Pavan Kumar Mini Project

7/31/2019 Pavan Kumar Mini Project

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SPEED CONTROL OF CEILING FAN USING IR

REMOTE

Mini-Project work submitted

By

Ms.K.ANUSHA (09BA1A0203)

Mr. K.PAVAN KUMAR REDDY (09BA1A0214)

Mr.B.RANJITHKUMAR (09BA1A0221)

Mr. V.RAVI TEJA (09BA1A0223)

GUIDE

Ms.G.SIRISHA

Assistant professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Technology

[Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi]

mangalpally patelguda (V), Ibrahimpatnam (M), Ranga reddy -501 510

2012-13


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AN INDUSTRY ORIENTED MINIPROJECT REPORT

On


REMOTE

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

By


Under the guidance of

Ms.G.SIRISHA

(Assistant Professor)



mangalpally patelguda (V), Ibrahimpatnam (M), Ranga reddy -501510

2012-13


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REMOTE

Dissertation Submitted to the

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

InELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

By




mangalpally patelguda (V), Ibrahimpatnam (M), Ranga reddy -501510

2012-13


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude to all the people behind the screen who

helped me to transform an idea into a real application.

I would like to express my heart-felt gratitude to my parents without whom I

would not have been privileged to achieve and fulfill my dreams. I am grateful to our

principal, Dr. K. SRINIVAS RAO, who most ably run the institution and had the

major hand in enabling me to do my project.

I profoundly thankMrs. J. KARUNA KUMARI, head of the department of

Electrical and Electronics Engineering who has been an excellent guide and also

great source of inspiration to my work.

I would like to thank my internal guide Ms. G. SIRISHA, Asst. Prof, for her

technical guidance, constant encouragement and support in carrying out my project at

college.

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of the

task would be great but in complete without the mention of the people who made it

possible with their constant guidance and encouragement crowns all the efforts with

success in this context, I would like thank all the other staff members, both teaching

and non-teaching, who have extended their timely help and eased my task.


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INTRODUCTION


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ABSTRACT

The main aim of this project is to control the speed of ceiling fan using TV

remote. This project is not only limited to speed control of fan but can also be

extended to domestic and industrial purposes as home appliances controlling using IR.

The home/ industrial appliances can be switched on/off using IR without actually

going near the switch boards or regulators.

IR remote acts as the transmitter in this project. When a button is pressed in

the remote, the signal will be passed and received by the IR receiver (TSOP

Receiver). This signal is sent to the microcontroller which decodes the signal and

performs the corresponding action in accordance with the button pressed in the

remote. For example, if number 5 is pressed in the remote, the fan will start. By

pressing the CH+, CH- in remote, we can increase or decrease the speed of the fan.

The other tasks will be performed in the similar fashion using IR remote.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

