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People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development Session: Climate change, energy and biodiversity Climate change, land degradation and biodiversity in Africa – the challenge remains: how do we reach out to the people? Dr. Juliane Zeidler, IECN Namibia 30 October 2007, Trondheim, Norway

People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development · 2007. 10. 31. · People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development Session: Climate change, energy and biodiversity

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Page 1: People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development · 2007. 10. 31. · People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development Session: Climate change, energy and biodiversity

People and ecosystems –biodiversity for development

Session: Climate change, energy and biodiversity

Climate change, land degradation and biodiversity in Africa – the challenge remains: how do we reach out to the people?

Dr. Juliane Zeidler, IECNNamibia

30 October 2007, Trondheim, Norway

Page 2: People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development · 2007. 10. 31. · People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development Session: Climate change, energy and biodiversity

Outline of presentation

1. The MEAs and environment-poverty context 2. Country example: Namibia

a. National Development Planning (policy)b. CBNRM (implementation)

3. CBD: moving from planning to implementation

Page 3: People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development · 2007. 10. 31. · People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development Session: Climate change, energy and biodiversity

1. The MEAs and environment-poverty context

Page 4: People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development · 2007. 10. 31. · People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development Session: Climate change, energy and biodiversity

MEAs recap1992 UNCED CBD, UNCCD, UNFCCC (other previously e.g. Ramsar,

Cites)

2000 MGDs

What do they contribute to poverty alleviation/ sustainable development?

CBD context

• Strategic Plan• 2010 Target• MDG links

Key challenges: - Move towards implementation (esp. in

developing countries)- Deliver on Biodiversity & Human Well-

being framework (MA)

Page 5: People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development · 2007. 10. 31. · People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development Session: Climate change, energy and biodiversity

Freedom and choice

Provisioning services Food Water Wood

Cultural servicesRecreation Aesthetic Spiritual

Regulating servicesClimateFloodsDisease

Supporting ServicesSoil, nutrients ,growth

Healthnutrition

Environmental security

Good socialrelations

Basic material income

Ecosystem services

Biodiversity the variety of life

Human Well being

Direct and indirect drivers of ecosystem change Over grazing Pollution Desertification Habitat loss Climate change

Some drivers come from outside the area, such as global pressures and some local issues add up to have larger consequences

Many other forces also influence well being

Opportunities for human intervention

& adaptation

Biodiversity & Human Well-being

Freedom and choice

Biodiversity & Human Well-being

Page 6: People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development · 2007. 10. 31. · People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development Session: Climate change, energy and biodiversity

BD, LD, CC & MDGs

Page 7: People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development · 2007. 10. 31. · People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development Session: Climate change, energy and biodiversity

Food insecurity•Failed harvests of crops•Livestock loss• Impairment of biodiversity products, veld foods

Water scarcity•Limited drinking water (human/livestock)•Limited irrigation•Reduced water quality

Potential health impacts•Heat, vector dynamics•Vulnerable groups (children, elders, pregnant women, sick i.e. HIV/AIDS affected people)•Impacts on livestock and wild animals productivity

Less income•Reduced agriculture/livestock based income (less production, lower prices e.g. for livestock)•Failures of biodiversity products

Potential land/resource degradation•Overutilization during drought•Overutilization during onset of rainy season•Potential degradation of biodiversity, e.g. by management decisions (e.g. emergency relief)

EXAMPLE: PROLONGUED

DROUGHT

Climate (change) – Land Degradation –Biodiversity – Livelihood Linkages

Page 8: People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development · 2007. 10. 31. · People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development Session: Climate change, energy and biodiversity

Africa’s delivery on the MEAs

• Countries ratified CBD, UNCCD, UNFCCC, other

• Mostly NBSAPs, NAPs, NAPAs, INC, NCSA delivered on

• Significant, however declining GEF and other ODA investments

OVERALL: Environment (incl. Biodiversity) is on the agenda – or has been!

