Personality and Attitudes

Definition: The unique qualities of an individual and how those qualities affect understanding of themselves and others The Role of Heredity and the BrainExternal appearance due to geneticsInternal characteristics nature vs. nurture Twin Studies show that 40% are fixed60% developable

How would you describe it?

Is it inherited?Are you more like your mom or dad?

Does it change over time?

Does it change depending on who you are with?

Trait Theory - understand individuals by breaking down behavior patterns into observable traitsPsychodynamic Theory - emphasizes the unconscious determinants of behaviorHumanistic Theory - emphasizes individual growth and improvementIntegrative Approach - describes personality as a composite of an individuals psychological processes

How much of your personality was developed, learned, strengthened over time?Socialization trains us how to act in relationship to others. Parents are our first teachers.How much of personality is based on genetics?

Challenging jobsRelevant TrainingTimely and consistent feedbackMentoring relationshipsOrientation programsWork group morale

Thousands of TraitsSignificant OverlapFutile to Study PersonalityBarrick and Mount Propose the Big 5Big 5 now Widely Accepted and UsedOther Personality Traits or Individual Differences Still Researched

Sources: P. T. Costa and R. R. McCrae, The NEO-PI Personality Inventory (Odessa, Fla.: Psychological Assessment Resources, 1992); J. F. Salgado, The Five Factor Model of Personality and Job Performance in the European Community, Journal of Applied Psychology 82 (1997): 30-43.

Extraversion

Gregarious, assertive, sociable

Agreeableness

Cooperative, warm, agreeable

Conscientiousness

Hardworking, organized, dependable

Emotional stability

Calm, self-confidant, cool

Openness to experience

Creative, curious, cultured

Self concept : Self esteem and Self efficacy Peoples self-esteem has to do with their self perceived competence and self image.

Self efficacy is concerned with self perception of how well a person can cope with situations as they arise.

Self-EsteemYour belief as to your competence and your imageHigh self-esteem positive attitudes, feelings, and satisfactionLocus of Control

Generalized Self Efficacy

Neuroticism (emotional stability)

Core Self Evaluation Traits

Self-EsteemFeelings of Self Worth

Locus of ControlInternalExternal

Learned HelplessnessUncontrollablebad eventsPerceivedlack of controlGeneralizedhelpless behaviorImportant Issue Nursing Homes PrisonsColleges

Generalized Self-Efficacy - beliefs and expectations about ones ability to accomplish a specific task effectively Sources of self-efficacyPrior experiences and prior successBehavior models (observing success)PersuasionAssessment of current physical & emotional capabilities

Self-MonitoringBehavior based on cues from people & situationsHigh self monitorsflexible: adjust behavior according to the situation and the behavior of otherscan appear unpredictable & inconsistentLow self monitorsact from internal states rather than from situational cuesshow consistencyless likely to respond to work group norms or supervisory feedback

Low-self monitorsHigh-self monitorsGet promotedChange employersMake a job-related geographic move

Positive Affect - an individuals tendency to accentuate the positive aspects of oneself, other people, and the world in general Negative Affect - an individuals tendency to accentuate the negative aspects of oneself, other people, and the world in general

A strong situation can overwhelm the effectsof individual personalitiesby providing strong cuesfor appropriate behavior

Strong personalitieswill dominatein a weaksituation

Halls Career Stage Model4 Stages in CareerExploration Seeks an identity and tries out various roles. Unstable in career, less productive, job switcherEstablishment settles down, good relations with co-workers, productivity Maintenance - productivity , acts as a mentorDecline productivity , evaluation of decisions w.r.t. life and career

Argyris Immaturity to Maturity TheoryImmaturity -----------------------------------------MaturityPassive ActiveDependence IndependenceBehave in a few ways Capable of behaving in many waysErratic Shallow interests Deeper and stronger interestsShort term perspective Long term perspectiveSubordinate Position Superordinate PositionLack of self-awarenessAwareness and control over self

SocializationEdgar Schein made significant contributions to Socialization Process which is termed as a Process through which an individuals personality is influenced by his interactions with certain persons, groups and society.

Achieving Person-Job FitPersonality TypesRealisticInvestigativeSocialConventionalEnterprisingArtisticPersonality-Job Fit Theory (Holland)Identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover.

Projective Test - elicits an individuals response to abstract stimuli

Behavioral Measures - personality assessments that involve observing an individuals behavior in a controlled situation

Self-Report Questionnaire - assessment involving an individuals responses to questions

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) - instrument measuring Jungs theory of individual differences.

Projective Test-TypesRorschach Inkblot The Rorschach Inkblot was one of the first projective tests, and continues to be one of the best-known.The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) In the Thematic Apperception Test, an individual is asked to look at a series of ambiguous scenes.

Based on Carl Jungs workPeople are fundamentally differentPeople are fundamentally alikePeople have preference combinations for extraversion/introversion, perception, judgmentBriggs & Myers developed the MBTI to understand individual differences

Preferences

Represents

Extraversion

Introversion

How one

re-energizes

Sensing

Intuiting

How one gathers information

Thinking

Feeling

How one makes decisions

Judging

Perceiving

How one orients to the outer world

Big 5, MBTIMatter in:Certain jobs (sales, QA, leadership)At certain times (e.g., status quo, crisis)More than performance?HonestyTheftAbsenteeismTurnoverCommitment/Satisfaction

****7777****888**11111110*9998*1010109*12121211*13131312*14141413*15151514*161616*171717*1818