsk-Vladivostok gas pipeline and refi nery. The pipeline will adversely affect tiger habitats along its entire length, but primarily in the south-western part of Priamurye. The entire project was given the ‘green light’ by a State Environmental Impact Asses-sment. However, the pipeline’s route will cut through the Leopardovy Federal Nature Refuge and the Strelnikov Ecological Corridor, a protected area of regional importance in the Khabarovsk Region.

Road construction projects are of distinct danger to tiger populations as they cause fragmentation of their habitats, raise the disturbance factor and increase the number of tiger deaths on highways. Elevated and unvegetated road embankments and 1.5 to 2.0 m-high safety barriers on both sides of the roads will make such highways impassable for most animals.

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Thus, the planning and implementation of socio-economic development projects and programs in the Russian Far East, all necessary to improve the quality of life and welfare of people in the region and the country as a whole, must take into account the need to minimise negative impacts on the Amur tiger and its habitats (ie. preventing habitats from fragmenting and contiguous populations from breaking up into small isolated groups that are not able to survive for long).

6.2.1.2 Hunting and game management impactsThe larger part of the Amur tiger’s range is located in areas where hunting is

permitted and where game species are managed for the purposes of hunting. At the same time, the most important factors in such areas for maintaining healthy populations of Amur tigers are keeping the number of ungulates at a certain level and meeting the legislative requirements on the protection of Red Data Book-listed animals. This is only possible when hunting resources, together with their habitats, are sustainably managed and protected. However, the following issues run counter to this:

• Management of hunting and the protection of hunting resources are seriously hampered by the current restructuring of relevant state institutions. State supervision and the control of hunting are made diffi cult because the number of hunting management units has risen sharply, while at the same time the number of state hunting inspectors remains critically low.

• The provisions within existing legislation on hunting and the protection of hunting resources make it very diffi cult for state inspectors to lodge violations and provide the necessary evidence. Control of hunting, as provided for in Article 41 of the Federal Law On Hunting and Protection of Hunting Resources, does not take place because staff members in hunting management units have not been granted the legal right to lodge violations. Consequently, they are not adequately able to legally protect the resources they are responsible for.

• When regulations and by-laws on hunting and the protection of hunting resources are being drafted and/or offtake quotas are being set, the food requirements of the Amur tiger, the necessity to maintain healthy populations of ungulates and the changes that occur in ungulate habitats due to forest fi res and logging activities are all not taken into account. There is an urgent need to introduce a new approach to regulating the use of wildlife resources.

• When effective wildlife management takes place within hunting management units, the carrying capacity of habitats increases. This results in an increase in ungulate numbers. Being the main prey items for the Amur tiger, this has a benefi cial effect on the predator. However, when effective wildlife management is not forthcoming, the stability of ungulate populations is not assured. The number of ungulates fails to satisfy the food requirements of tigers and the predator begins to counter the objectives of hunting management units, thereby causing hunters to become more opposed to tigers.

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6.2.1.3 Forest management impactsForest management is aimed primarily at increasing the productivity of forests

and also at improving the quality of habitats for animals living in them, including ungulates and the Amur tiger. At the same time, however, the intensity of forest logging has increased signifi cantly and has resulted in growing negative impacts on the Amur tiger and its habitat.

• The largest impact on the tiger and its prey from forest management makes itself felt through the construction of forestry infrastructure, such as roads, tracks, storage areas, etc. Networks of forest tracks help poachers gain better access to tigers and their prey. In areas with dense forest track networks, hunting pressure is higher and both ungulate and tiger densities are lower. The mandatory closing of such roads once logging operations have been completed is one of the most important steps to achieving effective tiger conservation.

• In areas where Korean cedar pine and mature oak trees are cut, ungulates fi nd much less food. This is because both cedar pine nuts and acorns are important food items. Logging must only be allowed if some areas of old-growth forest within each forestry unit are left untouched and if a full ban on the logging of Korean cedar pine is imposed.

• The level of illegal logging has grown signifi cantly. The quantity of illegally-cut timber logged over the last seven years was between 50 and 60% of the amount of timber that was cut legally. Over the same period, however, the number of staff responsible for controlling and supervising state forests decreased signifi cantly.

• The incidence of forest fi res has increased, this being the result of not following fi re safety and prevention measures during and after logging operations. The following factors contribute to increased incidence of forest fi res:

· tailings and waste material resulting from logging operations are not removed, so providing additional combustible material

· after logging operations, more sunlight let into the lower forest strata leads to the drying out of forest fl oor cover and topsoil

· forest roads and tracks provide easier access to humans, thereby increasing the risks of accidental and deliberately-lit forest fi res.

• Protection against forest fi res is no longer adequately carried out by forest logging companies.

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7. STATUS OF AMUR TIGER PROTECTIONThe Amur tiger is one of the most valuable animals in Russia’s genetic diversity.

Russia was the fi rst country to develop a legislative base for Amur tiger conservation. A complete ban on hunting the tiger was introduced in 1947. The Amur tiger was listed in the USSR Red Data Book back in 1978 and again in the Russian Red Data Book in 1997.

To both protect rare and endangered wildlife species, including the Amur tiger, within Primorsky and Khabarovsk Regions and fulfi l Russia’s obligations to the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity, a Decree (No. 795) On the Conservation of the Amur Tiger and Other Rare and Endangered Species within Primorsky and Khabarovsk Regions was approved by the Russian Government on 7 August 1997. At about the same time on 8 July 1997, the Federal Special Purpose Program on the Conservation of the Amur Tiger was also approved by the Government. Earlier, in 1996, the fi rst Amur Tiger Conservation Strategy for Russia was approved by the Ministry of Natural Resources.

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7.1 Conservation legislation7.1.1 Principal international agreements and conventions

The Amur tiger is an endangered subspecies belonging to the VU A3c category in the Red Data Book of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). This means that the subspecies belongs to a vulnerable taxon whose population number within three generations (45 years) will drop by 30% due to contraction of its range and a decline in the quality of its habitat.

The following international agreements exist to help conserve and reestablish rare and endangered species, including the Amur tiger:

• Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio de Janeiro, 5 June 1992) – ratifi ed by Russian Federal Law (No. 16-FZ) on 17 February 1995. This Convention provides for the conservation of biological resources, both in situ and ex situ, as well as for their sustainable use.

• Convention on International Trade in Rare and Endangered Species (CITES) (Washington, 3 March 1973) – the Amur tiger is listed in Annex 1 of CITES. This provides for strict regulation on the export and import of the tiger for commercial purposes.

• The Protocol between the Russian Federation and People’s Republic of China on Protection of the Tiger (Beijing, 10 November 1997).

7.1.2 National legislation7.1.2.1 Listing in Red Data Books

The Amur tiger is listed in the Russian Red Data Book as a Category 2 subspecies, ie. a species continually declining in number which can become endangered if unfavourable factors continue as they are.

The removal from the wild of animals listed in the Russian Red Data Book, including the Amur tiger, is regulated by the Decree of the Russian Government On Approval of the Regulations of Removal from the Wild Animals Species listed in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation, excluding Aquatic Animals, No. 13 that was approved on 6 January 1997.

According to the above-mentioned regulations, the removal of the Amur tiger from the wild is allowed for purposes of their conservation, monitoring of their population status, regulating their population number, ensuring the health of their population, maintaining human health safety, removing threats to human life and preventing epizootic diseases from spreading to livestock and other domestic animals.

The Administrative Regulation of the Federal Supervisory Natural Resources Management Service was approved by the Order (No. 123) of the Ministry of Natural Resources on 30 April 2009 and registered (Registration No. 14115) by the Ministry of Justice on 22 June 2009.

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The trade in animals listed in the Russian Red Data Book, including the Amur tiger, is regulated by the Decree (No. 156) On Issuing Licences for Trading Animal Species listed in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation that was approved on 19 February 1996.

The trade in Amur tigers is only allowed based on permission being granted by the Federal Supervisory Natural Resources Management Service and is in line with the Administrative Regulation of the Service that carries out the State’s function relating to the issuing of licences for trading in animal species listed in the RedData Book. This was approved by the Order (No. 4) of the Ministry of Natural Resources on 15 January 2008, which was registered (Registration No. 11154) by the Ministry of Justice on 13 February 2008.

Guidelines for Calculating the Monetary Value of Damage to Animal Species Listed in the Russian Red Data Book and to Other Animal Species Not Subject to Hunting or Fishing and Their Habitats were approved by the Order (No. 107) of the Ministry of Natural Resources on 28 April 2008 and registered (Registration No. 11775) by the Ministry of Justice on 29 May 2008.

The Amur tiger is listed in the Red Data Books of four Russian provinces, namely, the Primorsky, Khabarovsk, Amur and Jewish Autonomous Regions.

7.1.2.2 Legislation in the Russian FederationIn Russia, the conservation and use of animal species, including the Amur tiger,

and their habitats are covered by a number of laws and by-laws, the most important of these being:

• Federal Law On Environmental Protection, No. 7-FZ of 10 January 2002

• Federal Law On Animal Species, No. 52-FZ of 24 April 1995

• Federal Law On Specially Protected Natural Areas of 14 March 1995.

The conservation and use of animal species and their habitats are also covered by a number of other acts and decrees of the Russian Government and departmental sub-laws relating to natural resource use, as well as by acts relating to other branches of law (eg. civil, criminal and administrative legislation).

The most important act relating to the conservation of animals is the Federal Law On Animal Species. It covers conservation and use of animal species in general, as well as more specifi cally the protection and rehabilitation of their habitats to ensure conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, the provision of conditions for the long-term survival of animals, the conservation of the genetic diversity of wild animals and other forms of protection for animal species as a part of nature. This Law states that wild animal species within Russia are the property of the State. The Law also defi nes a list of measures to be carried out to conserve the habitats of wild animals, including rare and endangered species (particularly through establishing protected areas), and provides for the protection of areas that are necessary for animals to complete their life cycles (ie. breeding, raising young, feeding, resting, migrating, etc.). In such areas, certain types of economic development and activities can be banned or restricted in both time and nature of implementation.

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The Law specifi es the responsibilities and powers of state authorities in wildlife conservation, including those responsibilities that have been delegated by federal authorities to regional authorities and the specifi c powers of regional authorities and local governments. The Law provides for the rights of individuals and legal entities to question how the responsibilities are being implemented, to undertake their own conservation activities and to assist in the implementation of relevant state programs. The Law identifi es the agencies responsible for the state administration of the conservation of animals and the conservation and rehabilitation of their habitats and defi nes the main principles.

To ensure the conservation of animal species and their habitats, the Law established the requirement to conduct state censuses of wild animals and record how the animals are used, to maintain a state inventory and conduct state monitoring of animal species and to implement state conservation programs.

In addition, the Law states that it is an obligatory requirement to conduct a state environmental impact assessment prior to any development decision being taken that may affect animal species and their habitats.

The Law states that rare and endangered animal species must be listed in the Russian Red Data Book and respective regional Red Data Books. Any activities that can lead to their death, decline in their numbers or damage to their habitats are prohibited. Legal entities and individuals who carry out economic activities within areas where such animals occur are responsible for their conservation. The Law also states that the use of and trade in listed rare and endangered animal species, as well the keeping of them in captivity and their release back into the wild, can only be legally done if the required permission has been granted.

Numerous by-laws and departmental regulations make up a considerably well-developed legal base for administrative authorities and law enforcement agencies to work in the field of conservation of rare and endangered animal species. They also provide a regulatory mechanism with relatively well-defined jurisdictions and separation of duties between federal and regional authorities.

The effectiveness of this generally well-developed system, however, is hindered by the low effi ciency in law enforcement and by gaps and defi ciencies in some areas with regards legal instruments and regulations.

For example, the Russian Administrative Code sets out the penalties for destroying rare and endangered animals and plants that are listed in the Russian Red Data Book, or which are protected by international agreements. In addition, any action or inaction that leads to the death, decline in numbers or damage to habitats of animals, as well as to the destruction of plants, collection, removal and keeping in captivity, purchase, sale and postage of rare and endangered animals without the necessary permission being obtained or the conditions being complied with, or if other required procedures have not been followed, will be punished under administrative law.

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At the same time, there are no legal provisions to penalise legal entities or individuals for assisting in the placement of announcements on the Internet relating to the sale of tiger skins or purchasing the products of illegal hunting.

Article 20 of the Federal Law On Animal Species requires a state environmental impact assessment to be carried out prior to a decision being made on whether or not any development project that may affect animal species and their habitats goes ahead. Article 24 of the same Law states that actions that may lead to the death, decline in numbers or damage to habitats of animals listed in the Red Data Book are prohibited.

However, as stated by the Federal Law On Environmental Impact Assessment, No. 174-FZ of 23 November 1995, if any development project which may affect the environment is planned to take place outside of protected areas, the continental shelf, exclusive economic zones, inland seas, Russian territorial waters and their adjacent zones, or if such projects do not fall within a special purpose program, a state environmental impact assessment is not required. Consequently, there are no legal grounds to prohibit such developments even if they may negatively affect the habitat of the Amur tiger.

Taking into account the requirements of the above-mentioned Law On Animal Species, it is necessary that the documentation relating to any construction project that is planned to take place within Amur tiger habitat must be subjected to an environmental impact assessment to ensure that it complies with environmental requirements.

7.2 Protected area conservationAt present, an area of approximately 36,000 km2 within the range of the Amur

tiger (ie. 20% of its total range) falls within protected areas. Ten percent (10%) of this area consists of protected areas of federal importance (Table 1).

The establishment of transboundary migration corridors with special protection regimes to ensure free movement of animals is being planned. In addition, planning is also being directed at establishing protected areas where traditional forms of natural resource use are to be maintained. These areas will be developed and managed along with local communities in order to reach a compromise between tiger conservation and sustainable community development.

At the same time, however, an integrated spatial system of protection for the whole Amur tiger habitat, which takes into consideration the important ecological role of the tiger, is not yet in place. Up until now, when a particular category of protected area was selected and the regime for tiger protection was put in place, the importance of habitats for Amur tiger conservation was not always taken into account.

The conservation of the tiger inside protected areas within its key habitat range, in particular the Leopardovy Federal Nature Reserve and the Birsky, Mataisky, Taezhny and Verkhnebikinsky Regional Nature Refuges, is ineffi cient. This is because clear-felling operations are still taking place within these areas.

One of the key issues for the conservation of the Amur tiger is the optimization of land use in areas lying beyond protected areas.

Name of Protected Area Area (hectares, 000) Regions and districts of Russia

FEDERAL NATURE RESERVES (Zapovedniks)Primorsky Region

Kedrovaya Pad 18,045 KhasanskyLazovsky 120,998 LazovskySikhote-Alinsky 401,428 Terneisky, Dalnegorsky, KrasnoarmeiskyUssuriysky 40,432 Ussuriysky, Shkotovsky

Khabarovsk Region

Bolshekhekhtsirsky 45,439 KhabarovskyBotchinsky 267,380 Sovetsko-GavanskyKomsomolsky 64,413 KomsomolskyNATIONAL PARKS

Primorsky Region

Zov tigra (Call of the Tiger) 82,152 Chuguevsky, Olginsky, LazovskyUdege Legend 88,600 Krasnoarmeisky

Khabarovsk Region

Anyuisky 429,370 NanaiskyFEDERAL NATURE REFUGES (Zakazniks)

Primorsky Region

Leopardovy 169,429 Khasansky, Nadezhdinsky, UssuryskyKhabarovsk Region

Khekhtsir 56,000REGIONAL NATURE REFUGES (Zakazniks)

Primorsky Region

Berezovyi 60,000 ChuguevskyVasil’kovsky 34,000 OlginskyVerkhnebikinsky 746,482 PozharskyPoltavsky 119,000 Ussuriysky, OktyabrskyTaezhny 29,000 KrasnoarmeiskyBlack rocks 12,400 DalnegorskyLosiny 26,000 TerneiskyGoraly 4,749 TerneiskyTikhy 12,600 Anuchinsky

Khabarovsk Region

Mataisky 114,400 Im. LazoBirsky 53,300 BikinskyChukensky 219,700 Im. LazoMopau 54,000 VaninskyNATURE PARKS

Khabarovsk Region

Vyazemsky 33,000 VyazemskyKhoso Khoso 123,100 KomsomolskyECOLOGICAL CORRIDORS OF REGIONAL IMPORTANCE

Khabarovsk RegionStrelnikov 8,100 BikinskyManominsky 34,300 NanaiskyNelminsky 36,700 Sovetsko-GavanskyKhutinsky 77,480 Vaninsky

Table 1. List of protected areas where key tiger habitats are protected

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7.3 Captive breedingZoos play an invaluable role in attracting broad public attention to issues

relating to tiger conservation. They also raise awareness about the need to protect these animals in the wild.

A significant proportion of funds generated by zoos goes towards the conservation of tigers around the world.

Zoos are sources of valuable scientific data and practical experience. New combinations of anaesthetics were developed and tested in zoos, after which they could then be used in research studies on tigers in the wild. Some important indicators that assist in determining the age of animals, such as the condition of teeth and the weight of individuals, were first studied and then later used in the field. Photographs of tiger skin patterns and blood samples taken from captive zoo animals are being used in taxonomic research studies. Studying DNA taken from the faeces of captive tigers helps to develop methods for counting tigers in the wild. Zoo-based training programs have been of great help to local veterinarians, especially when they work with wild tigers that have to be placed in captivity or conduct post mortems.

Tigers were amongst the fi rst animals for which special captive management programs were developed. These include the Tiger Species Survival Plan (SSP) in North America, which was developed in 1982, and the European Program for Amur Tiger Breeding (Tiger Europäische Erhaltungszucht Programme (EEP)), which was established in 1985 in both Europe and Russia. The EEP has been jointly coordinated by Moscow Zoo and the Zoological Society of London (ZSL). Analysis of the present-day situation was conducted to determine whether or not Russia and other post-Soviet countries have suffi cient numbers of Amur tigers to independently manage their collective zoo population. It showed that the successful implementation of a long-term project on breeding the Amur tiger requires one overall management program covering all captive tigers.

The present-day captive population of Amur tigers was formed during the early-1950s and originates from 57 founder individuals. As of now, the combined population of tigers housed in the 91 zoos that make up the EEP numbers 268 tigers (127 males and 141 females). Of this total, 67 tigers (31 males and 36 females) are being kept in 29 zoos that belong to the Euro-Asian Regional Associations of Zoos and Aquariums (EARAZA). Many Russian and other post-Soviet zoos are members of this Association. The combined zoo population falling under the North American Tiger SSP of the American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA) presently consists of 131 Amur tigers (54 males and 77 females) housed within 48 zoological institutions within North America.

The total number of Amur tigers in captivity is comparable to the present number of tigers living in the wild. Whether or not all these captive tigers are of pure genetic stock, however, has still to be determined. If need be, captive tigers can be used to reinvigorate the genetic stock of the wild population. Among all the countries falling within the tiger’s range, Russia has the best and most effi cient system in place for regulating the interface between captive and wild populations. From the mid-1990s, Russia has followed a

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principle of determining if any orphaned or injured tigers can be released back into the wild, or if they have to be incorporated into the zoo population. Only those individuals whose condition does not allow them to be released into the wild and who are young enough to be able to adapt to captive conditions become candidates for inclusion in the international breeding program for tigers. Zoos that participate in Amur tiger breeding programs provide the facilities necessary to look after them. Present policy favours placing tigers removed from the wild in Russian zoos, providing these zoos have the required facilities. If this is not possible, the tigers are shipped to other zoos participating in the EEP, with Moscow Zoo and the EEP coordinator for the Amur tiger being involved in the process.

Since the zoo population was founded, the inflow into zoos of tiger orphans from the wild has expanded the founding genetic stock and increased the genetic diversity of the captive population. Indeed, some genetic lines that have disappeared entirely from the wild genome are now only preserved within the zoo population. This makes the importance of captive populations even greater.

At present in Russia, there is no necessity for reintroducing captive-bred Amur tigers back into the wild. In the future, however, replenishment of the wild population and the reintroduction of lost genes may become desirable. Such activities are not of first priority in the short-term conservation plans for the Amur tiger, but they can be considered as options if there is evidence of genetic weakening through inbreeding within the existing wild population. The Amur tiger is characterized by having the lowest genetic diversity of all tiger subspecies remaining in the wild. Therefore, there is a continuous need to monitor and assess the genetic wellbeing of the wild population.

Using all ways and means available, the management of zoo populations of the Amur tiger will continue to provide as much support as possible to those projects aimed at conserving populations of the subspecies in the wild. It will also continue to maintain a genetic reserve of the subspecies in case a need to use it arises in the future.

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8. PRIORITIES FOR CONSERVING THE AMUR TIGERConservation of the Amur tiger population can only be assured by implementing

a set of activities that are aimed at conserving the animal itself, protecting its habitat and protecting the animals that make up its food source. These activities must take into account the special biological features of the subspecies’ boreal existence as well as the lessons learnt from past years.

There are two main tasks necessary for conserving the Amur tiger population. These are removing the causes of the decline in population number and minimizing the negative impacts that lead to the contraction and degradation of those habitats that are suitable for tigers. It is in these two areas where priority activities must be focused.

8.1 Developing international collaborationAlthough the Russian Federation presently carries the main responsibility

for the conservation of the Amur tiger in the wild, the future of this sub-species also depends on the status and condition of the tiger population and its habitat in neighbouring countries, specifi cally the People’s Republic of China and North Korea. Small populations of Amur tigers in border areas of China are apparently supplemented by individuals who cross over from Russia. Appearances of tigers in the northern parts of North Korea have also been recorded. Without uniting the

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efforts of neighbouring countries, it is not possible to assess the level of habitat degradation and the potential for restoring the Amur tiger’s natural range. It is also not possible to determine a size for the entire Amur tiger population that can be sustained in the wild. Uniting global efforts will help foster the exchange of information and ideas and increase the possibility of being able to conserve not only the subspecies but also the entire tiger species.

The necessity of enhancing international collaboration in conserving and studying the Amur tiger is governed by a number of factors, fi rst and foremost of which is the trans-boundary nature of human-related impacts.

Inter-state cooperation, both within the region and beyond, is worthwhile developing in the following directions:

• Participation in the Global Tiger Initiative which was announced by the World Bank provides a platform for international collaboration. Coordinated planning of activities in tiger conservation is a task that requires concentrating the efforts of all tiger range countries. The main objectives of the Global Tiger Initiative are:

· to increase the effectiveness of tiger conservation activities through the exchange of experience and information

· to improve the enforcement of conservation law through exchanging experience and international cooperation in combating the illegal cross-border trade in products derived from tigers and other rare and endangered animals species

· to decrease the demand for tiger products by inter alia conducting public awareness campaigns amongst consumers in those countries where tiger products are being used in traditional medicine and where there is also a demand for tiger skins

· to raise the effectiveness of tiger habitat protection

· to develop incentives for supporting tiger conservation at local level

· to develop and improve innovative mechanisms for funding tiger conservation activities, eg. developing mechanisms for joint funding of conservation projects by using carbon credits to compensate for carbon retention, or by paying for environmental services.

