Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
This article was downloaded by: [California Institute of Technology]On: 07 October 2014, At: 03:33Publisher: RoutledgeInforma Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number:1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street,London W1T 3JH, UK
International Journal ofAdolescence and YouthPublication details, including instructions forauthors and subscription information:http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rady20
Personality Metatraitsand Music Preferences inAdolescence: A Pilot StudyDave Miranda a , Julien Morizot b & PatrickGaudreau ca University of Ottawab Université de Montréalc University of OttawaPublished online: 27 Mar 2012.
To cite this article: Dave Miranda , Julien Morizot & Patrick Gaudreau(2010) Personality Metatraits and Music Preferences in Adolescence: A PilotStudy, International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 15:4, 289-301, DOI:10.1080/02673843.2010.9748036
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2010.9748036
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of allthe information (the “Content”) contained in the publications onour platform. Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors makeno representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy,completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Versionsof published Taylor & Francis and Routledge Open articles and Taylor& Francis and Routledge Open Select articles posted to institutionalor subject repositories or any other third-party website are without
warranty from Taylor & Francis of any kind, either expressed orimplied, including, but not limited to, warranties of merchantability,fitness for a particular purpose, or non-infringement. Any opinionsand views expressed in this article are the opinions and views of theauthors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis.The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should beindependently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor &Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings,demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoeveror howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with,in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private studypurposes. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found athttp://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions It is essential that you check the license status of any givenOpen and Open Select article to confirm conditions of accessand use.
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Cal
ifor
nia
Inst
itute
of
Tec
hnol
ogy]
at 0
3:33
07
Oct
ober
201
4
International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 2010, Volume 15, pp. 289-302 © 2010 A B Academic Publishers Printed in Great Britain
Personality Metatraits and Music Preferences in Adolescence: A Pilot Study
Dave Miranda*
University of Ottawa
Julien Morizot
Universite de Montreal
Patrick Gaudreaut
University of Ottawa
ABSTRACT
Exploring relations between the personality metatraits of the Five-Factor Model of personality (Stability and Plasticity) and music preferences in adolescence represents a new research path. The objective of this pilot study was to explore the potential of considering these two personality metatraits in research on adolescent music preferences (Metal, Soul, Electronic, Pop, Classical, and Eclecticism). The sample was composed of 30 regular high school students (age: M = 16.45, SD = 0.81 years). The results confirmed that personality metatraits seem to be linked to music preferences in adolescence. As hypothesized, Plasticity (Extraversion and Openness) was associated with music preferences, while Stability (Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Neuroticism inverted) was not. Some implications for future developmental research on adolescent music preferences (e.g., Plasticity and the dopaminergic system) are highlighted.
*Dave Miranda, Postdoctoral Fellow, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa. Email: [email protected]. tPatrick Gaudreau, Associate Professor, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 200 Lees avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5. Phone: 613-562-5800 (ext. 4308). Fax: 613-562-5147. Email: [email protected]
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Cal
ifor
nia
Inst
itute
of
Tec
hnol
ogy]
at 0
3:33
07
Oct
ober
201
4
290
INTRODUCTION
Music preferences are significant psychological and social constructs in adolescence, as they provide key elements tapping into youth culture identity, values, artistic expressions, and characteristic behaviours (Hargreaves, North, and Tarrant, 2006; Miranda and Claes, 2007, 2008, 2009; North and Hargreaves, 2008; Zillmann and Gan, 1997). However, almost every decade provides an abundance of new music genres. Therefore, researchers have traditionally relied on factor analysis in order to categorize the many similar, yet distinct, music genres into valid, reliable, and meaningful factors of music preferences (e.g., Cattell and Saunders, 1954; Rentfrow and Gosling, 2003).
Some researchers have tried to identify meaningful international factors of music preferences. For instance, Rentfrow and Gosling (2003) have classified music preferences in four factors: (1) Reflective and Complex (e.g., classical, jazz); (2) Intense and Rebellious (e.g., heavy metal, rock); (3) Upbeat and Conventional (e.g., pop, soundtracks); (4) Energetic and Rhythmic (e.g., rap, hip hop). However, other researchers have focused on cultural specificities in order to find meaningful local music preferences. For instance, Miranda and Claes (2007, 2008, 2009) have identified five factors of music preferences in French-Canadian adolescents: Metal (e.g., heavy metal, alternative rock, punk rock); Soul (e.g., hip hop, R&B, reggae); Pop (e.g., pop rock, pop); Classical (e.g., classical, jazz, blues); Electronic (e.g., techno, trance). In all cases, studying the development of music preferences is impoNtant because - among other things - they can act as protective or risk factors for the psychosocial adjustment of many adolescents (Miranda and Claes, 2008; North and Hargreaves, 2008; Selfhout, Delsing, ter Bogt, and Meeus, 2008).