Page 9: People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development · 2007. 10. 31. · People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development Session: Climate change, energy and biodiversity

• Paris declaration: delivery modalities and mechanisms (Budget support)

• Mainstreaming environment in PRPS (incl. Biodiversity)

• GEF – RAF 4

New challenges: Changes in development cooperation

Page 10: People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development · 2007. 10. 31. · People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development Session: Climate change, energy and biodiversity

Mainstreaming Definition

What is “Environmental Mainstreaming”? (can be applied to “Biodiversity”)

UNDP’s Environmental Mainstreaming Strategy (updated version of June 2004)

“Environmental mainstreaming is the integration of environmental considerations into policies programming and operations to ensure the coherence and sustainability of our mission and practices.”

• Integration into core institutional thinking with other policies and related activities

• Systematically takes into consideration in the decision-making process; decisions benefit from environmental opportunities and avoid negative impacts

• Aligns policies, programmes and operations with long-term requirements of sustainable development

• Helps modernise development policy content and procedures, and promote a pro-active approach rather than responding to impacts as they unfold

Page 11: People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development · 2007. 10. 31. · People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development Session: Climate change, energy and biodiversity

a. National development planning (policy) b. CBNRM (implementation)

2. Country example: Namibia

Page 12: People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development · 2007. 10. 31. · People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development Session: Climate change, energy and biodiversity

Why is environmental Why is environmental sustainability so important to sustainability so important to

Namibia?Namibia?

• Most arid country in sub-Saharan Africa; limiting factors (e.g. water; variability)

• Sustainable use and management essential for future generations

• Major impacts e.g. from climate change expected and need to be addressed

• Depending on natural resources for all production sectors • Environment and Tourism second largest contributor to GDP

after mining• MEA performance excellent • High level of GEF investments & previously strong bi-lateral

support (now out-phasing)

Page 13: People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development · 2007. 10. 31. · People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development Session: Climate change, energy and biodiversity

NAMIBIA: Environment – Development Nexus/Issues

Water:•Demand vs sustainable use; valuation•Availability, esp. climate change impacts•Access, infrastructure & maintenance•Capacity support

Drought, extreme events & climate change:•Natural variability of climate•Preparedness & adaptation•Early warning & response measures

Land, natural resource & ecosystem management:•Land degradation, desertification, loss of productivity •Ecosystem services & natural limits of drylandproductivity; valuation •Sustainable use and management practices; land/resource use choices; incentives•Land reform•Appropriate technology & development•Capacity support

Environment Top Topics Development Linkages

Biodiversity and ecosystem services:•Natural variability of ecosystems•Conservation and protection; valuation•Parks & CBNRM; incentive measures•Sustainable use; valuation

Sustainable energies:•Fuel wood dependency & shortages; defosterstation•Energy crises: availability & access•Research and technology development

Sustainable tourism:•Conservation •Benefit sharing; incentives•Infrastructure & services•Political stability

Sustainable production systems:•Agriculture & rangelands•Fisheries•Forestry

Underpinning elements

•Infrastructure

•Trade & Markets

•Education

•Health

•Industrial/business development

•Financing

•Decentralisation

•Gender

•Participation

•Poverty reduction

•Devolution of rights & responsibilities

•Governance

•Enabling policy environment

Waste management & pollution ; cleaner production; environmentally sound/sustainable industries

Sustainable industries:•Environmental Impacts•Opportunity costs

Page 14: People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development · 2007. 10. 31. · People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development Session: Climate change, energy and biodiversity

Overview of Namibia’s development – environment policy framework

Constitution

Namibia’s Vision 2030

NDP1 NDP2 NDP3 NDPx NDPx NDPx

National Development Plans

Regional Development PlansRegional Poverty Profiles/Participatory Poverty Assessments

UNCCD

CBD

UNFCCC

Other MEAs

PPACaprivi

PPAErongo

PPA Hardap

PPA Karas

PPAKavango

PPAKhomas

PPA Kunene

PPAOhang-wena

PPAOmaheke

PPAOmusati

PPA Oshana

PPAOshikoto

PPAOtjozon-

djupa

21 Line Ministries & 13 Regional CouncilsStrategic Plans

Sectoral & Cross-cutting Policies

Implementation instrumentsProgrammes, projects, sector-wide approaches

International Environment International Development

NPRS

NPRAP

MDGs

UNCCD

e.g. Water Act; Land policies; EMA; NBSAP;Decentralisation Policy;