• Establishment of international transboundary protected areas for the conservation of the Amur tiger and the Far East leopard.

• Coordination of activities to stop the illegal export and trade of products that are derived from the illicit hunting of tigers and other rare animals. Of special importance is collaboration with China. On a local level, it is worthwhile for the customs services of the Russian Federation and neighbouring provinces in China to work together and exchange information on the cross-border movement of illegal animal products. It is also worthwhile for the respective state institutions to exchange information on illegal international trading routes in both countries.

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• Coordination of research programs and cooperation between Amur tiger experts from different countries. Of special importance is the development of a joint methodology for monitoring Amur tigers in Russia and China. This will enable study results from both countries to be properly compared.

• Continuation of collaboration in the management of captive Amur tiger populations within the EEP, European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) and the North American Tiger SSP of the AZA.

It is important to collaborate with international non-government conservation organisations, charitable foundations and other non-government bodies. Such collaboration helps to raise additional funding, exchange ideas, draw on best international experience and undertake joint work between Russian and foreign experts in the fi elds of conservation and research within the entire range of the Amur tiger.

8.2 Improving legislationTo increase the effectiveness of Russian conservation law and law enforcement

for the conservation of the Amur tiger, it is recommended:

• ensuring that the provisions of Russian law are used to penalize individuals for processing illegally-obtained Amur tiger skins

• formulating regulations to penalize individuals and legal entities for providing Internet space to place announcements relating to the sale of Amur tiger skins and body parts and for purchasing illegally-obtained Amur tiger parts, as well as to penalize those individuals who place such announcements

• enhancing administrative penalties for killing Amur tigers by introducing amendments to Article 8.35 of the Russian Administrative Code (ie. Removal of Rare and Endangered Species of Animals and Plants) by adding the storage and transportation of the Amur tiger, its body parts and derivatives to the list of activities subject to penalty. The severity of the penalty for individuals must be increased – instead of “from 1,000 to 2,500 roubles”, it should read “from 2,000 to 5,000 roubles.” Confi scation of any vehicle used for transporting tiger parts must also be provided for

• enhancing penalties for the illegal removal and transportation of the Amur tiger, its body parts and derivatives over the Russian customs border by introducing the following amendments and additions to the Russian Criminal Code:

· in Part 2 of Article 188 on smuggling, extend the term “Contraband” and the list of items and objects for which the transport across customs borders are prohibited by adding the words “animals and plants listed in the Russian Red Data Book, their body parts and derivatives” immediately after the words “strategically important goods and valuable cultural objects which are subjected to special regulations for transporting across Russian customs borders”

· in Article 258, introduce penalties as for illegal hunting for the illegal transport of animals that are subject to a full hunting ban, as well as their body parts and derivatives. Such an amendment would be entirely in line with the

34

requirements of Part 2 of Article 57, entitled On Penalties for Violating the Law Relating to Hunting and Conservation of Hunting Resources, of the Federal Law On Hunting and Conservation of Hunting Resources and on Introducing Amendments into Some Russian Legal Acts, No. 209-FZ of 24 July 2009

• introducing amendments and additions to the Federal Law On Environmental Impact Assessment, No. 174-FZ, and ensuring that the documentation relating to any construction project planned to take place within Amur tiger habitat is subjected to an environmental impact assessment

• formulating and approving Regulations of Trade of Products Derived from Hunted Animals

• adding Korean cedar pine to the List of Tree and Bush Species Prohibited for Logging, No. 162, approved by the Russian Government on 15 March 2007

• restricting logging in Amur tiger habitats within those forests containing Korean cedar pine by introducing amendments to:

· Paragraph 12 of the Regulations for Logging that were approved by the Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources, No. 184 of 16 July 2007, by changing the part referring to the Korean cedar pine to the following wording: “With the exception of cutting down dead or damaged trees, it is not permitted to log those forests that consist of 30% or more Korean cedar pine trees, or those forests that consist of 20% Korean cedar pine trees in case of equal or less presence of each of any other dominant tree species in the stand’s composition”

· Paragraph 51 of the Regulations for Logging by adding the following wording: “When clear-cutting is conducted, Korean cedar pine and Manchurian nut trees should be left within seed stock trees, tree groves and forest strips”

· the Forest Management Guidelines that were approved by Order No. 31 of the Ministry of Natural Resources on 6 February 2008 by inserting guidelines on identifying nut forests, ie. those forests containing one or more Manchurian nut trees, forests that consist of 30% or more Korean cedar pine trees, or those forests that consist of 20% Korean cedar pine trees in case of equal or less presence of each of any other dominant tree species in the stand’s composition”

• reducing the logging quota in mature oak forests found within Amur tiger habitats by updating the valuation of forests containing Mongolian oak, updating permitted quotas on logging Mongolian oak and incorporating the relevant changes in forest management plans and forestry regulations in Primorsky and Khabarovsk Regions

• setting aside specially protected forest areas within Amur tiger key habitats that are in line with Paragraph 3b of Article 102 of the Russian Forest Code and which are based on recommendations on how to exploit forests within tiger habitats that were developed by the Far East Forestry Research Institute

• introducing a ban on all forms of logging in the Leopardovy Federal Nature Refuge by amending the Refuge’s proclamation which was approved by the Order (No. 110) of the Ministry of Natural Resources on 22 April 2009

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• introducing a ban on all forms of logging in the Birsky, Mataisky, Taezhny and Verkhnebikinsky Regional Nature Refuges by amending their respective proclamations

• introducing necessary amendments to forest management plans in Primorsky and Khabarovsk Regions that relate to the ban on all forms of logging within the Birsky, Mataisky, Taezhny and Verkhnebikinsky Regional Nature Refuges and reconsidering the forest lease agreements that have been entered into with companies conducting logging operations within these protected areas, as well as assigning to those companies instead forest plots located outside the nature refuges

• assigning legal status to categories of regional protected areas, thereby ensuring their special protection and restricted landuse for purposes of protecting Amur tiger habitats and optimizing the protected area system in Russia

• amending hunting regulations and quotas to take into account the need to maintain healthy populations of prey items for tigers and the changes that take place in ungulate habitats that are linked to forest fi res and logging

• extending rights and responsibilities of local governments to ensure forest fi re prevention and to regulate those periods when individuals can visit forests

• envisaging further improvement in federal and regional legislation and the development of departmental regulations relating to the conservation of the Amur tiger.

8.3 Improving the protected area networkA large number of activities relating to protected area establishment that were

in line with the earlier Amur Tiger Conservation Strategy for Russia (approved by the Ministry of Natural Resources in 1996) was accomplished within the Federal Special Purpose Program Conservation of the Amur Tiger. This Program was approved by the Decree (No. 843) of the Russian Government on 8 July 1997.

The protected area network within the range of the Amur tiger is made up of protected areas of various categories and importance. These include state nature reserves (zapovedniks), national parks, state nature refuges (zakazniks) of federal and regional importance and other types of protected area with specially designated landuses, such as buffer protection zones, protection forests and ecological corridors of regional importance. The protected areas help to guard the Amur tiger against poaching and to maintain high densities of ungulates. They also help tigers of all ages to survive and assist in raising their breeding success rate. Nevertheless, taking into account that individual Amur tigers need large territories, protected areas need to be increased in size as much as possible. In addition and to increase the effectiveness of protected areas, they should be connected by ecological corridors where possible.

To optimize the protected area system, it is necessary:

• to ensure the effective functioning of the Kedrovaya Pad Federal Nature

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Reserve and the Leopardovy Federal Nature Refuge by:

· developing management plans for both protected areas with the necessary funding being allocated from the federal budget

· taking steps to establish a single protected area (called the ‘Leopard Land National Park’) that would incorporate both the Kedrovaya Pad and Leopardovy protected areas, as well as a necessary expansion in size of the total area under protection

• to establish a Russia-China transboundary protected area that would on the Russian side incorporate the ‘Leopard Land National Park’, formed through the fusion of the Kedrovaya Pad and Leopardovy protected areas, and on the Chinese side incorporate the Hunchun protected area

• to enhance protection in the Ussuriysky Federal Nature Reserve by:

· granting to its rangers all the rights of state inspectors

· establishing a buffer zone adjacent to the Reserve that restricts certain types of land use

· securing UNESCO Biosphere Reserve status for both the core Ussuriysky Federal Nature Reserve and the adjacent buffer zone that would also incorporate parts of the Orlinoye State Experimental Hunting Management Unit and the Training/Experimental Forestry Management Unit belonging to the Ministry of Agriculture

• to establish a federal protected area that would preserve traditional forms of land use along the Bikin River

• to establish a regional nature refuge (zakaznik) within the Strelnikov mountain range in Primorsky Region by way of compensating for the building of a pipeline between Khabarovsk and Vladivostok

• to establish ecological corridors of regional importance linking protected areas in the key tiger habitats that have management regimes that reduce the negative impacts on tiger habitats, such as clear-felling and road construction

• to incorporate within federal and regional protected area spatial plans all the proposed protected areas of varying categories and importance, so ensuring that the most important habitats for both the Amur tiger and its food source are protected.

8.4 Increasing the effectiveness of Amur tiger conservation outside of protected areas

The effectiveness of Amur tiger conservation outside of protected areas, including success in preventing and combating poaching, depends considerably on state support from federal and regional authorities, as well as action from non-government organisations.

Strengthening of Amur tiger conservation outside of protected areas can only be effective if it is conducted in a systematic way and in line with the laws of the Russian Federation. It must also be based on the joint and coordinated activities of the Ministry of Natural Resources, the Federal Supervisory Natural Resources Management Service as well as the Service’s regional offi ces, Federal Security Service including the ‘border guard service’, transport police and other authorized regional bodies and interested authorities, as well as local communities.

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To raise the effectiveness of Amur tiger conservation and to ensure the protection of its habitats outside of protected areas, it is advisable:

• to develop and implement an integrated system of protecting Amur tiger habitats that takes into account their ecological importance to the tiger population

• to introduce restrictions on some forms of economic activity within the most important tiger habitats. This includes restricting forest logging by introducing a moratorium on the logging of Korean cedar pine, limiting logging in other forests containing Korean cedar pine and restricting the logging of mature oak trees

• to reduce negative impacts of forest logging on Amur tiger and ungulate populations by making it obligatory for lessees of forest plots (specifi cally unlimited lease agreements) to include a special section, entitled “managing forest tracks”, within the construction and exploitation of forest infrastructure part of their forest development plans. This is to ensure that forest tracks are blocked off with barriers and are closed down after logging has been completed

• to enhance the control and supervision over the implementation of responsibilities that have been delegated to regional authorities concerning forest utilisation, protection, conservation and the planting of forests

• to undertake activities aimed at avoiding the creation of ‘problem’ tigers and the subsequent necessity to shoot them

• to provide for the effective tiger conservation operations of special authorities responsible for the protection and the control and regulation of the use of wild animals and their habitats, including the Tiger Special Patrol Team, by allocating suffi cient funding from the federal budget

• to develop and implement long-term federal and regional programs on restoring populations of wild ungulates within the Amur tiger range that would include inter alia providing special care to ungulates during extreme winters with high snowfall and outbreaks of disease

• to develop a strategy and action plan for game management within Russia, as well as specifi c game management strategies and action plans for Primorsky and Khabarovsk Regions

• to provide economic incentives for hunting management units where Amur tigers occur, including attracting investment and raising other non-budget funding

• to conduct thorough control over the status of wild populations and domestic animals and to screen all dead and captured Amur tigers and other predators for various diseases

• to minimize the uncontrolled movement of domestic animals

• to conduct thorough veterinary examinations of animals intended for release back into the wild that also include detailed risk assessments

• to oblige road construction companies to build tunnels, overpasses and underpasses for wild animals in order to reduce the chances of them colliding with vehicles

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• to ensure that perishable information on the illegal trade in tiger skins and body parts is collected timeously and with the help of local residents

• to identify instances of transporting illegally-obtained Amur tiger parts and to establish control over the illicit markets by locating offers for Amur tiger skins on the Internet and through other media

• to block channels of illegal trade and export in Amur tiger skins and other body parts

• to signifi cantly increase the level of fi nes for transporting and storing Amur tiger body parts

• to inform local residents of the fact that the Amur tiger is a Red Data Book-listed animal and about the consequences to individuals for illegally obtaining and trading in the species and its body parts

• to help attract investment in order to develop small businesses within the settlements located in taiga and to create jobs for unemployed local residents, thereby removing some of the economic causes of poaching.

When regional socio-economic development programs are prepared, preference should be given to those initiatives and projects that have minimal impact on the environment and the Amur tiger.

8.5 Scientifi c researchThe conservation of biological diversity, including rare and endangered species,

requires up-to-date scientifi c knowledge and the innovative application of that knowledge. Although up until now the biology and ecology of the Amur tiger have been studied well enough, many specifi c features of the tiger’s biology within the

39

Russian Far East have still to be studied in detail. This includes cub mortality, distribution, tiger ecology in peripheral areas of its range, disease, interaction with ungulates, etc.

Research on the Amur tiger can involve a variety of costly activities that utilise, for example, aircraft, satellite tracking, remote sensing, etc. The whole issue of Amur tiger conservation also impinges upon the interests of all users of natural resources. It is therefore necessary to ensure that collaboration takes place between ministerial and academic scientifi c research institutes and their branches within the Russian Far East. Effective implementation of scientifi c research programs should be based on international partnerships. These will help to ensure that scientifi c ideas and current experience are exchanged, the implementation of joint research programs involving Russian and foreign expertise takes places and that a certain level of funding is secured.

The development and implementation of scientifi c research programs on the Amur tiger must take into account the following focus areas of research:

• the present-day distribution of the Amur tiger, its population dynamics and the mapping of tiger distribution to produce a baseline database

• the role of natural and human-related factors on the population dyna-mics and changing habitats of the Amur tiger

• the identifi cation of key breeding sites for the Amur tiger

• to defi ne the population structure of the Amur tiger using molecular genetics and other modern methods

• the gender, age structure and other demographic indicators of a population and also the spatial and temporal distribution of animals relating to gender, age and environmental factors (eg. studying spatial population structure, movement and spatial behaviour)

• the interaction between the Amur tiger and other predators

• the diet, food availability and suffi ciency and the distribution and population dynamics of principal prey items in different parts of the Amur tiger’s range

• the reproductive biology of the Amur tiger

• the veterinary examination of individual Amur tigers from the wild

• the development of scientifi c-based methodology and a program for the rehabilitation and future release back into the wild of orphaned tiger cubs.

Special attention must be paid to developing approaches aimed at minimizing the risk of confl ict between Amur tigers and humans.

It is also necessary to create a bank of genetic material. Tissue samples should be taken from every dead or captured tiger in both the wild and in zoos and stored in this bank. It is advisable that the sex organs of recently deceased tigers be collected and that gametes (ie. sperm and eggs), skin and muscle tissue be taken

40

from live animals. This requires developing and improving low-impact methods of sampling (eg. endoscopy, electroejaculation, biopsy), creating a centralized store for samples and ensuring the sustainable funding of the genetic material bank.

8.6 Monitoring the Amur tiger populationMonitoring of the Amur tiger population involves undertaking a program

of long-term observations on the distribution, number and other population characteristics of the tiger, as well as the condition of the tiger’s habitat, in order to identify, analyse and forecast possible changes in the tiger population caused by both natural and human-related factors.

The Amur tiger is a rare and secretive animal living within a huge area in the Primorsky and Khabarovsk Regions. The combination of these factors makes reliable counting of the animal extremely diffi cult.

According to existing legislation, state censuses and the monitoring of animal species are to be conducted by relevant regional authorities. An exception applies to those animals that occur within federal protected areas.

The state census of the Amur tiger in the wild and its long-term monitoringat federal and regional levels are conducted according to the Methodical Recommendations for Conducting and Organisation of the Amur Tiger Census in the Russian Federation that was approved by the Order (No. 63) of the Ministry of Natural Resources on 15 March 2005.

The following methods are used to monitor the Amur tiger population:

• a complete census is conducted within the Russian part of the tiger’s range once every 10 years. If necessary, such as when there is an abrupt change in the status of habitats or when other threatening factors emerge, more frequent censuses are carried out. The main objectives of a complete census are to identity the total population number of the tiger, its range boundary, the distribution and density of the population in different parts of the tiger’s range, the gender and age structure of the population and the condition of the tiger’s food supply

• a partial census (ie. a monitoring program) is conducted annually along selected routes within sample areas that represent the whole system of enumeration areas used during complete censuses. Since the winter of 1997/98, partial censuses have been conducted in 16 sample areas within Primorsky and Khabarovsk Regions. The main objective of a partial census is to identify the principal parameters of the tiger population living within sample areas to provide annual indicators of population number dynamics, reproductive status and condition of the food supply and habitat for the whole tiger population. Data collected during a partial census constitute the core component of long-term monitoring programs and provide the basis for making conservation decisions and for selecting the time when full censuses are conducted.

Complete and partial censuses are based on a similar methodology. Partial censuses include a longer and more detailed list of parameters necessary to identify trends within the Amur tiger population, the tiger habitats and food resources and other infl uencing factors.

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The fundamental principle of census design and implementation is continuity and consistency in methodology and the analysis of the data obtained.

Monitoring of the Amur tiger population addresses the following parameters:

• population number dynamics and its annual trends

• gender, age, spatial and social structure of the population and trends

• reproductive rates and trends

• spatial distribution and population density

• seasonal and daily migrations

• physiological condition of individuals, including physical and reproductive parameters.

The monitoring of Amur tiger habitats includes not only the recording of environmental factors but also the forecasting of possible habitat changes at ecosystem level. Such changes should be monitored in the following way:

• recording changes that affect habitats

• recording the contraction and/or transformation of habitats resulting from economic activities.

Over the last 12 years, the monitoring program has proved how effective it is in gathering unique and objective information on the Amur tiger population. The information collected is essential for developing adequate and practical activities for long-term tiger conservation. As such, the monitoring program needs to be continued.

Present experience suggests, however, that the monitoring of the Amur tiger population can be improved in the following ways:

• improving the methodology for conducting censuses within the entire tiger range by using innovative methods that allow for more precise assessment of population numbers

• adding the health condition of the population and the population’s genetic structure to the list of parameters to be monitored

• standardizing the methodology for counting ungulate populations within the tiger’s range

• providing access through the Internet to the results of the monitoring programs.

8.7 Prevention and resolution of confl icts The Amur tiger range in Russia incorporates large areas that are under economic

development. Tiger habitat frequently lies adjacent to settlements, industrial areas and other economically developed land. Intensive economic development taking place within tiger habitat requires measures to be undertaken that prevent or resolve confl icts arising between tigers and humans.

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An important factor in successfully resolving confl icts between tigers and humans is how quickly an expert can reach the place where the confl ict has arisen. After assessing each confl ict, decisions made on how to resolve them must take into account the type of confl ict involved, the tiger’s gender and age and the animal’s condition and behaviour. The main and most preferable methods of resolving a confl ict are closely monitoring the situation, chasing the animal away, keeping it in captivity for some time and translocating it to a suitable habitat and location elsewhere. The possibility of capturing and radio-tagging individual tigers opens up the options available for resolving the confl ict. Putting down a problem animal can only be considered when a real threat to human life arises that cannot be avoided in any other way.

In order to prevent confl icts, it is advisable:

• to maintain the population number of tiger prey items at a stable level that supports both the predators and the needs of hunters, whilst still remaining within the limits of maintaining a sustainable and healthy prey population

• to develop a mechanism for compensating owners of domestic animals (including reindeer farmers) for damage caused by tigers in those cases where the loss of domestic animals was not related to them being kept in unsafe conditions

• to prepare an information handout that recommends certain human behaviour to follow when entering or living within Amur tiger habitats and when encountering a predator. Also, to ensure that local residents and hunters (eg. when issuing hunting licences) are informed about recommended behaviour to follow when encountering a tiger in order to avoid confl icts from arising.

To resolve confl icts in a timely and effective manner, it is advisable:

• to ensure effective operations of special authorities responsible for the protection and the control and regulation of the use of wild animals and their habitats, including the Tiger Special Patrol Team, by providing necessary equipment and training programs and by securing suffi cient funding from the state budget

• to develop a mechanism of decision-making and responsive action for resolving confl icts that takes into account the type of confl ict involved, the tiger’s gender and age and its condition and behaviour, as well as other circumstances. In such a mechanism, it is advisable to consider handing animals deemed not suitable for release back into the wild over to the European Program for Amur Tiger Breeding (EEP)

• to identify and introduce in practice the most effi cient methods for driving tigers away

• to undertake radio-tagging and satellite-tracking of ‘problem’ tigers

• to ensure the establishment of an Amur Tiger Rehabilitation Centre that would look after and raise orphaned tiger cubs with the intention of eventually releasing them back into the wild and that would temporarily house captured tigers. As a fi rst step, a project concept, workplan and budget need to be formulated

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• to ensure that veterinary examinations are carried out on captured problem tigers, that uniform post-mortems are conducted on deceased animals and that standardized methods of collecting biological samples from captured and deceased animals and analysing them for possible diseases are employed.

8.8 Public awareness and education One of the most important elements in Amur tiger conservation is developing

amongst local residents and the public-at-large an understanding and acceptance of the tiger being part of our national heritage and a unique natural feature of world importance. In addition, it is important to elevate personal responsibility of people to follow relevant recommendations and necessary restrictions and raise personal aspirations to willingly take part in conservation activities.

The principal criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of working with local residents and the public-at-large are the harbouring of a positive attitude towards Amur tiger conservation and the willingness amongst people to support and take part in conservation activities. A decline in the number of cases of poaching relating to tigers, a growing number of volunteers taking part in conservation campaigns and limiting economic development in order to meet the conservation needs of tigers would all help to testify to the success of Amur tiger conservation activities.

To ensure effective long-term conservation of the Amur tiger, it is necessary:

• to instill amongst local residents an understanding of the important role that Russia plays in conserving the world’s population of the Amur tiger

• to promote amongst people living within the Amur tiger’s natural range a tolerance towards the tiger and an understanding of the need for its conservation

• to develop and carry out promotion campaigns for different target groups within the tiger range that are aimed at creating a positive image of the predator as a symbol of nature in the region

• to help raise the level of professional knowledge amongst decision-makers and natural resource managers, including hunting management unit staff

• to ensure wide distribution amongst local communities of information handouts on behaviours to be followed when people are within the tiger range and what to do when a tiger is encountered

• to help preserve the spiritual and cultural traditions of indigenous peoples and to promote traditional knowledge, rituals and practices that support conservation and which show a respectful attitude towards the Amur tiger

• to help local residents recognise the need for protecting large tracts of cedar pine/broad-leaved forests and the importance of nature reserves and national parks in conserving tigers and other unique natural values in the Russian Far East, as well as develop in peoples’ minds an aversion towards poaching

• to help develop public oversight and ensure that reliable information is disseminated to the public-at-large

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9. PARTNERS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGY

Effective implementation of the Conservation Strategy for the Amur Tiger in Russia requires continued collaboration between state authorities, research and other institutions relevant to wildlife conservation and the public sector. It also requires the active support and involvement of the public-at-large.

