Parts of Speech

Lisa Wills Instructional Manual

IT 570 Instructional Systems Design Submitted to: Dr. Blanche O'Bannon

Fall 2006

Interjections

sudden, interrupting

words or phrases

Conjunctions

join words, phrases, or

clauses

Prepositions

show how a noun or pronoun is

related to another word

Adverbs

describe verbs, adjectives or other adverbs

Adjectives

describe a noun or pronoun

pronouns

take the place of a noun

Nouns

person, place or object

Verbs

show an action or a state of

being

The 8Parts

ofSpeech

ii

Table of Contents Introduction.............................................................................................................. iii Chapter 1: Learning the definitions and functions of each parts of speech ......... 1-1 Chapter 2: Learning to identify the parts of speech in a sentence........................ 2-1 Chapter 3: It’s time to sentence classify ............................................................... 3-1 Appendix................................................................................................................A-1 References..............................................................................................................R-1 Evaluation .............................................................................................................. E-1

iii

Welcome to learning the parts of speech with me, Buddy the Bookworm. I am going to take you on a wonderful journey to learn about the parts of speech. We’ll discover what each part of speech does and how to find each in a sentence. By the time we finish, you will be able to find all the parts of speech in any sentence you read and write!!

As we go along, be sure to notice Buddy’s Bookmarks- these are great tips that will help you along our journey. Are you ready to get started? I’ll be with you every step of the way so turn the page and let’s begin ….

Chapter 1

Instructional Manual: Learning the Parts of Speech 1-1

In this chapter, we will discover the definitions and functions of each

part of speech.

Chapter 1: Learning the definitions and functions of each parts of speech.

Chapter 1


What are the Parts of Speech?

There are thousands of words in the English language but not all words have the same job. For example, some words show "action", some express a "thing". Other words "join" one word to another word. In order to make sentences, you need many different types of words and each word has its own job.

Think of words in a sentence like the parts of a house. In order to build a house, you need concrete to make the foundation; bricks to make the walls; window and door frames and cement to join it all together. Each part is necessary in order to make the house complete. Sentences work the same way. It takes different types of words to make a sentence complete. In the English language, all words fall into 1 of 8 basic groups. These groups are called "parts of speech". It is very important to learn the parts of speech because it will help you learn to read sentences and understand them. It also helps you to write your own sentences. So what are the 8 Parts of Speech? Let’s take a look ….

Chapter 1


Definitions of the Parts of Speech:

Interjections


words or phrases

Conjunctions


clauses

Prepositions



Adverbs


Adjectives


pronouns


Nouns


Verbs


being

The 8Parts

ofSpeech

Figure 1-1 Definitions of the Parts of Speech

Chapter 1


Verbs


being

Definition A verb is a word or group of words that show an action or a state of being, helps another verb, or links a word in the predicate to the subject.

• Being verbs can be alone or can be linking or helping verbs. They simply indicate existence.

• A helping verb must have a main verb after it. • The last verb in a verb phrase determines if it is Action or Non-Action. • The type of verb (Action or Non-Action) determines what part of speech

follows it.

Action Verbs Verbs that show action are called action verbs and are either physical or mental. • Physical: run, jump, play, work • Mental: think, hope, believe, study

Non-Action Verbs Verbs that show no action are called non action verbs and are either being, helping or linking.

• Being: is, are, am, was, were, be, being • Helping: will be. • Linking: seems, feels

Figure 1-2 Action Verbs

Chapter 1


Nouns


Definition: A noun is a person, place or object. Nouns are generally categorized as common or proper nouns. Common nouns refer to any person, place or object.

The girl holds a cat. Proper nouns refer to a particular person, place or object.

Jill holds the cat. A noun is a part of speech that can have five different functions:

1. Subject- example: Jill ate the ice cream. 2. Direct Object- example: Jill ate the ice cream. 3. Indirect Object- example: Jill gave Sam the ice cream. 4. Predicate Nominative- example: The ice cream is chocolate. 5. Object of a prepositional phrase- example: Jill gave Sam some (of the

chocolate ice cream).

Figure 1-4 Proper nouns

Figure 1-3 Common nouns

Chapter 1


pronouns


Definition: A pronoun takes the place of a noun, so a pronoun can have the same five different functions.

1. Subject- example: She ate the ice cream. 2. Direct Object- example: Jill ate it. 3. Indirect Object- example: Jill gave him the ice cream. 4. Predicate Nominative- example: You have it. 5. Object of a prepositional phrase- example: Jill gave Sam some (of that).