Whether developmental researchers are examining international or local factors of music preferences, one fundamental question remains: What are the determinants of music preferences in youth? Of course, cultural background, media, peers, and friends represent key social determinants of music preferences in adolescence (Bakagiannis and Tarrant, 2006; Gregory, 1997; Miranda and Claes, 2009; Selfhout, Branje, ter Bogt, and Meeus, 2009). Still, individual differences in terms of personality traits are also important determinants of music preferences in adolescence (Delsing, Ter Bogt, Engels, and Meeus, 2008; Miranda and Claes, 2008). Nevertheless, there are so many personality traits identified in the literature that systematically linking them to the many music preferences may seem to be a highly complicated endeavor.
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Cal
ifor
nia
Inst
itute
of
Tec
hnol
ogy]
at 0
3:33
07
Oct
ober
201
4
291
Over the years, some studies have successfully used the Five-Factor Model of personality ('Big Five') as a parsimonious framework to map relations between personality traits and music preferences (Miranda and Claes, 2008). At its most general level, this hierarchical taxonomy is composed of five universal factors (dimensions) of personality (Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness) within which any given trait can potentially be categorized (John, Naumann, and Soto, 2008). For instance, the Extraversion factor encompasses traits including gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitementseeking, positive emotions, and warmth; the Agreeableness factor encompasses traits including straightforwardness, trust, altruism, modesty, tendermindedness, and compliance; the Conscientiousness factor encompasses traits including selfdiscipline, dutifulness, competence, order, deliberation, and achievement striving; the Neuroticism factor encompasses traits including anxiety, self-consciousness, depression, vulnerability, impulsiveness, and angry hostility; the Openness factor encompasses traits including fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, ideas, actions, and values (see C<1.ita and McCrae, 1992).
In the main, many studies have revealed that Extraversion and Openness are among the personality factors with the strongest ties to music preferences (Miranda and Claes, 2008; Rawlings and Ciancarelli, 1997). First, individuals who are high on Extraversion are theorized to have an inclination for seeking stimuli from music that can provide them with higher, yet optimal, levels of arousal (Dollinger, 1993; Miranda and Claes, 2008; Rawlings and Ciancarelli, 1997). In fact, adolescent studies have supported that Extraversion could predict preferences for music genres that are highly rhythmic, gregarious, socially exciting, and urban (Delsing et al., 2008; Miranda and Claes, 2008). Second, individuals who are high on Openness are also theorized to possess a proneness to be interested in an extensive repertoire of original music genres (Dollinger, 1993; Miranda and Claes, 2008; Rawlings and Ciancarelli, 1997). Indeed, studies have shown that Openness predicts unconventionality and eclecticism in musical tastes in adolescence (Delsing et al., 2008; Miranda and Claes, 2008).
Over the years, the Five-Factor Model of personality has proven to be the most comprehensive and parsimonious framework for research on personality and music preferences in adolescence. However, more recently, researchers have attempted to explain the reasons why correlations persisted between the supposedly orthogonal (distinct) factors of the Five-Factor Model of personality. As a result, a two-factor model of personality has emerged to
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Cal
ifor
nia
Inst
itute
of
Tec
hnol
ogy]
at 0
3:33
07
Oct
ober
201
4
292
propose what may be considered as the most general taxonomy of traits (DeYoung, 2006; Digman, 1997): Stability (Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Neuroticism inverted) and Plasticity (Extraversion and Openness). Some researchers have argued that Stability metatrait could stem from shared biological causes in the serotonergic neurological system which can regulate mood, aggressiveness, and self-control, while Plasticity metatrait could stem from shared biological causes in the dopaminergic neurological system which can regulate approach and exploratory behaviours (De Young, Peterson, and Higgins, 2002; De Young, Peterson, Seguin, and Tremblay, 2008; Jang, Livesley, Ando, Yamagata, Suzuki, Angleitner et al., 2006).
Hence, this new research on the structure of personality generates a novel question for research on the developmental significance of music preferences: Are those two metatraits pertinent to study the relations between personality and music preferences in adolescence? Thus the objective of this pilot study was to explore if the two personality metatraits (Stability and Plasticity) could be related to music preferences (Metal, Soul, Electronic, Pop, Classical, and Eclecticism). Firstly, given that Extraversion and Openness are the traits which are the most strongly related to music preferences, it was hypothesized that only Plasticity (Extraversion and Openness) would be linked to adolescent music preferences. Secondly, given that studies on adolescent music preferences rarely examine the importance given to songs' music vs. lyrics, this study explored if importance given to songs' music (as opposed to lyrics) was a moderator of the relationships between Plasticity and music preferences.