The main onus of responsibility for the effective conservation of the Amur tiger in Russia lies with state authorities.

• to help support those hunting management units that manage their ungulate populations whilst taking into account the needs of the Amur tiger, as well as those other nature management operations that use natural resources in an environmentally-sustainable manner and help conserve both tiger habitats and food resources

• to popularize to the public-at-large the results of current scientifi c studies on Amur tiger ecology.

Severtsov Institute of Ecology

and Evolution

The Action Plan up until 2020 on the implementation of priority actions for the conservation of the Amur tiger, as defined in the Strategy for Conservation of the Amur Tiger in the Russian Federation.

The Action Plan was based on the Strategy for Conservation of the Amur Tiger in the Russian Federation that was approved by the Ministry of Natural Resources, Decree No. 25-r of 2nd July 2010. The Plan is a recommendatory document and reflects the opinions of experts on how to implement the Strategy.

The Action Plan incorporate proposals received from A. Alekseenko, V. Aramilev, S. Aramilev, T. Aramileva, V. Barduk, S. Bereznuk, A. Darensky, Y. Darman, Y. Dunishenko, P. Fomenko, V. Gaponov, O. Gunin, Y. Jouravlev, A. Kostirya, V. Krever, O. Krever, A. Kulikov, V. Lukarevsky, D. Mikuell, S. Naydenko, D. Pikunov, V. Roznov, I. Seredkin, V. Solkin, E. Khlinov, V. Yudin and A. Vrish.

The Action Plan was approved (Protocol No. 11) by the Mammal Section of the Commission on Rare and Endangered Animal, Plant and Fungi Species of the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment at a meeting that was held on 7th June 2010.

Translation: Yulia Kuleshova and Philip Johnson.

ISBN 978-5-9902432-1-7

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

of the Russian Federation

Severtsov Institute of Ecology

and Evolution

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betw

een

th

e G

over

nm

ents

of

Ru

ssia

& C

hin

a on

Col

labo

rati

on in

E

nvi

ron

men

tal P

rote

ctio

n (

Bei

jin

g,

27 M

ay 1

99

4)

& t

he

Pro

toco

l bet

wee

n

the

Ru

ssia

n F

eder

atio

n &

th

e P

eop

le’s

R

epu

blic

of

Ch

ina

on P

rote

ctio

n o

f th

e T

iger

(B

eiji

ng,

10

Nov

embe

r 19

97)

.

• Jo

int w

orks

hops

, con

fere

nce

s &

oth

er m

eetin

gs o

n tig

er c

onse

rvat

ion.

Res

olut

ion

s of

bila

tera

l mee

tin

gs

atte

nde

d by

res

earc

hers

& te

chn

ical

&

oth

er e

xper

ts.

• E

xcha

nge

of i

nfo

rmat

ion

&

dat

a on

res

earc

h, te

chn

olog

ies,

pr

acti

ces,

pol

icy,

legi

slat

ion

, re

gula

tion

s &

oth

er is

sues

.•

Exc

hang

e vi

sits

of r

esea

rche

rs

& o

ther

exp

erts

.•

Agr

eed

acti

on p

lan

s fo

r co

llabo

rati

on o

n v

ario

us is

sues

co

nce

rnin

g ti

ger

con

serv

atio

n.

2011

-20

20

MoN

R; R

osp

riro

dn

adzo

r;

Pri

mor

sky,

Kh

abar

ovsk

, Je

wis

h A

uto

nom

ous

& A

mu

r R

egio

nal

Ad

min

istr

atio

ns;

R

AS,

WW

F a

nd

oth

er N

GO

s

1.2.

2 T

o en

han

ce c

olla

bora

tion

be

twee

n s

tate

inst

itu

tion

s at

var

iou

s le

vels

& s

cien

tifi

c, in

tern

atio

nal

& n

on-

gove

rnm

enta

l org

aniz

atio

ns

(NG

Os)

in

ord

er t

o fa

cili

tate

fi n

din

g m

utu

ally

acce

pta

ble

solu

tion

s to

th

e m

ost

imp

orta

nt

tige

r co

nse

rvat

ion

is

sues

& t

o es

tabl

ish

a R

uss

ia-C

hin

a ex

per

t w

orki

ng

grou

p o

n t

iger

co

nse

rvat

ion

wh

ich

wou

ld in

clu

de

rep

rese

nta

tive

s fr

om s

tate

, res

earc

h,

inte

rnat

ion

al &

NG

Os

that

wou

ld b

e ab

le t

o p

rovi

de

rap

id r

esp

onse

s to

u

p-t

o-d

ate

info

rmat

ion

on

ch

ange

s ta

kin

g p

lace

in t

iger

pop

ula

tion

s &

h

abit

ats

& s

ugg

est

way

s of

res

olvi

ng

dev

elop

ing

pro

blem

s.

• R

esol

uti

on o

n e

stab

lish

ing

a R

uss

ia-C

hin

a ex

per

t w

orki

ng

grou

p o

n t

iger

con

serv

atio

n.

• A

nn

ual

sch

edu

led

mee

tin

gs

of t

he

wor

kin

g gr

oup

& e

xtra

ordi

nar

y m

eeti

ngs

if t

he

nee

d a

rise

s.

2011

MoN

R; R

osp

riro

dn

adzo

r;

Pri

mor

sky,

Kh

abar

ovsk

, Je

wis

h A

uto

nom

ous

& A

mu

r R

egio

nal

Ad

min

istr

atio

ns;

R

AS,

WW

F a

nd

oth

er N

GO

s

3

1.2.

3 T

o en

sure

reg

ula

r d

ialo

gue

betw

een

reg

ion

al a

uth

orit

ies

to

effe

ctiv

ely

stop

ille

gal t

rad

e in

th

e ti

ger,

it

s p

arts

& d

eriv

ativ

es a

s w

ell

as o

ther

an

imal

s, e

xcha

nge

peri

shab

le in

form

atio

n

on v

iola

tion

s, a

bnor

mal

wea

ther

cli

mat

icco

nd

itio

ns

&

emer

gen

cy

situ

atio

ns

cau

sed

by

pol

luti

on t

hat

may

lead

to

the

dea

th o

f w

ild

an

imal

s, d

isse

min

ate

info

rmat

ion

& c

amp

aign

.

• A

gree

men

ts b

etw

een

re

gion

al a

uth

orit

ies

of R

uss

ia

& C

hin

a (K

hab

arov

sk R

egio

n

& H

eilo

ngj

ian

g P

rovi

nce

, P

rim

orsk

y R

egio

n &

Jil

in P

rovi

nce

) on

con

serv

atio

n o

f th

e ti

ger,

it

s h

abit

ats

& fo

od r

esou

rces

.

2011

-20

20

MoN

R; R

osp

riro

dn

adzo

r;

Pri

mor

sky,

Kh

abar

ovsk

, Je

wis

h A

uto

nom

ous

& A

mu

r R

egio

nal

Ad

min

istr

atio

ns;

R

AS,

WW

F a

nd

oth

er N

GO

s

1.2

.4 T

o st

ren

gth

en c

olla

bor

atio

n in

st

ud

ies

on t

he

tige

r &

oth

er w

ild

an

imal

s&

thei

r h

abit

ats

by e

stab

lish

ing

dir

ect

scie

nti

fi c

& t

ech

nic

al li

nks

b

etw

een

Ru

ssia

n &

Ch

ines

e or

gan

izat

ion

s, r

esea

rch

inst

itu

tion

s,

un

iver

siti

es &

ap

pli

ed r

esea

rch

&

man

ufa

ctu

rin

g co

mp

anie

s.

• D

irec

t agr

eem

ents

bet

wee

n

Rus

sian

& C

hin

ese

inst

itut

ion

s on

co

llabo

rati

ng

in s

cien

ce &

tech

nol

ogy

that

wou

ld a

llow

for

fun

dam

enta

l &

app

lied

rese

arch

to b

e un

dert

aken

, re

sult

s to

be

appl

ied,

en

viro

nm

enta

lm

onit

orin

g to

be

con

duct

ed

& s

cien

tifi

c &

tech

nic

al in

form

atio

n

to b

e ex

chan

ged,

as

wel

l as

join

t R

ussi

a-C

hin

a pr

ogra

ms

& p

roje

cts

wit

h p

arti

cipa

tin

g th

ird-

part

y co

untr

ies

to b

e in

itia

ted.

2011

-20

15

MoN

R; R

osp

riro

dn

adzo

r;

Min

istr

y of

Ed

uca

tion

&

Sci

ence

(M

oES

); u

niv

ersi

ties

; m

inis

teri

al r

esea

rch

inst

itu

tes;

IU

CN

Sp

ecie

s S

urv

ival

C

omm

issi

on (

SS

C);

RA

S, W

WF

an

d o

ther

NG

Os

1.2.

5 T

o es

tabl

ish

a R

uss

ia/C

hin

a tr

ans-

bou

nd

ary

pro

tect

ed

area

w

hic

h

wou

ld

inco

rpor

ate

the

Ru

ssia

n K

edro

vaya

Pad

St

ate

Nat

ure

Res

erve

& L

eop

ard

ovy

Fed

eral

Nat

ure

Ref

uge

.

• In

ter-

gove

rnm

enta

l ag

reem

ent b

etw

een

Rus

sia

& C

hin

a on

the

esta

blis

hmen

t of t

he

tran

s-bo

unda

ry p

rote

cted

are

a.•

Add

itio

nal e

ntry

in th

e L

ist o

f A

ctio

ns fo

r th

e C

once

pt o

f Cro

ss-b

orde

r C

olla

bora

tion

in th

e R

ussi

an F

eder

atio

n

(No.

90

7-r)

app

rove

d by

the

Gov

ernm

ent

of R

ussi

a on

3 J

uly

200

3.

2013

-20

15

MoN

R; R

osp

riro

dn

adzo

r;

MoF

A, P

rim

orsk

y R

egio

nal

A

dm

inis

trat

ion

, RA

S, W

WF

an

d o

ther

NG

Os

1.2

.6 T

o es

tab

lish

a R

uss

ia/C

hin

a tr

ans-

bou

nd

ary

pro

tect

ed a

rea

wh

ich

wou

ld

incl

ud

e th

e p

roje

cted

Ru

ssia

n r

egio

nal

n

atur

e re

fuge

on

the

Stre

lnik

ov m

oun

tain

ran

ge in

th

e K

has

ansk

y D

istr

ict

of

Pri

mor

sky

Reg

ion

& a

pro

tect

ed a

rea

in

Jili

n P

rovi

nce

in n

eigh

bou

rin

g C

hin

a.

Th

is n

ew p

rote

cted

are

a w

ould

ass

ist

tige

r &

oth

er w

ild

an

imal

s m

ovem

ent

acro

ss t

he

bor

der

.

• In

ter-

gove

rnm

enta

l ag

reem

ent b

etw

een

Ru

ssia

& C

hin

a on

the

esta

blis

hm

ent o

f th

e tr

ans-

bou

nd

ary

pro

tect

ed a

rea.

• A

dd

itio

nal

en

try

in th

e L

ist

of A

ctio

ns

for

the

Con

cept

of

Cro

ss-b

orde

r C

olla

bora

tion

in th

e R

ussi

an F

eder

atio

n (

No.

90

7-r)

ap

prov

ed b

y th

e G

over

nm

ent

of R

ussi

a on

3 J

uly

200

3.

2012

-20

14

MoN

R; R

osp

riro

dn

adzo

r;

MoF

A; P

rim

orsk

y R

egio

nal

A

dm

inis

trat

ion

, RA

S, W

WF

an

d o

ther

NG

Os

1.2.

7 T

o es

tabl

ish

a R

uss

ia/C

hin

a tr

ans-

bou

nd

ary

pro

tect

ed a

rea

in t

he

Bla

ck M

oun

tain

s-C

han

bais

han

are

a.

• In

ter-

gove

rnm

enta

l ag

reem

ent

bet

wee

n R

uss

ia &

C

hin

a on

th

e es

tab

lish

men

t of

th

e tr

ans-

bou

nd

ary

pro

tect

ed a

rea.

• A

dd

itio

nal

en

try

in t

he

Lis

t of

Act

ion

s fo

r th

e C

once

pt

of

Cro

ss -

bor

der

Col

lab

orat

ion

in t

he

Ru

ssia

n F

eder

atio

n (

No.

90

7-r)

ap

pro

ved

by

the

Gov

ern

men

t of

Ru

ssia

on

3 J

uly

20

03.

2013

-20

15

MoN

R; R

osp

riro

dn

adzo

r;

MoF

A; P

rim

orsk

y R

egio

nal

A

dm

inis

trat

ion

, RA

S, W

WF

an

d o

ther

NG

Os

1.3

To

stre

ngt

hen

col

labo

rati

on b

etw

een

K

hab

arov

sk R

egio

n &

Hei

lon

gjia

ng

Pro

vin

ce in

Ch

ina

on c

onse

rvat

ion

of

th

e A

mu

r ti

ger,

its

food

res

ourc

es

& h

abit

ats.

• M

emor

and

um

on

co

oper

atio

n b

etw

een

Kh

abar

ovsk

R

egio

n &

Hei

lon

gjia

ng

Pro

vin

ce

in C

hin

a.

2011

-20

15

MoN

R; R

osp

riro

dn

adzo

r;

MoF

A; K

hab

arov

sk R

egio

nal

A

dm

inis

trat

ion

, RA

S, W

WF

an

d o

ther

NG

Os

4

5

1.4

To

crea

te a

mec

han

ism

of

col

labo

rati

on b

etw

een

Ru

ssia

, C

hin

a &

Nor

th K

orea

in o

rder

to

en

han

ce c

olla

bora

tion

on

tig

er

con

serv

atio

n.

• Jo

int

wor

ksh

ops

& o

ther

m

eeti

ngs

on

tig

er c

onse

rvat

ion

; fi

nal

doc

um

ents

of

mee

tin

gs h

eld

in

wh

ich

exp

erts

& r

epre

sen

tati

ves

from

Rus

sia,

Chi

na

& N

orth

Kor

ea

part

icip

ated

.

2015

-20

20M

oNR

; Ros

pri

rod

nad

zor;

M

oFA

; WW

F a

nd

oth

er N

GO

s

1.5

To

stre

ngt

hen

coo

rdin

atio

n b

etw

een

th

e cu

stom

s au

thor

itie

s of

Ru

ssia

, Ch

ina,

N

orth

& S

outh

Kor

ea in

ord

er t

o st

op

illeg

al e

xpor

t &

tra

de in

tig

er p

arts

&

der

ivat

ives

, as

wel

l as

body

par

ts

& d

eriv

ativ

es o

f oth

er r

are

& e

nda

nge

red

anim

als.

• A

pp

eal o

f th

e M

inis

try

of N

atu

ral R

esou

rces

to

rele

van

t cu

stom

s au

thor

ities

.•

Inte

rnat

ion

al s

emin

ar.

2011

-20

12M

oNR

; Fed

eral

Cu

stom

s Se

rvic

e (F

CS)

; SSC

; WW

F

and

oth

er N

GO

s

1.6

To

ensu

re in

tern

atio

nal

coo

per

atio

n

in t

he

con

serv

atio

n o

f th

e ti

ger

& o

ther

w

ild

an

imal

s &

th

eir

hab

itat

s be

twee

n

rese

arch

inst

itu

tes,

un

iver

siti

es, a

pp

lied

re

sear

ch &

man

ufa

ctu

rin

g co

mp

anie

s,

pu

blic

org

aniz

atio

ns

& e

xper

ts.

• In

tern

atio

nal

res

earc

h

pro

gram

on

th

e ti

ger,

oth

er w

ild

an

imal

s &

th

eir

hab

itat

s.•

Con

fere

nce

s &

oth

er

mee

tin

gs o

n t

iger

con

serv

atio

n;

fi n

al d

ocu

men

ts o

f th

ose

mee

tin

gs.

• E

xch

ange

of

info

rmat

ion

&

mat

eria

ls o

n re

sear

ch, t

echn

olog

y,p

rod

uct

ion

, pol

icy,

legi

slat

ion

, re

gula

tion

& o

ther

issu

es o

n t

iger

co

nse

rvat

ion

.•

Exc

han

ge v

isit

s of

sci

enti

sts

& o

ther

exp

erts

.

2013

-20

20

MoN

R; R

osp

riro

dn

adzo

r;

MoE

S; u

niv

ersi

ties

; m

inis

teri

al r

esea

rch

in

stit

ute

s; S

SC; R

AS,

WW

F

and

oth

er N

GO

s

1.7

To

pre

par

e &

ap

pro

ve a

pro

gram

for

ex

chan

gin

g ex

per

ien

ce in

Am

ur

tige

r co

nse

rvat

ion

bet

wee

n e

xper

ts f

rom

R

uss

ia, C

hin

a &

Nor

th K

orea

.

• P

rogr

am f

or in

tern

atio

nal

se

min

ars

to e

xch

ange

exp

erie

nce

s in

Am

ur

tige

r co

nse

rvat

ion

.20

15

MoN

R; R

osp

riro

dn

adzo

r;

Pri

mor

sky

Reg

ion

al

Ad

min

istr

atio

n; S

SC;

WW

F a

nd

oth

er N

GO

s

1.8

To

cont

inue

col

labo

rati

on in

the

man

agem

ent o

f cap

tive

Am

ur ti

ger

popu

lati

ons

betw

een

the

Eur

opea

n

Pro

gram

for

Am

ur T

iger

Bre

edin

g (E

EP

),

Eur

opea

n A

ssoc

iati

on o

f Zoo

s &

Aqu

aria

(E

AZ

A) &

the

Nor

th A

mer

ican

Tig

er

Spec

ies

Surv

ival

Pla

n (S

SP) o

f the

Am

eric

an

Zoo

& A

qua-

rium

Ass

ocia

tion

(AZ

A).

• A

nn

ual

rep

orts

on

act

ivit

ies

com

ple

ted

un

der

th

e E

EP

, EA

ZA

&

th

e N

orth

Am

eric

an T

iger

SS

P

of t

he

AZ

A.

2010

-20

20M

oNR

; Ros

pri

rod

nad

zor;

M

osco

w Z

oo

2. Im

prov

ing

legi

slat

ion

2.1

To

dev

elop

, ap

pro

ve &

im

ple

men

t re

gion

al p

rogr

ams

on t

he

Am

ur

Tig

er

Con

serv

atio

n S

trat

egy

for

Ru

ssia

.

• P

rim

orsk

y R

egio

nal

Pro

gram

fo

r th

e Im

plem

enta

tion

of t

he A

mur

T

iger

Con

serv

atio

n St

rate

gy fo

r Rus

sia.

• K

haba

rovs

k R

egio

nal P

rogr

am

for

the

Impl

emen

tati

on o

f th

e A

mur

T

iger

Con

serv

atio

n St

rate

gy fo

r Rus

sia.

20

11-2

015

Pri

mor

sky

& K

hab

arov

skR

egio

nal

Ad

min

istr

atio

ns;

R

AS

, WW

F a

nd

oth

er N

GO

s

2.2

To

ensu

re le

gal p

rote

ctio

n o

f A

mu

r ti

ger

hab

itat

s w

ith

in c

edar

pin

e/br

oad

-lea

ved

& o

ak f

ores

ts.

2.2.

1 T

o ad

d K

orea

n c

edar

pin

e to

th

e L

ist

of T

ree

& B

ush

Sp

ecie

s P

roh

ibit

ed

for

Log

gin

g.

• D

raft

de

cree

of

th

e R

ussi

an

Gov

ern

men

t on

intr

oduc

ing

amen

dmen

ts &

add

itio

ns

to D

ecre

e N

o. 1

62 th

at w

as a

ppro

ved

by

the

Rus

sian

Gov

ern

men

t on

15

Mar

ch 2

00

7.

2010

-20

12M

oNR

; Ros

pri

rod

nad

zor;

WW

F

6

7

2.2.

2 T

o re

stri

ct lo

ggin

g w

ith

in

Am

ur

tige

r h

abit

ats

in t

hos

e fo

rest

s co

nta

inin

g K

orea

n c

edar

p

ine.

• D

raft

ord

er o

f the

Min

istr

y of

Agr

icul

ture

on

in

trod

ucin

g am

endm

ents

to P

arag

raph

12

of th

e R

egul

atio

ns fo

r Lo

ggin

g th

at w

ere

appr

oved

by

the

Ord

er o

f the

Min

istr

y of

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

es, N

o. 1

84

of 1

6 Ju

ly 2

00

7, b

y ch

angi

ng th

e pa

rt r

efer

ring

to th

e K

orea

n ce

dar

pine

to th

e fo

llow

ing

wor

ding

: “W

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of c

uttin

g do

wn

dead

or

dam

aged

tree

s, it

is n

ot p

erm

itted

to lo

g th

ose

fore

sts

that

con

sist

of 3

0%

or

mor

e K

orea

n ce

dar

pine

tree

s,

or th

ose

fore

sts

that

con

sist

of 2

0%

Kor

ean

ceda

r pi

ne

tree

s in

cas

e of

equ

al o

r le

ss p

rese

nce

of e

ach

of a

ny

othe

r do

min

ant t

ree

spec

ies

in th

e st

and’

s co

mpo

sitio

n.”

• D

raft

ord

er o

f the

Min

istr

y of

Agr

icul

ture

on

in

trod

ucin

g am

endm

ents

to P

arag

raph

51

of th

e R

egul

atio

ns fo

r Lo

ggin

g th

at w

ere

appr

oved

by

the

Ord

er o

f the

Min

istr

y of

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

es, N

o. 1

84

of 1

6 Ju

ly 2

00

7 by

add

ing

the

follo

win

g w

ordi

ng:

“Whe

n cl

ear-

cutt

ing

is c

ondu

cted

, Kor

ean

ceda

r pi

ne &

Man

chur

ian

nut t

rees

sho

uld

be le

ft w

ithin

see

d

stoc

k tr

ees,

tree

gro

ves

& fo

rest

str

ips.

”•

Dra

ft o

rder

of t

he M

inis

try

of A

gric

ultu

re

on in

trod

ucin

g am

endm

ents

to F

ores

t Man

agem

ent

Gui

delin

es th

at w

ere

appr

oved

by

Ord

er N

o. 3

1 of

the

Min

istr

y of

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

es o

n 6

Febr

uary

20

08

by

inse

rtin

g gu

idel

ines

on

iden

tifyi

ng n

ut fo

rest

s, ie

. tho

se

fore

sts

cont

aini

ng o

ne o

r m

ore

Man

chur

ian

nut t

rees

, fo

rest

s th

at c

onsi

st o

f 30

% o

r m

ore

Kor

ean

ceda

r pi

ne

tree

s, o

r th

ose

fore

sts

that

con

sist

of 2

0%

Kor

ean

ceda

r pi

ne tr

ees

in c

ase

of e

qual

or

less

pre

senc

e of

eac

h of

an

y ot

her

dom

inan

t tre

e sp

ecie

s in

the

stan

d’s

com

posi

tion.

20

10-2

012

MoN

R;

Ros

prir

odn

adzo

r;

WW

F a

nd

othe

r N

GO

s

2.2.