Here are some commonly used pronouns: I, me, my, mine, myself, you, your, ours, yourself, he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, we, us, our, they, them, their, this, these, who, whom, whose, which, that, one, ones, everybody, anyone

Chapter 1


Adjectives


Definition: An adjective describes a noun or pronoun. Adjectives specify things like size, color, number etc. They answer questions like:

What kind?

pick up (truck)

Which one? red (truck)

Whose?

my (truck)

How many?

two (trucks)

Adjective examples: shy, sleepy, cute, famous, historic, three, young, old, good, bad, green, blue, funny, loud, cold, sick, proud, warm, this, that.

Figure 1-5 Adjective examples

Chapter 1


Adverbs


Definition: An adverb describes verbs, adjectives or other adverbs and specify in what manner, when, where, and how much. They answer these questions:

• How?- example- walked slowly • When?- example- arrived early • Where?- example- got home • Why?

Adverb phrases are often prepositional phrases that describe verbs, adjectives and other adverbs and answer the same questions. Here are a few examples of adverbs: rarely, soon, very, too, never, practically, nearly, always, clearly, almost, honestly, slowly, closely.

Chapter 1


Prepositions



Definition: Prepositions show how a noun or pronoun is related to another word in a sentence.

Preposition example: The dog jumped up to catch the frisbee.

They can also be used as adverbs. Adverb example: The dog jumped up. Here are more examples of prepositions: about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond, but, by, concerning, despite, down, during, except, excepting, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, onto, out, outside, over, past, regarding, round, since, through, throughout, till, to, toward, under, underneath, until, up, upon, with, within, without

Figure 1-6 Preposition example

Chapter 1


Conjunctions


clauses

Definition: Conjunctions join words, phrases, or clauses. There are 2 types of conjunctions: Coordinating Conjunctions: These conjunctions connect elements of the same value. Example: Take the cookie and eat it. Subordinating Conjunctions: These conjunctions join a main clause and a dependent (subordinate) clause. Example: The cookie burned because the timer was slow. Conjunction Examples: and, but, or, for, nor, so, yet, both-and, either-or, neither-nor, not only-but also, whether-or, because, if, since, until, when, where, while

Figure 1-7 Conjunction Examples

Chapter 1


Interjections


words or phrases

Definition: Interjections are sudden, interrupting words or phrases (exclamations). They are often signaled by an exclamation mark. Here are some examples:

Articles Although articles are not considered one of the parts of speech, these words have a special function in completing sentences. An article is a word that introduces a noun or a noun phrase, and also limits or clarifies it. There are three articles in the English language and they fall into two types: Indefinite articles: “a” and “an” Definite article: “the”

Figure 1-8 Interjection Examples

Chapter 1


Subject Complements Complements complete meanings for a sentence. There are several types:

• Direct Objects and Indirect Objects: These only come after Action Verbs • Predicate Nominatives and Predicate Adjectives: These only come after

Non-Action Verbs

Direct Objects subject + action verb … what? = Direct Object Example: She gave a speech. She is the subject; gave is the action verb; so ask the question what?. The answer is “speech”, so “speech” is the Direct Object.

Indirect Objects subject + action verb + direct object … to or for whom? = Indirect Object Example: She gave the class a speech. She gave the speech to whom? The answer is “class”, so “class” is the Indirect Object.

Predicate Nominatives or Predicate Adjectives subject + non-action verb … what? = Predicate Nominatives or Predicate Adjectives Example: He is a boy. The question is: He is what? The answer is “boy.” Since “boy” is a noun, it is a Predicate Nominative Example: She is smart. The question is: She is what? The answer is “smart.” Since “smart” is an adjective, it is a Predicate Adjective.

Chapter 1


Buddy’s Checkpoint Instructions: Match the part of speech by writing the letter beside correct definition. Be careful!! There is one definition that is not correct. a. Nouns _____ join words, phrases, or clauses

b. Verbs _____ sudden, interrupting words or phrases

c. Conjunctions _____ show how a noun or pronoun is related to another word in a sentence

d. Pronouns _____ describes verbs, adjectives or other adverbs

e. Adverbs _____ defines what a sentence means

f. Prepositions _____ takes the place of a noun

g. Adjectives _____ person, place or object

h. Interjections _____ word or group of words that show an action or a state of being

_____ describes a noun or pronoun

Bonus Question: What are the 3 articles in the English language?

