Persian Gulf War: Organized Crime?

7/30/2019 Persian Gulf War: Organized Crime?

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PERSIAN GULF WAR

Organized Crime?

By William P. Litynski


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From the Grassy Knoll in Manhattan:

Lone Gunman or Patsy?The Assassination of Israeli Extremist Rabbi Meir Kahane on November 5, 1990

Arab terrorist Yasser Arafat (left meets !ith former "#$# %resi&ent 'eore )#*# +sh (riht at a hotel in *ashinton, -#.# onSeptember 13, 1993# The 199/ *orl& Tra&e .enter +ombin orre& in Ne! Yor .it2 on February 26, 1993# El $a22i& Nosan E23tian4born Amerian itien, !as involve& in mr&erin Rabbi Meir Kahane an& !as onvite& for his involvement in the 19*orl& Tra&e .enter +ombin# (6 $te3hen 7affe 8 Reters

Kaem !a"a#i

Ambassa&or of Iran tothe "nite& Nations

(199419:0;Assassinate& in

$!iterlan& on A3ril tober 1/,

1990

!abbi Meir Kahane

?on&er of 7e!ish-efense @eae;

Assassinate& b2 a lonenman in Ne! Yor

.it2 hotel onNovember 5, 1990

Salah Mesbah Khala$

'(bu )ya*+

-e3t2 @ea&er of the%alestine @iberation>raniation (%@>;

Assassinate& b2 a lonenman in Tnis,

Tnisia on 7an# 1=, 1991

Shapour a-htia

%rime Minister of Ir(7anar2 =, 1994

?ebrar2 11, 199Assassinate& in %aris

Ast , 1991


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Meir Kahane, 58, Israeli Militant and Founder of the Jewish Defense League

By JOHN KIFNERTe Ne! "#r$ Time%P&'(i%ed) N#*em'er +,- .//+

C#rre01i#n A22ended

Ra''i 3eir Kaane- 1e 4#&nder #4 1e Je!i% 5e4en%e Leag&e- !# !a% %#1 1# dea1 in a 3ana11an #1e( (a%1

nig1- made a (#ng 6#&rney 4r#m 1e %1ree1% #4 Br##$(yn 1# a 2#!er4&( 2#%i1i#n #n 1e 4ar7rig1 4ringe% #4 I%rae(i2#(i1i0%8

T# i% 4#((#!er%- 1e 9:7year7#(d Or1#d#; ra''i n#! e i% an e2idemi0-= A(#&2 Hare*an- a%%#0ia1edire01#r #4 1e @an Leer F#&nda1i#n- a 2ri*a1e I%rae(i re%ear0 gr#&2 1rying 1# 2r#m#1e 1#(eran0e- %aid 1a1 year8

Wen e 1##$ i% %ea1 in Par(iamen1- m#%1 I%rae(i 2#(i1i0a( 0#mmen1a1#r% di%mi%%ed im a% =an Ameri0an im2#r1=and a =ra0i%1 (&na1i0= !# !#&(d ne*er 4ind a %eri#&% 4#((#!ing in I%rae(8

B&1 i1 %##n 'e0ame 0(ear e ad 1a22ed a *i%0era( 2#(i1i0a( 4ee(ing8 An A22ea( Ba%ed #n Fear

=I a*e 1#&0ed a %im2(e and #ne%1 ner*e #n 1e 2ar1 #4 1e 2e#2(e-= Ra''i Kaane %aid8 He %aid 1e a22ea( !a%'a%ed #n m#&n1ing 4ear% I%rae(i% ad #4 Ara'% and #4 a de%ire 1# end !a1 1ey 0a((ed 1e Ara' 2r#'(em #n0e and 4#a((8

Ta1 de%ire !a% %1i(( *i%i'(e (a%1 3ay a% Ra''i Kaane !a% 2ar1 #4 a 0r#!d %ee$ing re*enge a41er a Pa(e%1inian!ie(ding a $ni4e $i((ed 1!# I%rae(i% in Jer&%a(em 2er%#na( *i#(en0e 'e1!een Ara'% and Je!% adin0rea%ed- and 0#n4iden0e in I%rae(


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=He !a% a(!ay% a %en%i1i*e and %en1imen1a( '#y-= i% 4a1er- a ig(y regarded Ta(m&di0 %0#(ar- %aid in a ./.in1er*ie!8

Brilliant "tudent

A% a '#y- 3eir 'egan i% ed&0a1i#n in neig'#r##d ye%i*a%- (a1er enr#((ing a% a nig1 %1&den1 a1 Br##$(yn C#((ege!ere e 0#m4irmed i% re2&1a1i#n a% a 'ri((ian1 %1&den1- grad&a1ing in 1ree and a a(4 year%8

Ordained a% a ra''i a41er %1&dying a1 1e 3irrer "e%i*a- e !a% named 1# ead a 0#ngrega1i#n in H#!ard Bea0-D&een%- !ere e %er*ed 4#r 1!# year% in 1e mid7./9+


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B&1 re2#r1#ria( in*e%1iga1i#n% in1# Ra''i Kaane a 'r#1er- Na0man> i% m#1er- S#nia> 1!# %#n%-Bar&0 and Binyamin- and 1!# da&g1er%- !#%e name% !ere n#1 immedia1e(y a*ai(a'(e (a%1 nig18 A(( are #4Jer&%a(em8

A 4&nera( 4#r Ra''i Kaane !i(( 'e e(d a1 )+ P838 1#day a1 "#&ng I%rae( #4 O0ean Par$!ay- a1 .:. O0ean Par$!in F(a1'&%- a41er !i0 i% '#dy !i(( 'e 4(#!n 1# I%rae(8

Correction:November 7, 1990, Tuesday, Late Edition - Final An obituary of Rabbi Meir a!ane in some "o#iesyesterday des"ribed !is edu"ation in"orre"tly$ %e &raduated from t!e 'es!iva (niversity %i&! )"!ool for *oys in19+7$ %e did not attend t!e universitys "olle&e, nor as !e ordained at its Rabbi .saa" El"!anan T!eolo&i"al)eminary$ .n addition, t!e main front-#a&e !eadline about Rabbi a!anes deat! misstated t!e timin& in some"o#ies$ %e as s!ot after &ivin& a s#ee"!, not durin& it$ T!e obituary is re#rinted today on #a&e *1/$

htt3B88!!!#n2times#om81990811808obitaries8meir4ahane45:4israeli4militant4an&4fon&er4of4the4Ce!ish4&efense4leae#htm
http://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/06/obituaries/meir-kahane-58-israeli-militant-and-founder-of-the-jewish-defense-league.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/06/obituaries/meir-kahane-58-israeli-militant-and-founder-of-the-jewish-defense-league.html


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.l Sayyi* /osairas a 2oner man (left an& as an inmate (3risoner in Marion, Illinois in


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President (eor'e B$sh and )in' *ahd of Sa$di Arabia are seen la$'hin' inside the Royal Palae in Jeddah, Sa$di Arabia onNovember 21, 1990, less than two months before the be'innin' of the Persian ($lf War. +eration -esert Shield, a militaryoeration inolin' the deloyment of United /ations fores in Sa$di Arabia, lasted from A$'$st 0, 1223 $ntil Jan$ary 14, 122!Photo%(eor'e B$sh Presidential Library"

President (eor'e 5.W. B$sh !left" isits Syria6s desot 5afe7 Assad on November 23, 1990, less than two months before thebe'innin' of the Persian ($lf War. Syria o$ied Lebanon from 1284 $ntil 0339. !Photo by Wally M/amee&C+RB#S"
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/photos/photos.php?file=P17645-05.jpghttp://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/photos/photos.php?file=P17645-05.jpghttp://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/photos/photos.php?file=P17645-05.jpg


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%ersian 'lf *arB >ranie& .rimeD

%ersian 'lf *arB In Their >!n *or&s

'en# $me&le2 -# +tler

*AR is a raet# It al!a2s has been# It is 3ossibl2 the ol&est, easil2 the most 3rofitable, srel2 tmost viios# It is the onl2 one international in so3e# It is the onl2 one in !hih the 3rofits are

reone& in &ollars an& the losses in lives# A raet is best &esribe&, I believe, as somethin thatnot !hat it seems to the maCorit2 of the 3eo3le# >nl2 a small insi&eF ro3 no!s !hat it is aboIt is on&te& for the benefit of the ver2 fe!, at the ex3ense of the ver2 man2# >t of !ar a fe!3eo3le mae he fortnes#FG $me&le2 -# +tler, Retire& MaCor 'eneral of the "#$# Marine .or3s, War is a Racket

)ermann 'oerin

*h2, of orse the 3eo3le &onHt !ant !ar# *h2 !ol& some 3oor slob on a farm !ant to ris hilife in a !ar !hen the best that he an et ot of it is to ome ba to his farm in one 3ieeDNatrall2, the ommon 3eo3le &onHt !ant !ar; neither in Rssia nor in Enlan&, nor in Ameria, n

for that matter in 'erman2# That is n&erstoo +t, after all, it is the lea&ers of the ontr2 !ho&etermine the 3oli2 an& it is al!a2s a sim3le matter to &ra the 3eo3le alon !hether its a&emora2, a fasist &itatorshi3, a 3arliament, or a ommnist &itatorshi3# Jbt voie or no vothe 3eo3le an al!a2s be broht to the bi&&in of the lea&ers# That is eas2# All 2o have to &o is them the2 are bein attae&, an& &enone the 3aifists for la of 3atriotism an& ex3osin theontr2 to &aner# It !ors the same !a2 in an2 ontr2#FG )ermann 'oerin, in a onversation !ith "#$# Arm2 .a3tain 'stave 'ilbert in a 3rison ell&rin the Nrember trials, on A3ril 1:, 19=# fromNuremberg Diary, b2 'stave M# 'ilbert

7ohn 7a2

+t the safet2 of the 3eo3le of Ameria aainst &aners fromforeignfore &e3en&s not onl2 ontheir forbearin to ivejustases of !ar to other nations, bt also on their 3lain an& ontininthemselves in sh a sitation as not to invitehostilit2 or inslt; for it nee& not be observe& that th

arepretendedas !ell as Cst ases of !ar# It is too tre, ho!ever &israefl it ma2 be to hmannatre, that nations in eneral !ill mae !ar !henever the2 have a 3ros3et of ettin an2thin b2na2, absolte monarhs !ill often mae !ar !hen their nations are to et nothin b2 it, bt for the3r3oses an& obCets merel2 3ersonal, sh as thirst for militar2 lor2, revene for 3ersonal affronambition, or 3rivate om3ats to aran&ie or s33ort their 3artilar families or 3artisans# Thesean& a variet2 of other motives, !hih affet onl2 the min& of the soverein, often lea& him to enain !ars not santifie& b2 Cstie or the voie an& interests of his 3eo3le#FG 7ohn 7a2,FederalistNo# =

7ames Ma&ison

>f all the enemies to 3bli libert2 !ar is, 3erha3s, the most to be &rea&e&, bease it om3risesan& &evelo3s the erm of ever2 other# *ar is the 3arent of armies; from these 3roee& &ebts an&taxes; an& armies, an& &ebts, an& taxes are the no!n instrments for brinin the man2 n&er the

&omination of the fe!# In !ar, too, the &isretionar2 3o!er of the Exetive is exten&e&; itsinflene in &ealin ot offies, honors, an& emolments is mlti3lie&; an& all the means of se&the min&s, are a&&e& to those of sb&in the fore, of the 3eo3le# The same malinant as3et inre3blianism ma2 be trae& in the inealit2 of fortnes, an& the o33ortnities of fra&, ro!inot of a state of !ar, an& in the &eenera2 of manners an& of morals enen&ere& b2 both# No natiol& 3reserve its free&om in the mi&st of ontinal !arfare#FG "#$# .onressman 7ames Ma&ison, fromPolitical Observations, A3ril