NAME OF THE CHAPTER PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT i

LIST OF FIGURES ii

ABBREVATIONS iii

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. BLOCK DIAGRAM 4

2.1. power supply 5

2.2. Transformer 5

2.2.1.Basic principle 6

2.2.2.Induction law 7

2.3. Rectifier 9

2.3.1. Full-wave Rectifier 9

2.3.2. Bridge Rectifier 9

2.4. Filter 12

2.4.1. Capacitor Filter 12

2.5. Voltage Regulator 13

2.5.1 78XX 13

2.5.2.Features 14

2.6. Microcontroller 14

2.6.1.Introduction 14

2.6.2.Introduction To ATMEL Microcontroller 15

2.6.3. Pin configuration 17

2.7. TSOP 17

2.7.1. Features 17

2.7.2. Specification 18

2.8. opto coupler 18

2.9. MOC3021 (Opto isolators or TRIAC driver) 18


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2.9.1. Introduction 19

2.9.2Applications 19

2.10. TRIAC 19

2.10.1.TRIAC BT136-600D 20

2.10.2 Features and benefits 21

2.11. Single Phase Induction Motor Control Theory 22

2.11.1. Capacitor Start AC Induction Motor 22

2.11.2. PSC Starting Mechanism 23

2.12. LCD (Liquid Cristal Display) 24

2.12.1.Introduction 24

2.12.2. Features 25

2.13. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 26

3. SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION 27

3.1. Introduction To Embedded C 27

4. CODING 28

5. CONCLUSION 38

5.1. Application and scope 38

OUTPUT 39

REFERENCES 41


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LIST OF FIGURES

SL.NO NAME OF THE FIGURE PAGE.NO

1 Block diagram 4

2 Power supply circuit 5

3 An ideal step-down transformer

showing magnetic flux in the core 6

4 For positive half cycle 10

5 For negative half cycle 10

6 Input and Output wave forms 11

7 Internal Block Diagram 13

8 Block Diagram 15

9 Oscillator Connection. 16

10 Pin Diagram 17

11 TRIAC BT136-600D 20

12 Total Power Dissipation 21

13 Ceiling fan or single phase induction

Motor 22

13 Capacitor Start AC Induction Motor 23

14 PSC Starting Mechanism 23

15 Ceiling fan winding 24

16 Circuit diagram 26

17 Output 39


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ABBREVATIONS

CODE ABBREVATION

IR Infra Red

TV Television

A.C Alternating current

D.C Direct current

mA Milli amperes

V volts

LCD Liquid crystal display

GND Ground

TX Transmitter

RX Receiver

RST Reset

AT Atmel

EMF Electromotive Force


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LM Linear Monolithic

CPU Central processing unit

RAM Random access memory

ROM Read only memory

EEPROM Electrically erasable and programmable read only memory

PROM Programmable read only memory

PF Power factor

PSC Permanent Split capacitor


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1.1 INTRODUCTION :

There are many methods for controlling Ceiling fan like Capacitor-stepped

wall controls, Solid State speed controls, Transformer-based controls, computerized

wall controls, pull chains, remote controls.

Capacitor-stepped: Many manufacturers and retailers offer 3 or 4 speed wall

controls that are hard-wired, that is they wire in place of a wall switch and directly

regulate the current flow to the fan. The most common and universal wall controls use

capacitors to set 3 (or 4) distinct speeds. Most capacitor type controls can only operate

one fan per control, so multiple fans require multiple controls. Capacitor controls are

commonly identified by having 3 or 4 distinct speeds, instead of infinitely variable

speed selection.

Transformer-based controls: It is Similar to capacitor stepped controls,

transformer-based controls offer 4 or 5 distinct fan speeds. They are compatible with

most or all ceiling fan motors, and are quiet, although some produce an almost

inaudible humming sound. They are most commonly found on industrial-type fans.

They have the same advantages as capacitor-type controls, plus some are built to

operate higher amounts of current and therefore control more than one fan. The

disadvantage is that they usually mount on the surface of the wall rather than inside an

outlet box, and therefore are ugly.

Solid State speed: Some manufacturers and retailers also offer controls that,

as opposed to having distinct separate speeds, offer an infinitely variable selection of

speeds. These are called Solid State speed controls. Most ceiling fans sold currently

use 16 pole spinner motors which are incompatible with solid state speed controls.

Only fans with 18 pole motors (and other compatible designs) can be used with solid

state controls. The advantage of solid state controls is the infinite selection of speeds,

also solid state controls are often made to higher current ratings so that more than one

fan can be operated by the same control. The disadvantage is that they are noisier.

Pull chain: Most ceiling fans sold in recent years have a built in 3-speed pull

chain for speed control. Some older fans have two speeds, or infinitely variable speed

controls built into the fan.


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However it is not uncommon to desire a means to control the fan from

somewhere other than the fan body-- usually a wall switch. Here we will discuss a

few options:

Remote control:

IR Remote control by which the control is very easy. These controls are

handheld. We can use the remote for control of fan speed, we dont need any special

remote for this the remote which we use for a TV is essential!!!

.