3 T

o re

du

ce t

he

logg

ing

quot

a in

m

atu

re o

ak f

ores

ts f

oun

d w

ith

in A

mu

r ti

ger

habi

tats

by

upda

tin

g th

e va

luat

ion

of

for

ests

con

tain

ing

Mon

goli

an o

ak,

up

dat

ing

per

mit

ted

qu

otas

on

logg

ing

Mon

goli

an o

ak &

inco

rpor

atin

g th

e re

leva

nt

chan

ges

in f

ores

t m

anag

emen

t pl

ans

& fo

rest

ry r

egu

lati

ons

in P

rim

orsk

y &

Kh

abar

ovsk

Reg

ion

s.

• F

ores

t m

anag

emen

t p

lan

s fo

r P

rim

orsk

y &

Kh

abar

ovsk

R

egio

ns.

• F

ores

try

regu

lati

ons

for

Pri

mor

sky

& K

hab

arov

sk R

egio

ns.

2010

-20

12

Ros

lesk

hoz

; MoN

R;

Ros

pri

rod

nad

zor;

Pri

mor

sky

& K

hab

arov

sk R

egio

nal

A

dm

inis

trat

ion

s; W

WF

2.2.

4 T

o se

t as

ide

spec

iall

y p

rote

cted

fo

rest

are

as w

ithi

n A

mur

tige

r ke

y ha

bita

ts

that

are

in li

ne

wit

h P

arag

rap

h 3

b of

A

rtic

le 1

02

of t

he

Ru

ssia

n F

ores

t C

ode

& w

hic

h a

re b

ased

on

rec

omm

end

atio

ns

on h

ow t

o ex

plo

it f

ores

ts w

ith

in t

iger

h

abit

ats

that

wer

e d

evel

oped

by

the

Far

E

ast

For

estr

y R

esea

rch

In

stit

ute

.

• Se

t of

doc

um

ents

req

uir

ed

to s

et a

side

spe

cial

ly p

rote

cted

fore

st

area

s w

ith

in k

ey h

abit

ats

of t

he

Am

ur

tige

r.•

Dra

ft m

inis

teri

al a

ct

regu

lati

ng

the

sett

ing

asid

e of

sp

ecia

lly

pro

tect

ed f

ores

t ar

eas.

2010

-20

15

Ros

lesk

hoz

; M

oNR

; R

osp

riro

dn

adzo

r; P

rim

orsk

y &

Kh

abar

ovsk

Reg

ion

al

Ad

min

istr

atio

ns;

WW

F

2.2.

5 T

o ex

ten

d r

igh

ts &

res

pon

sibi

liti

es

of lo

cal g

over

nm

ents

to

ensu

re f

ores

t fi

re p

reve

nti

on &

to

regu

late

th

ose

per

iod

s w

hen

ind

ivid

ual

s ca

n v

isit

fo

rest

s.

• A

men

dm

ents

to

the

Fed

eral

L

aw O

n t

he

Gen

eral

Pri

nci

ple

s of

O

rgan

izat

ion

of

Loc

al G

over

nm

ent

in t

he

Ru

ssia

n F

eder

atio

n,

No.

131

-FZ

of

13 O

ctob

er 2

00

3,

spec

ifyi

ng

the

resp

onsi

bili

ties

of

loca

l gov

ern

men

ts t

o en

sure

th

e p

reve

nti

on o

f fo

rest

fi re

s &

to

reg

ula

te t

hos

e p

erio

ds

wh

en

ind

ivid

ual

s ar

e al

low

ed t

o vi

sit

fore

sts.

2010

-20

15R

osle

skh

oz; P

rim

orsk

y &

Kh

abar

ovsk

Reg

ion

al

Ad

min

istr

atio

ns;

WW

F

8

9

2.2.

6 T

o ex

ten

d r

igh

ts &

res

pon

sibi

liti

es

of lo

cal g

over

nm

ents

to

ensu

re f

ores

t fi

re

pre

ven

tion

& t

o re

gula

te t

hos

e p

erio

ds

wh

en in

div

idu

als

can

vis

it

fore

sts.

• A

men

dm

ents

to

the

Fed

eral

L

aw O

n t

he

Gen

eral

Pri

nci

ple

s of

O

rgan

izat

ion

of L

ocal

Gov

ern

men

t in

th

e R

uss

ian

Fed

erat

ion

, No.

13

1-F

Z o

f 13

Oct

ober

20

03,

sp

ecif

yin

g th

e re

spon

sib

ilit

ies

of lo

-ca

l gov

ern

men

ts t

o en

sure

th

e p

reve

nti

on o

f for

est

fi re

s &

to

regu

-la

te t

hos

e p

erio

ds

wh

en in

div

idu

als

are

allo

wed

to

visi

t fo

rest

s.

2010

-20

15R

osle

skh

oz; P

rim

orsk

y &

Kh

abar

ovsk

Reg

ion

al

Ad

min

istr

atio

ns;

WW

F

2.2.

7 T

o es

tabl

ish

a c

omp

reh

ensi

ve li

st

of r

egio

nal

pro

tect

ed a

rea

cate

gori

es in

th

e R

uss

ian

Fed

erat

ion

& t

hei

r re

spec

tive

sp

ecia

l pro

tect

ion

reg

imes

in

ord

er t

o en

sure

th

e co

nse

rvat

ion

of

Am

ur

tige

r h

abit

ats

& t

o op

tim

ize

the

exis

tin

g sy

stem

of

regi

onal

p

rote

cted

are

as.

• D

raft

law

s of

Pri

mor

sky,

K

hab

arov

sk &

Jew

ish

Au

ton

omou

s R

egio

ns

on in

trod

ucin

g am

endm

ents

in

to t

hei

r re

spec

tive

lega

l act

s on

p

rote

cted

are

as o

f re

gion

al

imp

orta

nce

.•

Dra

ft la

ws

of P

rim

orsk

y,

Kh

abar

ovsk

& J

ewis

h A

uto

nom

ous

regi

ons

pro

vid

ing

for

cate

gori

es o

f p

rote

cted

are

as, s

uch

as

ecol

ogic

al

corr

idor

s.

2010

-20

15

Pri

mor

sky,

Kh

abar

ovsk

&

Jew

ish

Au

ton

omou

s R

egio

nal

Ad

min

istr

atio

ns;

W

WF

2.2.

8 T

o de

velo

p gu

idel

ines

for

calc

ula

tin

g t

he

mon

etar

y va

lue

of d

amag

e to

an

imal

sp

ecie

s li

sted

in t

he

regi

onal

Red

Dat

a B

ooks

& t

hei

r h

abit

ats.

• D

raft

Gu

idel

ines

for

Cal

cu-

lati

ng

the

Mon

etar

y V

alu

e of

D

amag

e to

An

imal

Sp

ecie

s L

iste

d

in t

he

Reg

ion

al R

ed D

ata

Boo

ks

& T

hei

r H

abit

ats.

2012

-20

15P

rim

orsk

y &

Kh

abar

ovsk

R

egio

nal

Ad

min

istr

atio

ns

2.3

To

ensu

re le

gal s

afeg

uar

ds

are

in

pla

ce in

ord

er t

o m

ain

tain

hea

lth

y p

opu

-la

tion

s of

tig

er f

ood

pre

y it

ems.

2.3.

1 T

o d

evel

op a

str

ateg

y &

act

ion

pla

n

for

gam

e m

anag

emen

t w

ith

in R

uss

ia.

• D

raft

str

ateg

y &

act

ion

pla

n

for

gam

e m

anag

emen

t wit

hin

Rus

sia.

2010

-20

13M

oNR

2.3.

2 T

o d

evel

op s

trat

egie

s &

act

ion

p

lan

s fo

r ga

me

man

agem

ent

wit

hin

P

rim

orsk

y &

Kh

abar

ovsk

Reg

ion

s.

• D

raft

str

ateg

ies

& a

ctio

n

pla

ns

for

gam

e m

anag

emen

t in

P

rim

orsk

y &

Kh

abar

ovsk

Reg

ion

s.20

12-2

015

Pri

mor

sky

& K

hab

arov

sk

Reg

ion

al A

dm

inis

trat

ion

s

2.3.

3 T

o en

sure

th

e m

ain

ten

ance

of

hea

lth

y p

opu

lati

ons

of t

iger

pre

y it

ems

that

tak

e in

to a

ccou

nt

the

nee

ds

of

hu

nte

rs.

• A

men

dm

ents

to

regu

lati

ons

& q

uot

as t

hat

tak

e in

to a

ccou

nt

the

need

to m

aint

ain

heal

thy

popu

lati

ons

of p

rey

item

s fo

r ti

ger.

2010

-20

12M

oNR

; Pri

mor

sky

& K

hab

arov

sk R

egio

nal

A

dm

inis

trat

ion

s

2.3.

4 T

o in

trod

uce

a s

yste

m

of d

iffe

ren

tiat

ed h

un

tin

g qu

otas

fo

r u

ngu

late

s.

• A

men

dm

ents

to

rele

van

t ar

ticl

es o

f th

e R

uss

ian

A

dm

inis

trat

ive

Cod

e.20

10-2

013

WW

F; R

osp

riro

dn

adzo

r

2.3.

5 T

o in

trod

uce

a b

an o

n t

he

hu

nti

ng

of u

ngu

late

s w

ith

in t

hei

r br

eedi

ng

area

s or

in th

ose

area

s w

here

ung

ulat

e po

pula

tion

n

um

bers

hav

e de

clin

ed d

rast

ical

ly.

• R

elev

ant

dra

ft d

ecre

es m

ade

by r

esp

ecti

ve r

egio

nal

ad

min

istr

atio

ns.

2010

-20

13

MoN

R; P

rim

orsk

y &

Kh

abar

ovsk

Reg

ion

al

Ad

min

istr

atio

ns;

WW

F a

nd

ot

her

NG

Os

2.3.

6 T

o re

du

ce n

egat

ive

imp

acts

of

fore

st lo

ggin

g on

Am

ur

tige

r &

un

gula

te

pop

ula

tion

s by

mak

ing

it o

blig

ator

y fo

r le

ssee

s of

for

est

plo

ts (

spec

ifi c

ally

u

nli

mit

ed le

ase

agre

emen

ts)

to in

clu

de

a sp

ecia

l sec

tion

, en

titl

ed “

man

agin

g fo

rest

tra

cks”

, wit

hin

th

e “c

onst

ruct

ion

&

exp

loit

atio

n o

f fo

rest

infr

astr

uct

ure

” p

art

of t

hei

r fo

rest

dev

elop

men

t p

lan

s.

Th

is is

to

ensu

re t

hat

for

est

trac

ks a

re

bloc

ked

off

wit

h b

arri

ers

& a

re c

lose

d

dow

n a

fter

logg

ing

has

bee

n c

omp

lete

d.

• R

elev

ant

amen

dm

ents

to

for

est

dev

elop

men

t p

lan

s.•

Rel

evan

t am

end

men

ts

to p

lan

s fo

r co

nst

ruct

ion

&

exp

loit

atio

n o

f fo

rest

infr

astr

uct

ure

th

at w

ould

en

sure

th

e in

clu

sion

of

a s

pec

ial s

ecti

on o

n m

anag

ing

fore

st t

rack

s &

th

eir

clos

ing

dow

n

afte

r lo

ggin

g h

as b

een

com

ple

ted

.

2010

-20

20

MoN

R; R

osle

skh

oz;

Ros

pri

rod

nad

zor;

P

rim

orsk

y &

Kh

abar

ovsk

R

egio

nal

Ad

min

istr

atio

ns;

W

WF

an

d o

ther

NG

Os

10

11

2.3.

7 T

o es

tabl

ish

a b

uff

er z

one

adja

cen

t to

the

Uss

uriy

sky

Fed

eral

Nat

ure

Res

erve

th

at r

estr

icts

cer

tain

type

s of

land

use

from

ta

king

pla

ce w

ithi

n A

mur

tige

r ha

bita

ts.

• D

raft

Dec

ree

of t

he

Ru

ssia

n

Gov

ern

men

t on

est

abli

shin

g a

buff

er

zon

e ad

jace

nt

to t

he

Uss

uri

ysky

N

atu

re R

eser

ve.

2010

-20

15

MoN

R; M

inis

try

of J

usti

ce (

MoJ

);

Pri

mor

sky

Reg

ion

al

Ad

min

istr

atio

n; W

WF

2.4

To

stre

ngt

hen

th

e co

mba

t ag

ain

st

poa

chin

g &

th

e il

lega

l tra

de

in t

iger

sk

ins

& o

ther

der

ivat

ives

.

2.4

.1 T

o en

sure

th

at t

he

pro

visi

ons

of R

uss

ian

law

are

use

d t

o p

enal

ize

ind

ivid

ual

s fo

r p

roce

ssin

g il

lega

lly-

obta

ined

Am

ur

tige

r sk

ins.

• R

esu

lts

of c

hec

kin

g u

p o

n h

ow

the

rele

van

t la

w p

rovi

sion

s ar

e be

ing

use

d.

2010

-20

20

Ros

pri

rod

nad

zor;

P

rim

orsk

y &

Kh

abar

ovsk

R

egio

nal A

dmin

istr

atio

ns;

WW

F a

nd

oth

er N

GO

s

2.4.

2 T

o fo

rmul

ate

regu

lati

ons

to p

enal

ize

indi

vidu

als

& l

egal

ent

ities

for

pro

vidi

ng

spac

e on

the

Int

erne

t in

ord

er t

o pl

ace

anno

unce

men

ts re

lati

ng to

the

sale

of A

mur

ti

ger

skin

s &

bod

y pa

rts

& f

or p

urch

asin

g ill

egal

ly-o

btai

ned

Am

ur t

iger

par

ts, a

s w

ell

as t

o pe

naliz

e th

ose

indi

vidu

als

who

pla

ce

such

ann

ounc

emen

ts.

• A

men

dm

ents

to

rele

van

t ar

ticl

es

in t

he

Ru

ssia

n

Ad

min

istr

ativ

e C

ode.

2010

-20

12

MoN

R; M

oJ;

Ros

prir

odna

dzor

; P

rim

orsk

y &

hab

arov

sk

Reg

iona

l Adm

inis

trat

ions

; W

WF

an

d o

ther

NG

Os

2.4.

3 T

o en

hanc

e ad

min

istr

ativ

e pe

nalt

ies

for

killi

ng A

mur

tige

rs b

y ad

ding

the

stor

age

& t

ran

spor

tati

on o

f th

e A

mu

r ti

ger,

its

bo

dy p

arts

& d

eriv

ativ

es t

o th

e lis

t of

ac

tivi

ties

su

bjec

t to

pen

alty

, &

als

o by

in

crea

sin

g th

e si

ze

of

pen

alti

es

&

prov

idin

g fo

r co

nfi

scat

ion

of

any

veh

icle

u

sed

for

tran

spor

tin

g ti

ger

part

s.

• D

raft

Fed

eral

Law

on

intr

oduc

ing

amen

dmen

ts t

o A

rtic

le 8

.35

of t

he R

ussi

an

Adm

inis

trat

ive

Cod

e (i

e. R

emov

al o

f R

are

& E

ndan

gere

d Sp

ecie

s of

Ani

mal

s &

Pla

nts)

th

at p

rovi

des

for

the

incl

usio

n of

sto

rage

&

tran

spor

tatio

n of

the

Am

ur t

iger

, its

bod

y pa

rts

& d

eriv

ativ

es t

o th

e lis

t of

act

iviti

es

subj

ect

to p

enal

ty &

inc

reas

es t

he s

ize

of

pena

lties

for

ind

ivid

uals

– i

nste

ad o

f “f

rom

1,

00

0

to

2,50

0

roub

les”

, it

shou

ld

read

“f

rom

2,0

00

to

5,0

00

rou

bles

” &

als

o al

low

fo

r th

e co

nfi s

catio

n of

any

veh

icle

use

d fo

r tr

ansp

ortin

g tig

er p

arts

.

2010

-20

12

MoN

R; M

oJ;

Ros

pri

rod

nad

zor;

P

rim

orsk

y &

K

hab

arov

sk

Reg

iona

l Adm

inis

trat

ions

; W

WF

an

d o

ther

NG

Os

2.4

.4

To

enh

ance

p

enal

ties

fo

r th

e il

lega

l re

mov

al &

tra

nsp

orta

tion

of

the

Am

ur t

iger

, it

s bo

dy p

arts

& d

eriv

ativ

esov

er

Ru

ssia

n

cust

oms

bord

ers

by

intr

odu

cin

g th

e fo

llow

ing

amen

dm

ents

&

add

itio

ns

to t

he

Ru

ssia

n C

rim

inal

Cod

e:•

exte

nd

th

e te

rm

“Con

trab

and

” &

the

list

of i

tem

s &

obj

ects

for

wh

ich

the

tran

spor

t ac

ross

cu

stom

s bo

rder

s ar

e p

roh

ibit

ed•

intr

odu

ce

pen

alti

es

as

for

ille

gal h

un

tin

g fo

r th

e il

lega

l tra

nsp

ort o

f an

imal

s th

at a

re s

ubj

ect

to a

full

hu

nti

ng

ban,

as

wel

l as

thei

r bod

y pa

rts

& d

eriv

ativ

es.

Th

e la

tter

am

end

men

t w

ould

be

en

tire

ly i

n l

ine

wit

h t

he

requ

irem

ents

of

P

art

2 of

A

rtic

le

57,

enti

tled

O

n

Pen

alti

es f

or V

iola

tin

g th

e L

aw R

elat

-in

g to

Hu

nti

ng

& C

onse

rvat

ion

of

Hu

nt-

ing

Res

ourc

es,

of t

he

Fed

eral

Law

On

H

un

tin

g &

C

onse

rvat

ion

of

H

un

tin

g R

esou

rces

&

on

In

trod

uci

ng

Am

end

men

ts i

nto

Som

e R

uss

ian

Leg

al

Act

s, N

o. 2

09

-FZ

of

24 J

uly

20

09

.

• D

raft

F

eder

al

Law

on

in

trod

uci

ng

amen

dm

ents

to

P

art

2 of

A

rtic

le

188

of

th

e R

uss

ian

C

rim

inal

C

ode

on

smu

ggli

ng

that

p

rovi

des

fo

r th

e ex

ten

sion

of

th

e te

rm

“Con

trab

and

” &

th

e li

st o

f it

ems

& o

bjec

ts f

or

wh

ich

th

e tr

ansp

ort

acro

ss c

ust

oms

bord

ers

are

pro

hib

ited

by

add

ing

the

wor

ds

“an

imal

s &

pla

nts

list

ed in

the

Ru

ssia

n R

ed D

ata

Boo

k, th

eir

bod

y p

arts

& d

eriv

ativ

es”

imm

edia

tely

aft

er t

he

wor

ds

“str

ateg

ical

ly i

mp

orta

nt

good

s &

val

uab

le

cult

ura

l ob

ject

s w

hic

h a

re s

ubj

ecte

d t

o sp

ecia

l re

gula

tion

s fo

r tr

ansp

orti

ng

acro

ss

Ru

ssia

n c

ust

oms

bord

ers.

”•

Dra

ft

Fed

eral

L

aw

on

intr

odu

cin

g am

end

men

ts

to

Art

icle

25

8

of

the

Ru

ssia

n

Cri

min

al C

ode

that

pro

vid

es f

or p

enal

ties

as

for

ille

gal

hu

nti

ng

for

the

ille

gal

tran

spor

t of

an

i-m

als

that

are

su

bjec

t to

a f

ull

hu

nti

ng

ban

, as

wel

l as

th

eir

bod

y p

arts

& d

eriv

ativ

es.

2010

-20

11

2.4

.5 T

o fo

rmu

late

& a

pp

rove

R

egu

lati

ons

of T

rad

e of

Pro

du

cts

Der

ived

fro

m O

btai

nin

g Sp

ecie

s L

iste

d

in t

he

Ru

ssia

n R

ed D

ata

Boo

k.

• D

raft

Reg

ula

tion

s of

Tra

de

of P

rod

uct

s D

eriv

ed f

rom

Obt

ain

ing

Spec

ies

Lis

ted

in t

he

Ru

ssia

n R

ed D

ata

Boo

k.20

10-2

015

MoN

R

12

13

2.4

.6 T

o em

pow

er a

ll r

ange

rs

(reg

ard

less

of

wh

om t

hey

are

em

plo

yed

by

) to

be

able

to

enfo

rce

anti

poa

chin

g re

gula

tion

s.

• D

raft

reg

iona

l law

s on

in

trod

ucin

g am

endm

ents

into

rel

evan

t re

gion

al la

ws

on a

dmin

istr

ativ

e vi

olat

ions

rel

atin

g to

pro

tect

ion,

co

ntro

l & r

egul

atio

n of

wild

ani

mal

sp

ecie

s &

thei

r ha

bita

ts c

over

ed b

y P

arag

raph

14,

Par

t 5 o

f Art

icle

28

.3

of th

e R

ussi

an A

dmin

istr

ativ

e C

ode.

• L

ists

of o

ffi c

ials

em

pow

ered

to

dra

w u

p ch

arge

s on

adm

inis

trat

ive

viol

atio

ns in

acc

orda

nce

wit

h re

gion

al

legi

slat

ion.

2010

-20

13

MoN

R; M

oJ;

Ros

pri

rod

nad

zor;

Pri

mor

sky

& K

hab

arov

sk R

egio

nal

A

dm

inis

trat

ion

s

2.4.

7 T

o in

crea

se p

enal

ties

for

the

unau

thor

ized

en

try

into

hun

tin

g gr

oun

ds

whi

lst i

n th

e po

sses

sion

of fi

rea

rms,

trap

s &

oth

er h

unti

ng

equi

pmen

t,

or a

ccom

pan

ied

by h

unti

ng

dogs

or

falc

ons,

or

in th

e po

sses

sion

of a

kill

. In

ord

er to

do

this

, the

list

ed a

ctio

ns

shou

ld b

e de

fi ned

by

the

law

as

bein

g co

nsi

dere

d as

a p

art o

f hun

tin

g pe

r se

.In

20

09,

cha

nge

s m

ade

to th

e de

fi nit

ion

of

the

term

“hu

nti

ng”

mad

e th

e ca

rryi

ng

of u

nlo

aded

or

case

d fi r

earm

s du

rin

g un

auth

oriz

ed e

ntr

y in

to h

unti

ng

grou

nds

, or

entr

y in

to h

unti

ng

grou

nds

du

rin

g pe

riod

s w

hen

hun

tin

g w

as

ban

ned

, not

sub

ject

to p

rose

cuti

on.

Thi

s fa

ct s

ever

ely

hin

dere

d th

e w

ork

of r

ange

rs in

com

bati

ng

the

poac

hin

g of

un

gula

tes.