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$ll L +ones at Yale "niversit2B$eret $oiet2 or .riminal $2n&iateD

:he +rder of Sk$ll ; Bones is a seret soiety at


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Members of $ll L +ones &rin the %ersian 'lf *ar (19914


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:he :omb, offiial headI$arters of :he +rder of Sk$ll ; Bones, is loated at


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Ne! +ab2lon Arh Entrane near Al )illah, Ira# (%hotoB ?lir
http://www.flickr.com/photos/epoole/876108385/http://www.flickr.com/photos/epoole/876108385/


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0hapter 2 o$ the oo- o$ Matthe, Kin& ames 4ersion o$ 5he oly ible

1B An& 7ess !ent ot, an& &e3arte& from the tem3leB an& his &isi3les ame to him for to she! him the bil&ins of the tem3le#lives, the &isi3les ame nto him 3rivatel2, sa2in, Tell s, !hen shall these thins beD an& !hat shabe the sin of th2 omin, an& of the en& of the !orl&D: (n* esus ansere* an* sai* unto them, 5a-e hee* that no man *e7ei#e you8

5B ?or man2 shall ome in m2 name, sa2in, I am .hrist; an& shall &eeive man2#6: (n* ye shall hear o$ ars an* rumours o$ ars: see that ye be not trouble*: $or all these thin&s must 7ome to pass, but the en* i

not yet8: For nation shall rise a&ainst nation, an* -in&*om a&ainst -in&*om: an* there shall be $amines, an* pestilen7es, an* earthua-ein *i#ers pla7es8

;: (ll these are the be&innin& o$ sorros8

9B Then shall the2 &eliver 2o 3 to be afflite&, an& shall ill 2oB an& 2e shall be hate& of all nations for m2 names sae#10B An& then shall man2 be offen&e&, an& shall betra2 one another, an& shall hate one another#11B An& man2 false 3ro3hets shall rise, an& shall &eeive man2#1


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U.S. President (eor'e W. B$sh deliers a seeh to rew aboard the airraft arrier USS Abraham Linoln, as the arrier steamed toward

-ie'o, California, U.S.A. on May 1, 033. !Larry -ownin'&Re$ters&Corbis"

@>ell, ) thin- ) as unprepare* $or ar8AG %resi&ent 'eore *# +sh, in an intervie! !ith A+. Cornalist .harlie 'ibson on -eember 1, r enemies are innovative an& resorefl, an& so are !e# 5hey ne#er stop thin-in& about neays to harm our 7ountry an* our people, an* neither *o e8F "#$# %resi&ent'eore *# +sh, in a s3eeh in *ashinton, -#.# on Ast 5,


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@>e are not &oin& to a7hie#e a ne orl* or*er ithout payin& $or it in bloo* as ell as in or*s an* money

G Arthr $hlesiner 7r#, 7l28Ast 1995 isse ofForeign Affairs, +a to the *ombDF, 3# :

@ut hy shoul* e hear about bo*y ba&s, an* *eaths, an* ho many, hat *ay itBs &onna happen, an* ho many thi

or hat *o you suppose? Cr, ) mean, itBs, itBs not rele#ant8 So, hy shoul* ) aste my beauti$ul min* on somethin& li

that?AG ?ormer ?irst @a&2 +arbara +sh, ood !orning Americaon A+., Marh 1:,


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Geor&e 8>8 ush @ne orl* or*erA: ( Faustian ar&ain?

>t of these troble& times, or fifth obCetive G a ne orl* or*erG an emereB a ne! era G freer from the threat of terrorstroner in the 3rsit of Cstie, an& more sere in the est for 3eae#FG %resi&ent 'eore )#*# +sh, in a s3eeh to .onress on $e3tember 11, 1990

This is an histori moment# *e have in this 3ast 2ear ma&e reat 3roress in en&in the lon era of onflit an& ol& !ar# *have before s the o33ortnit2 to fore for orselves an& for ftre enerations a ne orl* or*erG a !orl& !here the rle ola!, not the la! of the Cnle, overns the on&t of nations# *hen !e are sessfl 44 an& !e !ill be G !e have a real hanat this ne orl* or*er, an or&er in !hih a re&ible "nite& Nations an se its 3eaeee3in role to flfill the 3romise an&vision of the "#N#Hs fon&ers#FG %resi&ent 'eore )#*# +sh, in a s3eeh &elivere& in the >val >ffie on 7anar2 1, 1991

?or t!o entries !eve &one the har& !or of free&om# An& toniht !e lea& the !orl& in fain &o!n a threat to &een2 a

hmanit2# *hat is at stae is more than one small ontr2; it is a bi i&ea G a ne orl* or*er, !here &iverse nations are&ra!n toether in ommon ase to ahieve the niversal as3irations of manin&B 3eae an& serit2, free&om, an& the rle ofla!# $h is a !orl& !orth2 of or strle, an& !orth2 of or hil&renHs ftre#FG %resi&ent 'eore )#*# +sh, $tate of the "nion A&&ress on 7anar2


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Soiet Commissar Mikhail (orbahe !left", President (eor'e 5.W. B$sh !enter", and *ederal Resere Chairman Alan(reensan !ri'ht" aear in a reeiin' line at a state dinner in Washin'ton, -.C. on May 1, 1223. :his hoto aears in thbook The #ge of Turbulence: #dventures in a ew "orldby Alan (reensan. !Photo% (eor'e 5.W. B$sh Presidential Librar

President (eor'e W. B$sh !left" and Hie President -ik Cheney !enter" listen to *ederal Resere Chairman Alan (reensa-ik Cheney and Alan (reensan are members of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations. !Washin'ton Post&White 5o$se&AP Pho
http://blog.washingtonpost.com/cheney/chapters/a_strong_push_from_back_stage/comments.htmlhttp://blog.washingtonpost.com/cheney/chapters/a_strong_push_from_back_stage/comments.html


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Seretary of -efense -onald 5. R$msfeld !ri'ht" on'rat$lates *ederal Resere Chairman Alan (reensan !left" after awardin' him the-eartment of -efense Medal for -istin'$ished P$bli Serie at the Penta'on in Arlin'ton, Hir'inia on Jan$ary 0, 0334. -onald 5.R$msfeld and Alan (reensan attended the 0330 Bilderber' Meetin's in Chantilly, Hir'inia, U.S.A. from May 3, 0330 to J$ne 0, 0330. Al(reensan sered as the Chairman of the *ederal Resere from A$'$st 11, 128 to Jan$ary 1, 0334 !Photo% U.S. -eartment of-efense&Petty +ffier 1st Class Chad J. M/eeley, U.S. /ay"

Amerian National -ebt &rin the Iran4Ira *ar (19:0419:: an& %ersian 'lf *ar (19914


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STo!ar& a Ne! *orl& >r&erH

( trans7ript o$ $ormer Presi*ent Geor&e erbert >al-er ushHs

a**ress to a "oint session o$ 0on&ress an* the nation

From the /ational (r7hi#es

September 11, 199

Mr# %resi&ent an& Mr# $3eaer an& Members of the "nite& $tates .onress, &istinishe& ests, fello! Amerians, than 2over2 mh for that !arm !elome# *e ather toniht, !itness to events in the %ersian 'lf as sinifiant as the2 are trai# Inthe earl2 mornin hors of Ast


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)e an& other lea&ers from Ero3e, the 'lf, an& aron& the !orl& n&erstan& that ho! !e manae this risis to&a2 ol& sha3the ftre for enerations to ome#

The test !e fae is reat, an& so are the staes# This is the first assalt on the ne! !orl& that !e see, the first test of or mett)a& !e not res3on&e& to this first 3rovoation !ith larit2 of 3r3ose, if !e &o not ontine to &emonstrate or &etermination!ol& be a sinal to atal an& 3otential &es3ots aron& the !orl Ameria an& the !orl& mst &efen& ommon vital interestan& !e !ill# Ameria an& the !orl& mst s33ort the rle of la! 44 an& !e !ill# Ameria an& the !orl& mst stan& 3 toaression 44 an& !e !ill# An& one thin moreB In the 3rsit of these oals Ameria !ill not be intimi&ate

ital isses of 3rini3le are at stae# $a&&am )ssein is literall2 tr2in to !i3e a ontr2 off the fae of the Earth# *e &o not

exaerate# Nor &o !e exaerate !hen !e sa2 $a&&am )ssein !ill fail# ital eonomi interests are at ris as !ell# Ira itsontrols some 10 3erent of the !orl&s 3roven oil reserves# Ira 3ls K!ait ontrols t!ie that# An Ira 3ermitte& to s!allo!K!ait !ol& have the eonomi an& militar2 3o!er, as !ell as the arroane, to intimi&ate an& oere its neihbors 44neihbors !ho ontrol the lions share of the !orl&s remainin oil reserves# *e annot 3ermit a resore so vital to be&ominate& b2 one so rthless# An& !e !ont#

Reent events have srel2 3roven that there is no sbstitte for Amerian lea&ershi3# In the fae of t2rann2, let no one &obtAmerian re&ibilit2 an& reliabilit2# @et no one &obt or sta2in 3o!er# *e !ill stan& b2 or frien&s# >ne !a2 or another, thlea&er of Ira mst learn this fn&amental trth# ?rom the otset, atin han& in han& !ith others, !eve soht to fashion thebroa&est 3ossible international res3onse to Iras aression# The level of !orl& oo3eration an& on&emnation of Ira isn3ree&ente Arme& fores from ontries s3annin for ontinents are there at the reest of Kin ?ah& of $a&i Arabia to&eter an&, if nee& be, to &efen& aainst atta# Moslems an& non4Moslems, Arabs an& non4Arabs, sol&iers from man2 nations

stan& shol&er to shol&er, resolte aainst $a&&am )sseins ambitions#

*e an no! 3oint to five "nite& Nations $erit2 .onil resoltions that on&emn Iras aression# The2 all for Irasimme&iate an& non&itional !ith&ra!al, the restoration of K!aits leitimate overnment, an& ateoriall2 reCet Iras2nial an& self4servin attem3t to annex K!ait# ?inall2, the "nite& Nations has &eman&e& the release of all forein nationalhel& hostae aainst their !ill an& in ontravention of international la!# It is a moer2 of hman &een2 to all these 3eo3leests#F The2 are hostaes, an& the !hole !orl& no!s it#

%rime Minister Mararet Thather, a &e3en&able all2, sai& it allB *e &o not barain over hostaes# *e !ill not stoo3 to thelevel of sin hman beins as barainin hi3s ever# >f orse, of orse, or hearts o ot to the hostaes an& to theirfamilies# +t or 3oli2 annot hane, an& it !ill not hane# Ameria an& the !orl& !ill not be blamaile& b2 this rthless3oli2#

*ere no! in siht of a "nite& Nations that 3erforms as envisione& b2 its fon&ers# *e o!e mh to the otstan&in lea&ershof $eretar24'eneral 7avier %ere &e .ellar# The "nite& Nations is bain 3 its !or&s !ith ation# The $erit2 .onil him3ose& man&ator2 eonomi santions on Ira, &esine& to fore Ira to relinish the s3oils of its illeal onest# The$erit2 .onil has also taen the &eisive ste3 of athoriin the se of all means neessar2 to ensre om3liane !ith thessantions# Toether !ith or frien&s an& allies, shi3s of the "nite& $tates Nav2 are to&a2 3atrollin Mi&east !aters# The2vealrea&2 intere3te& more than 00 shi3s to enfore the santions# Three reional lea&ers I s3oe !ith Cst 2ester&a2 tol& me ththese santions are !orin# Ira is feelin the heat# *e ontine to ho3e that Iras lea&ers !ill reallate Cst !hat theiraression has ost them# The2 are t off from !orl& tra&e, nable to sell their oil# An& onl2 a tin2 fration of oo&s etsthroh#