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2. BLOCK DIAGRAM


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2. BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig 2 (a): block diagram


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2.1. Power supply:

The power supplies are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity

to a suitable low voltage supply for electronic circuits and other devices. A power

supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a

particular function. AD.Cpower supply which maintains the output voltage constant

irrespective of A.C mains fluctuations or load variations is known as Regulated D.C

Power Supply

Fig: 2.1(a) power supply circuit

2.2. Transformer:

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one

circuit to another through inductively coupled electrical conductors. A changing

current in the first circuit (the primary) creates a changing magnetic field; in turn, this

magnetic field induces a changing voltage in the second circuit (the secondary). By

adding a load to the secondary circuit, one can make current flow in the transformer,

thus transferring energy from one circuit to the other.

The secondary induced voltage VS, of an ideal transformer, is scaled from the

primary VP by a factor equal to the ratio of the number of turns of wire in their

respective windings:


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2.2.1 Basic principle

The transformer is based on two principles: firstly, that an electric current can

produce a magnetic field (electromagnetism) and secondly that a changing magnetic

field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil

(electromagnetic induction). By changing the current in the primary coil, it changes

the strength of its magnetic field; since the changing magnetic field extends into the

secondary coil, a voltage is induced across the secondary.

A simplified transformer design is shown below. A current passing

through the primary coil creates a magnetic field. The primary and secondary coils are

wrapped around a core of very high magnetic permeability, such as iron; this ensures

that most of the magnetic field lines produced by the primary current are within the

iron and pass through the secondary coil as well as the primary coil.

Fig: 2.1(b) An ideal step-down transformer showing magnetic flux in the core


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2.2.2 Induction law

The voltage induced across the secondary coil may be calculated from

Faraday's law of induction, which states that:

Where VS is the instantaneous voltage, NS is the number of turns in the

secondary coil and equals the magnetic flux through one turn of the coil. If the

turns of the coil are oriented perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, the flux is the

product of the magnetic field strength B and the area A through which it cuts. The

area is constant, being equal to the cross-sectional area of the transformer core,

whereas the magnetic field varies with time according to the excitation of the primary.

Since the same magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary coils in

an ideal transformer, the instantaneous voltage across the primary winding equals

Taking the ratio of the two equations for VSand VP gives the basic equationfor

stepping up or stepping down the voltage

If the voltage is decreased (stepped down) (Vp > Vs), then the current is

increased (stepped up) (Ip VP), then the current is decreased

(stepped down) (IS


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This relationship is reciprocal, so that the impedance ZP of the primary circuit

appears to the secondary to be

Detailed operation

The simplified description above neglects several practical factors, in

particular the primary current required to establish a magnetic field in the core, and

the contribution to the field due to current in the secondary circuit.

Models of an ideal transformer typically assume a core of negligible

reluctance with two windings of zero resistance. When a voltage is applied to the

primary winding, a small current flows, driving flux around the magnetic circuit of

the core. The current required to create the flux is termed the magnetizing current;

since the ideal core has been assumed to have near-zero reluctance, the magnetizing

current is negligible, although still required to create the magnetic field.

The changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) across

each winding. Since the ideal windings have no impedance, they have no associated

voltage drop, and so the voltages VP and VS measured at the terminals of the

transformer, are equal to the corresponding EMFs. The primary EMF, acting as it

does in opposition to the primary voltage, is sometimes termed the "back EMF". This

is due to Lenz's law which states that the induction of EMF would always be such that

it will oppose development of any such change in magnetic field.


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2.3. RECTIFIER:

A circuit which is used to convert A.C to D.C is known as RECTIFIER. The

process of conversion A.C to D.C is called rectification

TYPES OF RECTIFIERS:

Half wave Rectifier Full wave rectifier

1. Centre tap full wave rectifier.

2. Bridge type full bridge rectifier.

2.3.1. full-wave Rectifier:From the comparison we came to know that full wave bridge rectifier have

more advantages than the other two rectifiers. So, in our project we are using full

wave bridge rectifier circuit.