1. ___________ 2. ___________ 3. ___________

-Check your answers on Page A-1 in the Appendix-

Chapter 1


Now that you know what the parts of speech are, their definitions and functions in a sentence, it’s time for us to find them in a sentence. Are you ready? Our quest begins on the next page….

Chapter 2


In this chapter, we will discover how to

find the parts of speech in a sentence.

Chapter 2: Learning to identify the parts of speech in a sentence.

Chapter 2


Verbs


being

Definition A verb is a word or group of words that show an action or a state of being, helps another verb, or links a word in the predicate to the subject.

Let's identify the verbs in the following sentences: 1. The woman ran the marathon. (Figure 2-1) (“ran” shows action. It tells you what the woman did.) 2. The kangaroo hopped quickly toward the fence. (Figure 2-2) (“hopped” shows action. What was the kangaroo doing?) 3. We are hungry. (Figure 2-3)

("are" shows action. It wouldn't make much sense to just say "We hungry", so the verb "are" needs to be added to help the sentence make more sense)

♦ Remember, verbs are either action or non-action. ♦ If a word ends in -ing, there's a good chance it's a verb. ♦ The last verb in a phrase determines if it is action or non-

action. ♦ “Not” is NOT a verb; it is an adverb.

Figure 2-1

Figure 2-2

Figure 2-3

Chapter 2


Nouns


Definition: A noun is a person, place or object.

Let's identify the nouns in the following sentences: 1. Jill and Sam made a cake. (Figure 2-4) ("Jill" and "Sam" are people, and "cake" is a thing.) 2. The moon is far away from the earth. (Figure 2-5) ("moon" and "earth" are places) 3. His kindness was appreciated. (Figure 2-6) ("kindness" is an idea, therefore, it's a noun)

♦ The words a, an, and the signal that a noun is coming. ♦ Nouns can be made into plural nouns by adding –s ♦ A noun can have five different functions. ♦ There can be more than one noun in a sentence.

Figure 2-4

Figure 2-5

Figure 2-6

Chapter 2


pronouns


Definition: A pronoun takes the place of a noun, so a pronoun can have the same five different functions.

Let's identify the pronouns in the following sentences: 1. They went to the store. (Figure 2-7) (Who went to the store?) 2. Sam gave the dog to her. (Figure 2-8) (Who did Sam give the dog to?) 3. That cat is mine. (Figure 2-9) (Who's cat is it?)

♦ Here are some commonly used pronouns: I, me, my, mine, myself, you, your, ours, yourself, he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, we, us, our, they, them, their, this, these, who, whom, whose, which, that, one, ones, everybody, anyone

Figure 2-7

Figure 2-8

Figure 2-9

Chapter 2


Adjectives


Definition: An adjective describes a noun or pronoun.

Let's identify the adjectives in the following sentences: 1. The brown dog lives in the dog house. (Figure 2-10) (Which dog lives in the dog house?) 2. The cold and wet snow was falling on the ground. (Figure 2-11) (What kind of snow was falling?) 3. Three people went to the church. (Figure 2-12)

(How many people?)

♦ Adjectives usually appear immediately before the word

they describe. ♦ Adjectives answer the questions like "Which one?",

"What kind?", and "How many?"

Figure 2-10

Figure 2-11

Figure 2-12

Chapter 2


Adverbs


Definition: An adverb describes verbs, adjectives or other adverbs and specify in what manner, when, where, and how much.

Let's identify the adverbs in the following sentences: 1. Sam wrote his name clearly on his test. (Figure 2-13)

(Clearly describes the verb wrote. How did Sam write his name?) 2. The girl quickly ate all of the cake. (Figure 2-14) (Quickly describes the verb ate. How did the girl eat?)

3. Jill never finished the painting. (Figure 2-15)

(Never describes the verb finished. When did Jill finish the painting?)

♦ Almost all words that end in -ly are adverbs ♦ Adverbs answer the questions, how, when, why and

where.

Figure 2-13

Figure 2-14

Figure 2-15

Chapter 2


Prepositions



Definition: Prepositions show how a noun or pronoun is related to another word in a sentence.

Let's identify the prepositions in the following sentences: 1. The man went into the house. (Figure 2-16)

("into" connects "went" and "house". Where did the man go?)

