Paragraph Development

4. cause and effect(p155)

Several changes have brought wild animals to the cities ． Foremost is ， that air and water quality in many cities have improved as a result of the 1970's pollution control efforts ． Meanwhile ， rural areas have been built up ， leaving many animals on the edges of suburbs ． In addition ， urban wildlife refuges have been created ． The Greater London Council last year spent ＄ 750,000 to buy land and build 10 permanent wildlife refuges in the city ． As a result ， many big birds are now living in the city ． For peregrine falcons cities are actually safer than rural cliff dwellings ． By 1970 the birds had died out east of the Mississippi because DDT had made their eggs too thin to support life ． That year ， scientist Tom Cade of Cornell University began raising the birds for release in cities ， for cities afforded plenty of food ．

Directions ： Read the following paragraph of cause and effect ， adding suitable listing signals and linking expressions ．

There are many reasons why languages change ． ____ ， various languages that started from the same parent developed their own uniqueness after groups of speakers drifted away from one another to establish isolated ， independent

communities ． ________is the independence of and interaction with foreign cultures ， often as a result of military conquest ． ________is rapidly expanding technology and new systems of communication that bring all cultures and languages into close contact ，with borrowing between languages a common phenomenon in the contemporary world ． All languages change as the experiences of their speakers change ．

As it is known to everyone ， languages are constantly changing nowadays ． There are many reasons why languages change ， but the following three major causes may help illustrate the concept ． Initially ， various languages that started from the same parent developed their own uniqueness after groups of speakers drifted away from one another to establish isolated ， independent communities ．

Another major cause of language change is the influence of and interaction with foreign cultures ， often as a result of military conquest ． A continuing cause for change is rapidly expanding technology and new systems of communication that bring all cultures and languages into closer contact ， with borrowing between language a common phenomenon in the contemporary world ．

New established communities ， the influence of and interaction with foreign cultures ， the rapid development of technology and new systems of communication contribute to language change ． So we may say all languages change as the experiences of their speakers change ．

Listing列举 first ， second ， third firstly ， secondly ， thirdly first ， furthermore ， finally in the first place ， in the second place ， finally last but not least first and most important to begin with ， next ， then ， finally the former…the latter the first step ， the

second step ， the next step

since                                            so…that… because                                        thus because of this/that                        hence because of the fact that                  therefore as a result                                     accordingly as a result of                                 otherwise be due to                                      be responsible for consequently                                 cause be a consequence of                      lead to as a consequence of                      contribute to be the reason for                           result in follow from                                  bring about result from                                   give rise to

Read p162-p174

(p176-180)

I. Introduction: The presentation of distorted reality on TV A. Children’s limited experience B. Children’s heavy reliance on TV C. TV’s distorted reality D. Thesis: The reality as presented by TV is potentially harmful. II. Different ways of distorting reality A. Portrayal of stereotypes B. Selection of the undesirable III. TV’s strong effects A. Children’s imitation of stars, actions B. Inaccurate portrayal of unfamiliar people C. Children’s acceptance of TV image as models D. Harmful effects on the child’s self-image

1. There are many/ different/ several/ a number +causes/ factors for the dramatic/marked/ significant+ increase/changes/decrease/ problem in+…

2. There are several reasons for my preference/choice/decision.

3. . Why … ? First, …/For one thing, …/One reason is…

Second, …/For another,… Finally/ Perhaps the primary/main/most

important… 4. A number of factors could explain/result

in/account for/contribute to…the success/change/choice/decision

5. Comparison and Contrast

Life in the city is quite different from life in the suburbs ． People living in the city are constantly exposed to the hustle and bustle of urban life ． But life in the suburbs is generally quiet and casual and generally more low － key than in the city ． If city dwellers want to see trees and grass ， they must go to one of the public parks ． On the other hand ， the streets of many suburban communities are lined with trees and shrubs ， and each house has its own grassy yard ． A person living in the city is close to many sources of entertainment ， but people living in suburban areas must go into the city for entertainment