• T

o in

trod

uce

amen

dmen

ts

to P

arag

raph

5 o

f Art

icle

1 o

f the

F

eder

al L

aw O

n H

unti

ng

& C

onse

rvat

ion

of H

unti

ng

Res

ourc

es &

on

In

trod

ucin

g A

men

dmen

ts in

to S

ome

Leg

al A

cts

of th

e R

ussi

an F

eder

atio

n b

y st

atin

g th

at e

ntr

y in

to h

unti

ng

grou

nds

whi

lst i

n p

osse

ssio

n

of fi

rear

ms,

trap

s &

oth

er h

unti

ng

equi

pmen

t, o

r w

hils

t in

the

com

pan

y of

hun

tin

g do

gs o

r fa

lcon

s, o

r w

hils

t in

pos

sess

ion

of a

kill

or

carr

yin

g a

case

d fi r

earm

whe

n tr

avel

ling

on a

pub

lic r

oad

are

all d

efi n

ed

as h

unti

ng.

2.4

.8 T

o en

sure

en

forc

emen

t of

Art

icle

4

1 of

th

e F

eder

al L

aw O

n H

un

tin

g &

Hu

nti

ng

Res

ourc

es o

n I

ntr

odu

cin

g A

men

dm

ents

into

Som

e L

egal

Act

s of

th

e R

uss

ian

Fed

erat

ion

, sp

ecifi

cal

ly t

hat

p

art

wh

ich

rel

ates

to

init

iati

ng

char

ges

agai

nst

su

spec

ted

poa

cher

s by

ran

gers

on

beh

alf

com

mer

cial

gam

e fa

rms

acti

ng

as le

gal e

nti

ties

or

by

ind

ivid

ual

en

trep

ren

eurs

(eg

. les

sees

of

hu

nti

ng

grou

nd

s).

• A

men

dm

ents

to

the

Ru

ssia

n A

dm

inis

trat

ive

Cod

e &

reg

ion

al a

dm

inis

trat

ive

cod

es

to e

mp

ower

ran

gers

wor

kin

g on

co

mm

erci

al g

ame

farm

s to

init

iate

ch

arge

s ag

ain

st s

usp

ecte

d po

ach

ers.

• A

men

dm

ents

to

the

list

s of

offi

cia

ls e

mp

ower

ed t

o in

itia

te

char

ges

agai

nst

su

spec

ted

poac

her

s th

at a

dd t

o th

ese

lists

ran

gers

w

orki

ng

on c

omm

erci

al g

ame

farm

s.

2010

-20

11M

oNR

; MoJ

2.4

.9 T

o en

sure

str

ict

con

trol

is e

xert

ed

over

th

ose

ind

ivid

ual

s w

ho

are

rep

eate

dly

ch

arge

d w

ith

vio

lati

ons

agai

nst

hu

nti

ng

regu

lati

ons,

to

wit

hh

old

per

mis

sion

fro

m s

uch

in

div

idu

als

to p

osse

ss fi

rear

ms

or to

hu

nt,

to e

nsu

re th

e re

gist

rati

on o

f suc

h

indi

vidu

als

in d

atab

ases

& to

pro

vide

for

the

effi c

ien

t exc

han

ge o

f in

form

atio

n to

tr

ack

repe

at o

ffen

ders

.

• R

egio

nal

dat

abas

es o

n

thos

e in

div

idu

als

wh

o vi

olat

e co

nse

rvat

ion

law

s.20

10-2

012

MoN

R; R

osp

riro

dn

adzo

r; T

iger

Sp

ecia

l Pat

rol T

eam

; P

rim

orsk

y &

Kh

abar

ovsk

R

egio

nal

Ad

min

istr

atio

ns;

W

WF

an

d o

ther

NG

Os

2.4

.10

To

defi

ne

the

un

auth

oriz

ed

pos

sess

ion

of

a fi

rear

m a

s a

crim

e.

• A

men

dm

ents

to

the

Ru

ssia

n C

rim

inal

Cod

e d

efi n

ing

the

un

auth

oriz

ed p

osse

ssio

n

of a

fi re

arm

as

bein

g a

crim

e.

2010

-20

12M

oNR

; MoJ

; R

osp

riro

dn

adzo

r; W

WF

an

d o

ther

NG

Os

2.5

To

enh

ance

th

e in

tera

ctio

n b

etw

een

n

atu

re r

esou

rce

use

rs &

con

serv

atio

n

orga

niz

atio

ns

in o

rder

to

effi

cien

tly

add

ress

su

stai

nab

le n

atu

re m

anag

emen

t is

sues

wit

hin

th

e A

mu

r ti

ger

ran

ge.

14

15

2.5.

1 T

o en

sure

per

man

ent

inte

ract

ion

&

info

rmat

ion

exc

han

ge b

etw

een

nat

ure

re

sou

rce

use

rs &

con

serv

atio

n

orga

niz

atio

ns.

• M

ult

i-p

arty

agr

eem

ents

be

twee

n n

atu

re r

esou

rce

use

rs

& c

onse

rvat

ion

org

aniz

atio

ns.

2010

-20

20

Ros

prir

odn

adzo

r;

Pri

mor

sky

Reg

ion

al

Adm

inis

trat

ion

; au

thor

itie

s re

spon

sibl

e fo

r th

e pr

otec

tion

&

th

e co

ntr

ol &

reg

ula

tion

of

the

use

of w

ild a

nim

als

& t

hei

r h

abit

ats

in P

rim

orsk

y R

egio

n;

WW

F a

nd

oth

er N

GO

s

2.5.

2 T

o en

sure

th

at t

he

doc

um

enta

tion

rel

atin

g to

an

y co

nst

ruct

ion

pro

ject

pla

nn

ed t

o ta

ke

pla

ce w

ith

in A

mu

r ti

ger

hab

itat

is

su

bjec

ted

to

an e

nvi

ron

men

tal

imp

act

asse

ssm

ent.

• D

raft

fed

eral

law

on

in

trod

uci

ng

amen

dm

ents

&

dd

itio

ns

to t

he

Fed

eral

Law

On

E

nvi

ron

men

tal I

mp

act

Ass

essm

ent,

N

o. 1

74-F

Z o

f 23

Nov

embe

r 19

95

that

pro

vid

es f

or t

he

carr

yin

g ou

t of

an

en

viro

nm

enta

l im

pac

t as

sess

men

t on

doc

um

enta

tion

re

lati

ng

to a

ny

con

stru

ctio

n p

roje

ct

that

is p

lan

ned

to

take

pla

ce w

ith

in

Am

ur

tige

r h

abit

at.

• St

ate

envi

ron

men

tal i

mp

act

asse

ssm

ent

rep

orts

.

2010

-20

20M

oNR

; MoJ

; R

osp

riro

dn

adzo

r; W

WF

an

d o

ther

NG

Os

2.5.

3 T

o p

rovi

de

for

ind

epen

den

t en

viro

nm

enta

l im

pac

t as

sess

men

ts

to b

e ca

rrie

d o

ut

for

any

dev

elop

men

t p

roje

ct o

r ot

her

pro

ject

usi

ng

nat

ure

re

sou

rces

th

at m

ay a

ffec

t th

e A

mu

r ti

ger

pop

ula

tion

& it

s h

abit

at.

• In

dep

end

ent

envi

ron

men

tal

imp

act

asse

ssm

ent

rep

orts

.20

10-2

020

Au

thor

itie

s re

spon

sibl

e fo

r th

e p

rote

ctio

n &

th

e co

ntr

ol

& r

egu

lati

on o

f th

e u

se

of w

ild

an

imal

s &

th

eir

hab

itat

s in

Pri

mor

sky

Reg

ion

; R

osp

riro

dn

adzo

r; W

WF

; R

AS;

2.5.

4 T

o es

tabl

ish

a g

rou

p o

f ex

per

ts

to u

nd

erta

ke e

nvi

ron

men

tal i

mp

act

asse

ssm

ents

(E

IAs)

, in

clu

din

g in

dep

end

ent

EIA

s, w

her

e th

ey r

elat

e to

tig

er c

onse

rvat

ion

– t

he

grou

p w

ould

al

so in

corp

orat

e m

embe

rs o

f the

Wor

kin

g G

rou

p o

n A

mu

r T

iger

Con

serv

atio

n.

• L

ist

of e

xper

ts.

2010

-20

11R

osp

riro

dn

adzo

r; T

iger

Sp

ecia

l P

atro

l Tea

m; R

AS,

WW

F

and

oth

er N

GO

s

2.5.

5 T

o p

rep

are

a d

raft

pro

pos

al o

n

how

to

pro

vid

e ta

x ad

van

tage

s to

th

ose

lega

l en

titi

es &

ind

ivid

ual

s w

ho

mak

e d

onat

ion

s to

war

ds

the

con

serv

atio

n

& r

ehab

ilit

atio

n o

f bi

odiv

ersi

ty w

ith

in

the

Pri

mor

sky

& K

hab

arov

sk R

egio

ns.

• D

raft

pro

pos

al o

n p

rovi

din

g ta

x ad

van

tage

s to

lega

l en

titi

es

& in

div

idu

als

2010

-20

11P

rim

orsk

y &

Kh

abar

ovsk

R

egio

nal

Ad

min

istr

atio

ns

3. Im

prov

ing

the

prot

ecte

d ar

ea n

etw

ork

3.1

To

esta

bli

sh a

n e

ffec

tive

&

fu

nct

ion

al p

rote

cted

are

a sy

stem

w

ith

in t

he

Am

ur

tige

r’s

ran

ge

3.1.

1 T

o in

corp

orat

e p

rop

osed

pro

tect

ed

area

s of

var

yin

g ca

tego

ries

wit

hin

th

e F

eder

al P

rote

cted

Are

a Sp

atia

l Pla

n in

or

der

to

ensu

re t

hat

th

e m

ost

imp

orta

nt

hab

itat

s fo

r bo

th t

he

Am

ur

tige

r an

d it

s fo

od s

ourc

e ar

e p

rote

cted

.

• D

raft

Fed

eral

P

rote

cted

Are

a Sp

atia

l Pla

n t

hat

in

corp

orat

es b

oth

new

ly-p

rop

osed

fe

der

al p

rote

cted

are

as a

s w

ell a

s ex

ten

sion

s to

exi

stin

g p

rote

cted

ar

eas

wit

hin

th

e A

mu

r ti

ger’

s ra

nge

.

2010

-20

12M

oNR

; Ros

pri

rod

nad

zor;

W

WF

16

17

3.1.

2 T

o in

corp

orat

e pr

opos

ed p

rote

cted

ar

eas

of v

aryi

ng

cate

gori

es w

ith

in

regi

onal

pro

tect

ed a

rea

spat

ial p

lan

s in

or

der

to

ensu

re t

hat

th

e m

ost

imp

orta

nt

habi

tats

for

both

the

Am

ur ti

ger

& it

s fo

od

sour

ce a

re p

rote

cted

& to

als

o in

corp

orat

e ti

ger

con

serv

atio

n o

bjec

tive

s w

ithi

n th

e re

gion

al s

pati

al d

evel

opm

ent p

lan

s fo

r P

rim

orsk

y &

Kha

baro

vsk

Reg

ion

s.

• D

raft

reg

ion

al p

rote

cted

ar

ea s

pat

ial p

lan

s th

at in

corp

orat

e p

rop

osed

reg

ion

al p

rote

cted

ar

eas

fall

ing

wit

hin

th

e A

mu

r ti

ger’

s ra

nge

.

2010

-20

11P

rim

orsk

y &

Kh

abar

ovsk

R

egio

nal

Ad

min

istr

atio

ns;

W

WF

3.1.

3 T

o en

sure

th

e ef

fect

ive

fun

ctio

nin

g of

th

e K

edro

vaya

Pad

Fed

eral

Nat

ure

R

eser

ve &

Leo

par

dov

y F

eder

al N

atu

re

Ref

uge

by

dra

win

g u

p m

anag

emen

t p

lan

s fo

r bo

th p

rote

cted

are

as, w

ith

th

e n

eces

sary

fu

nd

s be

ing

allo

cate

d f

rom

th

e fe

der

al b

ud

get.

• M

anag

emen

t p

lan

for

K

edro

vaya

Pad

Fed

eral

Nat

ure

R

eser

ve.

• M

anag

emen

t p

lan

for

L

eop

ard

ovy

Fed

eral

Nat

ure

Ref

uge

.•

Nec

essa

ry f

un

din

g al

loca

ted

fr

om t

he

fed

eral

bu

dge

t.

2010

-20

12M

oNR

; Ked

rova

ya P

ad

Fed

eral

Nat

ure

Res

erve

; W

WF

an

d o

ther

NG

Os

3.1.

4 T

o es

tabl

ish

a s

ingl

e p

rote

cted

ar

ea (

call

ed t

he

‘Leo

par

d L

and

Nat

ion

al

Par

k’)

that

wou

ld in

corp

orat

e bo

th t

he

Ked

rova

ya P

ad &

Leo

par

dov

y p

rote

cted

ar

eas,

as

wel

l as

a n

eces

sary

exp

ansi

on

in s

ize

of t

he

tota

l are

a u

nd

er

pro

tect

ion

.

• D

raft

set

of

doc

um

ents

n

eces

sary

for

est

abli

shin

g a

sin

gle

pro

tect

ed a

rea

(cal

led

th

e ‘L

eop

ard

L

and

Nat

ion

al P

ark’

) th

at

inco

rpor

ates

bot

h t

he

Ked

rova

ya

Pad

& L

eop

ard

ovy

pro

tect

ed a

reas

, as

wel

l as

a n

eces

sary

exp

ansi

on in

si

ze o

f the

tota

l are

a un

der

prot

ecti

on.

• St

ate

Env

iron

men

tal I

mpa

ct

Ass

essm

ent

stat

emen

t fo

r th

e do

cum

enta

tion

on

th

e pr

opos

ed

esta

blis

hmen

t of t

he ‘L

eopa

rd L

and

N

atio

nal

Par

k’.

• D

evel

opm

ent &

Man

agem

ent

Pla

n fo

r ‘L

eopa

rd L

and

Nat

iona

l Par

k’.

2012

-20

13K

edro

vaya

Pad

Fed

eral

N

atu

re R

eser

ve; W

WF

an

d

oth

er N

GO

s

3.1.

5 T

o im

pro

ve p

rote

ctio

n in

th

e U

ssu

riys

ky F

eder

al N

atu

re R

eser

ve b

y:•

gran

tin

g to

its

ran

gers

all

th

e ri

ghts

of

stat

e in

spec

tors

• es

tabl

ish

ing

a bu

ffer

zon

e ad

jace

nt

to t

he

Res

erve

th

at r

estr

icts

ce

rtai

n t

ypes

of

lan

d u

se•

secu

rin

g U

NE

SCO

Bio

sph

ere

Res

erve

sta

tus

for

both

th

e co

re

Uss

uri

ysky

Fed

eral

Nat

ure

Res

erve

&

the

adja

cen

t bu

ffer

zon

e th

at w

ould

als

o in

corp

orat

e p

arts

of

the

Orl

inoy

e St

ate

Exp

erim

enta

l Hu

nti

ng

Man

agem

ent

Un

it &

th

e T

rain

ing/

Exp

erim

enta

l F

ores

try

Man

agem

ent

Un

it b

elon

gin

g to

th

e R

osle

skh

oz

• D

raft

dec

ree

on e

stab

lish

ing

a bu

ffer

zon

e ad

jace

nt

to t

he

Uss

uri

ysky

Fed

eral

Nat

ure

Res

erve

.•

Set

of d

ocu

men

ts n

eces

sary

fo

r se

curi

ng

UN

ESC

O B

iosp

her

e R

eser

ve s

tatu

s fo

r bo

th t

he

core

U

ssu

riys

ky F

eder

al N

atu

re R

eser

ve

& t

he

adja

cen

t bu

ffer

zon

e th

at

wou

ld a

lso

inco

rpor

ate

par

ts o

f th

e O

rlin

oye

Stat

e E

xper

imen

tal

Hu

nti

ng

Man

agem

ent

Un

it &

th

e T

rain

ing/

Exp

erim

enta

l For

estr

y M

anag

emen

t U

nit

of

the

Ros

lesk

hoz

201-

2015

MoN

R; R

osle

skh

oz,

Uss

uri

ysky

Fed

eral

Nat

ure

R

eser

ve; P

rim

orsk

y &

Kh

abar

ovsk

Reg

ion

al

Ad

min

istr

atio

ns;

RA

S,

WW

F a

nd

oth

er N

GO

s

3.1.

6 T

o es

tabl

ish

a f

eder

al p

rote

cted

ar

ea t

hat

wou

ld p

rese

rve

trad

itio

nal

fo

rms

of la

nd

use

alo

ng

the

Bik

in R

iver

.

• Se

t of

doc

um

ents

nec

essa

ry

for

pro

clai

min

g a

fed

eral

pro

tect

ed

area

alo

ng

the

Bik

in R

iver

.•

Dra

ft d

ecre

e of

the

Rus

sian

G

over

nm

ent o

n e

stab

lishi

ng

a fe

dera

l pr

otec

ted

area

alo

ng

the

Bik

in R

iver

.

2010

-20

15M

oNR

; Pri

mor

sky

& K

hab

arov

sk R

egio

nal

A

dm

inis

trat

ion

s; W

WF

3.1.

7 T

o es

tabl

ish

a r

egio

nal

nat

ure

re

fuge

(za

kazn

ik)

wit

hin

th

e St

reln

ikov

m

oun

tain

ran

ge in

Pri

mor

sky

Reg

ion

as

a f

orm

of

com

pen

sati

on f

or t

he

buil

din

g of

a p

ipel

ine

betw

een

K

hab

arov

sk &

Vla

div

osto

k.

• Se

t of

doc

um

ents

nec

essa

ry

for

pro

clai

min

g a

regi

onal

nat

ure

re

fuge

(za

kazn

ik)

wit

hin

th

e St

reln

ikov

mou

nta

in r

ange

in

Pri

mor

sky

Reg

ion

.•

Dra

ft d

ecre

e of

the

Gov

erno

r of

Pri

mor

sky

Reg

ion

on e

stab

lishi

ng

a re

gion

al n

atur

e re

fuge

(zak

azni

k)

wit

hin

the

Stre

lnik

ov m

ount

ain

rang

e.

2011

-20

15P

rim

orsk

y R

egio

nal

A

dm

inis

trat

ion

; WW

F

18

19

3.1.

8 T

o es

tabl

ish

th

e So

lnec

hn

ye G

ory

& Y

uzh

no-

Pri

mor

sky

nat

ure

par

ks in

P

rim

orsk

y R

egio

n.

• Se

t of

doc

um

ents

nec

essa

ry

for

esta

blis

hin

g th

e So

lnec

hn

ye

Gor

y &

Yu

zhn

o-P

rim

orsk

y n

atu

re

par

ks in

Pri

mor

sky

Reg

ion

.•

Dra

ft d

ecre

es o

f th

e G

over

nor

of

Pri

mor

sky

Reg

ion

on

es

tabl

ish

ing

the

Soln

ech

nye

Gor

y &

Yu

zhn

o-P

rim

orsk

y n

atu

re p

arks

.

2011

-20

15P

rim

orsk

y R

egio

nal

A

dm

inis

trat

ion

; WW

F

3.1.

9 T

o es

tabl

ish

reg

ion

al p

rote

cted

ar

eas

(nat

ure

par

ks)

in t

he

Sam

arga

R

iver

bas

in

• Se

t of

doc

um

ents

nec

essa

ry

for

esta

blis

hin

g n

atu

re p

arks

in t

he

Sam

arga

Riv

er b

asin

in P

rim

orsk

y R

egio

n.

• D

raft

dec

rees

of

the

Gov

ern

or o

f P

rim

orsk

y R

egio

n

on e

stab

lish

ing

nat

ure

par

ks in

th

e Sa

mar

ga R

iver

bas

in.

2011

-20

15P

rim

orsk

y R

egio

nal

A

dm

inis

trat

ion

; WW

F

4. In

crea

sing

the

effe

ctiv

enes

s of

Am

ur ti

ger c

onse

rvat

ion

outs

ide

of p

rote

cted

are

as

4.1

To

deve

lop

an in

tegr

ated

Am

ur ti

ger

habi

tat p

rote

ctio

n sy

stem

take

s in

to

acco

unt t

heir

eco

logi

cal i

mpo

rtan

ce to

the

tige

r po

pula

tion

.

4.1

.1 T

o id

enti

fy t

he

mos

t im

por

tan

t n

atu

ral f

eatu

res

for

both

th

e ti

ger

and

it

s p

rey

(eg.

nat

ura

l sal

t li

cks)

in o

rder

to

giv

e th

em p

rote

cted

sta

tus,

eg.

in

trod

uce

lan

d us

e re

stri

ctio

ns

wit

hin

the

mos

t im

port

ant t

iger

hab

itat

s, in

clud

ing

logg

ing

rest

rict

ion

s am

ongs

t oth

ers.

• A

naly

tica

l rev

iew

of A

mur

ti

ger

popu

lati

on s

tatu

s ba

sed

on

resu

lts

of th

e 19

95/9

6 &

20

04/

05

cen

suse

s.•

Pro

posa

ls fo

r an

inte

grat

ed

syst

em fo

r pr

otec

ting

Am

ur ti

ger

habi

tats

that

take

s in

to a

ccou

nt th

e ha

bita

ts’ e

colo

gica

l im

port

ance

to th

e ti

ger

popu

lati

on.

2010

-20

12M

oNR

; Ros

pri

rod

nad

zor;

R

AS,

WW

F a

nd

oth

er N

GO

s

4.1

.2 T

o es

tabl

ish

eco

logi

cal c

orri

dor

s of

reg

ion

al im

por

tan

ce t

hat

lin

k th

ose

pro

tect

ed a

reas

wit

hin

key

tig

er h

abit

ats

wh

ich

em

plo

y m

anag

emen

t re

gim

es

that

red

uce

th

e ef

fect

s of

neg

ativ

e im

pac

ts, s

uch

as

clea

r-fe

llin

g &

roa

d

con

stru

ctio

n, o

n t

iger

hab

itat

s.

• P

rop

osed

sys

tem

of

eco

logi

cal c

orri

dor

s of

reg

ion

al

imp

orta

nce

.•

Set

of d

ocu

men

ts n

eces

sary

fo

r es

tabl

ish

ing

ecol

ogic

al c

orri

dor

s of

reg

ion

al im

por

tan

ce li

nki

ng

prot

ecte

d ar

eas

in k

ey t

iger

hab

itat

s.•

Dra

ft d

ecre

es o

f th

e G

over

nor

s of

Pri

mor

sky

& K

hab

arov

sk R

egio

ns

on e

stab

lish

ing

ecol

ogic

al

corr

idor

s of

reg

ion

al im

por

tan

ce.

2011

-20

20P

rim

orsk

y &

Kh

abar

ovsk

R

egio

nal

Ad

min

istr

atio

ns;

W

WF

an

d o

ther

NG

Os

4.1

.3 T

o d

evel

op a

man

agem

ent

pla

n

for

an e

colo

gica

l cor

rid

or t

hat

lin

ks

the

mai

n A

mu

r ti

ger

pop

ula

tion

in

Sik

hot

e-A

lin

wit

h t

he

isol

ated

p

opu

lati

on in

sou

th-w

est

Pri

mor

ye.