2.3.2. Bridge Rectifier:

A diode bridge or bridge rectifier is an arrangement of four diodes in a bridge

configuration that provides the same polarity of output voltage for any polarity of

input voltage. When used in its most common application, for conversion of

alternating current (AC) input into direct current (DC) output, it is known as a bridge

rectifier. A bridge rectifier provides full-wave rectification from a two-wire AC input,

resulting in lower cost and weight as compared to a center-tapped transformer design,

but has two diode drops rather than one, thus exhibiting reduced efficiency over a

center-tapped design for the same output voltage.


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Basic Operation

When the input connected at the left corner of the diamond is positive with

respect to the one connected at the right hand corner, current flows to the right along

the upper colored path to the output, and returns to the input supply via the lower one.

Fig: 2.3(a) For positive half cycle

When the right hand corner is positive relative to the left hand corner, current

flows along the upper colored path and returns to the supply via the lower colored

path.

Fig: 2.3(b) For negative half cycle
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Diode_bridge_alt_1.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Diode_bridge_alt_1.svg


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In each case, the upper right output remains positive with respect to the lower

right one. Since this is true whether the input is AC or DC, this circuit not only

produces DC power when supplied with AC power: it also can provide what is

sometimes called "reverse polarity protection". That is, it permits normal functioning

when batteries are installed backwards or DC input-power supply wiring "has its

wires crossed" (and protects the circuitry it powers against damage that might occur

without this circuit in place).

Prior to availability of integrated electronics, such a bridge rectifier was

always constructed from discrete components. Since about 1950, a single four-

terminal component containing the four diodes connected in the bridge configuration

became a standard commercial component and is now available with various voltage

and current ratings.

Fig: 2.3 (c) Input and Output wave forms


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2.4. Filter:

A Filter is a device which removes the A.C component of rectifier output but

allows the D.C component to reach the load

2.4.1. Capacitor Filter:

We have seen that the ripple content in the rectified output of half wave

rectifier is 121% or that of full-wave or bridge rectifier or bridge rectifier is 48%

such high percentages of ripples is not acceptable for most of the applications. Ripples

can be removed by one of the following methods of filtering.

(a) A capacitor, in parallel to the load, provides an easier bypass for the ripplesvoltage though it due to low impedance. At ripple frequency and leave the d.c.to

appears the load.

(b) An inductor, in series with the load, prevents the passage of the ripple current

(due to high impedance at ripple frequency) while allowing the D.C (due to low

resistance to D.C)

(c) Various combinations of capacitor and inductor, such as L-section filter

section filter, multiple section filter etc. which make use of both the propertiesmentioned in (a) and (b) above. Two cases of capacitor filter, one applied on half

wave rectifier and another with full wave rectifier.

Filtering is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across

the DC supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying

DC voltage from the rectifier is falling. The capacitor charges quickly near the peak

of the varying DC, and then discharges as it supplies current to the output. Filtering

significantly increases the average DC voltage to almost the peak value (1.4 RMS

value).


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2.5. voltage Regulator:

A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically

maintain a constant voltage level.

Fig: 2.5 (a) Internal Block Diagram

Voltage regulator ICs is available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or

variable output voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them.

Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most

regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current ('overload

protection') and overheating ('thermal protection'). Many of the fixed voltage regulator

ICs have 3 leads and look like power transistors, such as the 7805 +5V 1A regulator

shown on the right. The LM7805 is simple to use. You simply connect the positive

lead of your unregulated DC power supply (anything from 9VDC to 24VDC) to the

Input pin, connect the negative lead to the Common pin and then when you turn on

the power, you get a 5 volt supply from the output pin.

2.5.1 78XX:

The Bay Linear LM78XX is integrated linear positive regulator with three

terminals. The LM78XX offer several fixed output voltages making them useful in

wide range of applications. When used as a zener diode/resistor combination

replacement, the LM78XX usually results in an effective output impedance

improvement of two orders of magnitude, lower quiescent current. The LM78XX is

available in the TO-252, TO-220 & TO-263packages.


