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Partition of Africa Essential Questions: What do we mean when we say politics? Learning Target: IWBAT explain how and for what purposes Africa was partitioned

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Bellwork Brainstorm reasons that Europe was interested in Africa during the 1400s- 1500s.

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Partition of Africa Essential Questions: What do we mean when we say politics? Learning Target: IWBAT explain how and for what purposes Africa was partitioned amongst the European powers. Formative Assessment(s): What was the purpose and the outcome of the Conference of Berlin? Bellwork Brainstorm reasons that Europe was interested in Africa during the 1400s- 1500s. African Trade [15c-17c] Pre-19c European Trade with Africa Industrial Revolution Source for Raw Materials Markets for Finished Goods European Nationalism Missionary Activity Military & Naval Bases 19 th Century European Motives For Colonization 19 th Century European Motives For Colonization Places to Dump Unwanted/ Excess Popul. Soc. & Eco. Opportunities Humanitarian Reasons European Racism White Mans Burden Social Darwinism Colonialism Beginning in the early 19 th Century, Europeans aggressively tried to establish colonies in Africa. European civilization experienced a period of unprecedented rapid expansion around the globe during the last third of the nineteenth century. Colonialism is forced control of one nation by another nation. Colony is when a nation establishes a government under its rule in a foreign territory. Imperialism is empire building by taking over other countries governments trade, and culture. 1.What European nations imperialized Africa? 2.Who were the Boers? 3.How did the Zulus respond to European imperialism? 4.Why were Liberia and Ethiopia the only African nations to remain free? In the 1870s the Belgians began to trade with Africans in the Congo. King Leopold Fearing they would miss out on various raw materials, other European nations scrambled to establish their presence on the continent. In 1884, to avoid conflict amongst themselves, European leaders met at the Berlin Conference to set up rules for colonizing Africa. No Africans were invited. Berlin Conference The European powers agreed that before they could claim territory they would have to set up an outpost. Whoever was the first to build the outpost gained that area of land. Berlin Conference Consequent vs. Subsequent (Superimposed) Boundaries Consequent boundaries: drawn with respect to ethnic boundaries. Examples? Subsequent boundaries: drawn regardless of preexisting cultural boundaries. Examples? Cape Colony In the mid-1600s, Dutch farmers known as Boers settled in southern Africa in Cape Colony. The Boers built Cape Town as a supply station. In the 1700s, the Dutch herders and ivory hunters began to move north. The British then acquired Cape Colony in the early 1800s. The Boers Cape Town Cape Colony Boers AFRICA In the late 1800s, the discovery of gold and diamonds in the northern Boer territory set off the Anglo-Boer war. The war was from and involved bitter guerrilla fighting. The British won, but at a great cost. The Anglo-Boer War British Boers British Boers The Zulus In the early 1800s in southern Africa, an African leader named Shaka conquered and united tribes to form the Zulu nation. Zulu Nation Cape Town Cape Colony Shaka Zulu The Zulus The Zulus were skilled and organized fighters. Shaka used his power and fought against European slave traders and ivory hunters. The Zulus Zulu Nation The Zulus also fought the Boers as they migrated north from Cape Colony. Cape Town Cape Colony Boers The Anglo-Zulu War The Zulus came into conflict with the British as well. In 1879 the Zulus wiped out a British force at the battle of Isandlwana. However, it was not long before the superior weaponry of the British overtook the Zulus at the battle of Rorkes Drift. The Anglo-Zulu War European Territory AFRICA Cape Town Cape Colony In 1910, with southern Africa secure, the British established the Republic of South Africa and instituted apartheid. Apartheid government policy calling for separation of the races. South Africa Britain France Germany Italy Portugal Belgium Spain Europeans In Africa By 1914 Britains claims in Africa were second in size only to France, but included heavily populated areas with greater natural resources. British Territory Britain controlled Egypt because of its strategic location. France was very powerful in North Africa, and later spread into West and Central Africa. The territory France controlled was as large as the United States. French Territory The newly formed German empire had to fight many battles against African natives to take lands in the southern half of Africa. German Territory Germany would lose its colonial territories after its loss in World War I. The Italians crossed the Mediterranean and conquered Libya. They then took Somaliland in the horn of Africa, but were beaten badly by the Ethiopians. Italian Territory King Leopold and other wealthy Belgians exploited the riches of the Congo, and brutalized the natives. Many Africans were enslaved, beaten, and killed. Belgium Territory Although the leaders of the old imperialism, the African claims of the Portuguese and Spanish were minimal. Portuguese Territory Spanish Territory After the slave trade was outlawed, abolitionists in the United States promoted the idea of returning freed slaves to Africa. Independent Africans In the early 1800s, President Monroe helped free slaves settle in Liberia. The former slaves named the capital city Monrovia in his honor. President Monroe Liberia Independent Africans The Ethiopians kept their freedom through a successful military resistance. Emperor Menelik II modernized the army, along with roads, bridges, and schools. Menelik defeated the Italians so badly that no other Europeans tried to take Ethiopia. Ethiopia Menelik Positive ResultsNegative Results 1. Unified national states created1. Encouraged tribal wars by creating artificial borders 2. Improved medical care, sanitation, and nutrition 2. Created population explosion famine 3. Increased agricultural production3. Produced cash crops needed by Europeans, and not food for Africans 4. Improved transportation and communication facilities 4. Exploited natural resources: minerals, lumber, rubber, human rights. 5. Expanded educational opportunities 5. Downgraded traditional African culture westernization BritainFranceGermanyBelgium Home Area (Square Miles) 94,000212,600210,00011,800 Home Population (Millions) Global Colonial Area (Millions of Sq. Miles) Global Colonial Population (Millions) European Imperialism by 1914 RegionPercentage Colonized Australia100% Africa90.4% Asia56.5% Americas27.2% European Imperialism by 1914 Formative Assessment What was the purpose and the outcome of the Conference of Berlin?