National Drought Policy

e.g. SPAN, BCLME, ICEMA, NACOMA, NAPCOD, CPP for ISLM, GEF/NCSA; EU RPR SWAp

e.g. MET

Page 15: People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development · 2007. 10. 31. · People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development Session: Climate change, energy and biodiversity

Environmental Sustainability

Prominent:- Dedicated Key Results Area

(KRA) IN NDP 3- Additionally: Cross-cutting

issue (also linked to MDGs)- GEF projects and other are

integrated- Environment high on poor’s

agenda (PPA), feeding into NDP

Page 16: People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development · 2007. 10. 31. · People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development Session: Climate change, energy and biodiversity

Development planning & budget delivery

Vision 2030 (medium-term development vision)

National Development Plans (NDPs; 5-yrs)

MET SP (Ministerial strategic planning; 5 yrs)

MTEF (budget planning; RBM based; 5 yrs)

Performance review process

NBSAP

Page 17: People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development · 2007. 10. 31. · People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development Session: Climate change, energy and biodiversity

Key bottleneck remains: delivery at local level

• Namibia: Dedicated CBNRM programme since Independence (1990)

• Enabling policy framework • Major investments (both

national and international)

• 50 Conservancies gazettedto date

• ~118,276 km2 (13% of Namibia’s land mass) now falls within communal area conservancies

• 212,000 people living in conservancies

One example: Conservancies

Page 18: People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development · 2007. 10. 31. · People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development Session: Climate change, energy and biodiversity

Some ResultsCBNRM Program Benefits 1994 - 2006

04,000,0008,000,000

12,000,00016,000,00020,000,00024,000,00028,000,000

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Year

N$

Conservancy / Enterprise Committee Income NR-based Household/Wage Income

Conservancy Non-Financial Benefits

Game Populations Economic Impacts

CBNRM Program 2005 - Source of Benefits

Crafts3%

Ow n Use Game5%

Interest Earned1%

Game Meat Dist.4%

Thatching Grass11%

Live Game Sale1%

Campsites/CBTEs26%

Trophy Hunting12%

Joint Venture Tourism36%

Source of Benefits

Page 19: People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development · 2007. 10. 31. · People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development Session: Climate change, energy and biodiversity

Bottlenecks?

• Capacity needs at all levels, incl. national and regional service delivery

• Too strong focus on wildlife only; needs to address other environmental issues; MEAs not mainstreamed (Opportunities: SGP, CBA)

• Remove parallel structures; integration of delivery mechanisms!

• CBNRM and decentralisation: pilots mainly; extremely resource intense

• Revenue and benefits generated from CBNRM need to be increased further

• Identify limitations critically and try to overcome

Page 20: People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development · 2007. 10. 31. · People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development Session: Climate change, energy and biodiversity

What can we improve?

a. Policy – Dual system:

• Mainstreaming• Dedicated support to individual MEA

implementation

b. Implementation – Up-scaling:

• Continued investments into CBNRM• Broad-scale education• Combat HIV/Aids and other• Test pilots• Continue improving policy framework

Long-term and sustainable support!

Page 21: People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development · 2007. 10. 31. · People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development Session: Climate change, energy and biodiversity

3. CBD: Moving from planning to implementation

Page 22: People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development · 2007. 10. 31. · People and ecosystems – biodiversity for development Session: Climate change, energy and biodiversity

CBD: Moving from planning to implementation

1. Synergies & Complementarity2. Joint implementation delivery mechanisms?3. Paris Declaration: how to make the environmental

case? PRSP – NBSAP – where are the entry points?4. CBD: to be addressed/housed by Development

Ministries, not only Environment; critical part of development agenda!

5. GEF & Implementing Agencies: at this stage probably the most practical mechanisms, but certain constraints; how can CBD connect better?

6. Target 2010: hard for developing countries to demonstrate successes; improve on Target 2020!