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2.5.2. Features:

Output Current of 1.5A

Output Voltage Tolerance of 5%

Internal thermal overload protection Internal Short-Circuit Limited

No External Component

Output Voltage 5.0V, 6V, 8V, 9V, 10V, 12V, 15V, 18V, 24V

Offer in plastic TO-252, TO-220 & TO-263

Direct Replacement for LM78XX

2.6. Microcontroller:

2.6.1 Introduction:

A Micro controller consists of a powerful CPU tightly coupled with memory

RAM, ROM or EPROM), various I/O features such as Serial ports, Parallel Ports,

Timer/Counters, Interrupt Controller, Data Acquisition interfaces-Analog to Digital

Converter (ADC), Digital to Analog Converter (ADC), everything integrated onto a

single Silicon Chip.

It does not mean that any micro controller should have all the above said

features on chip, Depending on the need and area of application for which it is

designed, The ON-CHIP features present in it may or may not include all the

individual section said above.

Any microcomputer system requires memory to store a sequence of

instructions making up a program, parallel port or serial port for communicating with

an external system, timer / counter for control purposes like generating time delays,

Baud rate for the serial port, apart from the controlling unit called the Central

Processing Unit.


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2.6.2. Introduction To ATMEL Microcontroller

Block Diagram :

Fig:2.6 (a) Block Diagram

ON-CHIP

RAM

COUNTER

INPUTS

EXTERNAL

INTERRUPT

INTERRUPT

CONTROL

ON-CHIP

FLASHON-CHIP

RAM

TIMER 1

TIMER 0

CPU

OSC BUS

CONTROL

4 I/O

PORTS

SERIAL

PORT

PO P2 P1 P3 TXD RXD


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Fig: 2.6 (b)Oscillator Connection.

The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash,

128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, five vector two-level

interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, and on-chip oscillator and clock

circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to

zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle

Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and

interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM

contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next

hardware reset.


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2.6.3. PIN Configuration:

Fig 2.6(c) Pin Diagram

2.7. TSOP

The TSOP17 series are miniaturized receivers for infrared remote control

systems. PIN diode and preamplifier are assembled on lead frame, the epoxy package

is designed as IR filter. The demodulated output signal can directly be decoded by a

microprocessor. TSOP17 is the standard IR remote control receiver series, supporting

all major transmission codes.

2.7.1.Features

Photo detector and preamplifier in one package Internal filter for PCM frequency Improved shielding against electrical field disturbance TTL and CMOS compatibility Output active low Low power consumption High immunity against ambient light Continuous data transmission possible(up to 2400 bps)


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2.7.2. Specifications:

Supply Voltage:0.3...6.0 V. Supply Current: 5 mA. Output Voltage:0.3...6.0 V. Output Current: 5 mA. Storage Temperature Range:25...+85 C Operating Temperature Range:25...+85C

2.8. opto-coupler:

An Opto-coupler is used to transmit either analog or digital information fromone voltage potential to another while maintaining isolation of potentials. It is

used for low voltages.

The output of the Opto-coupler is used to trigger the MonostableMultivibrator.

2.9. MOC3021 (Opto isolators or TRIAC driver) :

2.9.1. introduction: The MOC3020 Series consists of gallium arsenide infrared emitting diodes An Opto isolator is used to transmit either analog or digital information from

one voltage potential to another while maintaining isolation of the potentials.

Its operating voltage is higher than that of an Opto coupler.

The output of the Opto isolator is used to drive the TRIAC Optically coupled to a silicon bilateral switch.

This opto isolator should not be used to drive a load directly. It is intended to be a trigger device only


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2.9.2.Applications:

Recommended for 115/240 Vac(rms) Solenoid/Valve Controls Static AC Power Switch Lamp Ballasts Solid State Relays Interfacing Microprocessors to 115 Vac Peripherals Incandescent Lamp Dimmers Motor Controls

2.10. TRIAC :

TRIAC, from Triode for Alternating Current, is a generalized trade name foran electronic component that can conduct current in either direction when it is

triggered (turned on), and is formally called a bidirectional triode thyristor or

bilateral triode thyristor.

TRIACs belong to the thyristor family and are closely related to Silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCR). However, unlike SCRs, which are unidirectional

devices (i.e. can conduct current only in one direction).