The ommniU !ith %resi&ent 'orbahev ma&e mention of !hat ha33ens !hen the embaro is so effetive that hil&ren of

Ira literall2 nee& mil or the si trl2 nee& me&iine# Then, n&er strit international s3ervision that arantees the 3ro3er&estination, then foo& !ill be 3ermitte

At home, the material ost of or lea&ershi3 an be stee3# Thats !h2 $eretar2 of $tate +aer an& Treasr2 $eretar2 +ra&2have met !ith man2 !orl& lea&ers to n&ersore that the br&en of this olletive effort mst be share *e are 3re3are& to &or share an& more to hel3 arr2 that loa&; !e insist that others &o their share as !ell#

The res3onse of most of or frien&s an& allies has been oo To hel3 &efra2 osts, the lea&ers of $a&i Arabia, K!ait, an& t"AE 44 the "nite& Arab Emirates 44 have 3le&e& to 3rovi&e or &e3lo2e& troo3s !ith all the foo& an& fel the2 nee 'eneroassistane !ill also be 3rovi&e& to stal!art front4line nations, sh as Tre2 an& E23t# I am also heartene& to re3ort that thiinternational res3onse exten&s to the nee&iest vitims of this onflit 44 those refees# ?or or 3art, !eve ontribte& P


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Theres an ener24relate& ost to be borne as !ell# >il43ro&in nations are alrea&2 re3lain lost Irai an& K!aiti ot3t#More than half of !hat !as lost has been ma&e 3# An& !ere ettin s3erb oo3eration# If 3ro&ers, inl&in the "nite&$tates, ontine ste3s to ex3an& oil an& as 3ro&tion, !e an stabilie 3ries an& arantee aainst har&shi3# A&&itionall2, !an& several of or allies al!a2s have the o3tion to extrat oil from or stratei 3etrolem reserves if on&itions !arrant# As I3ointe& ot before, onservation efforts are essential to ee3 or ener2 nee&s as lo! as 3ossible# An& !e mst then taea&vantae of or ener2 sores aross the boar&B oal, natral as, h2&ro, an& nlear# >r failre to &o these thins has ma&s more &e3en&ent on forein oil than ever before# ?inall2, let no one even ontem3late 3rofiteerin from this risis# *e !ill have it#

I annot 3re&it Cst ho! lon it !ill tae to onvine Ira to !ith&ra! from K!ait# $antions !ill tae time to have their finten&e& effet# *e !ill ontine to revie! all o3tions !ith or allies, bt let it be learB !e !ill not let this aression stan

>r interest, or involvement in the 'lf is not transitor2# It 3re&ate& $a&&am )sseins aression an& !ill srvive it# @onafter all or troo3s ome home 44 an& !e all ho3e its soon, ver2 soon 44 there !ill be a lastin role for the "nite& $tates inassistin the nations of the %ersian 'lf# >r role thenB to &eter ftre aression# >r role is to hel3 or frien&s in their o!nself4&efense# An& somethin elseB to rb the 3roliferation of hemial, bioloial, ballisti missile an&, above all, nleartehnoloies#

@et me also mae lear that the "nite& $tates has no arrel !ith the Irai 3eo3le# >r arrel is !ith Iras &itator an& !ith aression# Ira !ill not be 3ermitte& to annex K!ait# Thats not a threat, thats not a boast, thats Cst the !a2 its oin to be

>r abilit2 to fntion effetivel2 as a reat 3o!er abroa& &e3en&s on ho! !e on&t orselves at home# >r eonom2, orArme& ?ores, or ener2 &e3en&ene, an& or ohesion all &etermine !hether !e an hel3 or frien&s an& stan& 3 to or fo?or Ameria to lea&, Ameria mst remain stron an& vital# >r !orl& lea&ershi3 an& &omesti strenth are mtal an&reinforin; a !oven 3iee, stronl2 bon& as >l& 'lor2# To revitalie or lea&ershi3, or lea&ershi3 a3ait2, !e mst a&&reor b&et &efiit 44 not after eletion &a2, or next 2ear, bt no!#

)iher oil 3ries slo! or ro!th, an& hiher &efense osts !ol& onl2 mae or fisal &efiit 3roblem !orse# That &efiit !alrea&2 reater than it shol& have been 44 a 3roCete& Ptober 1st 44 to etAmerias eonomi hose in or&er# The 'lf sitation hel3s s realie !e are more eonomiall2 vlnerable than !e evershol& be# Amerians mst never aain enter an2 risis, eonomi or militar2, !ith an exessive &e3en&ene on forein oil an

an exessive br&en of ?e&eral &ebt#

Most Amerians are si an& tire& of en&less battles in the .onress an& bet!een the branhes over b&et matters# It is hihtime !e 3lle& toether an& et the Cob &one riht# Its 3 to s to straihten this ot# This Cob has for basi 3arts# ?irst, the.onress shol&, this month, !ithin a b&et areement, enat ro!th4oriente& tax measres 44 to hel3 avoi& reession in theshort term an& to inrease savins, investment, 3ro&tivit2, an& om3etitiveness for the loner term# These measres inl&eexten&in inentives for researh an& ex3erimentation; ex3an&in the se of IRAs for ne! homeo!ners; establishin tax4&eferre& famil2 savins aonts; reatin inentives for the reation of enter3rise ones an& initiatives to enorae more&omesti &rillin; an&, 2es, re&in the tax rate on a3ital ains#

An& seon&, the .onress shol&, this month, enat a 3r&ent mlti2ear &efense 3roram, one that reflets not onl2 theim3rovement in East4*est relations bt or broa&er res3onsibilities to &eal !ith the ontinin riss of otla! ation an&

reional onflit# Even !ith or obliations in the 'lf, a son& &efense b&et an have some re&tion in real terms; an& !3re3are& to ae3t that# +t to o be2on& sh levels, !here ttin &efense !ol& threaten or vital marin of safet2, issomethin I !ill never ae3t# The !orl& is still &aneros# An& srel2, that is no! lear# $tabilit2s not sere# Amerianinterests are far reahin# Inter&e3en&ene has inrease The onseenes of reional instabilit2 an be lobal# This is no timto ris Amerias a3ait2 to 3rotet her vital interests#

An& thir&, the .onress shol&, this month, enat measres to inrease &omesti ener2 3ro&tion an& ener2 onservation ior&er to re&e &e3en&ene on forein oil# These measres shol& inl&e m2 3ro3osals to inrease inentives for &omesti oan& as ex3loration, fel4s!ithin, an& to aelerate the &evelo3ment of the Alasan ener2 resores !ithot &amae to!il&life# As 2o no!, !hen the oil embaro !as im3ose& in the earl2 190s, the "nite& $tates im3orte& almost millionbarrels of oil a &a2# This 2ear, before the Irai invasion, "#$# im3orts ha& risen to nearl2 : million barrels 3er &a2# An& !e&move& in the !ron &iretion# An& no! !e mst at to orret that tren


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An& forth, the .onress shol&, this month, enat a 542ear 3roram to re&e the 3roCete& &ebt an& &efiits b2 P500 billion thats b2 half a trillion &ollars# An& if, !ith the .onress, !e an &evelo3 a satisfator2 3roram b2 the en& of the month, !e avoi& the ax of seester 44 &ee3 aross4the4boar& ts that !ol& threaten or militar2 a3ait2 an& ris sbstantial &omesti&isr3tion# I !ant to be able to tell the Amerian 3eo3le that !e have trl2 solve& the &efiit 3roblem# An& for me to &o that, b&et areement mst meet these testsB It mst inl&e the measres Ive reommen&e& to inrease eonomi ro!th an&re&e &e3en&ene on forein oil# It mst be fair# All shol& ontribte, bt the br&en shol& not be exessive for an2 onero3 of 3rorams or 3eo3le# It mst a&&ress the ro!th of overnments hi&&en liabilities# It mst reform the b&et 3roessan&, frther, it mst be real#

I re .onress to 3rovi&e a om3rehensive 542ear &efiit re&tion 3roram to me as a om3lete leislative 3aae, !ith

measres to assre that it an be fll2 enfore Ameria is tire& of 3hon2 &efiit re&tion or 3romise4no!, save4later 3lans# is time for a 3roram that is re&ible an& real# An& finall2, to the extent that the &efiit re&tion 3roram inl&es ne! revenmeasres, it mst avoi& an2 measre that !ol& threaten eonomi ro!th or trn s ba to!ar& the &a2s of 3nishin inomtax rates# That is one 3ath !e shol& not hea& &o!n aain#

I have been 3lease& !ith reent 3roress, althoh it has not al!a2s seeme& so smooth# +t no! its time to 3ro&e# I ho3e !an !or ot a res3onsible 3lan# +t !ith or !ithot areement from the b&et smmit, I as both )oses of the .onress toallo! a straiht 34or4&o!n vote on a om3lete P5004billion &efiit re&tion 3aae not later than $e3tember ne aain, Amerians have ste33e& for!ar& to share a tearfl oo&b2e !ith their families before leavin for a strane an&&istant shore# (t this #ery moment, they ser#e to&ether ith (rabs, .uropeans, (sians, an* ($ri7ans in *e$ense o$prin7iple an* the *ream o$ a ne orl* or*er8Thats !h2 the2 s!eat an& toil in the san& an& the heat an& the sn# If the2 ome toether n&er sh a&versit2, if ol& a&versaries lie the $oviet "nion an& the "nite& $tates an !or in ommon asethen srel2 !e !ho are so fortnate to be in this reat .hamber 44 -emorats, Re3blians, liberals, onservatives 44 an omtoether to flfill or res3onsibilities here# Than 2o# 'oo& niht# An& 'o& bless the "nite& $tates of Ameria#

National Arhives NoteB The %resi&ent s3oe at 9B09 3#m# in the )ose .hamber at the .a3itol# )e !as intro&e& b2 Thoma

$# ?ole2, $3eaer of the )ose of Re3resentatives# The a&&ress !as broa&ast live on nation!i&e television an& ra&io#

$oreB htt3B88!!!#s!eetlibert2#or8isses8!ar8bshsr#htm
http://www.sweetliberty.org/issues/war/bushsr.htmhttp://www.sweetliberty.org/issues/war/bushsr.htm


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Presi*ent Geor&e 8>8 ushBs Spee7h (nnoun7in& >ar (&ainst )ra

7anar2 1, 1991

On August #$ %&&'$ tanks and soldiers from (ra) crossed t"e border into neig"boring *u+ait and sei,ed t"e tiny$ oil-ric" nation. (ra

troops t"en began massing along t"e border of /audi Arabia. Wit"in days$ American troops +ere sent to /audi Arabia in Operatio

Desert /"ield$ protecting /audi Arabia from possible attack. On August 0t"$ t"e 1nited Nations /ecurity 2ouncil imposed a trade

embargo and financial sanctions against (ra) and aut"ori,ed t"e use of force by naval forces in t"e Persian ulf to prevent any

violations. President eorge 3us" addressed a joint session of 2ongress a fe+ +eeks later and stated t"e 1./. could not allo+ (ra)i

dictator /addam 4ussein to sei,e control of vital oil resources in t"e !iddle 5ast. President 3us" t"en doubled t"e si,e of Allied

forces in t"e region to 67'$''' soldiers. On November #&t"$ t"e 1.N. /ecurity 2ouncil aut"ori,ed its member nations to use 8all

necessary means8 to e9pel (ra)i troops from *u+ait if t"ey did not +it"dra+ by a deadline of :anuary %;$ %&&%. President 3us" t"eordered more troops to t"e ulf to pressure /addam 4ussein into evacuating *u+ait. On :anuary &$ %&&%$ /ecretary of /tate :ame