METHOD
Sample and Procedure
A sample of 30 adolescents (age: M = 16.45, SD = 0.81 years; 12 girls and 18 boys), enrolled in regular classes (lOth and 11th grade) of a public French high school in Montreal (province of Quebec, Canada), participated in this study. There were equivalent proportions of girls and boys (X2 = 1.20, p > .05). During one of their class, participants were informed of the research by undergraduate and graduate assistants. Participants provided their informed consent and then volunteered to complete a confidential self-report questionnaire.
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Cal
ifor
nia
Inst
itute
of
Tec
hnol
ogy]
at 0
3:33
07
Oct
ober
201
4
293
MEASURES
Personality traits. Personality traits were assessed using a French-Canadian translation of the International Personality Item Pool 50 Big-Five Markers (English IPIP50; Goldberg, 1999). The five personality factors displayed satisfying internal consistency given the limited size of this pilot sample: Extraversion (10 items; a = .62), Agreeableness (10 items; a = .81), Conscientiousness (10 items; a = .67), Emotional stability (i.e., Neuroticism inverted) (10 items; a= .79), and Openness (or 'Intellect') (10 items; a= .84). The Plasticity measure had good internal consistency (a = .80), but the Stability measure had much lesser internal consistency (a= .64).
Music preferences. Music preferences were assessed with a scale validated for French-Canadian adolescents (Miranda and Claes, 2008). Participants rated on a five-point scale (1=1 do not like that at all; 5=1 like that a lot) how much they liked each of 33 music genres (e.g., classical, jazz, hip hop, pop). These 33 music genres composed the five factors of music preferences which - aside from Pop music - retained excellent internal consistency despite the limited size of this pilot sample: Metal (7 items; a = .89); Soul (7-items; a = .85); Electronic (6 items; a = .91); Pop (2 items; a =.49); Classical (11 items; a = .89). The assessment of Eclecticism in music tastes was obtained by summing up the scores on all 33 music genres.
Years of music preferences and importance given to songs' music and lyrics. Participants indicated the number of years and months they have been listening to their current favourite music. They also reported the extent to which they liked songs for the music as opposed to the lyrics using a five-point scale (1=for the lyrics; 5=for the music).
RESULTS
Metatraits and Music Preferences
Table 1 presents the partial correlations that were calculated in order to examine the relationships between personality metatraits (Stability and Plasticity) and adolescent music preferences (Metal, Soul, Electronic, Pop, Classical, and Eclecticism), while controlling for age, gender, and years of music preferences. Plasticity was associated with music preferences (more liking for Electronic,
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Cal
ifor
nia
Inst
itute
of
Tec
hnol
ogy]
at 0
3:33
07
Oct
ober
201
4
294
Classical, and Eclecticism) whereas the associations with Stability were non-significant.
Moderation Effects of Importance Given to Music vs. Lyrics
Three moderated hierarchical regressions were performed to test if importance given to songs' music (as opposed to lyrics) was a moderator of the relationships between Plasticity and music preferences (Electronic, Classical, and Eclecticism). Each regression included three additional covariates in the first step of the equation: age, gender, and years of music preferences.
As Tables 2 and 3 indicate, the interaction (Plasticity x importance of songs' music) did not account for a significant proportion of variance in either Electronic music (LlR2 = .000, p > .05) or Eclecticism in music tastes (LlR2 = .047, p > .05). However, Table 3 shows that years of music preferences was negatively related to Eclecticism in music tastes (~ = -.44, p < .05). As Table 4 indicates, the interaction (Plasticity x importance of songs' music) accounted for a marginally significant proportion of variance in Classical music (LlR2 = .086, p = .10). Albeit non-significant because of the restricted sample size, this interaction explained a substantial proportion of variance. Therefore, the interaction was explored using simple slope analyses (Cohen, Cohen, Aiken, and West, 2003) at one standard deviation over and under the centered mean of the moderator (i.e., importance of songs' music). As Figure 1 illustrates, Plasticity was not associated with Classical music (~ = -.01, p > .05) for adolescents who tend to prefer songs' music rather than lyrics. However, Plasticity was associated with more liking for Classical music (~ = .58, p < .05) amongst adolescents who tend to prefer songs' lyrics rather than music.
DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION
The Five-Factor Model of personality (Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness) has already provided a comprehensive, parsimonious, and meaningful framework to map the overall relationships between personality traits and music preferences in adolescence (Miranda and Claes, 2008). Nevertheless, the objective of this pilot study was to explore if two personality metatraits (Stability and Plasticity) could be related to music preferences in adolescence (Metal,
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Cal
ifor
nia
Inst
itute
of
Tec
hnol
ogy]
at 0
3:33
07
Oct
ober
201
4
TA
BL
E 1
Par
tial
Cor
rela
tion
s an
d D
escr
ipti
ve S
tati
stic
s
Var
iabl
es•
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
1. S
tabi
lity
2.
Pla
stic
ity
.19
3. M
etal
.1
2 .2
0 4.
Sou
l .0
2 -.
08
-.
22
5.
Ele
ctro
nic
.27
.37*
.4
1*
.35*
6
.Po
p
.12
.23
.23
.26
.42*
7.
Cla
ssic
al
.17
.35*
.5
6**
.08
.45*
.5
8**
8. E
clec
tici
sm
.15
.32b
.5
5**
.40*
.7
1 **
* .7
2***
.7
7***
M
100.
44
68.9
7 18
.20
25.7
6 18
.22
6.31
22
.96
92.6
1 SD
9.
21
9.28
6.
97
6.83
6.
52
2.14
7.
88
19.4
0
Not
e. N
= 3
0. •
Age
, gen
der,
an
d y
ears
of m
usic
pre
fere
nces
are
con
trol
led
as c
ovar
iate
s.
*p <
.05
** p
< .0
1 **
*p <
.001
bp
= .0
5
N
\0
Ul
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Cal
ifor
nia
Inst
itute
of
Tec
hnol
ogy]
at 0
3:33
07
Oct
ober
201
4
296
TABLE 2
Moderated hierarchical regression predicting Electronic music
Predictors• ~ t L~.R2
Step 1 Age .09 0.45 Gender .09 0.43 Years of music preferences -.26 -1.31 Plasticity .36 1.95 Importance of songs' musicb -.08 -0.38 .196
Step 2 Plasticity x importance of songs' music .01 0.03 .000
Note. N = 30. •Variables were centered and gender was coded as girls = 1 and boys = 0. bJmportance of songs' music (high scores = music vs. low scores = lyrics) *p < .05 **p < .01 ***p < .001
TABLE 3
Moderated hierarchical regression predicting Eclecticism in music tastes
Predictors•
Step 1 Age Gender Years of music preferences Plasticity Importance of songs' musicb
Step 2
.16
.12 -.44
.30 -.07
Plasticity x importance of songs' music -.24
0.85 0.58
-2.34* 1.70
-0.34 .285
-1.27 .047
Note. N = 30. •Variables were centered and gender was coded as girls = 1 and boys = 0. bJmportance of songs' music (high scores = music vs. low scores = lyrics) *p < .05 **p < .01 ***p < .001
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Cal
ifor
nia
Inst
itute
of
Tec
hnol
ogy]
at 0
3:33
07
Oct
ober
201
4
297
TABLE 4
Moderated hierarchical regression predicting Classical music
Predictors•
Step 1 Age Gender Years of music preferences Plasticity Importance of songs' musicb
Step 2
.12
.00 -.37
.34 -.08
Plasticity x importance of songs' music -.32
t
0.61 0.01
-1.89 1.84
-0.39 .226
-1.69< .086<
Note. N = 30. •Variables were centered and gender was coded as girls = 1 and boys = 0. bJmportance of songs' music (high scores = music vs. low scores = lyrics) *p < .05 **p < .01 ***p < .001 <p = .10
30
2S
26
«! ·~ 24
Sottgs' intportmtcc
-Lyiics "' c ----Music
22
---------------------20
18
Low High
Plasticity
Figure 1. The importance given to songs' music (as opposed to lyrics) as a moderator of the relationship between Plasticity and Classical music (n = 30)
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Cal
ifor
nia
Inst
itute
of
Tec
hnol
ogy]
at 0
3:33
07
Oct
ober
201
4
298
Soul, Electronic, Pop, Classical, and Eclecticism) and whether this relationship could be moderated by the importance given to songs' music (as opposed to lyrics).
The results of this pilot study indicated that higher Plasticity, which encompasses higher levels of Extraversion and Openness, may be linked to music preferences in adolescence (more liking for Electronic, Classical, and Eclecticism). In contrast, Stability, which subsumes Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Emotional stability, may not be linked to music preferences in adolescence. As such, these results suggest that the use of a two-factor model of personality provides further evidence in support of the notion that Extraversion and Openness are the personality traits with the strongest associations with music preferences (e.g., Miranda and Claes, 2008; Rawlings and Ciancarelli, 1997).