• D

raft

man

agem

ent

pla

n f

or

the

ecol

ogic

al c

orri

dor

.20

11-2

015

Pri

mor

sky

Reg

ion

al

Ad

min

istr

atio

n; R

AS,

WW

F

and

oth

er N

GO

s

4.1

.4 T

o d

evel

op a

man

agem

ent

pla

n

for

an e

colo

gica

l cor

rid

or t

hat

lin

ks t

he

Am

ur

tige

r p

opu

lati

ons

in s

outh

-wes

t P

rim

orye

& t

he

Pog

ran

ich

ny

Ran

ge.

• D

raft

man

agem

ent

pla

n f

or

the

ecol

ogic

al c

orri

dor

.20

11-2

015

Pri

mor

sky

Reg

ion

al

Ad

min

istr

atio

n; R

AS,

WW

F

and

oth

er N

GO

s

4.1

.5 T

o en

han

ce t

he

con

trol

&

su

per

visi

on o

ver

the

imp

lem

enta

tion

of

res

pon

sibi

liti

es t

hat

hav

e be

en

del

egat

ed t

o re

gion

al a

uth

orit

ies

con

cern

ing

fore

st u

tili

sati

on, p

rote

ctio

n,

con

serv

atio

n &

th

e p

lan

tin

g of

for

ests

.

• R

esu

lts

of a

ud

itin

g co

nd

uct

ed b

y sp

ecia

l au

thor

itie

s of

P

rim

orsk

y &

Kh

abar

ovsk

reg

ion

s on

th

e pr

otec

tion

, con

trol

& m

anag

emen

t of

wil

d a

nim

als

& t

hei

r h

abit

ats

& o

n f

ores

t u

tili

sati

on, p

rote

ctio

n,

con

serv

atio

n &

th

e p

lan

tin

g of

fo

rest

s on

how

th

e re

spon

sibi

liti

es

del

egat

ed t

o th

e re

gion

al a

uth

orit

ies

are

imp

lem

ente

d.

2010

-20

20M

oNR

; Ros

pri

rod

nad

zor

20

21

4.1

.6 T

o en

han

ce fi

re p

reve

nti

on t

he

abil

ity

to c

omba

t fo

rest

fi re

s w

ith

in

Am

ur

tige

r h

abit

ats.

• A

larm

sys

tem

is d

evel

oped

.•

Loc

al r

esid

ents

are

tra

ined

.•

An

ti-fi

re

infr

astr

uct

ure

is

imp

rove

d.

2010

-20

15

Ros

lesk

hoz

; Min

istr

y of

E

mer

gen

cy (

MoE

); M

oNR

; R

osp

riro

dn

adzo

r; W

WF

an

d o

ther

NG

Os

4.1

.7 T

o en

sure

th

e re

hab

ilit

atio

n o

f d

amag

ed A

mu

r ti

ger

hab

itat

s th

rou

gh

a sp

ecia

l pro

gram

of

fore

st r

esto

rati

on.

• A

ctio

n p

lan

on

for

est

rest

orat

ion

.20

10-2

020

Ros

lesk

hoz

; MoN

R;

Ros

pri

rod

nad

zor;

WW

F

4.1

.8 T

o p

rovi

de

for

the

con

stru

ctio

n

of s

pec

ial w

ild

life

cro

ssin

gs a

cros

s h

igh

way

s to

red

uce

inci

den

ces

of w

ild

an

imal

s be

ing

run

ove

r by

veh

icle

s.

• P

roje

cts

for

con

stru

ctin

g w

ild

life

cro

ssin

gs (

un

der

pas

ses

& o

verp

asse

s).

2012

-20

15

MoN

R; R

osp

riro

dn

adzo

r;

Pri

mor

sky

& K

hab

arov

sk

Reg

ion

al A

dm

inis

trat

ion

s;

WW

F

4.2

To

ensu

re n

on-d

estr

uct

ive

nat

ure

re

sou

rce

use

wit

hin

Am

ur

tige

r h

abit

ats

that

has

min

imal

imp

act

on t

he

envi

ron

men

t &

th

e A

mu

r ti

ger.

4.2

.1 T

o in

trod

uce

th

rou

gh v

olu

nta

ry

fore

stry

cer

tifi

cati

on, a

s st

ipu

late

d b

y th

e F

ores

t St

ewar

dsh

ip C

oun

cil (

FSC

),

sust

ain

able

for

estr

y p

ract

ices

wit

hin

ti

ger

hab

itat

cov

erin

g an

are

a of

no

less

th

an 3

mil

lion

hec

tare

s an

d t

o ad

d t

iger

co

nse

rvat

ion

to

the

list

of

effe

ctiv

enes

s in

dic

ator

s w

ith

in t

he

volu

nta

ry f

ores

try

cert

ifi c

atio

n s

chem

e.

• P

roce

edin

gs o

f w

orks

hop

s.•

Mec

han

ism

for

intr

odu

cin

g su

stai

nab

le f

ores

try

pra

ctic

es

is d

evel

oped

.•

Act

ion

pla

n t

o h

elp

in

trod

uce

vol

un

tary

for

estr

y ce

rtifi

cat

ion

.

2010

-20

12R

osp

riro

dn

adzo

r; P

rim

orsk

y R

egio

nal

Ad

min

istr

atio

n; R

AS,

W

WF

an

d o

ther

NG

Os

4.2

.2 T

o im

ple

men

t p

ilot

ec

otou

rism

pro

ject

s w

ith

in P

rim

orsk

y &

Kh

abar

ovsk

Reg

ion

s as

alt

ern

ativ

es t

o ot

her

for

ms

of e

con

omic

dev

elop

men

t.

• P

ilot

eco

tou

rism

pro

ject

s in

Pri

mor

sky

& K

hab

arov

sk

Reg

ion

s.•

Tou

rs d

evel

oped

&

ad

vert

ised

.

2012

-20

18P

rim

orsk

y &

Kh

abar

ovsk

R

egio

nal

Ad

min

istr

atio

ns;

R

AS,

WW

F a

nd

oth

er N

GO

s

4.2

.3 T

o cr

eate

a ‘s

afar

i-p

ark’

wit

hin

ti

ger

hab

itat

in o

rder

to

hel

p d

evel

op

ecot

ouri

sm &

to

con

du

ct s

cien

tifi

c re

sear

ch.

• D

raft

set

of

doc

um

ents

n

eces

sary

for

est

abli

shin

g a

‘saf

ari-

par

k’.

• D

raft

reg

ion

al a

ct f

or

esta

blis

hin

g a

‘saf

ari-

par

k’.

2011

-20

15P

rim

orsk

y &

Kh

abar

ovsk

R

egio

nal

Ad

min

istr

atio

ns;

R

AS,

WW

F a

nd

oth

er N

GO

s

4.2

.4 T

o cr

eate

ince

nti

ves

for

smal

l bu

sine

ss d

evel

opm

ent i

n or

der

to c

omba

t un

empl

oym

ent &

so

redu

ce p

oach

ing.

2011

-20

20P

rim

orsk

y &

Kh

abar

ovsk

R

egio

nal

Ad

min

istr

atio

ns;

R

AS,

WW

F a

nd

oth

er N

GO

s

4.2

.5 T

o d

evel

op a

pro

gram

& a

ctio

n

pla

ns

that

en

cou

rage

am

ongs

t lo

cal

resi

den

ts n

on-d

estr

uct

ive

use

s of

nat

ure

re

sou

rces

th

at h

ave

min

imal

imp

act

on

the

envi

ron

men

t &

th

e A

mu

r ti

ger

by:

• in

volv

ing

loca

l res

iden

ts in

ec

otou

rism

dev

elop

men

t w

ith

in

Pri

mor

sky

& K

hab

arov

sk R

egio

ns

• su

pp

orti

ng

loca

l res

iden

ts in

th

e d

evel

opm

ent

of b

usi

nes

ses

rela

tin

g to

su

stai

nab

le f

ores

try

& g

ame

farm

ing.

• A

ctio

ns

pla

ns

on t

he

invo

lvem

ent

of lo

cal r

esid

ents

in

eco

tou

rism

dev

elop

men

t in

Pri

mor

sky

& K

hab

arov

sk

Reg

ion

s.

2011

-20

15P

rim

orsk

y &

Kh

abar

ovsk

R

egio

nal

Ad

min

istr

atio

ns;

R

AS,

WW

F a

nd

oth

er N

GO

s

4.3

To

mai

nta

in h

igh

pop

ula

tion

n

um

bers

of

Am

ur

tige

r p

rey

spec

ies

4.3

.1 T

o d

evel

op a

lon

g-te

rm f

eder

al

pro

gram

on

res

tori

ng

pop

ula

tion

s of

w

ild

un

gula

tes

wit

hin

th

e A

mu

r ti

ger’

s ra

nge

th

at w

ould

incl

ud

e in

ter

alia

th

e p

rovi

sion

of

spec

ial c

are

to u

ngu

late

s d

uri

ng

extr

eme

win

ters

wit

h h

igh

sn

owfa

ll &

ou

tbre

aks

of d

isea

se.

• D

raft

lon

g-te

rm f

eder

al

pro

gram

on

res

tori

ng

pop

ula

tion

s of

wil

d u

ngu

late

s w

ith

in t

he

Am

ur

tige

r’s

ran

ge.

2010

-20

12M

oNR

; Ros

pri

rod

nad

zor;

RA

S,

WW

F a

nd

oth

er N

GO

s

22

23

4.3

.2 T

o d

evel

op r

egio

nal

pro

gram

s on

re

stor

ing

pop

ula

tion

s of

wil

d u

ngu

late

s w

ith

in t

he

Am

ur

tige

r’s

ran

ge in

P

rim

orsk

y &

Kh

abar

ovsk

Reg

ion

s.

• D

raft

reg

ion

al p

rogr

ams

on r

esto

rin

g p

opu

lati

ons

of w

ild

u

ngu

late

s w

ith

in t

he

Am

ur

tige

r’s

ran

ge in

Pri

mor

sky

& K

hab

arov

sk

Reg

ion

s.

2010

-20

12

Pri

mor

sky

& K

haba

rovs

k R

egio

nal A

dmin

istr

atio

ns;

auth

orit

ies

resp

onsi

ble

for

the

prot

ecti

on &

the

cont

rol

& r

egul

atio

n of

the

use

of w

ild

anim

als

& th

eir

habi

tats

in

Pri

mor

sky

& K

haba

rovs

k R

egio

ns; R

AS,

WW

F

and

othe

r N

GO

s

4.3.

3 T

o pr

ovid

e ec

onom

ic in

cen

tive

s to

hun

tin

g m

anag

emen

t un

its

whe

re

Am

ur ti

gers

occ

ur, i

ncl

udin

g at

trac

tin

g in

vest

men

t & g

ener

atin

g ot

her

form

s of

n

on-b

udge

t fun

din

g. T

his

shou

ld in

clud

e th

e te

stin

g of

spe

cial

gam

e m

anag

emen

t pr

acti

ces

aim

ed a

t in

crea

sin

g un

gula

te

popu

lati

on n

umbe

rs w

ithi

n p

ilot h

unti

ng

man

agem

ent u

nit

s.

• R

epor

ts o

n s

pec

ial g

ame

man

agem

ent

pra

ctic

es t

hat

hav

e be

en u

nd

erta

ken

.20

12-2

020

Pri

mor

sky

& K

hab

arov

sk

Reg

ion

al A

dm

inis

trat

ion

s;

auth

orit

ies

resp

onsi

ble

for

the

pro

tect

ion

& t

he

con

trol

&

reg

ula

tion

of

the

use

of

wil

d

anim

als

& t

hei

r h

abit

ats

in

Pri

mor

sky

& K

hab

arov

sk

Reg

ion

s; W

WF

an

d o

ther

NG

Os

4.4

To

ensu

re v

eter

inar

y m

onit

orin

g of

th

e A

mu

r ti

ger

pop

ula

tion

.

4.4

.1 T

o co

nd

uct

th

orou

gh m

onit

orin

g of

wil

d a

nim

al p

opu

lati

ons

&d

omes

tic

anim

als

& t

o sc

reen

all

dea

d o

r ca

ptu

red

A

mu

r ti

gers

& o

ther

pre

dat

ors

for

vari

ous

dis

ease

s.

• M

onit

orin

g ac

tivi

ties

.20

10-2

020

MoN

R; R

osp

riro

dn

adzo

r;

Pri

mor

sky

& K

hab

arov

sk

Reg

ion

al A

dm

inis

trat

ion

s;

WW

F a

nd

oth

er N

GO

s

4.4

.2 T

o co

nd

uct

th

orou

gh v

eter

inar

y ex

amin

atio

ns

of a

nim

als

inte

nd

ed t

o be

re

leas

ed b

ack

into

th

e w

ild

th

at a

re a

lso

acco

mp

anie

d b

y d

etai

led

ris

k as

sess

men

ts.

• V

eter

inar

y ex

amin

atio

n

rep

orts

.20

10-2

020

MoA

; Pri

mor

sky

& K

hab

arov

sk

Reg

ion

al A

dm

inis

trat

ion

s

4.4

.3 T

o u

nd

erta

ke a

vac

cin

atio

n

pro

gram

for

dom

esti

c p

ets

& f

eral

dog

s &

cat

s to

pre

ven

t p

ossi

ble

outb

reak

s of

dis

ease

. Vac

cin

atio

ns

mu

st b

e ca

rrie

d

out

agai

nst

th

e fo

llow

ing

dis

ease

s: v

iral

fe

lin

e le

uke

mia

, cal

iciv

iral

infe

ctio

n,

her

pes

, ch

lam

ydio

sis,

fel

ine

pan

leu

kop

enia

, fel

ine

rabi

es,

lep

tosp

iros

is, c

anin

e d

iste

mp

er,

can

ine

par

vovi

rus

& c

anin

e ra

bies

.

• V

acci

nat

ion

pro

gram

.20

10-2

020

MoA

; Pri

mor

sky

& K

hab

arov

sk

Reg

ion

al A

dm

inis

trat

ion

s

4.4

.4 T

o es

tabl

ish

a c

entr

e w

ith

in t

he

Pri

mor

sky

Agr

icu

ltu

ral A

cad

emy

for

con

du

ctin

g p

ost-

mor

tem

exa

min

atio

ns

of d

ead

tig

ers.

• L

egal

act

est

abli

shin

g th

e P

rim

orsk

y A

gric

ult

ura

l Aca

dem

y as

th

e on

ly c

entr

e in

wh

ich

pos

t-m

or-

tem

exa

min

atio

ns

of d

ead

tig

ers

are

con

du

cted

.

2010

Ros

pri

rod

nad

zor;

MoA

; P

rim

orsk

y &

Kh

abar

ovsk

R

egio

nal

Ad

min

istr

atio

ns;

W

WF

an

d o

ther

NG

Os

4.4

.5 T

o p

rovi

de

trai

nin

g fo

r lo

cal

vete

rin

aria

ns

in o

rder

to

exp

ose

them

to

mod

ern

vet

erin

ary

tech

niq

ues

re

lati

ng

to w

ild

life

con

serv

atio

n.

• T

rain

ing

pro

gram

s.•

Sem

inar

s.•

Tra

ined

exp

erts

.20

11-2

020

Ros

pri

rod

nad

zor;

MoA

; P

rim

orsk

y &

Kh

abar

ovsk

R

egio

nal

Ad

min

istr

atio

ns;

N

GO

s

4.5

To

imp

rove

th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of a

nti

-poa

chin

g ef

fort

s.

4.5.

1 T

o co

ndu

ct a

nn

ual t

rain

ing

cour

ses

for

stat

e w

ildlif

e co

nse

rvat

ion

& p

rote

cted

ar

ea in

spec

tors

on

reg

iste

rin

g la

w

viol

atio

ns, i

nspe

ctio

n pr

oced

ures

& d

raw

ing

up

char

ges

acco

rdin

g to

the

Rus

sian

A

dmin

istr

ativ

e C

ode

& to

pro

vide

nec

essa

ry

trai

ning

for

new

ly-e

nrol

led

stat

e in

spec

tors

as

wel

l as

impr

ove

the

qual

ifi ca

tion

s of

oth

er in

spec

tors

.

• R

epor

ts.

2010

-20

20P

rim

orsk

y &

Kh

abar

ovsk

R

egio

nal

Ad

min

istr

atio

ns;

W

WF

24

25

4.5

.2 T

o en

sure

th

at p

eris

hab

le

info

rmat

ion

on

th

e il

lega

l tra

de

in t

iger

sk

ins

& b

ody

par

ts is

col

lect

ed

tim

eou

sly

& w

ith

th

e h

elp

of

loca

l re

sid

ents

.

• U

p-t

o-d

ate

inte

llig

ence

.•

Rep

orts

.20

10-2

020

Tig

er S

pec

ial P

atro

l Tea

m;

Min

istr

y of

In

tern

al A

ffai

rs

(MoI

A)

4.5

.3 T

o id

enti

fy in

cid

ence

s of

tra

nsp

orti

ng

ille

gall

y-ob

tain

ed A

mu

r ti

ger

par

ts b

y m

onit

orin

g il

lici

t m

arke

ts

in o

rder

to

loca

te o

ffer

s fo

r A

mu

r ti

ger

skin

s on

th

e In

tern

et &

th

rou

gh o

ther

fo

rms

of m

edia

.

• U

p-t

o-d

ate

inte

llig

ence

.•

Rep

orts

.20

10-2

020

Tig

er S

pec

ial P

atro

l Tea

m; F

CS

4.5

.4 T

o bl

ock

chan

nel

s of

ille

gal t

rad

e in

& e

xpor

t of

Am

ur

tige

r sk

ins

& o

ther

bo

dy

par

ts in

con

jun

ctio

n w

ith

bra

nch

es

of t

he

Cu

stom

s se

rvic

e.

• U

p-t

o-d

ate

inte

llig

ence

.•

Rep

orts

.20

10-2

020

Tig

er S

pec

ial P

atro

l Tea

m;

FC

S; P

rim

orsk

y &

Kh

abar

ovsk

R

egio

nal

Ad

min

istr

atio

ns

4.5

.5 T

o co

nd

uct

mu

lti-

stak

ehol

der

m

eeti

ngs

, wor

ksh

ops

& s

emin

ars,

as

wel

l as

to p

rovi

de

oth

er f

orm

s of

dia

logu

e be

twee

n a

uth

orit

ies,

co

mm

erci

al c

omp

anie

s &

con

serv

atio

n

NG

Os,

in o

rder

to

dis

cuss

eco

nom

ic

dev

elop

men

t p

lan

s &

sp

atia

l pla

nn

ing

so t

hat

th

e co

nse

rvat

ion

nee

ds

of t

he

Am

ur

tige

r ar

e ta

ken

into

acc

oun

t.

• P

roce

edin

gs o

f m

eeti

ngs

.20

10-2

020

MoN

R; R

osp

riro

dn

adzo

r;

Pri

mor

sky

& K

hab

arov

sk

Reg

ion

al A

dm

inis

trat

ion

s;

Tig

er S

pec

ial P

atro

l Tea

m;

RA

S, W

WF

an

d o

ther

NG

Os

4.5.

6 T

o pr

epar

e re

view

s on

app

lyin

g R

ussi

an a

dmin

istr

ativ

e re

gula

tion

pra

ctic

es

for s

tate

wild

life

cons

erva

tion

& p

rote

cted

ar

ea in

spec

tors

in o

rder

to r

aise

thei

r pr

ofes

sion

al le

vel &

to im

prov

e th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of th

eir

wor

k. T

he r

evie

ws

wou

ld ta

ke in

to a

ccou

nt c

hang

es in

th

e la

w &

cou

rt p

roce

dure

s.

• R

evie

w d

ocu

men

ts.

2010

-20

20

MoN

R; R

osp

riro

dn

adzo

r;

Tig

er S

pec

ial P

atro

l Tea

m;

Pri

mor

sky

& K

hab

arov

sk

Reg

ion

al A

dm

inis

trat

ion

s;

pro

tect

ed a

reas

; RA

S, W

WF

an

d o

ther

NG

Os

5. S

cien

tifi c

rese

arch

5.1

To

prod

uce

a ba

selin

e da

taba

se w

ith

info

rmat

ion

on th

e pr

esen

t-da

y di

stri

buti

on o

f the

Am

ur ti

ger,

its

popu

lati

on d

ynam

ics,

bio

logy

, ec

olog

y &

hab

itat

con

diti

on, a

s w

ell a

s in

form

atio

n o

n p

opul

atio

ns

of

the

tige

r’s

mai

n p

rey

spec

ies.

• D

atab

ase

stru

ctur

e.•

Dat

abas

e in

terf

ace.

• D

ata

ente

red

into

da

taba

se.

* T

he T

iger

Spe

cial

Pat

rol

Tea

m w

as d

esig

nate

d as

bei

ng

resp

onsi

ble

for

mai

ntai

ning

th

is d

atab

ase

by a

spe

cial

or

der

of R

ospr

irod

nadz

or.

2010

-202

0

Tig

er S

pec

ial

Pat

rol T

eam

; R

AS,

WW

F

and

oth

er

NG

Os

5.2

To

dev

elop

& im

ple

men

t sc

ien

tifi

c re

sear

ch p

rogr

ams

on t

he

foll

owin

g fo

cus

area

s:•

pres

ent-

day

dist

ribu

tion

of t

he A

mur

tige

r, it

s po

pula

tion

dy

nam

ics

& th

e m

appi

ng o

f tig

er d

istr

ibut

ion

to p

rodu

ce a

bas

elin

e da

taba

se•

role

of n

atur

al &

hum

an-r

elat

ed fa

ctor

s on

the

popu

lati

on

dyna

mic

s &

cha

ngin

g ha

bita

ts o

f the

Am

ur ti

ger

• id

enti

fi cat

ion

of k

ey b

reed

ing

site

s fo

r th

e A

mur

tige

r•

defi n

itio

n of

the

popu

lati

on s

truc

ture

of t

he A

mur

tige

r us

ing

mol

ecul

ar g

enet

ics

& o

ther

mod

ern

met

hods

• ge

nder

, age

str

uctu

re &

oth

er d

emog

raph

ic in

dica

tors

of

a po

pula

tion

& a

lso

the

spat

ial &

tem

pora

l dis

trib

utio

n of

ani

mal

s re

lati

ng to

gen

der,

age

& e

nvir

onm

enta

l fac

tors

(eg.

stu

dyin

g sp

atia

l po

pula

tion

str

uctu

re, m

ovem

ent &

spa

tial

beh

avio

ur)

• in

tera

ctio

n be

twee

n th

e A

mur

tige

r &

oth

er p

reda

tors

• di

et &

food

ava

ilabi

lity

& th

e di

stri

butio

n &

pop

ulat

ion

dyna

mic

s of

pri

ncip

al p

rey

item

s in

diff

eren

t par

ts o

f the

Am

ur ti

ger’

s ra

nge

• re

prod

ucti

ve b

iolo

gy o

f the

Am

ur ti

ger

• ve

teri

nary

exa

min

atio

n of

indi

vidu

al A

mur

tige

rs fr

om th

e w

ild to

m

onito

r fo

r di

seas

es (e

g. d

iste

mpe

r, to

xopl

asm

osis

, pyr

opla

smos

is, e

tc)

• de

velo

pmen

t of s

cien

tifi c

-bas

ed m

etho

dolo

gy &

a p

rogr

am fo

r th

e re

habi

litat

ion

& fu

ture

rel

ease

bac

k in

to th

e w

ild o

f orp

hane

d tig

er c

ubs.