3aker met +it" (ra)i Foreign !inister r obCetives are learB $a&&am )sseinHs fores !ill leave K!ait# The leitimate overnment of K!ait !ill be restore& to

its rihtfl 3lae, an& K!ait !ill one aain be free# Ira !ill eventall2 om3l2 !ith all relevant "nite& Nations resoltionsan& then, !hen 3eae is restore&, it is or ho3e that Ira !ill live as a 3eaefl an& oo3erative member of the famil2 of natioths enhanin the serit2 an& stabilit2 of the 'lf#

$ome ma2 asB *h2 at no!D *h2 not !aitD The ans!er is learB The !orl& ol& !ait no loner# $antions, thoh havinsome effet, sho!e& no sins of aom3lishin their obCetive# $antions !ere trie& for !ell over 5 months, an& !e an& orallies onl&e& that santions alone !ol& not fore $a&&am from K!ait#

*hile the !orl& !aite&, $a&&am )ssein s2stematiall2 ra3e&, 3illae&, an& 3ln&ere& a tin2 nation, no threat to his o!n# )esbCete& the 3eo3le of K!ait to ns3eaable atroities 44 an& amon those maime& an& mr&ere&, innoent hil&ren#


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*hile the !orl& !aite&, $a&&am soht to a&& to the hemial !ea3ons arsenal he no! 3ossesses, an infinitel2 more &anero!ea3on of mass &estrtion 44 a nlear !ea3on# An& !hile the !orl& !aite&, !hile the !orl& tale& 3eae an& !ith&ra!al,$a&&am )ssein & in an& move& massive fores into K!ait#

*hile the !orl& !aite&, !hile $a&&am stalle&, more &amae !as bein &one to the fraile eonomies of the Thir& *orl&,emerin &emoraies of Eastern Ero3e, to the entire !orl&, inl&in to or o!n eonom2#

The "nite& $tates, toether !ith the "nite& Nations, exhaste& ever2 means at or &is3osal to brin this risis to a 3eaefl en)o!ever, $a&&am learl2 felt that b2 stallin an& threatenin an& &ef2in the "nite& Nations, he ol& !eaen the foresarra2e& aainst him#

*hile the !orl& !aite&, $a&&am )ssein met ever2 overtre of 3eae !ith o3en ontem3t# *hile the !orl& 3ra2e& for 3eae,$a&&am 3re3are& for !ar#

I ha& ho3e& that !hen the "nite& $tates .onress, in histori &ebate, too its resolte ation, $a&&am !ol& realie he ol& 3revail an& !ol& move ot of K!ait in aor& !ith the "nite& Nation resoltions# )e &i& not &o that# Instea&, he remaine&intransient, ertain that time !as on his si&e#

$a&&am !as !arne& over an& over aain to om3l2 !ith the !ill of the "nite& NationsB @eave K!ait, or be &riven ot# $a&&has arroantl2 reCete& all !arnins# Instea&, he trie& to mae this a &is3te bet!een Ira an& the "nite& $tates of Ameria#

*ell, he faile Toniht,


25/250

@isten to Master $ereant 7#%# Ken&all of the :


26/250

%resi&ent 'eore )# *# +shHs $tate of the "nion A&&ress-elivere& on Tes&a2, 7anar2


27/250

Ameria has always led by e?amle. So who amon' $s will set this e?amle Whih of o$r iti7ens will lead $s in this ne?tAmerian ent$ry Deryone who stes forward today, to 'et one addit off dr$'sE to onine one tro$bled teena'er not to'ie $ on lifeE to omfort one A#-S atientE to hel one h$n'ry hild.

We hae within o$r reah the romise of renewed Ameria. We an find meanin' and reward by serin' some $rose hi'hethan o$rselesa shinin' $rose, the ill$mination of a tho$sand oints of li'ht. #t is e?ressed by all who know the irresistibfore of a hildKs hand, of a friend who stands by yo$ and stays therea ol$nteerKs 'enero$s 'est$re, an idea that is simlyri'ht.

:he roblems before $s may be different, b$t the key to solin' them remains the same% it is the indiid$althe indiid$al wh

stes forward. And the state of o$r Union is the $nion of eah of $s, one to the other% the s$m of o$r friendshis, marria'es,families and omm$nities.

We all hae somethin' to 'ie. So if yo$ know how to read, find someone who anKt. #f yo$Ke 'ot a hammer, find a nail. #f yo$not h$n'ry, not lonely, not in tro$bleseek o$t someone who is.

Join the omm$nity of onsiene. -o the hard work of freedom. :hat will define the state of o$r Union.

Sine the birth of o$r nation, =we the eole> has been the so$re of o$r stren'th. What 'oernment an do alone is limited, bthe otential of the Amerian eole knows no limits.

We are a nation of roksolid realism and leareyed idealism. We are Amerians. We are the nation that beliees in the f$t$rWe are the nation that an shae the f$t$re.

And weKe be'$n to do $st that, by stren'thenin' the ower and hoie of indiid$als and families.

:o'ether, these last two years, weKe $t dollars for hild are diretly in the hands of arents instead of b$rea$raies,$nshakled the otential of Amerians with diabilities, alied the reatiity of the marketlae in the serie of the enironmefor lean air, and made homeownershi ossible for more Amerians.

:he stren'th of a demoray is not in b$rea$ray, it is in the eole and their omm$nities. #n eerythin' we do, let $s $nleathe otential of o$r most reio$s reso$reo$r iti7ens. We m$st ret$rn to families, omm$nities, o$nties, ities, states andnstit$tions of eery kind, the ower to hart their own destiny, and the freedom and oort$nity roided by stron' eonomi'rowth. :hatKs what Ameria is all abo$t.

# know, toni'ht, in some re'ions of o$r o$ntry, eole are in 'en$ine eonomi distress. # hear them.

Darlier this month )athy Blakwell of Massah$setts wrote me abo$t what an haen when the eonomy slows down, sayin=My heart is ahin', and # think that yo$ sho$ld knowyo$r eole o$t here are h$rtin' badly.>

# $nderstand. And #Km not $nrealisti abo$t the f$t$re. B$t there are reasons to be otimisti abo$t o$r eonomy.

*irst, we donKt hae to fi'ht do$bledi'it inflation. Seond, most ind$stries wonKt hae to make bi' $ts in rod$tion bea$sethey donKt hae bi' inentories iled $. And third, o$r e?orts are r$nnin' solid and stron'. #n fat, Amerian b$sinesses aree?ortin' at a reord rate.

So letKs $t these times in ersetie. :o'ether, sine 121, weKe reated almost 03 million obs, $t inflation in half and $tnterest rates in half.


28/250

/ow, letKs do more. My b$d'et a'ain inl$des ta?free family sain's ao$ntsE enaltyfree withdrawals from #. R. A.Ks for firstime homeb$yersE and, to inrease obs and 'rowth, a red$ed ta? for lon'term aital 'ains.

# know their are differenes amon' $s abo$t the imat and the effets of a aital 'ains inentie. So toni'ht # am askin' theon'ressional leaders and the *ederal Resere to ooerate with $s in a st$dy, led by Chairman Alan (reensan, to sort o$t tehnial differenes so that we an aoid a ret$rn to $nrod$tie artisan bikerin'.

B$t $st as o$r efforts will brin' eonomi 'rowth now and in the f$t$re, they m$st also be mathed by lon'term inestments the ne?t Amerian ent$ry.

:hat reI$ires a forwardlookin' lan of ation, and thatKs e?atly what we will be sendin' to the Con'ress. We hae reareddetailed series of roosals, that inl$de%

A budget that promotes investment in America's futurein children, education, infrastructure, space and high

technology.

Legislation to achieve excellence in education, building on the partnership forged with the 50 governors at the educat

summit, enabling parents to choose their children's schools and helping to make America No. 1 in math and science.

A blueprint for a new national highway system, a critical investment in our transportation infrastructure.

A research and development agenda that includes record levels of federal investment and a permanent tax credit to

strengthen private R and D and create jobs.

A comprehensive national energy strategy that calls for energy conservation and efficiency, increased development a

greater use of alternative fuels.

A banking reform plan to bring America's financial system into the 21st century, so that our banks remain safe andsecure and can continue to make job-creating loans for our factories, businesses, and homebuyers. I do think there hbeen too much pessimism. Sound banks should be making more sound loans, now. And interest rates should be lowenow.

#n addition to these roosals, we m$st reo'ni7e that o$r eonomi stren'th deends $on bein' ometitie in world markeWe m$st ontin$e to e?and AmeriaKs e?orts. A s$essf$l Ur$'$ay ro$nd of world trade ne'otiations will reate more realobs, and more real 'rowth, for all nations.


29/250

:he federal 'oernment too often treats 'oernment ro'rams as if they are of Washin'ton, by Washin'ton, and forWashin'ton. +ne established, federal ro'rams seem to beome immortal.

#tKs time for a more dynami ro'ram life yle. Some ro'rams sho$ld inrease. Some sho$ld derease. Some sho$ld beterminated. And some sho$ld be onsolidated and t$rned oer to the states.

My b$d'et inl$des a list of ro'rams for otential t$rnoer totalin' more than N03 billion. Workin' with Con'ress and the'oernors, # roose we selet at least N19 billion in s$h ro'rams and t$rn them oer to the states in a sin'le onsolidated'rant, f$lly f$nded, for fle?ible mana'ement by the states.

:he al$e of this t$rnoer aroah is strai'htforward. #t allows the federal 'oernment to red$e oerhead. #t allows states to

mana'e more fle?ibly and more effiiently. #t moes ower and deisionmakin' loser to the eole. And it reinfores a themof this administration% areiation and eno$ra'ement of the innoatie ower of =states as laboratories.>

:his nation was fo$nded by leaders who $nderstood that ower belon's in the hands of the eole. :hey lanned for the f$t$And so m$st wehere and aro$nd the world.

As Amerians, we know there are times when we m$st ste forward and aet o$r resonsibility to lead the world away fromthe dark haos of ditators, toward the bri'ht romise of a better day.

Almost 93 years a'o, we be'an a lon' str$''le a'ainst a''ressie totalitarianism. /ow we fae another definin' ho$r forAmeria and the world.

:here is no one more deoted, more ommitted to the hard work of freedom, than eery soldier and sailor, eery marine, airm

and oast'$ardsmaneery man and eery woman now serin' in the Persian ($lf.

Dah of them has ol$nteered to roide for this nationKs defense. And now they braely str$''le to earn for Ameria and for tworld and for f$t$re 'enerations, a $st and lastin' eae.

+$r ommitment to them m$st be eI$al of their ommitment to o$r o$ntry. :hey are tr$ly AmeriaKs finest.

:he war in the ($lf is not a war we wanted. We worked hard to aoid war. *or more than fie months we, alon' with the ArabLea'$e, the D$roean Comm$nity and the United /ations, tried eery dilomati aen$e. U/ seretary 'eneral Pere7 deC$ellarE residents (orbahe, Mitterand, +7al, M$barak, and BendedidE kin's *ahd and 5assanE rime minsters Maor andAndreotti$st to name a fewall worked for a sol$tion. B$t time and a'ain Saddam 5$ssein flatly reeted the ath ofdilomay and eae.

:he world well knows how this onflit be'an, and when% it be'an on A$'$st 0nd, when Saddam inaded and saked a smalldefenseless nei'hbor. And # am ertain of how it will end. So that eae an reail, we will reail.

:oni'ht #Km leased to reort that we are on o$rse. #raIKs aaity to s$stain war is bein' destroyed. +$r inestment, o$rtrainin', o$r lannin'all are ayin' off. :ime will not be SaddamKs salation.

+$r $rose in the Persian ($lf remains onstant% to drie #raI o$t from )$wait, to restore )$waitKs le'itimate 'oernment, anto ins$re the stability and se$rity of this ritial re'ion.