TRIACs are bidirectional and so current can flow through them in eitherdirection.

Another difference from SCRs is that TRIACs can be triggered by either apositive or a negative current applied to its gate electrode, whereas SCRs can

be triggered only by currents going into the gate.

In order to create a triggering current, a positive or negative voltage has to beapplied to the gate with respect to the A1 terminal (otherwise known as

MT1).

Once triggered, the device continues to conduct until the current drops belowa certain threshold, called the holding current.


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2.10.1 TRIAC BT136-600D:

Planar passivated very sensitive gate four quadrant triac in a SOT78 plasticpackage intended for use in general purpose bidirectional switching and phase control

applications, where high sensitivity is required in all four quadrants. This verysensitive gate "series D" triac is intended to be interfaced directly to microcontrollers,

logic integrated circuits and other low power gate trigger circuits.

A Triac changes its state when its gate receives a current pulse. It is a Thyristor with a firing angle of nearly 450 The variations in the firing angle affect the voltage and thus the speed of the

fan is varied.

Fig 2.10.1:TRIAC BT136-600D


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2.10.2 Features and benefits

Direct triggering from low power drivers and logic ICs High blocking voltage capability Low holding current for low current loads and lowest EMI at commutation Planar passivated for voltage ruggedness and reliability Triggering in all four quadrants Very sensitive gate.

Fig 2.10.2 (a) Total Power Dissipation


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2.11. Single Phase Induction Motor Control Theory:

Fig 2.11: ceiling fan or single phase induction motor

2.11.1. Capacitor Start AC Induction Motor:

Single-phase induction motors are the most used. These motors have only one

stator winding, operate with a single-phase power supply, and are also squirrel cage.

Because of the single phase, the motor is not self-started when connected to a power

supply. The necessary torque is not generated therefore causing the motor to only

vibrate and not rotate. To provide the starting torque most single-phase motors have a

main and auxiliary winding, both in quadrature to help generate the phase-shifted

magnetic field.


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Fig:2.11.1 (a)Capacitor Start AC Induction Motor

The auxiliary winding current from the main winding is phase-shifted.

Connecting a capacitor in series with the auxiliary winding causes the motor to start

rotating. Using a centrifugal switch disconnects the capacitor and the auxiliary

winding at 75% of the motor nominal speed. This topology is used if high torque is

required.

2.11.2. PSC Starting Mechanism:

In most fan motors, the capacitor and the auxiliary winding remain connected.This configuration is called permanent split capacitor (PSC) AC induction motor. No

centrifugal switch is used and is considered to be the most reliable single-phase

motors. At rated load, they can be designed for optimum efficiency and high power

factor (PF).

Fig: 2.11.2 (a). PSC Starting Mechanism


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Motors commonly used in ceiling fans are single-phase induction motors with

a PSC starting mechanism. Most of them have three different speeds that are

mechanically selected by pulling a chain. Every time the chain is pulled, the motor

circuit changes to a predefined coil winding that cause the speed to vary. It is

recommended that the fan be set at maximum speed. Considering that the load of the

motor is proportional to the consumed current it is not the same range of speed

variation with the load then without it. The range of speed variation needs to be

recalculated.

2.11.2.(b) Fig: ceiling fan winding

2.12. LCD (Liquid Cristal Display):

2.12.1. Introduction:

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of any

number of color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector.

Each pixel consists of a column of liquid crystal molecules suspended between two

transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of polarity of which are

perpendicular to each other. Without the liquid crystals between them, light passing

through one would be blocked by the other. The liquid crystal twists the polarization

of light entering one filter to allow it to pass through the other.


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A program must interact with the outside world using input and output devices

that communicate directly with a human being. One of the most common devices

attached to an controller is an LCD display. Some of the most common LCDs

connected to the controllers are 16X1, 16x2 and 20x2 displays. This means 16

characters per line by 1 line 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line

by 2 lines, respectively.