• Sc

ien

tifi

c re

sear

ch

prog

ram

s.•

Rep

orts

on

res

ult

s of

sci

enti

fi c

rese

arch

.20

10-2

015

Tig

er S

pec

ial

Pat

rol T

eam

, R

AS,

WW

F

and

oth

er

NG

Os

26

27

5.3

To

cont

inue

stu

dies

on

the

spat

ial

& b

ehav

iour

al s

truc

ture

of t

he p

opul

atio

n

usin

g m

oder

n te

chno

logi

es &

met

hods

, in

clud

ing

sate

llite

trac

king

& re

mot

e se

nsin

g.

• R

epor

ts o

n r

esu

lts

of s

cien

tifi

c re

sear

ch.

2010

-20

15R

AS,

WW

F a

nd

oth

er N

GO

s ,

Tig

er S

pec

ial P

atro

l Tea

m

5.4

To

con

tin

ue

stu

die

s on

th

e im

pac

t of

wil

dfi

res

on u

ngu

late

pop

ula

tion

s in

ar

eas

wh

ere

nu

mbe

rs h

ave

dro

pp

ed

sign

ifi c

antl

y an

d a

lso

on t

he

rest

orat

ion

of

Am

ur

tige

r h

abit

ats.

• R

epor

ts o

n r

esu

lts

of s

cien

tifi

c re

sear

ch.

2010

-20

15R

AS,

WW

F a

nd

oth

er N

GO

s ,

Tig

er S

pec

ial P

atro

l Tea

m

5.5

To

con

tin

ue

stu

die

s on

th

e ge

net

ic

stat

us

of A

mu

r ti

ger

pop

ula

tion

s w

ith

in

its

ran

ge in

Ru

ssia

usi

ng

mol

ecu

lar

gen

etic

s.

• R

epor

ts o

n r

esu

lts

of s

cien

tifi

c re

sear

ch.

2011

-20

20R

AS,

WW

F a

nd

oth

er N

GO

s ,

Tig

er S

pec

ial P

atro

l Tea

m

5.6

To

con

tin

ue

stu

die

s on

how

tig

er

beh

avio

ur

dev

elop

s so

th

at t

hey

bec

ome

par

t of

a m

eth

odol

ogy

for

reh

abil

itat

ing

orp

han

ed t

iger

cu

bs.

• D

raft

gu

idel

ines

for

th

e re

hab

ilit

atio

n o

f or

ph

aned

tig

er

cubs

.20

11-2

015

RA

S; N

GO

s

5.7

To

cont

inue

to d

evel

op a

ppro

ache

s ai

med

at m

inim

izin

g th

e ri

sk o

f con

fl ict

ar

isin

g be

twee

n A

mur

tige

rs &

hum

ans.

• R

epor

ts o

n r

esu

lts

of s

cien

tifi

c re

sear

ch.

2011

-20

20R

AS,

WW

F a

nd

oth

er N

GO

s

5.8

To

cont

inue

stu

dies

& w

ork

aim

ed a

t bu

ildin

g up

a b

ank

of g

enet

ic m

ater

ial t

hat

incl

udes

:•

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f a m

etho

d fo

r co

llect

ing

the

sex

orga

ns o

f rec

ently

-de

ceas

ed ti

gers

• th

e co

llect

ion

of g

amet

es (

ie. s

perm

&

egg

s), s

kin

& m

uscl

e tis

sues

from

live

ani

mal

s us

ing

low

-im

pact

met

hods

of s

ampl

ing

(eg.

end

osco

py, e

lect

roej

acul

atio

n, b

iops

y).

• R

epor

ts o

n r

esu

lts

of s

cien

tifi

c re

sear

ch.

2011

-20

20R

AS;

NG

Os

6. M

onito

ring

the

Amur

tige

r pop

ulat

ion

6.1

To

esta

blis

h a

sin

gle

cen

tre

that

is

man

aged

by

the

Tig

er S

pec

ial P

atro

l T

eam

for

th

e st

orag

e &

pro

cess

ing

of m

onit

orin

g d

ata

on t

he

Am

ur

tige

r p

opu

lati

on.

• T

he

Tig

er S

pec

ial P

atro

l T

eam

has

res

pon

sibi

lity

for

d

evel

opin

g &

mai

nta

inin

g th

e m

onit

orin

g ce

ntr

e fo

r th

e A

mu

r T

iger

as

stat

ed in

Par

agra

ph 3

of

the

Min

istr

y of

Nat

ura

l Res

ourc

es

Ord

er N

o. 6

3 of

15

Mar

ch 2

00

3.

2010

-20

20R

osp

riro

dn

adzo

r; T

iger

Sp

ecia

l P

atro

l Tea

m

6.2

To

imp

rove

th

e m

eth

odol

ogy

for

con

du

ctin

g ce

nsu

ses

wit

hin

th

e en

tire

ti

ger

ran

ge b

y u

sin

g in

nov

ativ

e m

eth

ods

that

all

ow f

or m

ore

pre

cise

ass

essm

ent

of p

opu

lati

on n

um

bers

by

add

ing

inte

r al

ia t

he

hea

lth

con

dit

ion

of

the

pop

ula

tion

& t

he

pop

ula

tion

’s g

enet

ic

stru

ctu

re t

o th

e li

st o

f p

aram

eter

s to

be

mon

itor

ed.

• M

onit

orin

g re

sult

s.20

10-2

020

Ros

pri

rod

nad

zor;

Tig

er S

pec

ial

Pat

rol T

eam

6.3

To

stan

dar

diz

e th

e m

eth

odol

ogy

for

cou

nti

ng

un

gula

te p

opu

lati

ons

wit

hin

th

e A

mu

r ti

ger’

s ra

nge

.

• St

and

ard

ized

met

hod

olog

y fo

r co

un

tin

g u

ngu

late

pop

ula

tion

s.20

11-2

015

MoN

R; R

osp

riro

dn

adzo

r; T

iger

Sp

ecia

l Pat

rol T

eam

6.4

To

ensu

re t

he

mon

itor

ing

of A

mu

r ti

gers

wit

hin

sel

ecte

d a

reas

.

• M

onit

orin

g re

sult

s, in

clu

din

g th

ose

obta

ined

usi

ng

a n

ew m

eth

od

app

lied

wit

hin

sel

ecte

d a

reas

.20

10-2

020

MoN

R; T

iger

Sp

ecia

l Pat

rol

Tea

m; R

AS,

WW

F a

nd

oth

er

NG

Os

6.5

To

esta

blis

h a

wor

kin

g gr

oup

on

th

e m

onit

orin

g of

th

e A

mu

r ti

ger

that

wou

ld

fall

un

der

th

e au

spic

es o

f th

e F

ar E

ast

Ros

pri

rod

nad

zor.

• D

ecre

e is

sued

by

the

Far

E

ast R

ospr

irod

nad

zor

on e

stab

lishi

ng

a w

orki

ng

grou

p o

n A

mu

r ti

ger

mon

itor

ing

& li

stin

g it

s m

embe

rsh

ip.

2011

Ros

pri

rod

nad

zor

28

29

7. P

reve

ntin

g an

d re

solv

ing

confl

icts

7.1

To

mai

nta

in t

he

pop

ula

tion

nu

mbe

r of

tig

er p

rey

item

s at

a s

tabl

e le

vel t

hat

su

pp

orts

bot

h t

he

pre

dat

ors

& t

he

nee

ds

of h

un

ters

, wh

ilst

sti

ll r

emai

nin

g w

ith

in

the

lim

its

of m

ain

tain

ing

a su

stai

nab

le

& h

ealt

hy

pre

y p

opu

lati

on.

• R

esu

lts

of c

ensu

ses

of t

iger

p

rey

spec

ies

(win

ter

mig

rati

on

cou

nts

etc

.)20

10-2

020

MoN

R; R

osp

riro

dn

adzo

r;

Pri

mor

sky

& K

hab

arov

sk

Reg

ion

al A

dm

inis

trat

ion

s;

Tig

er S

pec

ial P

atro

l Tea

m

7.2

To

dev

elop

a m

ech

anis

m f

or

com

pen

sati

ng

own

ers

of d

omes

tic

anim

als

(in

clu

din

g re

ind

eer

farm

ers)

fo

r d

amag

e ca

use

d b

y ti

gers

in t

hos

e ca

ses

wh

ere

the

loss

of

dom

esti

c an

imal

s w

as n

ot r

elat

ed t

o th

em b

ein

g ke

pt

in u

nsa

fe c

ond

itio

ns.

• D

raft

gu

idel

ines

on

co

mp

ensa

tin

g ow

ner

s of

dom

esti

c an

imal

s fo

r d

amag

e ca

use

d b

y ti

gers

.•

Ap

pli

cati

on f

orm

to

enab

le

farm

ers

to a

pp

ly f

or c

omp

ensa

tion

.

2011

-20

20

MoN

R; R

osp

riro

dn

adzo

r;

Tig

er S

pec

ial P

atro

l Tea

m;

Pri

mor

sky

& K

hab

arov

sk

Reg

ion

al A

dm

inis

trat

ion

s;

WW

F

7.3

To

pre

par

e an

info

rmat

ion

han

dou

t th

at r

ecom

men

ds

cert

ain

hu

man

beh

av-

iou

r to

fol

low

wh

en e

nte

rin

g or

livi

ng

wit

hin

Am

ur

tige

r h

abit

ats

& w

hen

en

cou

nte

rin

g a

pre

dat

or a

nd

to

ensu

re

that

loca

l res

iden

ts &

hu

nte

rs (

eg. w

hen

is

suin

g h

un

tin

g li

cen

ces)

are

info

rmed

ab

out

reco

mm

end

ed b

ehav

iou

r to

fo

llow

wh

en e

nco

un

teri

ng

a ti

ger

in

ord

er t

o av

oid

con

fl ic

ts f

rom

ari

sin

g. I

n

add

itio

n, t

o re

com

men

d c

ond

itio

ns

in

wh

ich

to

safe

ly h

ouse

dom

esti

c an

imal

s.

• In

form

atio

n h

and

out.

• In

form

atio

n d

isse

min

ated

th

rou

gh T

V &

oth

er m

edia

.•

Info

rmat

ion

mat

eria

ls.

2010

-20

15

MoN

R; R

osp

riro

dn

adzo

r;

Pri

mor

sky

& K

hab

arov

sk

Reg

ion

al A

dm

inis

trat

ion

s;

WW

F

6.6

To

pro

vid

e ac

cess

to

resu

lts

of t

he

mon

itor

ing

pro

gram

s th

rou

gh t

he

Ros

pri

rod

nad

zor

web

site

.

• In

form

atio

n o

n

Ros

pri

rod

nad

zor

web

site

.20

11-2

020

Ros

pri

rod

nad

zor

7.4

To

pro

vid

e n

eces

sary

equ

ipm

ent

for

the

Tig

er S

pec

ial P

atro

l Tea

m t

o d

rive

aw

ay o

r ca

ptu

re &

imm

obil

ize

larg

e p

red

ator

s &

to

ensu

re t

hat

th

e qu

alifi

cat

ion

s of

sta

ff a

re im

pro

ved

th

rou

gh s

pec

ial t

rain

ing

pro

gram

s.

• St

aff

of t

he

Tig

er S

pec

ial

Pat

rol T

eam

are

tra

ined

& n

eces

sary

eq

uip

men

t is

pro

vid

ed.

2010

-20

13T

iger

Sp

ecia

l Pat

rol T

eam

; W

WF

7.5

To

iden

tify

& in

trod

uce

in p

ract

ice

the

mos

t ef

fi ci

ent

met

hod

s fo

r d

rivi

ng

tige

rs a

way

& t

o en

sure

loca

l res

iden

ts

livi

ng

wit

hin

tig

er h

abit

ats

are

pro

vid

ed

wit

h s

elf-

pro

tect

ion

dev

ices

(e

g. p

epp

er s

pra

ys, s

ign

al fl

ares

).

• L

ocal

res

iden

ts e

quip

ped

w

ith

sel

f-p

rote

ctio

n d

evic

es.

2010

-20

20T

iger

Sp

ecia

l Pat

rol T

eam

; W

WF

7.6

To

unde

rtak

e th

e ra

dio-

tagg

ing

of ti

gers

.•

Rep

ort

con

tain

ing

info

rmat

ion

on

tig

er m

ovem

ents

.20

10-2

020

Tig

er S

pec

ial P

atro

l Tea

m;

WW

F

7.7

To

ensu

re t

he

esta

blis

hm

ent

of a

n

Am

ur

Tig

er R

ehab

ilit

atio

n C

entr

e th

at

wou

ld lo

ok a

fter

& r

aise

orp

han

ed t

iger

cu

bs w

ith

th

e in

ten

tion

of

even

tual

ly

rele

asin

g th

em b

ack

into

th

e w

ild

as

wel

l as

tem

por

aril

y h

ouse

cap

ture

d t

iger

s.

• C

once

pt,

wor

k p

lan

&

bu

dge

t fo

r th

e es

tabl

ish

men

t of

an

A

mu

r T

iger

Reh

abil

itat

ion

Cen

tre.

• D

ecre

e on

est

abli

shin

g an

A

mu

r T

iger

Reh

abil

itat

ion

Cen

tre.

2011

-20

20

Ros

prir

odna

dzor

; Tig

er S

peci

al

Pat

rol T

eam

; Pri

mor

sky

& K

haba

rovs

k R

egio

nal

Adm

inis

trat

ions

; aut

hori

ties

re

spon

sibl

e fo

r th

e pr

otec

tion

&

the

cont

rol &

reg

ulat

ion

of th

e us

e of

wild

ani

mal

s &

thei

r ha

bita

ts

in P

rim

orsk

y &

Kha

baro

vsk

Reg

ions

; WW

F

7.8

To

ensu

re th

at v

eter

inar

y ex

amin

atio

ns a

re c

arri

ed o

ut o

n c

aptu

red

prob

lem

ti

gers

, un

ifor

m p

ost-

mor

tem

s ar

e co

nd

uct

ed o

n d

ecea

sed

an

imal

s &

sta

nd

ard

ized

met

hod

s of

col

lect

ing

biol

ogic

al s

amp

les

from

cap

ture

d

& d

ecea

sed

an

imal

s &

an

alys

ing

them

fo

r p

ossi

ble

dis

ease

s ar

e em

plo

yed

.

• P

ost-

mor

tem

rep

orts

.•

Stan

dar

diz

ed m

eth

ods

of

coll

ecti

ng

biol

ogic

al s

amp

les

from

ca

ptu

red

& d

ecea

sed

an

imal

s &

an

alys

ing

them

for

pos

sibl

e d

isea

ses.

2011

-20

20

Ros

prir

odna

dzor

; Tig

er

Spec

ial P

atro

l Tea

m; P

rim

orsk

y &

Kha

baro

vsk

Reg

iona

l A

dmin

istr

atio

ns; a

utho

riti

es

resp

onsi

ble

for

the

prot

ecti

on

& th

e co

ntro

l & r

egul

atio

n of

the

use

of w

ild a

nim

als

& th

eir

habi

tats

in P

rim

orsk

y &

Kha

baro

vsk

Reg

ions

; WW

F

30

31

8. P

ublic

aw

aren

ess

and

educ

atio

n

8.1

To

prom

ote

amon

gst l

ocal

res

iden

ts

a to

lera

nce

tow

ards

the

tige

r&

an

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

the

need

for

its

cons

erva

tion

& a

lso

to in

still

an

und

erst

andi

ng o

f the

impo

rtan

t rol

e th

at R

ussi

a pl

ays

in c

onse

rvin

g th

e w

orld

’s

popu

lati

on o

f the

Am

ur ti

ger.

8.1

.1 T

o de

velo

p &

car

ry o

ut p

rom

otio

n

cam

paig

ns fo

r di

ffer

ent t

arge

t gro

ups

with

in

the

tige

r ra

nge

that

are

aim

ed a

t cre

atin

g a

posi

tive

imag

e of

the

pred

ator

as

a s

ymbo

l of n

atur

e in

the

regi

on

• In

form

atio

n d

isse

min

ated

th

rou

gh t

he

med

ia.

2010

-20

20

MoN

R; R

osp

riro

dn

adzo

r;

Tig

er S

pec

ial P

atro

l Tea

m;

Pri

mor

sky

& K

hab

arov

sk

Reg

ion

al A

dm

inis

trat

ion

s;

RA

S, W

WF

an

d o

ther

NG

Os

8.1

.2 T

o u

nde

rtak

e th

e fo

llow

ing

acti

viti

es:

• to

pu

blis

h in

form

atio

n in

reg

ion

al

& d

istr

ict

med

ia o

n t

he

tige

r &

its

biol

ogy,

ec

olog

y &

hab

itat

•

to p

rodu

ce e

nvi

ron

men

tal

radi

o &

tel

evis

ion

pro

gram

s on

th

e A

mu

r ti

ger,

con

duct

com

peti

tion

s w

ith

in t

he

med

ia fo

r th

e be

st p

rogr

am &

pro

duce

a

seri

es o

f edu

cati

onal

pro

gram

s on

rar

e pl

ant

& a

nim

al s

peci

es in

Pri

mor

sky

& K

hab

arov

sk R

egio

ns

• to

dev

elop

& m

ain

tain

a r

egio

nal

w

ebsi

te o

n A

mu

r ti

ger

con

serv

atio

n•

to p

rodu

ce &

bro

adca

st t

elev

ised

m

usic

al p

rom

os o

n A

mur

tige

r co

nser

vatio

n

• In

form

atio

n p

rese

nte

d

or p

ubl

ish

ed.

2010

-20

20

MoN

R; R

osp

riro

dn

adzo

r; T

iger

Sp

ecia

l Pat

rol T

eam

; Pri

mor

sky

& K

hab

arov

sk R

egio

nal

A

dm

inis

trat

ion

s; R

AS,

WW

F

and

oth

er N

GO

s

8.1

.2 •

to e

duca

te lo

cal r

esid

ents

thro

ugh

radi

o &

tele

visi

on a

bout

the

dam

age

caus

ed b

y po

achi

ng

& th

e ef

fort

s be

ing

empl

oyed

to c

omba

t it

• to

pla

ce in

the

child

ren’

s se

ctio

ns o

f dis

tric

t ne

wsp

aper

s qu

izze

s &

ans

wer

s on

con

serv

atio

n•

to p

rodu

ce fi

lms

& v

ideo

s pr

omot

ing

the

cons

erva

tion

of r

are

& e

ndan

gere

d sp

ecie

s &

to

pers

uade

fi lm

cre

ws

from

the

best

fede

ral,

regi

onal

&

fore

ign

fi lm

& te

levi

sion

com

pani

es, a

s w

ell

as s

choo

l fi lm

-mak

ing

club

s, to

mak

e am

ateu

r &

pro

fess

iona

l doc

umen

tari

es &

sho

w th

em

on lo

cal t

elev

isio

n•

to d

evel

op, p

rodu

ce &

dis

trib

ute

info

rmat

ion

&

pro

mot

iona

l lea

fl ets

, bro

chur

es, fi

eld

gui

des,

ba

dges

, sti

cker

s, p

ostc

ards

, sou

veni

rs

& o

ther

mat

eria

ls w

ith

an A

mur

tige

r th

eme

• to

dev

elop

, pro

duce

& e

rect

bill

boar

ds,

info

rmat

ion

boar

ds &

ban

ners

feat

urin

g ei

ther

pi

ctur

es d

raw

n by

chi

ldre

n fr

om lo

cal n

eigh

bour

hood

s or

pho

togr

aphs

take

n by

pro

fess

iona

l pho

togr

aphe

rs

• to

pla

ce c

onse

rvat

ion

mes

sage

s on

air

craf

t,

ship

s &

veh

icle

s us

ed fo

r tr

ansp

orti

ng b

oth

loca

l re

side

nts

& to

uris

ts•

to p

rom

ote

Am

ur ti

ger

cons

erva

tion

by

plac

ing

adve

rtis

emen

ts in

sho

ps, r

esta

uran

ts &

oth

er

food

out

lets

• to

org

aniz

e a

hand

icra

fts

com

peti

tion

wit

h an

A

mur

tige

r th

eme

• to

illu

stra

te in

com

ic s

trip

form

re

com

men

dati

ons

on b

ehav

iour

s to

follo

w w

hen

en

coun

teri

ng a

tige

r &

giv

ing

phon

e nu

mbe

rs to

cal

l in

cas

e of

inci

dent

s or

env

iron

men

tal c

rim

es.

• In

form

atio

n p

rese

nte

d

or p

ubl

ish

ed.

32

33

8.1

.3 T

o li

aise

reg

ula

rly

wit

h t

he

loca

l m

edia

(m

un

icip

al &

dis

tric

t), i

ncl

ud

ing

the

elec

tron

ic m

edia

, mak

e av

aila

ble

pop

ula

rize

d in

form

atio

n o

n

a re

gula

r ba

sis

& p

rovi

de

opp

ortu

nit

ies

for

feed

back

by

con

du

ctin

g d

iscu

ssio

ns,

su

rvey

s, c

onte

sts,

qu

izze

s, e

tc.

• In

form

atio

n d

istr

ibu

ted

th

rou

gh t

he

med

ia.

2010

-20

20

Ros

pri

rod

nad

zor;

Tig

er

Spec

ial P

atro

l Tea

m;

Pri

mor

sky

& K

hab

arov

sk

Reg

ion

al A

dm

inis

trat

ion

s;

RA

S, W

WF

an

d o

ther

NG

Os

8.1

.4 T

o in

form

loca

l res

iden

ts a

bou

t th

e fa

ct t

hat

th

e A

mu

r ti

ger

is li

sted

in

th

e R

ed D

ata

Boo

ks o

f R

uss

ia &

th

e P

rim

orsk

y, K

hab

arov

sk, A

mu

r &

th

e Je

wis

h A

uto

nom

ous

Reg

ion

s an

d o

f th

e p

enal

ties

th

at a

pp

ly f

or il

lega

lly

obta

inin

g A

mu

r ti

gers

an

d t

hei

r bo

dy

par

ts &

der

ivat

ives

.

• In

form

atio

n m

ater

ials

.20

10-2

011

Tig

er S

pec

ial P

atro

l Tea

m;

WW

F

8.1

.5 T

o pr

esen

t inf

orm

atio

n to

loca

l re

side

nts

on ti

ger

ecol

ogy,

the

cons

erva

tion

nee

ds o

f the

tige

r &

its

prey

, th

e in

adm

issi

bilit

y of

poa

chin

g, th

e be

havi

our

that

peo

ple

shou

ld fo

llow

whe

n

wit

hin

the

tige

r’s

rang

e &

wha

t to

do w

hen

a

tige

r is

enc

ount

ered

. T

he in

form

atio

n

shou

ld b

e pr

esen

ted

by th

e en

viro

nmen

tal

educ

atio

n &

com

mun

icat

ion

depa

rtm

ents

of

pro

tect

ed a

reas

.