Let me make lear what # mean by the re'ionKs stability and se$rity. We do not seek the destr$tion of #raI, its $lt$re or itseole. Rather, we seek an #raI that $ses its 'reat reso$res not to destroy, not to sere the ambitions of a tyrant, b$t to b$ildbetter life for itself and its nei'hbors. We seek a Persian ($lf where onflit is no lon'er the r$le, where the stron' are neithertemted nor able to intimidate the weak.

Most Amerians know instintiely why we are in the ($lf. :hey know we had to sto Saddam now, not later. :hey know thisbr$tal ditator will do anythin', will $se any weaon, will ommit any o$tra'e, no matter how many innoents m$st s$ffer.

:hey know we m$st make s$re that ontrol of the worldKs oil reso$res does not fall into his hands only to finane f$rthera''ression. :hey know that we need to b$ild a new, end$rin' eaebased not on arms raes and onfrontation, b$t on shariniles and the r$le of law.

And we all reali7e that o$r resonsibility to be the atalyst for eae in the re'ion does not end with the s$essf$l onl$sionthis war.

-emoray brin's the $ndeniable al$e of tho$'htf$l dissent, and we hae heard some dissentin' oies here at home, somerekless, most resonsible. B$t the fat that all the oies hae the ri'ht to seak o$t is one of the reasons weKe been $nitedrinile and $rose for 033 years.


30/250

+$r ro'ress in this 'reat str$''le is the res$lt of years of i'ilane and a steadfast ommitment to a stron' defense. /ow, wiremarkable tehnolo'ial adanes like the Patriot missile, we an defend the ballisti missile attaks aimed at innoentiilians.

Lookin' forward, # hae direted that the S.-.#. ro'ram be refo$sed on roidin' rotetion from limited ballisti missile strikwhateer their so$re. Let $s $rs$e an S.-.#. ro'ram that an deal with any f$t$re threat to the United States, to o$r foresoerseas and to o$r friends and allies.

:he I$ality of Amerian tehnolo'y, thanks to the Amerian worker, has enabled $s to s$essf$lly deal with diffi$lt militaryonditions, and hel minimi7e the loss of life. We hae 'ien o$r men and women the ery best. And they desere it.

We all hae a seial lae in o$r hearts for the families of men and women serin' in the ($lf. :hey are reresented heretoni'ht, by Mrs. /orman Shwar7kof. We are all ery 'ratef$l to (eneral Shwar7kof and to all those serin' with him. Andmi'ht also reo'ni7e one who ame with Mrs. Shwar7kof% Alma Powell, the wife of the distin'$ished Chairman of the JointChiefs. And to the families, let me say, o$r fores in the ($lf will not stay there one day lon'er than is neessary to omletetheir mission.

:he o$ra'e and s$ess of the R.A.*. ilotsof the )$waiti, Sa$di, *renh, Canadians, #talians, the ilots of Oatar andBahrainall are roof that for the first time sine World War ##, the international omm$nity is $nited. :he leadershi of theUnited /ations, one only a hoedfor ideal, is now onfirmin' its fo$ndersK ision.

# am heartened that we are not bein' asked to bear alone the finanial b$rden of this str$''le. Last year, o$r friends and alliesroided the b$lk of the eonomi osts of -esert Shield, and hain' now reeied ommitments of oer N@3 billion for the firsthree months of 1221, # am onfident they will do no less as we moe thro$'h -esert Storm.

B$t the world has to wonder what the ditator of #raI is thinkin'. #f he thinks that by tar'etin' innoent iilians in #srael andSa$di Arabia, that he will 'ain an adanta'ehe is dead wron'. #f he thinks that he will adane his a$se thro$'h tra'i anddesiable enironmental terrorismhe is dead wron'. And if he thinks that by ab$sin' oalition P.+.W.s, he will benefithedead wron'.

We will s$eed in the ($lf. And when we do, the world omm$nity will hae sent an end$rin' warnin' to any ditator or desresent or f$t$re, who ontemlates o$tlaw a''ression.

-he !orld can therefore seie this opportnity to flfill the long/held promise of a ne! !orld order)!here brtality !go nre!arded, and aggression !ill meet collective resistance.


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A&&ress +efore a 7oint $ession of the .onress on the .essation of the %ersian 'lf .onflit%resi&ent 'eore )#*# +shMarh , 1991

President (eor'e 5.W. B$sh addresses a oint session of Con'ress re'ardin' the =end> of the first Persian ($lf War with #raI at the U.S.Caitol in Washin'ton, -.C., U.S.A. on Marh 4, 1221. !Photo% (eor'e B$sh Presidential Library and M$se$m"

$3eaer ?ole2B Mr# %resi&ent, it is stomar2 at Coint sessions for the .hair to 3resent the %resi&ent to the Members of .onre&iretl2 an& !ithot frther omment# +t I !ish to &e3art from tra&ition toniht an& ex3ress to 2o on behalf of the .onresan& the ontr2, an& throh 2o to the members of or Arme& ?ores, or !armest onratlations on the brilliant vitor2 othe -esert $torm >3eration#

Members of the .onress, I no! have the hih 3rivilee an& &istint honor of 3resentin to 2o the %resi&ent of the "nite&$tates#

The %resi&entB Mr# %resi&ent# An& Mr# $3eaer, than 2o, sir, for those ver2 eneros !or&s s3oen from the heart abot the!on&erfl 3erformane of or militar2#

Members of .onress, 5 short !ees ao I ame to this )ose to s3ea to 2o abot the state of the "nion# *e met then in timof !ar# Toniht, !e meet in a !orl& blesse& b2 the 3romise of 3eae#

?rom the moment >3eration -esert $torm ommene& on 7anar2 1th ntil the time the ns fell silent at mi&niht 1 !eeao, this nation has !athe& its sons an& &ahters !ith 3ri&e, !athe& over them !ith 3ra2er# As .omman&er in .hief, I anre3ort to 2o or arme& fores foht !ith honor an& valor# An& as %resi&ent, I an re3ort to the Nation aression is &efeate&The !ar is over#

This is a vitor2 for ever2 ontr2 in the oalition, for the "nite& Nations# A vitor2 for n3ree&ente& international oo3eratan& &i3loma2, so !ell le& b2 or $eretar2 of $tate, 7ames +aer# It is a vitor2 for the rle of la! an& for !hat is riht#

-esert $torms sess belons to the team that so abl2 lea&s or Arme& ?oresB or $eretar2 of -efense an& or .hairman othe 7oint .hiefs, -i .hene2 an& .olin %o!ell# An& !hile 2ore stan&in 44 WlahterX 44 this militar2 vitor2 also belons tthe one the +ritish all the Man of the MathF 44 the to!er of alm at the e2e of -esert $torm 44 'eneral Norman $h!aro


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An& reoniin this !as a oalition effort, let s not foret $a&i 'eneral Khali&, +ritains 'eneral &e la +illiere, or 'eneralRoeCeoffre of ?rane, an& all the others !hose lea&ershi3 3la2e& sh a vital role# An& most im3ortantl2, most im3ortantl2 all, all those !ho serve& in the fiel

I than the Members of this .onress 44 s33ort here for or troo3s in battle !as over!helmin# An& above all, I than those!hose nfailin love an& s33ort sstaine& or oraeos men an& !omenB I than the Amerian 3eo3le#

Toniht, I ome to this )ose to s3ea abot the !orl& 44 the !orl& after !ar# The reent hallene ol& not have been lear$a&&am )ssein !as the villain; K!ait, the vitim# To the ai& of this small ontr2 ame nations from North Ameria an&Ero3e, from Asia an& $oth Ameria, from Afria an& the Arab !orl&, all nite& aainst aression# >r nommon oalitio

mst no! !or in ommon 3r3oseB to fore a ftre that shol& never aain be hel& hostae to the &arer si&e of hman nat

Toniht in Ira, $a&&am !als ami&st rin# )is !ar mahine is rshe )is abilit2 to threaten mass &estrtion is itself&estro2e )is 3eo3le have been lie& to, &enie& the trth# An& !hen his &efeate& leions ome home, all Irais !ill see an& fethe havo he has !roht# An& this I 3romise 2oB ?or all that $a&&am has &one to his o!n 3eo3le, to the K!aitis, an& to theentire !orl&, $a&&am an& those aron& him are aontable#

All of s rieve for the vitims of !ar, for the 3eo3le of K!ait an& the sfferin that sars the sol of that 3ro& nation# *erieve for all or fallen sol&iers an& their families, for all the innoents aht 3 in this onflit# An&, 2es, !e rieve for the3eo3le of Ira, a 3eo3le !ho have never been or enem2# M2 ho3e is that one &a2 !e !ill one aain !elome them as frien&into the ommnit2 of nations# >r ommitment to 3eae in the Mi&&le East &oes not en& !ith the liberation of K!ait# $o,toniht let me otline for e2 hallenes to be met#

?irst, !e mst !or toether to reate share& serit2 arranements in the reion# >r frien&s an& allies in the Mi&&le Eastreonie that the2 !ill bear the bl of the res3onsibilit2 for reional serit2# +t !e !ant them to no! that Cst as !e sto!ith them to re3el aression, so no! Ameria stan&s rea&2 to !or !ith them to sere the 3eae# This &oes not meanstationin "#$# ron& fores in the Arabian %eninsla, bt it &oes mean Amerian 3artii3ation in Coint exerises involvin bair an& ron& fores# It means maintainin a a3able "#$# naval 3resene in the reion, Cst as !e have for over =0 2ears# @etbe learB >r vital national interests &e3en& on a stable an& sere 'lf#

Se7on*, e must a7t to 7ontrol the proli$eration o$ eapons o$ mass *estru7tion an* the missiles use* to *eli#er them8 )

oul* be tra&i7 i$ the nations o$ the Mi**le .ast an* Persian Gul$ ere no, in the a-e o$ ar, to embar- on a ne

arms ra7e8 )ra reuires spe7ial #i&ilan7e8 ntil )ra 7on#in7es the orl* o$ its pea7e$ul intentions %% that its lea*ers i

not use ne re#enues to rearm an* rebuil* its mena7in& ar ma7hine %% )ra must not ha#e a77ess to the instruments o

ar8

An& thir&, !e mst !or to reate ne! o33ortnities for 3eae an& stabilit2 in the Mi&&le East# >n the niht I annone&>3eration -esert $torm, I ex3resse& m2 ho3e that ot of the horrors of !ar miht ome ne! momentm for 3eae# *evelearne& in the mo&ern ae eora3h2 annot arantee serit2, an& serit2 &oes not ome from militar2 3o!er alone#

All of s no! the &e3th of bitterness that has ma&e the &is3te bet!een Israel an& its neihbors so 3ainfl an& intratable# Yin the onflit Cst onl&e&, Israel an& man2 of the Arab $tates have for the first time fon& themselves onfrontin the samaressor# +2 no!, it shol& be 3lain to all 3arties that 3eaemain in the Mi&&le East reires om3romise# At the same tim3eae brins real benefits to ever2one# *e mst &o all that !e an to lose the a3 bet!een Israel an& the Arab $tates 44 an&bet!een Israelis an& %alestinians# The tatis of terror lea& absoltel2 no!here# There an be no sbstitte for &i3loma2#

A om3rehensive 3eae mst be ron&e& in "nite& Nations $erit2 .onil Resoltions


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+2 meetin these for hallenes !e an bil& a frame!or for 3eae# Ive ase& $eretar2 of $tate +aer to o to the Mi&&leEast to bein the 3roess# )e !ill o to listen, to 3robe, to offer sestions 44 to a&vane the searh for 3eae an& stabilit2# Ialso ase& him to raise the 3liht of the hostaes hel& in @ebanon# *e have not forotten them, an& !e !ill not foret them#