Many microcontroller devices use 'smart LCD' displays to output visual

information. LCD displays designed around LCD NT-C1611 module, are

inexpensive, easy to use, and it is even possible to produce a readout using the 5X7

dots plus cursor of the display. They have a standard ASCII set of characters and

mathematical symbols. For an 8-bit data bus, the display requires a +5V supply plus

10 I/O lines (RS RW D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0). For a 4-bit data bus it only

requires the supply lines plus 6 extra lines (RS RW D7 D6 D5 D4). When the LCD

display is not enabled, data lines are tri-state and they do not interfere with the

operation of the microcontroller.

2.12.2. Features:

Interface with either 4-bit or 8-bit microprocessor. Display data RAM Character generator ROM -matrix character patterns. Character generator RAM -matrix patterns. Display data RAM and character generator RAM may

be accessed by the microprocessor.

Numerous instructions Clear Display, Cursor Home, Display ON/OFF, Cursor ON/OFF,

blink Character, Cursor Shift, Display Shift.

Built-in reset circuit is triggered at power ON. Built-in oscillator.


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2.13. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig :circuit diagram


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3. SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

3.1.Introduction To Embedded C:

Ex: Hitecc, Keilc

KEIL Software makes industrial-strength software development tools and C

compilers that help software developers write compact, efficient embedded processor

code.

For over two decades Keil Software has delivered the industry's most reliable

embedded software development tools and compilers for writing efficient and

compact code to run on the most popular embedded processors. Used by tens of

thousands of customers including General Motors, Whirlpool, Qualcomm, John Deere

and many others, HI-TECH's reliable development tools and C compilers, combined

with world-class support have helped serious embedded software programmers to

create hundreds of breakthrough new solutions.

Whichever embedded processor family you are targeting with your software,

whether it is the ATMEL, PICC or 8051 series, Keil tools and C compilers can help

you write better code and bring it to market faster.

KEIL PICC is a high-performance C compiler for the Microchip PIC micro

10/12/14/16/17 series of micro controllers. Keil PICC is an industrial-strength ANSI

C compiler - not a subset implementation like some other PIC compilers. The PICC

compiler implements full ISO/ANSI C, with the exception of recursion.

All data types are supported including 24 and 32-bit IEEE standard floating

point. Keil PICC makes full use of specific PIC features and using an intelligent

optimizer, can generate high-quality code easily rivaling hand-written assembler.

Automatic handling of page and bank selection frees the programmer from the trivial

details of assembler code.


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28

CODING

#include

sbit fan = P1^5;

sbit led= P3^7;

bit fanon,l1,l2,l3,l4,l5,l6,power,powercount,l1t,l2t,l3t,l4t,l5t,l6t;

unsigned char speed,newkey,id[4];

unsigned char key1,count=0,ledon,zc=0,jj,timecount;

unsigned int kkk,rise,x,z,ont,offt;

void ir_build_bytes(void) interrupt 0

{

if(ledon==0)

{

TR0=0;

count=count++;

x=TL0;

z=TH0;

z=z1800)&&(rise


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if((rise>750)&&(rise1;

}

else

{

if(count>2)

count=0;

}

if(count!=0)

{

TH0=0;

TL0=0;

TR0=1;

}

}

}

void timer0(void) interrupt 1

TR0=0;

count=0;

TH0=0;


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TL0=0;

led=0;

ledon=0;

}

void timer1(void) interrupt 3

{

TR1=0;

fan=~fan;

timecount=timecount+1;

if(timecount>8;

TL1=(offt&0x00ff);

}

else

{

TH1=(ont&0xff00)>>8;

TL1=(ont&0x00ff);

}

TR1=1;

}

//else

//led=0;

}

void pulse (void) interrupt 2

{

timecount=0;

TR1=0;

fan=1;

if(count==0)

{

switch(speed)


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{

case 9:

{

ont=0xe69b;

offt=0xf447;

break;

}

case 8:

{

ont=0xea83;

offt=0xf05f;

break;

}

case 7:

{

ont=0xec77;

offt=0xee6b;

break;

}

case 6:

{

ont=0xee6b;

offt=0xec77;

break;