2. Before bed, Sam ate a cookie. (Figure 2-17) ("before" connects "ate" and "before". When did Sam eat the cookie?)

3. Since Christmas, Jill has been happy. (Figure 2-18)

("since" connects "Christmas" and "has been". When has Jill been happy?)

♦ Prepositions link and relate a noun or pronoun to another

word in the sentence. ♦ They tell how, where, when, and how something

happens.

Figure 2-16

Figure 2-17

Figure 2-18

Chapter 2


Conjunctions


clauses

Definition: Conjunctions join words, phrases, or clauses.

Let's identify the conjunctions in the following sentences: 1. Jill and Sam went to the store. (Figure 2-19)

("and" connects Jill with Sam) 2. It isn’t raining, so Sam is going fishing. (Figure 2-20)

("so" connects the sentence "It isn’t raining", and the sentence "Sam is going fishing")

3. Both Jill and Sam are watching a movie. (Figure 2-21)

("both-and" tells you that Jill and Sam are each watching a movie)

Some examples of conjunctions: ♦ are: and, but, or, for, nor, so, yet, both-and, either-or,

neither-nor, not only-but also, whether-or, because, if, since, until, when, where, while

Figure 2-19

Figure 2-21

Figure 2-20

Chapter 2


Interjections


words or phrases

Definition: Interjections are sudden, interrupting words or phrases (exclamations). They are often signaled by an exclamation mark.

Let's identify the interjections in the following sentences: 1. Ouch! Stop hitting me. (Figure 2-22) 2. Yes, he did win the game. (Figure 2-23) 3. Oh, you're going too? (Figure 2-24)

♦ Interjections are exclamations--attention getters. ♦ Interjections are usually followed by and exclamation

point (!) or sometimes a comma. ♦ They are almost always at the beginning of the sentence.

Figure 2-22

Figure 2-23

Figure 2-24

Chapter 2


Buddy’s Checkpoint Instructions: Circle the letter of the sentence that has the part of speech underlined correctly.

1. Verb a. She waited in the car. b. She waited in the car. c. She waited in the car. d. She waited in the car.

2. Noun a. Jane ate the ice cream. b. The plane is big. c. Dogs bark. d. He likes to eat fish.

3. Pronoun a. Jill gave him a pencil. b. He likes oranges. c. They are going to the store. d. Mark went home.

4. Adjective a. The teacher read a long

book. b. They ate a large pizza. c. I like her purple coat. d. She held the heavy books.

5. Adverb a. Jake slowly rode his bicycle. b. She almost won the race. c. Jane arrived today. d. Roberts juggles often.

6. Prepositions a. The man went into the store. b. John and Suzie went shopping. c. Alice hid behind the tree. d. Before the game, Max was

nervous. 7. Conjunctions

a. Both Nancy and Amy are going on the trip.

b. Alex is tired so he is going to sleep.

c. Trey and Abby went to the playground.

d. Do you like black or red licorice? 8. Interjections

a. Ouch! Stop pinching me. b. Yes, she did win the game. c. Wow! That's a surprise. d. Oh no, did you hurt your arm?


Chapter 2


Our journey is almost complete! Now that you know what the parts of speech are, their definitions and functions and can identify them in sentences, you’re ready to Sentence Classify!!

Turn the page and let’s begin….

Chapter 3


In this chapter, we will end our journey

by classifying sentences.

Chapter 3: It’s time to Sentence Classify!!

Chapter 3


Sentence Classification Sentence Classification is a way to visually show the parts of speech in a sentence. As you follow the steps, identify the parts of speech that are contained within the sentence. Let’s go through an example together.

The strong man ate a lot of his spinach.

Steps to Sentence Classification Step 1: Identify the verb and label it Action or Non-Action.

Answer: “ate” is the action verb Step 2: Identify the noun and/or pronoun and label the function.

Answer: “man” is the noun/subject; “lot” is the Direct Object

♦ Action verbs are physical and mental. Non-Action verbs are being, helping and linking.

♦ The last verb in a verb phrase determines if it is Action or Non-Action.

♦ Determine if the subject is a noun (common or proper) or a pronoun (takes the place of a noun).

♦ Ask the question, “Who or What” verb? The answer will be the Subject. ♦ Ask the question, “Subject + Verb”, What? The Answer will be Direct Object (DO)

or Predicate Nominative (PN). ♦ Ask the question, “Subject + Verb + Direct Object” to or for Whom? The Answer

will be Indirect Object (IO).

Chapter 3


Step 3: Identify the Adjective.