To all the hallenes that onfront this reion of the !orl& there is no sinle soltion, no solel2 Amerian ans!er# +t !e anmae a &ifferene# Ameria !ill !or tirelessl2 as a atal2st for 3ositive hane#

+t !e annot lea& a ne! !orl& abroa& if, at home, its 3olitis as sal on Amerian &efense an& &i3loma2# Its time to trna!a2 from the tem3tation to 3rotet nnee&e& !ea3ons s2stems an& obsolete bases# Its time to 3t an en& to miromanaeme

of forein an& serit2 assistane 3rorams 44 miromanaement that hmiliates or frien&s an& allies an& hamstrins or&i3loma2# Its time to rise above the 3arohial an& the 3or barrel, to &o !hat is neessar2, !hats riht, an& !hat !ill enablethis nation to 3la2 the lea&ershi3 role reire& of s#

The onseenes of the onflit in the 'lf reah far be2on& the onfines of the Mi&&le East# T!ie before in this entr2, aentire !orl& !as onvlse& b2 !ar# T!ie this entr2, ot of the horrors of !ar ho3e emere& for en&rin 3eae# T!iebefore, those ho3es 3rove& to be a &istant &ream, be2on& the ras3 of man# "ntil no!, the !orl& !eve no!n has been a !or&ivi&e& 44 a !orl& of barbe& !ire an& onrete blo, onflit, an& ol& !ar#

/o, e 7an see a ne orl* 7omin& into #ie8 ( orl* in hi7h there is the #ery real prospe7t o$ a ne orl* or*er8

the !or&s of *inston .hrhill, a !orl& or&er in !hih the 3rini3les of Cstie an& fair 3la2 3rotet the !ea aainst thestron# # # #F A !orl& !here the "nite& Nations, free& from ol& !ar stalemate, is 3oise& to flfill the histori vision of its

fon&ers# A !orl& in !hih free&om an& res3et for hman rihts fin& a home amon all nations# The 'lf !ar 3t this ne!!orl& to its first test# An& m2 fello! Amerians, !e 3asse& that test#

?or the sae of or 3rini3les, for the sae of the K!aiti 3eo3le, !e stoo& or ron +ease the !orl& !ol& not loo theother !a2, Ambassa&or al4$abah, toniht K!ait is free# An& !ere ver2 ha332 abot that#

5oni&ht, as our troops be&in to 7ome home, let us re7o&nie that the har* or- o$ $ree*om still 7alls us $orar*8 >eH#

learne* the har* lessons o$ history8 5he #i7tory o#er )ra as not a&e* as @a ar to en* all ars8A .#en the ne or

or*er 7annot &uarantee an era o$ perpetual pea7e8 ut en*urin& pea7e must be our mission8 Cur su77ess in the Gul$

shape not only the ne orl* or*er e see- but our mission here at home8

In the !ar Cst en&e&, there !ere lear4t obCetives 44 timetables 44 an&, above all, an overri&in im3erative to ahieve reslt

*e mst brin that same sense of self4&isi3line, that same sense of ren2, to the !a2 !e meet hallenes here at home# Inm2 $tate of the "nion A&&ress an& in m2 b&et, I &efine& a om3rehensive aen&a to 3re3are for the next Amerian entr2

>r first 3riorit2 is to et this eonom2 rollin aain# The fear an& nertaint2 ase& b2 the 'lf risis !ere n&erstan&able#+t no! that the !ar is over, oil 3ries are &o!n, interest rates are &o!n, an& onfi&ene is rihtl2 omin ba# Amerians move for!ar& to len&, s3en&, an& invest in this, the stronest eonom2 on Earth#

*e mst also enat the leislation that is e2 to bil&in a better Ameria# ?or exam3le, in 1990, !e enate& an histori .leaAir At# An& no! !eve 3ro3ose& a national ener2 strate2# *e 3asse& a hil&4are bill that 3t 3o!er in the han&s of 3arenAn& to&a2, !ere rea&2 to &o the same thin !ith or shools an& ex3an& hoie in e&ation# *e 3asse& a rime bill that maa sefl start in fihtin rime an& &rs# This 2ear, !ere sen&in to .onress or om3rehensive rime 3aae to finish theCob# *e 3asse& the lan&mar Amerians !ith -isabilities At# An& no! !eve sent for!ar& or ivil rihts bill# *e also 3ass

the aviation bill# This 2ear, !eve sent 3 or ne! hih!a2 bill# An& these are Cst a fe! of or 3en&in 3ro3osals for reform rene!al#

$o, toniht I all on the .onress to move for!ar& aressivel2 on or &omesti front# @ets bein !ith t!o initiatives !e shobe able to aree on il2B trans3ortation an& rime# An& then, lets bil& on sess !ith those an& enat the rest of oraen&a# If or fores ol& !in the ron& !ar in 100 hors, then srel2 the .onress an 3ass this leislation in 100 &a2s# @ethat be a 3romise !e mae toniht to the Amerian 3eo3le#

*hen I s3oe in this )ose abot the state of or "nion, I ase& all of 2oB If !e an selflessl2 onfront evil for the sae ofoo& in a lan& so far a!a2, then srel2 !e an mae this lan& all that it shol& be# In the time sine then, the brave men an&!omen of -esert $torm aom3lishe& more than even the2 ma2 realie# The2 set ot to onfront an enem2 abroa&, an& in the3roess, the2 transforme& a nation at home# Thin of the !a2 the2 !ent abot their mission 44 !ith onfi&ene an& iet 3ri&e

Thin abot their sense of &t2, abot all the2 taht s abot or vales, abot orselves#


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*e hear so often abot or 2on 3eo3le in trmoil 44 ho! or hil&ren fall short, ho! or shools fail s, ho! Amerian3ro&ts an& Amerian !orers are seon&4lass# *ell, &ont 2o believe it# The Ameria !e sa! in -esert $torm !as first4talent# An& the2 &i& it sin Amerias state4of4the4art tehnolo2# *e sa! the exellene embo&ie& in the %atriot missile an&the 3atriots !ho ma&e it !or# An& !e sa! sol&iers !ho no! abot honor an& braver2 an& &t2 an& ontr2 an& the !orl&4shain 3o!er of these sim3le !or&s# There is somethin noble an& maCesti abot the 3ri&e, abot the 3atriotism that !e feetoniht#

$o, to ever2one here an& ever2one !athin at home, thin abot the men an& !omen of -esert $torm# @et s honor them !ior ratit&e# @et s omfort the families of the fallen an& remember eah 3reios life lost#

@et s learn from them as !ell# @et s honor those !ho have serve& s b2 servin others# @et s honor them as in&ivi&als 44men an& !omen of ever2 rae, all ree&s an& olors 44 b2 settin the fae of this nation aainst &isrimination, biotr2, an& haEliminate them#

Im sre that man2 of 2o sa! on the television the nforettable sene of for terrifie& Irai sol&iers srren&erin# The2emere& from their bner broen, tears streamin from their e2es, fearin the !orst# An& then there !as an Amerian sol&ieRemember !hat he sai&D )e sai&B Its oa2# Yore all riht no!# Yore all riht no!# That sene sa2s a lot abot Amerialot abot !ho !e are# Amerians are a arin 3eo3le# *e are a oo& 3eo3le, a eneros 3eo3le# @et s al!a2s be arin an&oo& an& eneros in all !e &o#

$oon, ver2 soon, or troo3s !ill bein the marh !eve all been !aitin for 44 their marh home# An& I have &irete& $eretar

.hene2 to bein the imme&iate retrn of Amerian ombat nits from the 'lf# @ess than < hors from no!, the first 3laneloaof Amerian sol&iers !ill lift off from $a&i Arabia, hea&e& for the "#$#A# That 3lane !ill arr2 the men an& !omen of the


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ission accomplished U.S. President (eor'e W. B$sh deliers a seeh aboard the airraft arrier $SS #braham Lincolnon May 1, 033, as the arrier steamed toward San -ie'o, California, U.S.A. B$sh deliered a seeh anno$nin' theonl$sion of Ameria6s military oerations a'ainst the #raIi 'oernment and army led by Saddam 5$ssein.


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(ar riminals or &amn an%ees


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(ar riminals or &amn an%ees LibbyB.A.


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Re$ben Jeffery ###B.A.


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Joel /. DhrossB.A.


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-aid L. BorenB.A.


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William Lloyd Standish !B.A. 129" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the Western -istrit of Pennsylania !1280330"John C. Lifland !B.A. 129@" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the -istrit of /ew Jersey !120331"J. Sener Letts !B.A. 1294" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the Central -istrit of California !1290333"(eor'e )endall Shar !B.A. 1298" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the Middle -istrit of *lorida !120333"William Charles Lee !B.A. 1292" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the /orthern -istrit of #ndiana !121033"E Chief J$d'e of the U.S.-istrit Co$rt for the /orthern -istrit of #ndiana !1228033"John (. M$rtha !B.A. 124" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the -istrit of Hermont !12290332"E Chief J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt the -istrit of Hermont !12290330"Allen Joe *ish !B.A. 1249E LL.B. 124" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the /orthern -istrit of :e?as !120338"John W. L$n'str$m !B.A. 1248" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the -istrit of )ansas !1221resent"Mark Lawrene Wolf !B.A. 124" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the -istrit of Massah$setts !129031"Myron 5erbert :homson !B.A. 1242, J.-. 1280" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the Middle -istrit of Alabama !123resent"E Chief

J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the Middle -istrit of Alabama !1221122"-o$'las P. Woodlok !B.A. 1242, S;B 1242" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the -istrit of Massah$setts !124resent"Carlos R. Moreno !B.A. 1283" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the Central -istrit of California !1220331"-enise Pa'e 5ood !B.A. 128@" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the Dastern -istrit of Mihi'an !122@resent"Jak B. Shmetterer !B.A. 1290E J.-. 1299" Q J$d'e of the U.S. Bankr$ty Co$rt for the /orthern -istrit of #llinois FChia'oG !129resen

James Dd'ar Baker !B.A. 120, J.-. 1223" Q J$d'e of the U.S. Co$rt of Aeals for the Armed *ores !0333resent"E Le'al Adiser to thePresident of the U.S. !12280333"E -e$ty Le'al Adiser for the /ational Se$rity Co$nil !122@1228"E Attorney adiser on Law Dnforemeand #ntelli'ene for the U.S. -eartment of State !1223122"-ik :hornb$r'h !B.D. 129@" Q U.S. Attorney (eneral !121221"E United /ations Underseretary(eneral for Administration andMana'ement !1220122"Phili B. 5eymann !B.A. 129@, S;) 129@" Q -e$ty U.S. Attorney (eneral !122122@"Pa$l Ddward Co''ins !B.A. 128, RS" Q U.S. Attorney for the /orthern -istrit of :e?as !1220331"Charles /iholas Rostow !B.A. 1280, Ph.-. 1282, J.-. 120" Q Seial Assistant to the President of the U.S. !128122"E (eneral Co$nseof the U.S. Mission to the United /ations !03310339"E member of the Royal #nstit$te for #nternational Affairs

John -. 5awke Jr. !B.A. 129@" Q Comtroller of the C$rreny !122033@"E Under Se. of the :reas$ry for -omesti *inanes !1229122"William ). Reilly !B.A. 1240" Q Administrator of Dnironmental Protetion A'eny !122122"Reed 5$ndt !B.A. 1242, J.-. 128@" Q Chairman of *ederal Comm$niations Commission !1221228"Andrew J. Pin$s !B.A. 1288" Q (eneral Co$nsel of the U.S. -eartment of Commere !12280333")enneth /. Weinstein !B.A. 124E J.-. 128@" Q Assistant Chief Co$nsel for Liti'ation of the /ational 5i'hway :raffi Safety Administration!/5:SA" !121228"E /5:SA Assoiate Administrator for Dnforement !12280339"