• P

ubl

icat

ion

of

info

rmat

ion

th

rou

gh v

ario

us

pro

tect

ed a

rea

med

ia.

• In

form

atio

n p

lace

d o

n

pro

tect

ed a

rea

web

site

s.•

Info

rmat

ion

ava

ilab

le in

n

atu

ral h

isto

ry m

use

um

s,

visi

tor

cen

tres

, ou

tdoo

r in

form

atio

n

boar

ds,

etc

.

2010

-20

20

MoN

R; f

eder

al &

reg

ion

al

pro

tect

ed a

rea

adm

inis

trat

ion

s;

Pri

mor

sky

& K

hab

arov

sk

Reg

ion

al A

dm

inis

trat

ion

s;

RA

S, W

WF

an

d o

ther

NG

Os

8.1

.6 T

o d

evel

op e

co-t

rail

s (‘

tige

r tr

ails

’)

wit

hin

nat

ion

al p

arks

& n

atu

re r

eser

ve

buff

er z

ones

th

at h

elp

pro

mot

e co

nse

rvat

ion

aw

aren

ess

amon

gst

peo

ple

li

vin

g w

ith

in t

he

tige

r’s

ran

ge.

• In

form

atio

n p

lace

d a

lon

g ec

olog

ical

tra

ils

(eg.

info

rmat

ion

bo

ard

s, h

and

outs

, etc

).20

10-2

020

MoN

R; f

eder

al &

reg

iona

l pr

otec

ted

area

adm

inis

trat

ions

; P

rim

orsk

y &

Kh

abar

ovsk

R

egio

nal A

dmin

istr

atio

ns; R

AS,

W

WF

and

othe

r N

GO

s

8.1

.7 T

o es

tabl

ish,

rep

len

ish

& u

pdat

e ex

hibi

tion

s in

nat

ure

mus

eum

s &

libr

arie

s th

at ta

ke in

to a

ccou

nt c

urre

nt

deve

lopm

ents

in m

useu

m &

libr

ary

man

agem

ent a

nd

use

such

met

hods

as

mob

ile &

sta

tic

exhi

biti

ons

of p

hoto

grap

hs, a

rtw

ork,

chi

ldre

n’s

draw

ings

&

pro

ject

s, p

oste

rs, e

ssay

s &

sch

ool

proj

ects

, all

on th

e th

eme

of A

mur

ti

ger

con

serv

atio

n &

the

role

that

the

tige

r pl

ays

in th

e cu

ltur

es o

f in

dige

nou

s pe

ople

s liv

ing

in th

e so

uthe

rn p

art

of th

e R

ussi

an F

ar E

ast.

To

impr

ove

way

s of

inte

ract

ing

wit

h

visi

tors

.T

o es

tabl

ish

grou

ps o

f vol

unte

er le

ctur

ers

wit

hin

mus

eum

s &

libr

arie

s in

ord

er to

ra

ise

awar

enes

s am

ongs

t peo

ple

abou

t the

co

nse

rvat

ion

nee

ds o

f the

Am

ur ti

ger.

• U

p-t

o-d

ate

exh

ibit

ion

s in

n

atu

re m

use

um

s &

libr

arie

s.•

Gro

up

s of

vol

un

teer

lect

ure

s 20

10-2

020

MoN

R; f

eder

al &

reg

ion

al p

ro-

tect

ed a

rea

adm

inis

trat

ion

s;

Pri

mor

sky

& K

hab

arov

sk

Reg

ion

al A

dm

inis

trat

ion

s;

Dep

artm

ent

of E

du

cati

on in

P

rim

orsk

y R

egio

n; M

inis

try

of E

du

cati

on in

Kh

abar

ovsk

R

egio

n; d

istr

ict

edu

cati

on

dep

artm

ents

; RA

S,

WW

F a

nd

oth

er N

GO

s

8.1

.8 T

o or

gan

ize

edu

cati

onal

pro

gram

s fo

r va

riou

s ag

e gr

oup

s th

at f

ocu

s on

re

com

men

ded

hu

man

beh

avio

ur

& r

ule

s fo

r ke

epin

g d

omes

tic

anim

als

wit

hin

th

e ra

nge

s of

th

e ti

ger

& o

ther

larg

e p

red

a-to

rs, o

n fi

re s

afet

y in

th

e fo

rest

& o

n

surv

ival

in t

he

taig

a.

• P

ubl

ic a

war

enes

s &

kn

owle

dge

abo

ut

hu

man

beh

avio

ur

& r

ule

s fo

r ke

epin

g d

omes

tic

anim

als

wit

hin

th

e ra

nge

s of

th

e ti

ger

& o

ther

larg

e p

red

ator

s, o

n fi

re

safe

ty in

th

e fo

rest

& o

n s

urv

ival

in

th

e ta

iga.

2010

-20

20

Pri

mor

sky

& K

hab

arov

sk

Reg

ion

al A

dm

inis

trat

ion

s;

Dep

artm

ent

of E

du

cati

on in

P

rim

orsk

y R

egio

n; M

inis

try

of E

du

cati

on in

Kh

abar

ovsk

R

egio

n; d

istr

ict

edu

cati

on

dep

artm

ents

; WW

F

34

35

8.1

.9 T

o co

ndu

ct s

emin

ars

& r

oun

d-ta

ble

mee

tin

gs a

imed

at r

aisi

ng

publ

ic

awar

enes

s ab

out l

egal

regu

latio

ns, i

nclu

ding

th

e R

ussi

an C

rim

inal

Cod

e, s

o he

lpin

g to

co

mba

t en

viro

nm

enta

l cri

me,

incl

udin

g th

e sh

ooti

ng o

f rar

e &

end

ange

red

spec

ies;

to

hol

d m

eeti

ngs

bet

wee

n c

onse

rvat

ion

au

thor

itie

s &

loca

l res

iden

ts li

vin

g w

ithi

n

the

tige

r’s

ran

ge in

ord

er to

exp

lain

thos

e ar

eas

of th

e R

ussi

an C

rim

inal

Cod

e th

at

rela

te to

ille

gal h

unti

ng

& th

e re

gula

tion

s go

vern

ing

the

rem

oval

of a

nim

als

liste

d

in th

e R

ussi

an R

ed D

ata

Boo

k.

• In

form

atio

n h

and

outs

on

th

e co

nse

rvat

ion

of

the

Am

ur

tige

r &

its

hab

itat

.20

20-2

020

MoN

R; f

eder

al &

reg

ion

al

pro

tect

ed a

rea

adm

inis

trat

ion

s; P

rim

orsk

y &

Kh

abar

ovsk

Reg

ion

al

Ad

min

istr

atio

ns;

Dep

artm

ent

of E

du

cati

on in

Pri

mor

sky

Reg

ion

; Min

istr

y of

Ed

uca

tion

in

Kh

abar

ovsk

Reg

ion

; dis

tric

t ed

uca

tion

dep

artm

ents

; RA

S,

WW

F a

nd

oth

er N

GO

s

8.1

.10

To

con

du

ct s

ocio

logi

cal s

urv

eys

to id

enti

fy t

he

atti

tud

e of

var

iou

s p

opu

lati

on g

rou

ps

tow

ard

s th

e A

mu

r ti

ger

& it

s co

nse

rvat

ion

& t

o in

form

th

e p

ubl

ic-a

t-la

rge

abou

t th

e re

sult

s.

• Q

ues

tion

nai

res.

• P

ubl

icis

ing

of s

urv

ey r

esu

lts

2020

-20

20

Dep

artm

ent

of E

du

cati

on in

P

rim

orsk

y R

egio

n; M

inis

try

of E

du

cati

on in

Kh

abar

ovsk

R

egio

n; d

istr

ict

edu

cati

on

dep

artm

ents

8.2

To

ensu

re th

at e

nvir

onm

enta

l edu

catio

n

& a

war

enes

s ac

tiviti

es o

n A

mur

tige

r co

nser

vatio

n ar

e co

nduc

ted

for c

hild

ren.

8.2

.1 T

o in

corp

orat

e cu

rren

t en

viro

n-

men

tal i

ssu

es in

to m

and

ator

y tr

ain

ing

cou

rses

for

tea

cher

s.

• P

rogr

ams

for

man

dat

ory

teac

her

tra

inin

g co

urs

es t

hat

in

clu

de

curr

ent

envi

ron

men

tal

issu

es.

2010

-20

20

Dep

artm

ent

of E

du

cati

on in

P

rim

orsk

y R

egio

n; M

inis

try

of

Edu

cati

on in

Kha

baro

vsk

Reg

ion;

di

stri

ct e

duca

tion

dep

artm

ents

8.2

.2 T

o in

corp

orat

e en

viro

nm

enta

l ed

uca

tion

pro

gram

s w

hic

h e

xpla

in t

he

ecol

ogic

al r

ole

of t

iger

s in

Uss

uri

tai

ga

ecos

yste

ms

into

sch

ool c

urr

icu

la in

th

e P

rim

orsk

y &

Kh

abar

ovsk

Reg

ion

s.

• Sc

hoo

l cu

rric

ula

.20

10-2

020

Dep

artm

ent

of E

du

cati

on in

P

rim

orsk

y R

egio

n; M

inis

try

of E

du

cati

on in

Kh

abar

ovsk

R

egio

n; d

istr

ict

edu

cati

on

dep

artm

ents

8.2.

3 T

o in

clud

e is

sues

on

reco

mm

ende

d

hum

an b

ehav

iour

to fo

llow

whe

n w

ithi

n th

e ti

ger’

s ra

nge

in ‘l

ife s

afet

y’ le

sson

s th

at a

re

give

n at

thos

e se

cond

ary

scho

ols

in P

rim

orsk

y &

Kha

baro

vsk

Reg

ions

that

are

loca

ted

with

in

tiger

hab

itats

.

• Sc

hool

cur

ricu

la.

2010

-202

0

Dep

artm

ent o

f Edu

cati

on in

P

rim

orsk

y R

egio

n; M

inis

try

of

Edu

cati

on in

Kha

baro

vsk

Reg

ion;

di

stri

ct e

duca

tion

dep

artm

ents

8.2.

4 T

o pr

oduc

e sp

ecia

l gui

delin

es,

text

book

s, p

rogr

ams

& tr

aini

ng a

ids

rela

ting

to ti

ger

ecol

ogy

& c

onse

rvat

ion

fo

r sc

hool

s.

• Sp

ecia

l gui

delin

es,

text

book

s, p

rogr

ams

& tr

aini

ng a

ids.

2010

-202

0

Dep

artm

ent o

f Edu

cati

on in

P

rim

orsk

y R

egio

n; M

inis

try

of E

duca

tion

in K

haba

rovs

k R

egio

n; d

istr

ict e

duca

tion

de

part

men

ts

8.2.

5 T

o er

ect e

duca

tion

al b

oard

s w

ith

in

form

atio

n on

the

ecol

ogy

of th

e A

mur

ti

ger

wit

hin

scho

ols.

• In

form

atio

n bo

ards

.20

10-2

020

Dep

artm

ent o

f Edu

cati

on in

P

rim

orsk

y R

egio

n; M

inis

try

of E

duca

tion

in K

haba

rovs

k R

egio

n; d

istr

ict e

duca

tion

de

part

men

ts8.

2.6

To

orga

nize

the

follo

win

g en

viro

nmen

tal e

duca

tion

activ

ities

with

in

scho

ols:

• ar

rang

e a

scho

ols

cont

est t

o de

velo

p

an In

tern

et-b

ased

env

iron

men

tal n

ewsl

ette

r •

orga

nize

a tr

ade-

fair

for c

hild

ren’

s w

orks

that

are

them

ed o

n th

e A

mur

tige

r•

arra

nge

for c

hild

ren’

s pr

esen

tatio

ns

& th

e sc

reen

ing

of fi

lms

mad

e by

chi

ldre

n to

be

giv

en a

t par

ents

’ mee

tings

hel

d at

sch

ools

•

prov

ide

supp

ort f

or c

hild

ren’

s en

viro

nmen

tal t

heat

re/s

tudi

os•

arra

nge

for t

he s

cree

ning

of

doc

umen

tari

es o

n th

e A

mur

tige

r & o

ther

R

ed D

ata

Boo

k-lis

ted

spec

ies

for c

hild

ren

&

follo

w th

ese

up w

ith d

iscu

ssio

ns.

• In

form

atio

n pr

ovid

ed.

2010

-202

0

Dep

artm

ent o

f Edu

catio

n

in P

rim

orsk

y R

egio

n; M

inis

try

of E

duca

tion

in K

haba

rovs

k R

egio

n; d

istr

ict e

duca

tion

de

part

men

ts

36

37

8.2

.7 T

o or

gani

ze e

xtra

-cur

ricu

lar

envi

ronm

enta

l ed

ucat

ion

acti

viti

es fo

r ch

ildre

n, s

uch

as s

umm

er

cam

ps, r

esea

rch

expe

diti

ons,

fi el

d sc

hool

s &

var

ious

en

viro

nmen

tal e

duca

tion

pro

ject

s, &

to u

se r

ole

play

ing,

con

test

s &

oth

er fo

rms

of g

ames

.

• In

form

atio

n

pro

vid

ed.

2010

-20

20

Dep

artm

ent o

f Edu

cati

on in

P

rim

orsk

y R

egio

n; M

inis

try

of

Edu

cati

on in

Kha

baro

vsk

Reg

ion;

di

stri

ct e

duca

tion

dep

artm

ents

8.2

.8 T

o or

gan

ize

an a

nn

ual

reg

ion

al D

ay o

f th

e T

iger

, dis

tric

t, c

ity

& r

egio

nal

oly

mp

iad

s, c

hil

dre

n’s

ar

t &

ph

otog

rap

hic

com

pet

itio

ns,

fes

tiva

ls,

cele

brat

ion

s, g

ath

erin

gs, e

tc.

• In

form

atio

n

pro

vid

ed20

10-2

020

Pri

mor

sky

& K

haba

rovs

k R

egio

nal

Adm

inis

trat

ion

s;

Dep

artm

ent o

f Edu

cati

on in

P

rim

orsk

y R

egio

n; M

inis

try

of

Edu

cati

on in

Kha

baro

vsk

Reg

ion

; di

stri

ct e

duca

tion

dep

artm

ents

; R

AS,

WW

F a

nd

othe

r N

GO

s

8.2.

9 T

o cr

eate

, usi

ng th

e P

rim

orsk

y In

stit

ute

of A

dvan

ced

Tra

inin

g fo

r E

duca

tors

as

a ba

se, r

egio

nal

audi

o &

vid

eo li

brar

ies

on ti

ger

cons

erva

tion

that

can

be

use

d to

:•

prod

uce

& b

road

cast

chi

ldre

n’s

radi

o &

tele

visi

on p

rogr

ams

• pr

oduc

e &

bro

adca

st e

nvir

onm

enta

l gam

es,

fair

ytal

es &

pla

ys w

ith R

ed D

ata

Boo

k-lis

ted

anim

als

(inc

ludi

ng th

e A

mur

tige

r) a

ctin

g as

mai

n ch

arac

ters

• in

form

the

publ

ic-a

t-la

rge

thro

ugh

radi

o &

te

levi

sion

abo

ut th

e cu

rren

t sta

te o

f the

Am

ur ti

ger

popu

latio

n, e

mer

genc

ies

rela

ting

to a

dver

se im

pact

s on

tig

er h

abita

ts &

act

ions

bei

ng u

nder

take

n by

aut

hori

ties

to a

ddre

ss e

mer

ging

thre

ats

agai

nst t

he A

mur

tige

r•

prod

uce

& d

istr

ibut

e bu

lletin

s pr

ovid

ing

info

rmat

ion

on th

e m

onito

ring

of t

iger

pop

ulat

ions

• pr

oduc

e &

dis

trib

ute

educ

atio

nal m

ater

ials

, po

ster

s, c

hild

ren’

s co

mic

s &

info

rmat

ion

hand

outs

all

abou

t the

Am

ur ti

ger.

• In

form

atio

n

pro

vid

ed.

2010

-20

20

Pri

mor

sky

& K

haba

rovs

k R

egio

nal

Adm

inis

trat

ion

s;

Dep

artm

ent o

f Edu

cati

on

in P

rim

orsk

y R

egio

n; M

inis

try

of E

duca

tion

in K

haba

rovs

k R

egio

n; d

istr

ict e

duca

tion

de

part

men

ts; R

AS,

WW

F

and

othe

r N

GO

s

8.3

To

ensu

re th

at e

duca

tion

al

& a

war

enes

s-ra

isin

g ac

tivi

ties

on

Am

ur

tige

r co

nse

rvat

ion

take

pla

ce a

mon

gst

stud

ents

.

8.3

.1 T

o d

evel

op &

intr

odu

ce

envi

ron

men

tal p

rogr

ams

into

th

e cu

rric

ula

of

un

iver

siti

es &

oth

er h

igh

er

edu

cati

on in

stit

uti

ons

& t

o or

gan

ize

lect

ure

s by

rep

rese

nta

tive

s fr

om

con

serv

atio

n a

uth

orit

ies

& N

GO

s.T

o in

corp

orat

e in

form

atio

n o

n t

he

con

serv

atio

n o

f th

e A

mu

r ti

ger

& o

ther

w

ild

life

sp

ecie

s li

vin

g in

th

e so

uth

ern

p

art

of t

he

Ru

ssia

n F

ar E

ast

into

th

e cu

rric

ula

of

un

iver

siti

es in

Pri

mor

sky

& K

hab

arov

sk R

egio

ns

& t

o sh

ow v

ideo

d

ocu

men

tari

es t

o st

ud

ents

.

• C

urr

icu

la o

f u

niv

ersi

ties

&

oth

er h

igh

er e

du

cati

on

inst

itu

tion

s.20

10-2

020

Dep

artm

ent

of E

du

cati

on in

P

rim

orsk

y R

egio

n; M

inis

try

of E

du

cati

on in

Kh

abar

ovsk

R

egio

n; d

istr

ict

edu

cati

on

dep

artm

ents

; RA

S, W

WF

an

d o

ther

NG

Os

8.3

.2 T

o or

gan

ize

spec

ial s

emin

ars,

tr

ain

ing

cou

rses

, rou

nd

-tab

le m

eeti

ngs

&

sci

ence

-in

to-p

ract

ice

con

fere

nce

s.

• P

roce

edin

gs o

f sp

ecia

l se

min

ars,

tra

inin

g co

urs

es, r

oun

d-

tabl

e m

eeti

ngs

& s

cien

ce-i

nto

-p

ract

ice

con

fere

nce

s.

2010

-20

20

Dep

artm

ent

of E

du

cati

on in

P

rim

orsk

y R

egio

n; M

inis

try

of E

du

cati

on in

Kh

abar

ovsk

R

egio

n; d

istr

ict

edu

cati

on

dep

artm

ents

; RA

S, W

WF

an

d o

ther

NG

Os

8.3

.3 T

o p

ubl

ish

stu

den

t n

ewsl

ette

rs

& b

ull

etin

s on

tig

er c

onse

rvat

ion

.•

Stu

den

t n

ewsl

ette

rs

& b

ull

etin

s.20

10-2

020

Dep

artm

ent o

f Edu

cati

on in

P

rim

orsk

y R

egio

n; M

inis

try

of

Edu

cati

on in

Kha

baro

vsk

Reg

ion;

di

stri

ct e

duca

tion

dep

artm

ents

; R

AS,

WW

F a

nd o

ther

NG

Os

38

39

8.3

.4 T

o or

gan

ize

acti

viti

es fo

r st

uden

t co

nse

rvat

ion

mov

emen

ts &

vol

unte

ers.

• A

ctiv

ity

rep

orts

.20

10-2

020

Dep

artm

ent

of E

du

cati

on in

P

rim

orsk

y R

egio

n; M

inis

try

of E

du

cati

on in

Kh

abar

ovsk

R

egio

n; d

istr

ict

edu

cati

on d

e-p

artm

ents

; RA

S, W

WF

an

d o

ther

NG

Os

8.4

To

pro

vid

e ba

sic

& a

dva

nce

d

trai

nin

g co

urs

es f

or e

xper

ts in

Am

ur

tige

r co

nse

rvat

ion

.

8.4

.1 T

o or

gan

ize

sem

inar

s &

tra

inin

g co

urs

es f

or g

ame

farm

m

anag

ers

& le

ssee

s of

hu

nti

ng

grou

nd

s in

ord

er t

o sh

are

best

pra

ctic

es f

rom

p

ilot

hu

nti

ng

man

agem

ent

un

its.

• P

roce

edin

gs o

f se

min

ars

& t

rain

ing

cou

rses

.20

10-2

020

Pri

mor

sky

& K

hab

arov

sk

Reg

ion

al A

dm

inis

trat

ion

s

*

–

Abb

revi

atio

ns

use

d:

AZ

A

– A

mer

ican

Zoo

& A

quar

ium

Ass

ocia

tion

; E

AZ

A –

Eu

rop

ean

Ass

ocia

tion

of

Zoo

s &

Aqu

aria

; E

EP

–

Eu

rop

ean

Pro

gram

for

Am

ur

Tig

er B

reed

ing

(Tig

er E

uro

päi

sch

e E

rhal

tun

gszu

cht

Pro

gram

me)

; E

IA

– E

nvi

ron

men

tal I

mp

act

Ass

essm

ent;

F

CS

–

Fed

eral

Cu

stom

s Se

rvic

e;

FS

C

– F

ores

t St

ewar

dsh

ip C

oun

cil;

IU

CN

– In

tern

atio

nal

Un

ion

for

Con

serv

atio

n o

f N

atu

re;

Mo

A

– M

inis

try

of A

gric

ult

ure

, MoE

– M

inis

try

of E

mer

gen

cy;

Mo

ES

– M

inis

try

of E

du

cati

on &

Sci

ence

; M

oF

A –

Min

istr

y of

For

eign

Aff

airs

; M

oIA

– M

inis

try

of I

nte

rnal

Aff

airs

; M

oJ

–

Min

istr

y of

Ju

stic

e;

Mo

NR

–

Min

istr

y of

Nat

ura

l Res

ourc

es;

NG

O

– n

on-g

over

nm

ent

orga

nis

atio

n;

RA

S

–

Ru

ssia

n A

cad

emy

of S

cien

ces;

R

osp

riro

dn

azo

r –

offi

cia

lly

know

n a

s th

e F

eder

al S

up

ervi

sory

N

atu

ral R

esou

rces

Man

agem

ent

Serv

ice;

S

SC

–

IU

CN

Sp

ecie

s Su

rviv

al C

omm

issi

on;

SS

P

– N

orth

Am

eric

an T

iger

Sp

ecie

s Su

rviv

al P

lan

; U

NE

SC

O –

Un

ited

Nat

ion

s E

du

cati

onal

, Sc

ien

tifi

c &

Cu

ltu

ral O

rgan

izat

ion

; W

WF

– W

orld

Wid

e F

un

d f

or N

atu

re.