PENCEMARAN UDARA

DAN SAMPLING POLUTAN UDARA

Oleh

Sudrajat

Program S-2 Ilmu Lingkungan

UNMUL

Samarinda

2010

Contaminants are :1. Products or substances other than product

manufactured 2. Foreign products3. Particulate matter4. Micro-organisms5. Endotoxins (degraded micro-organisms)

Cross-contamination is a particular case of contamination

What are Contaminants ?

Particle sizesParticle sizesAirborne Contaminants

Bioaerosol Sampling• Analysis by non-culture-based methods (e.g.

spore trap, Air-O-Cell™ cassette)– Identification and quantitation of (non-

viable) particulate matter, including fungal spores, hyphae, etc.

– Predominant individual genera and / or species identified• relative rank or relative prevalence • indoor / outdoor ratio

The BioCassetteTM

Types of Biological Samples

Gambar Fungi mikroskopis Stachybotrys

Sumber-sumber & Penyebab kualitas udara yg buruk

• Kimiawi• Biologis• Fisika• Psikososial

Sumber-sumber Biologis

• Pollen• Mold / Fungus• Bacteria• Viruses• By-products of

microbes

• Epithelial cells– Pet dander– Human skin particles

• Dust mites• Insects (&

insect parts)– Roaches

Sumber biologis • Air pada Pipa /

daerah gelap dan lembab – Humidity / microbial

growth / trigger illness & allergies

– Humidity / dust mite growth causes asthma / allergies

Sterile Swabs

Types of Biological SamplesAir• Viable or “Culture-based”

– Employs the use of an Andersen (or similar) sampler– Results usually reported as “colony forming units

per cubic meter of air” (CFU/m3)• Non-viable or “Non-culture-based”

– Employs the use of a spore trap sampler– Results usually reported as “particles per cubic

meter of air” (particles/m3)

Bioaerosol Sampling• Fungi and bacteria by impactor / culture plate

methods (i.e. Andersen sampler)– Requires sanitary handling– 28.3 Liters (1 cubic foot) per minute – Predominant individual genera and / or

species identified•Relative prevalence •Indoor / outdoor ratio

Types of Biological Samples

Types of Biological Samples

Where Do Contaminants Come From?

• Outside air carries dust which is a contaminant• People generate contaminants:

We completely shed our outer skin every 24 hrs.Particles of 0,3 micron & greater are liberated at a rate

varying between of 100 000 to 10 million per minuteA person walking will liberate 5000 bacteria/minute and

a single sneeze can produce up to 1 million bacteria.• The manufacturing process itself can generate

contaminants eg paint off equipment, dust from belt drives, etc

Cross-contamination (1)

Contamination

Contaminants from

Environment& Operators

Contaminants from

Equipment

CrossContamination

Productfrom

Environment& Operators

Productfrom

Equipment

Cross-Contamination (2)

Cross-contamination can be minimized by1. Personnel procedures2. Adequate premises3. Use of closed production systems4. Adequate, validated cleaning procedures5. Appropriate Levels of Protection of product6. Correct air pressure cascade

Why All the Concern About Dust?

Typical size relationship between

dust, bacteria and viruses

Virus

(0,006µm to 0,03µm)

Dust Particle

(0,5µm to 500µm)

Bacteria

(0,2µm to 2µm)

Dust Is a Bacteria Carrier