John 5. Chafee !B.A. 12@8, S;B 12@8" Q U.S. Senator !Re$blian PartyRhode #sland, 12841222"John *orbes )erry !B.A. 1244, S;B 1244" Q U.S. Senator !-emorati PartyMassah$setts, 129031"Joseh Lieberman !B.A. 124@, J.-. 1248" Q U.S. Senator !-emorati PartyConneti$t, 122031"James M. Jeffords !B.S. 1294" Q U.S. Senator !Re$blian PartyHermont, 1220338"John -. Ashroft !B.A. 124@" Q U.S. Senator !Re$blian PartyMisso$ri, 1220331"E (oernor of Misso$ri !129122"

(erry Dastman St$dds !B.A. 1292" Q Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Reresentaties !-Massah$setts, 1281228"Raymond 5oyt :hornton Jr. !B.A. 1293" Q Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Reresentaties !-Arkansas, 1281282, 12211228"Willis -aid (radison, Jr. !B.A. 12@2" Q Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Reresentaties !R+hio, 1289122"Andrew P. =Andy> #reland !B.S. 1290" Q Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Reresentaties !-&R*lorida, 1288122"Clarene William =Bill> /elson !B.A. 1249" Q Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Reresentaties !-*lorida, 12821221"Ben Drdreih !B.A. 1243" Q Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Reresentaties !-Alabama, 12122"John Jaob Rhodes ### !B.A. 1249" Q Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Reresentaties !RAri7ona, 128122"Porter J. (oss !B.A. 1243" Q Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Reresentaties !R*lorida, 122033@"Rihard Swett !B.A. 1282" Q Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Reresentaties !-/5, 12211229"E U.S. Ambassador to -enmark !1220331"Rihard immer !B.A. 1244E L.L.B. 1242" Q Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Reresentaties !R/ew Jersey, 12211228"(ary A. *ranks !B.A. 1289" Q Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Reresentaties !RConneti$t, 12211228"Sherrod Brown !B.A. 128@" Q Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Reresentaties !-+hio, 1220338"Lamar S. Smith !B.A. 1242" Q Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Reresentaties !R:e?as, 128resent"Sheila JaksonLee !B.A. 1280" Q Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Reresentaties !-:e?as, 1229resent"

(eor'e W. B$sh !B.A. 124, S;B 124" Q (oernor of :e?as !12290333"

(ary Loke !B.A. 1280" Q (oernor of Washin'ton !12280339"Bob :aft !B.A. 124" Q (oernor of +hio !12220338"E Seretary of State of +hio !12211222":ony )nowles !B.A. 124" Q (oernor of Alaska !122@0330"Pete Wilson !B.A. 1294" Q (oernor of California !12211222")$rt L. Shmoke !B.A. 1281" Q Mayor of Baltimore, Maryland !1281222"Hitor 5. Ashe !B.A. 1248, S;B 1248" Q Mayor of )no?ille, :ennessee !128033"(eor'e B. -aniels !B.A. 1289" Q Co$nsel to the Mayor of /ew


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5enry B. Shaht !B.S. 1294" Q Chairman and CD+ of C$mmins Dn'ine Co., #n. !12881229"E Chairman of L$ent :ehnolo'ies !12291228, 03330330"R$ssell W. Meyer Jr. !B.A. 129@, S;B 129@" Q Chairman and CD+ of Cessna Airraft Co. !12890333, 0330033"John -. Maomber !B.A. 1293" Q Chmn. and CD+ of Celanese Cor. !123128"E Chmn. and Pres. of D?ort#mort Bank of U.S. !1222Lo$is (ordon Lower, ## !B.A. 1248" Q President of Allstate Life #ns$rane Co. !1223.1228"Stehen *. (ates !B.A. 124" Q Hie President and (eneral Co$nsel of Amoo Cor. !1229122"E D?e$tie Hie President of BP Amoo!12220333"Lawrene C. MO$ade !B.A. 1293, RS" Q Hie Chairman of Pr$dential M$t$al *$nd Mana'ement, #n. !121229"E Chairman of O$alitasnternational !12290339":homas B. Ross !B.A. 1291, S;B 1291" Q Senior Hie President of /BC /ews !1241223"E Senior Hie President of 5ill and )nowlton!1223122@"E Hie President for (oernment Relations of Loral Sae and Comm$niations !1229033"Rihard L. (elb !B.A. 12@9" Q Chairman and CD+ of BristolMyers Co. !1284122@"

)enneth L. Wolfe !B.A. 1241" Q Chairman and CD+ of 5ershey Choolate Co. !122@0331"John D. Peer Jr. !B.A. 1243" Q Chairman of the board of :he Walt -isney Co. !03380310"E Chairman of the board of Protor ; (amble C!12290330"E President of Protor ; (amble Co. !1241229":homas B. Wheeler !B.A. 129, S;B 129" Q President and CD+ of Massah$setts M$t$al Life #ns$rane Co. !121222"E Chairman andCD+ of Massah$setts M$t$al Life #ns$rane Co. !12241222"John C. Waddell !B.A. 1292" Q Chairman of the board of Arrow Dletronis, #n. !123122@":homas James Sk$tt !B.A. 1290" Q Chairman and CD+ of M$t$al of +maha #ns$rane Co. F/ebraskaG !1241224"Hernon R. Lo$ks Jr. !B.A. 1298, S;B 1298" Q Chairman and CD+ of Ba?ter #nternational #n. Fhealth are omanyG !128122"(erald (rinstein !B.A. 129@" Q Chairman !12281222" CD+ !033@0338" of -elta Air Lines #n.E Chairman and CD+ of B$rlin'ton /orthernRailroad Co. !12231229"John C. Poe !B.S. 1281" Q President of United Airlines Cororation !1220122@"E Hie Chairman of United Airlines #n. !1221220"James S. Chanos !B.A. 123" Q *o$nder and President of )ynikos Assoiates Fhed'e f$nd inestment omanyG !129resent"-aid -. 5olbrook !B.A. 1243, S;B 1243" Q Chairman !12292", President !12122@", and CoCD+ !12202@" of Marsh ; MLennan, #nJoseh Peter (rae, Jr. !B.A. 124, S;) 124" Q Chairman and CD+ of W.R. (rae ; Co. !1211220"Arth$r John Pek Jr. !B.A. 1240" Q Assistant Seretary of Cornin', #n. !121122"E Seretary and Hie President of Cornin', #n. !122"

L. Pa$l Bremer ### !B.A. 124" Q Mana'in' -iretor of )issin'er Assoiates !1220333"W. James !Jim" M/erney, Jr. !B.A. 1281" Q President of (eneral Dletri AsiaPaifi F5on' )on'G !1221229"E President and CD+ of(eneral Dletri !(D" Airraft Dn'ines FCininnatiG !12280333"

Bankers%-aid W. M$llins Jr. !B.S. 124" Q Hie Chairman of the *ederal Resere !1221122@"E Member of the *ederal Resere Board !1223122@"La$rene 5. Meyer !B.A. 1249" Q Member of the *ederal Resere Board !12240330"Cyr$s R. Hane !B.A. 122, LL.B. 12@0, S;) 122" Q Chairman of the *ederal Resere Bank of /ew


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Pa$l )r$'man !B.A. 128@" Q +Dd Col$mnist for The ew 'ork Times!1222resent"Sott C. Smith !B.A. 128" Q Senior Hie President of :rib$ne Co. !122122"E President, P$blisher, and CD+ of Chia'o :rib$ne Co. !122033@, 0334033"James 5. +ttaway Jr. !B.A. 1243" Q Senior Hie President of -ow Jones ; Co. !124033"Mar'aret (. Warner !B.A. 1281" Q PBS o$rnalistStrobe :albott !B.A. 124, RS" Q DditoratLar'e !and *orei'n Affairs Col$mnist" for Timema'a7ine !122122"E -iretor of Co$nil on*orei'n Relations !12122"

+r'ani7ation D?e$ties%William 5. -raer ### !B.A. 1293, S;B 1293" Q Administrator of United /ations -eeloment Pro'ramme FU/-PG !124122"Ro'er -. Stone !B.A. 1299" Q President of S$stainable -eeloment #nstit$te !122resent"(eor'e /. Lindsay !B.A. 12@1" Q :r$stee of Carne'ie Dndowment for #nternational Peae !1211221"

James ($stae Seth !B.A. 124@, RS" Q Administrator of United /ations -eeloment Pro'ram !1221222"Carl (ershman !B.A. 1249" Q President of the /ational Dndowment for -emoray !12@resent"Jonathan *. *anton !B.A. 1249" Q Chairman of the board of 5$man Ri'hts Wath !122033"E President of John -. and Catherine :.MaArth$r *o$ndation !12220332"-awn Johnsen !B.A. 12E J.-. 124" Q Le'al -iretor of the /ational Abortion and Rerod$tie Ri'hts Ation Lea'$e !/ARAL" !12122-e$ty Assistant U.S. Attorney (eneral, +ffie of Le'al Co$nsel !1221224"

Colle'e Administrators and Professors%Benno C. Shmidt Jr. !B.A. 124" Q President of


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Pa$l W. Bartel, ## !B.A. 1289" Q Partner of -ais, Polk ; Wardwell !120313"John M. Brandow !B.A. 1289" Q Partner of -ais, Polk ; Wardwell !122resent"-anforth :ownley !B.A. 1282E J.-. 129" Q Partner of -ais, Polk ; Wardwell !122@resent"Mario J. Herdolini !B.A. 129" Q Partner of -ais, Polk ; Wardwell !1228resent"5arry Ballan !B.A. 121E Ph.-. 124" Q Partner of -ais, Polk ; Wardwell !1222resent"-aniel (. )elly, Jr. !B.A. 128" Q Partner of -ais, Polk ; Wardwell !1222resent"Stehen ). West !B.A. 1293" Q Partner of S$llian ; Cromwell Flaw firm in /ew


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William Charles Lee !B.A. 1292" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the /orthern -istrit of #ndiana !121033"E Chief J$d'e of the U.S.-istrit Co$rt for the /orthern -istrit of #ndiana !1228033"James )noll (ardner !B.A. 1240" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the Dastern -istrit of Pennsylania !0330resent"John (. M$rtha !B.A. 124" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the -istrit of Hermont !12290332"E Chief J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt the -istrit of Hermont !12290330"Allen Joe *ish !B.A. 1249E LL.B. 124" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the /orthern -istrit of :e?as !120338"E Chief J$d'e of theU.S. -istrit Co$rt for the /orthern -istrit of :e?as !03300338"John W. L$n'str$m !B.A. 1248" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the -istrit of )ansas !1221resent"E Chief J$d'e of the U.S. -istritCo$rt for the -istrit of )ansas !03310338"Mark Lawrene Wolf !B.A. 124" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the -istrit of Massah$setts !129031"E Chief J$d'e of the U.S.-istrit Co$rt for the -istrit of Massah$setts !0334031"Myron 5erbert :homson !B.A. 1242, J.-. 1280" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the Middle -istrit of Alabama !123resent"

-o$'las P. Woodlok !B.A. 1242, S;B 1242" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the -istrit of Massah$setts !124resent"-enise Pa'e 5ood !B.A. 128@" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the Dastern -istrit of Mihi'an !122@resent"-ora L. #ri7arry !B.A. 1284" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the Dastern -istrit of /ew /elson !B.A. 1249" Q U.S. Senator !-*lorida, 0331resent"Sheldon Whiteho$se !B.A. 128" Q U.S. Senator !-Rhode #sland, 0338resent"E Attorney (eneral of Rhode #sland !1222033"Sherrod Brown !B.A. 128@" Q U.S. Senator !-+hio, 0338resent"E Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Reresentaties !1220338"Amy )lob$har !B.A. 120" Q U.S. Senator !-Minnesota, 0338resent"Lamar S. Smith !B.A. 1242" Q Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Reresentaties !R:e?as, 128resent"John


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5erbert M. Allison Jr. !B.A. 1249" Q Chairman and CD+ of :#AACRD* !0330033"E CD+ of *annie Mae !0330332"E Assistant Seretary the :reas$ry for *inanial Stability !03320311"Stehen A. Shwar7man !B.A. 1242, S;B 1242" Q Chairman and CD+ of :he Blakstone (ro$ !129resent"Joseh 5. (leberman !B.A. 123" Q Partner of (oldman, Sahs ; Co. !12230311"La$rene *rederik Whittemore !B.A. 1291" Q Partner of Brown Brothers 5arriman ; Co. !128@033"Ale?ander :. Drklent7 !B.A. 1292, S;B 1292" Q Partner of Brown Brothers 5arriman ; Co. !128resent"(eor'e 5arold Pfa$ Jr. !B.S. 12@, S;B 12@" Q Senior Hie President of Paine Webber FaI$ired by UBSG !1282.033@"Jerome P. )enney !B.A. 124" Q HieChairman of Merrill Lynh ; Co., #n. !0330033"Robert J. Small !B.A.