Answer: “strong” and “his” are the adjectives. Step 4: Identify the Prepositions

Answer: “of” is the preposition; “spinach” is the object of the preposition. Step 5: Identify the Articles

Answer: “the” and “a” are the articles

Completed Classification

Article Adjective Subject Verb Article Direct Object Preposition Adjective

Object of the Preposition

The strong man ate a lot of his spinach

♦ Ask the question, Which one?, What kind?, How Many?, Whose?

♦ Prepositions link and relate a noun or pronoun to another word in the sentence. ♦ They tell how, where, when, and how something happens.

♦ Action verbs are physical and mental. Non-Action verbs are being, helping and linking.

♦ The last verb in a verb phrase determines if it is Action or Non-Action.

Chapter 3


Buddy’s Checkpoint Instructions: Classify the following 10 sentences by labeling the part of speech above each word in the sentence.

Example: Cats sat quietly.

Noun Verb Adverb

Cats sat quietly.

Labels: Verb Noun Pronoun Adjective Adverb Preposition Conjunction Interjection Article Direct Object Indirect Object Predicate Nominatives Predicate Adjectives 1. Black dogs run fast.

Black dogs run fast.

2. The white rabbits ran away.

The white rabbits ran away.

3. The little brown monkeys played happily.

The little brown monkeys played happily.

Chapter 3


4. A small boat floats on the water.

A small boat floats on the water.

5. The green frog hopped away.

The green frog hopped away.

6. Billy walked carefully.

Billy walked carefully.

7. The hungry robin chirped loudly.

The hungry robin chirped loudly.

8. The dog ran to the house.

The dog ran to the house

9. After I ran a mile, I was hot and tired.

After I ran a mile, I was hot and tired.

10. Jan is a mom.

Jan is a mom


Appendix

Instructional Manual: Learning the Parts of Speech A-1

Appendix Checkpoint Answers

Chapter 1 1. C 2. H 3. F 4. E 5. distractor 6. D 7. A 8. B 9. G

Bonus: A, An, The

Chapter 2 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. b 5. a 6. c 7. b 8. c

Appendix

Instructional Manual: Learning the Parts of Speech A-2

Chapter 3: 1.

Adjective Noun Verb Adverb Black dogs run fast.

2.

Article Adjective Noun Verb Adverb The white rabbits ran away.

3.

Article Adjective Adjective Noun Verb Adverb The little brown monkeys played happily.

4.

Article Adjective Noun Verb Preposition Article Object of the preposition

A small boat floats on the water. 5.

Article Adjective Noun Verb Adverb The green frog hopped away.

6.

Noun Verb Adverb Billy walked carefully.

7.

Article Adjective Noun Verb Adverb The hungry robin chirped loudly.

8.

Article Noun Verb Preposition Article Object of the Preposition

The dog ran to the house 9.

Preposition Noun Verb Article Direct object Noun Verb

Predicate Adjective

Conjunction Predicate Adjective

After I ran a mile I was hot and tired. 10.

Noun verb article Predicate Nominative

Jan is a mom

References

Instructional Manual: Learning the Parts of Speech R-1

References Enchanted Learning, LLC. Parts of Speech definitions and activities. http://www.enchantedlearning.com/grammar/partsofspeech Shurley, Brenda and Ruth Wetsell. (1996) The Shurley Method- English Made Easy. Shurely Instructional Materials, Inc. Usher, Connie. Learning the Parts of Speech online module. http://ellerbruch.nmu.edu/CS255/cusher/English.html

Evaluation

Instructional Manual: Learning the Parts of Speech E-1

Unit Evaluation Please take a moment to answer the following questions. Circle the number that best describes your answer. Question Strongly

Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly

Agree After receiving instruction, can the student master the concepts presented?

1 2 3 4 5

Did the manual meet the specified objectives? 1 2 3 4 5

Was the student able to progress through the manual with and/or without the direction of the tutor?

1 2 3 4 5

Was the tutor able to adapt the manual for the specific needs of the student?

1 2 3 4 5

Did the manual have adequate practice exercises for the student?

1 2 3 4 5

Was the tutor able to determine whether or not the student mastered the concept presented?

1 2 3 4 5

Did the pictures and hints provide appropriate support for the concepts?

1 2 3 4 5

Was the manual well organized and easy to follow? 1 2 3 4 5

What did you like the most about this manual? What did you like the least about this manual?

Thank you for your time.

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