Item － by － Item Ⅰ ． Motorcycle A ． Expense B ． Upkeep

C ． Safety Ⅱ ． Automobile A ． Expense

B ． UpkeepC ． Safety Point － by － Point Ⅰ ． Expense A ． Motorcycle B ． Autormobile Ⅱ ． Upkeep A ． Motorcycle B ． Autormobile Ⅲ ． Safety A ． Motorcycle B ． Autormobile

p209

comparatives： the same…as ； be similar to ；and… ．， too ； and…so… ； not…and…not… ， either ； not…neither… ； both…and… ；neither…nor… ； Just as… ， so… ； resemble ；have…in common ； similarly

There are similarities between…and… in the same way ； equally important ； Contrastives ： be…adj ． /adv ． + er…than ；

more…than… ； less…than… ； not so…as ；Unlike…/

Contrary to…/As opposed to… ； Although/ Whereas/While ； contrast with/differ from/ be different from ； however/on the other hand/in contrast

1. Personally, I’m in favor of/like / prefer… 2. When the advantages and disadvantages of

… are carefully compared, the most striking finding/conclusion is self-evident/obvious.

3. Despite these advantages,/Like anything else,

/Good as A is, it also has/ brings its own disadvantages/ problems/harmful effects.

4. The advantages of B outweigh the benefit we gain from/carry more weight than those of/ are much greater than those of A.

5. . The effect of comparison/ contrast is heightened by another advantage B enjoys.

Sometimes, the first step is the hardest coming up with an idea. Such a concept should be like sitting on a pin it should make you jump up and do something. I have had a great many ideas over the years. Some were good; others were great, and some I would prefer to forget about. The important thing is to take your best ideas and see them though. Not all of them are going to be winners, but remember, people who succeed may have been counted out many times before. They win because they refuse to give up.

I. The importance of effective people

management

II. The necessary skills and qualities for success

in the workplace

A. Being a role model

B. Developing self-awareness

C. Delighting in change

D. Thinking positively

E. Showing enthusiasm

The first one: Concentrate on what you are doing. If you try to do it well, you will ultimately be successful. The second one: Act boldly. Don’t fear making mistakes, though if you make one, look out. In a very real sense, your graduation here today is not an ending but a beginning, literally commencement. If I may say so, that is , in fact, the first day of the rest of your lives. I realize it is startling to look at graduation this way, but I believe we must. Thank you, and lots of luck. You’ll need it.

I. We may make the difference between two ways of reading just like we can distinguish touring with travelling. A. Touring is preferred to traveling today. B. Mechanical reading is more prevailing than intelligent reading. II. The purpose of two ways of reading is quite different. A. Mechanical reading aims at good results in examination. B. Intelligent reading is promoted by interest and done in earnestness, and certainly no end.

III. The courses and the results of two ways of reading are also dissimilar. A. Mechanical reading is a short tour, and intelligent reading is a long tour. B. Mechanical reading ends up in fruitlessness, but intelligent reading lasts as long as one lives. IV. Conclusion: intelligent reading demands interest and stamina, so a few people can read intelligently.

Compose an essay(60 points) More and more college students are now

renting apartments outside campus instead of living in students’ dorms. Write a 300-word expository essay about your preference and reasons.

TOPIC: Living in students’ dorms is better than outside campus.

Thesis: I would like to live in students’ dorms rather than rent apartments outside campus.

I. As students without income, it is cheaper to live in students’ dorms.

II. Because the campus has more security system than the society, it will be safer to live in students’ dorms.

III. Living in students’ dorms is easier to communicate with classmate so you can make clear what you have not understood about your study.

IV. Conclusion: In a word, I prefer to live in students’ dorms. Though more and more college students rent apartments outside campus, what we cannot deny is that the majority of the college students are living in students’ dorms

I: Thesis: There are many reasons and effects why old

people should be taken care of by their family

members.

II: The reasons why old people should be taken care of

by their family members.

A. People once took care of their children when

children were young.

B. It is the children’s obligation to take care of

their old parents.

C. Because some nursing houses are not well

equipped, old people can not be taken care of well.

D. When people are aging, what they need is love

from children.

III. The effects why old people should be taken care of by their family members. A. Rich living experiences of the old people keeps the family on a regular way. B. The living style of the old people brings rich happiness and peace to the family. IV. Conclusion: both in point of reasons and effects, old people should be taken care of by their family members.

Homework:

Compose an essay (60 points) In China, old people are usually taken care of

by their family members, but now some people send their aging parents to nursing homes. What is your opinion on this? Write a 300-word expository

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