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Alvin C. Warren (B.A. 1966) Professor of Law at Harvard Law School (1980-present)Jeffrey /. (ordon !B.A. 1281" Q Alfred W. Bressler Professor of Law at Col$mbia Law Shool !122resent"Lane Liebman !B.A. 1240" Q William S. Beineke Professor of Law at Col$mbia Law Shool !122resent"Brian C. M$rhison !B.A. 128@, J.-. 1282, S;B 128@" Q Professor of Law at Washin'ton and Lee Uniersity Shool of Law !1223resent"Marin onis !B.A. 129" Q Professor of Behaioral Sienes at the Uniersity of Chia'o !122resent"S$san /. (ary !B.A. 1288" Q +rlando John and Marian 5. 5ollis Professor of Law at Uniersity of +re'on Shool of Law !033resent":om Linin'er !B.A. 12" Q +rlando John and Marian 5. 5ollis Professor of Law at Uniersity of +re'on Shool of Law !.033resent"Joseh A. (r$ndfest !B.A. 128" Q William A. *ranke Professor of Law and B$siness at Stanford Uniersity !1228resent"Pamela S. )arlan !B.A. 123, J.-. 12@" Q )enneth and 5arle Mont'omery Professor of P$bli #nterest Law at Stanford Uni. !1222resen

Wall Street Lawyers%Robert B. *iske, Jr. !B.A. 1290" Q Partner of -ais, Polk ; Wardwell !124@0313"

($y Miller Str$e !B.A. 124, LL.B. 5arard 1244" Q Partner of -ais, Polk ; Wardwell !128031"Bradley


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Jerome A. Cohen !B.A. 1291E J.-. 1299" Q Partner of Pa$l, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton ; (arrison !1210333"E +f Co$nsel of Pa$l, Weiss,Rifkind, Wharton ; (arrison !0333resent"E Professor of Law at /ew


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0hie$ .n$or7er at the S8.808 to Step Eon

+2 7ENNY AN-ER$>NThe Ne! Yor Times%blishe&B A3ril 15, tober


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.2nthia 'lassman, one of t!o Re3blian ommissioners, sai& she an& Mr# .tler sometimes &isaree&, bt she la&e& hismetho&s# V)es s3ee&e& 3 enforement, !hih maes it more effetive,V she sai V*ell miss that effetiveness as !ell as hiinre&ible sense of hmor#V

There !as a sense amon man2 on Mr# .tlers staff that he ha& aom3lishe& a reat &eal an& !as ettin ot !hile on to3,exhaste& from the !or an& the i&eoloial rift that rrentl2 &ivi&es the ommission# +t Mr# .tler sai& that !as not the a

The ommission rrentl2 has t!o -emorati an& t!o Re3blian ommissioners, an& Mr# -onal&son, a Re3blian hairmMan2 maCor &eisions have ome to a /4to4< vote, !ith Mr# -onal&son si&in !ith the t!o -emorats in favor of toh3enalties an& hanes# The &e3artre of Mr# 'ol&shmi&, a -emorat, in onCntion !ith a ti&e of or3orate 3rotests aainst

exessive relation an& enforement, has man2 insi&e the ommission onerne& that the roa& ahea& !ill be toher#

VEver2 orner of or3orate Ameria is 3shin ba,V sai& one $#E#.# &ivision hea VI !ol&nt !ant to 3resi&e over that#V

Mr# .tler sai& he ha& not &ei&e& !hat he !ol& &o next# )avin often sai& he ha& Vthe oolest Cob in the !orl&V he seeme&move& 2ester&a2 b2 the s33ort he reeive V*hat &i& In&iana 7ones sa2D Its not the nmber of 2ears, its the nmber of mil*eve loe& a lot of miles# Its been an nbelievable time#V

$oreB htt3B88!!!#n2times#om8


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191B Year of the $nae an& the Establishment of Mo&ern Ira

+ritish troo3s enter +ah&a& on Marh 11, 191 after a3trin the it2 from the >ttoman Trish arm2#

Dmir *aisal !later )in' *aisal # of #raI" and his dele'ates aear at the Paris Peae Conferene in 1212. *rom left to ri'ht% R$st$m 5aider,/$ri asSaid, Dmir *aisal, Catain Pisani !behind *eisal", :.D. Lawrene, *eisal6s slae !name $nknown", and Catain :ahsin Oadri. Britaiwas 'ien the ower to 'oern #raI as a rotetorate followin' the Paris Peae Conferene.


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Sons of )in' 5$ssein of the 5ea7 !seated left to ri'ht"% *eisal, )in' of #raIE Abd$llah, Dmir of :ransordan and later )in' ofJordanE and Ali, )in' of the 5ea7, before 5ea7 was at$red by #bn Sa$d. :he British 'oernment installed )in' *aisal andDmir Abd$llah as fi'$rehead =leaders> of their rown olonies of Mesootamia !#raI" and :ransordan !Jordan".!So$re%# Peace to +nd #ll Peace: reating the 2odern 2iddle +ast, 343563477by -aid *romkin"

Photo Postard of the Coronation of Dmir !Prine" *aisal # as )in' of #raI in Ba'hdad, #raI on A$'$st 0, 1201. +n the e?treme left is SirPery Co?, the British 5i'h Commissioner of #raI, and to his left is )inahan Cornwallis, )in' *aisal is seated, and to his left is Sir Aylmer5aldane, the British Commandin' +ffier. Behind the )in' is his aidedeam !A-C" :ahsin Oadri and to e?treme left is Sayied 5$sseinAfnan, Seretary of the Co$nil of Ministers.


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British troos obsere Ba'hdad, #raI on J$ne 11, 12@1. :he British army inaded #raI be'innin' on May 0, 12@1 to oerthrow the ro/a7Prime Minister of #raI Rashid Ali al(ailani and to se$re the oil fields in #raI. !Photo% /o. D @4@ from the #merial War M$se$m olletion

:he British army !aboe" and the Soiet Red Army inade #ran be'innin' on A$'$st 09, 12@1, $st two weeks after Prime Minister of (reatBritain Winston Ch$rhill met with U.S. President *ranklin -elano Rooseelt aboard 5MS Prince of "alesin /ewfo$ndland. Britain andSoiet Union roeeded to remoe Shah Re7a Pahlai on Setember 14, 12@1 and installed the Shah6s son Mohammad Re7a Pahlai !the=Shah> who wo$ld ea$ate to Ameria in 1282". Britain and Soiet Union inaded #ran to se$re a s$ly line from the Persian ($lf to SoR$ssia and to se$re #ran6s oil for Allied military needs.!So$re% Catherine Le'rand, JaI$es Le'rand% Shahi #ran. Creatie P$blishin' #nternational !*arsi edition", Minnetonka, M/ 1222, S. @1.R&RR"htt%&&en.wikiedia.or'&wiki&*ile%Brtitishtroosiran.'
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brtitishtroopsiran.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brtitishtroopsiran.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brtitishtroopsiran.jpg


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%resi&ent )arr2 $# Trman reets Kin ?aisal II of Ira on Ast 1, 195< &rin Kin ?aisalHs visit to Ameria#(%hotoB htt3B88irathelastinlove#blos3ot#om8


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(%hotoB htt3B88irathelastinlove#blos3ot#om8


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)in' *aisal ## of #raI !left" and )in' 5$ssein of Jordan meet to'ether.


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#raIi terrorists Abd$l )arim )assem !ri'ht" and Colonel Wasfi :ahir take oer #raI in J$ly 129 after oerthrowin' the #raIimonarhy and assassinatin' )in' *aisal ## of #raI and Prime Minister of #raI /$ri alSaid in a o$ d6etat.


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Colonel Abd$l Salam Arif !L", the ie remier of #raI, sits with (eneral Abd$l )arim )assem, #raIKs new Prime Minister, in Ba'hdad, #raI oJ$ly 0, 129. #n J$ly of 129, Colonel Aref and (eneral Oasim oerthrew the r$lin' monarhy in a o$ dKetat and took ontrol of the newraIi re$bli. ! Bettmann&C+RB#S"

:he body of #raI6s Premier Abdel )arim )assem and two of his lie$tenants lie sl$med in their -efense Ministry room, followin' the *ebr$ath reolt, in Ba'hdad, #raI on *ebr$ary , 124. )assem and his followers held o$t a'ainst the rebels $ntil their amm$nition 'ae o$t.)assem then s$rrendered and bar'ained for his life. )assem failed to 'ie a hastilys$mmoned o$rt the roer answers, aordin' to an

Amerian in the town at the time, and he was romtly shot. ! Bettmann&C+RB#S"


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Prisoners a$sed of lottin' the assassination of #raIi Premier Abd$l )arim )assem are shown in the dok d$rin' their trial in Ba'hdad, #raon Jan$ary 2, 1243. :he only woman in the 'ro$ is


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raIi tank atrols the streets of Ba'hdad, #raI on *ebr$ary 11, 124, in this first it$re off of Ba'hdad sine the *ebr$ary th reolt that $tAbd$l Salam ArefKs re'ime in ower in lae of that of Abdel )arim )assem. Pit$res of Aref and United Arab Re$bli Presidential (amelAbd$l /asser aeared almost eerywhere *ebr$ary 10, and the eole seemed 'lad of the end of )assemKs haoti r$le and otimisti ththe new re'ime wo$ld restore stability. ! Bettmann&C+RB#S"

Barely two weeks after the bloody o$ whih toled the )assem Re'ime in #raI, the new reol$tionary 'oernment in Ba'hdad aearedhae thin's $nder ontrol. :anks and iilian militiamen were still atrollin' side streets s$rro$ndin' the Comm$nists and other Pro)assemelements were one stron'. :he #raIi /ational ($ardsmen, who hae not yet reeied $niforms, marh behind a tank in a moin' $

oeration in Ba'hdad, #raI on *ebr$ary 00, 124. ! Bettmann&C+RB#S"


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*renh Prime Minister, JaI$es Chira and President Saddam 5$ssein si'n an a'reement 'iin' riority to *rane forommerial e?han'e with #raI d$rin' a meetin' in Ba'hdad, #raI on -eember 0, 128@. !5enri B$rea$&Sy'ma&Corbis"

JaI$es Chira embraes Saddam 5$ssein in Ba'hdad, #raI in Jan$ary 1284. ! 5enri B$rea$&Sy'ma&Corbis"


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+lent Eevit (enter, %rime Minister of Tre2, reets IraHs rler $a&&am )ssein (riht at an air3ort in an n&ate&a

Documents

Persian Gulf War: Organized Crime?