}

case 5:

{

ont=0xf05f;

offt=0xea83;

break;

}

case 4:

{

ont=0xf253;


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offt=0xe88f;

break;

}

case 3:

{

ont=0xf447;

offt=0xe69b;

break;

}

case 2:

{

ont=0xf63b;

offt=0xe4a7;

break;

}

case 1:

{

ont=0xf82f;

offt=0xe2b3;

break;

}

}

}

TH1=(offt&0xff00)>>8;

TL1=offt&0x00ff;

TR1=1;

}

void main()

{

power=0;

fanon=0;

fan=1;

led=0;


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speed=5;

key1=0;

TMOD=0X11;

l1=l2=l4=l5=1;

l3=1;

l6=0;

ledon=0;

powercount=0;

EA=1;

EX0=1;

ET0=1;

ET1=1;

PX0=1;

PT0=1;

IT0=1;

IT1=1;

count=0;

newkey=0;

//

while(1)

{

while(!newkey);

newkey=0;

switch(id[3])

{

case 87: //5

{

fanon=~fanon;

l6=fanon;

if(fanon)

{

EX1=1;

zc=0;

}


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else

{

fan=1;

EX1=0;

TR1=0;

}

id[3]=0;

led=1;

ledon=1;

break;

}

case 11: //up

{

if(speed1)

{

led=1;

speed=speed-1;

ledon=1;

zc=0;


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}

else

speed=1;

id[3]=0;

break;

}

case 7: //power

{

power=~power;

if((power)||(powercount==0))

{

EX1=0;

TR1=0;

fan=1;

fanon=0;

l1t=l1;

l2t=l2;

l3t=l3;

l4t=l4;

l5t=l5;

l6t=l6;

l1=l2=l4=l5=1;

l3=1;

l6=0;

zc=0;

}

else

{

fanon=l6t;

if(fanon)

{

zc=0;

EX1=1;

}


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}

id[3]=0;

led=1;

ledon=1;

break;

}

default:

break;

}

if(ledon)

{

count=0; //newchange

TH0=0;

TL0=0;

TR0=1;

/*if(fanon==1)

{

ledon=0;

}*/

}

}

}


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CONCLUSION


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5. Conclusion:

The speed of fan & intensity of light can be controlled in various levels fromoff position to maximum intensity possible. So it finds its use as night lamp by

keeping the intensity of lamp in low level.

The circuit also finds its use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuitry. Our normal T.V. remote can be used for this purpose. Remote operating distance up to 30 ft / 10 mts. Provision for switching ON/OFF all lights & Fan instantly.

Spark less switching increases switches life.

Prevents us from risk of electrical shock and short circuit. No alteration required while installing our unit.

5.1. Application and scope:

This project is not only limited to speed control of fan but can also be

extended to domestic and industrial purposes as home appliances controlling using IR.

The home/ industrial appliances can be switched on/off and can be controlled using

IR remote without actually going near the switch boards or regulators.


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OUTPUT:

IMAGE 1: speed control of ceiling fan using tv remote kit,load in OFF condition

IMAGE 2: kit in ON condition with minimum speed


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IMAGE 3: kit in ON condition with medium speed

IMAGE 4: kit in ON condition with maximum speed


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References:

The following are the references made during the development of this

project work.

BOOKS REFERRED

1. Electrical and Electronic Measurements & Measurements

By A.K.SAWHNEY

2. Principles of Electronics

By V.K. MEHTA

3. Principles of Electronics

By B.V. NARAYANA RAO

4. Basic Electronics

By GROB

5. Communication Systems

By Simon Haykin

6. Electronic and Radio Engineering

By Kennedy

7. Instrumentation Devices and Systems

By Rangan and Sarma

Journals:

(1) Electronic Design.

(2) Electronics for you.

(3) Electronics Text.

(4) Practical Electronics.

WEBSITES REFERRED:

1. www.electrosofts.com

2. www.nataionalsemiconductors.com

3. www.controlanything.com

4 www electroguys com

Documents

Pavan Kumar Mini Project