Plasticity was associated with music preferences that are considered to provide more sensations or that are part of exciting social events (Electronic music). This result is consistent with the theoretical assumption that individuals who are high on Extraversion have an inclination for seeking stimuli from music likely to yield higher, yet optimal, levels of arousal (Dollinger, 1993; Miranda and Claes, 2008; Rawlings and Ciancarelli, 1997). Considering the cultural context of French-Canadian adolescents living in Quebec, Plasticity was associated with music preferences that were more unconventional (Electronic music and Classical music), and Plasticity was also associated with more musical diversity and sophistication (Eclecticism in music tastes). These results are compatible to the theoretical notion that individuals with high levels of Openness are prone to be interested in a larger and more diversified repertoire of music genres (Dollinger, 1993; Miranda and Claes, 2008; Rawlings and Ciancarelli, 1997).
The significant association between Plasticity and music preferences may be interpreted in light of the dopaminergic neurological system which could be responsible for regulating approach and exploratory behaviours towards developing music preferences in adolescence. Interestingly, this developmental hypothesis echoes results from cognitive neuroscience becauseamong other things- dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is closely involved in reinforcement and pleasure. Indeed, recent advances in cognitive neuroscience have indicated that dopaminergic processes in some of the brain structures (e.g., nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area) can mediate the relation between music listening and emotional gratification or pleasure (Blood and Zatorre, 2001; Menon and Levitin, 2005). However, biological hypotheses are
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Cal
ifor
nia
Inst
itute
of
Tec
hnol
ogy]
at 0
3:33
07
Oct
ober
201
4
299
also feasible in the Five-Factor Model which can provide a map of specific personality traits that can explain some adolescent music preferences. For instance, Extraversion subsumes the specific trait of sensation seeking which may partially stem from a biological predisposition for seeking higher physiological arousal, notably from music listening in adolescence and adulthood (Arnett, 1992; Zuckerman, 1979; Litle and Zuckerman, 1986).
Our results also suggested that Plasticity was positively associated with Classical music only insofar as adolescents preferred songs' lyrics over the music. This result was surprising given that the Classical factor (e.g., classical, jazz, blues) encompassed a repertoire of songs that are much more known for their music than for their lyrics. In turn, this result may indicate that for adolescents who are high on Plasticity, exploring Classical songs for their lyrics may be even more original and interesting, whereas listening to Classical songs for their music may be more conventional and less stimulating. Our results also indicated that the number of years that adolescents have been listening to their current favourite music was related to less Eclecticism in music tastes. Hence, it is possible that for these adolescents, having a longer lasting allegiance to specific music genres can be opposite to having a current taste for an extensive and diversified repertoire of music genres.
Although this pilot study is informative, an obvious limitation represents its small sample which has increased risks of Type II errors (i.e., finding no significant results when they would have been significant in a larger and representative sample). Moreover, our preliminary results cannot be safely generalized to the adolescent population and even less so to other age groups within the general population. Also, this study relied on a correlational design, thus preventing inference of causality I direction from the data.
In conclusion, our results remained substantially compatible with the literature on personality and music preferences in adolescence and they also confirmed our main hypothesis: Plasticity was associated with adolescent music preferences. As such, the dopaminergic neurological system may be involved. Hence, researchers could fruitfully plan for a larger scale correlationnal study using a complementary experimental design with biological measures. Such perspective would represent a promising bridge between developmental psychology and the cognitive neuroscience of music in adolescence.
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Cal
ifor
nia
Inst
itute
of
Tec
hnol
ogy]
at 0
3:33
07
Oct
ober
201
4
300
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was supported in part by a scholarship for postdoctoral research from the Fonds Quebecius de Ia Recherche sur Ia Societe et Ia Culture (FQRSC) awarded to the first author. This study was also supported in part by a research grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) awarded to the third author.
REFERENCES
Arnett, J. (1992). The soundtrack of recklessness: Musical preferences and reckless behaviour amoung adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7, 313-331.
Bakagiannis, S., & Tarrant, M. (2006). Can music bring people together? Effects of shared musical preference on intergroup bias in adolescence. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 47, 129-136.
Blood, A.J., & Zatorre, R.J. (2001). Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98, 11818-11823.
Cattell, R.B., & Saunders, D.R. (1954). Musical preferences and personality diagnosis: A factorization of one hundred and twenty themes. Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 3-24.
Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S.G., & Aiken, L.S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/ correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Costa, P.T., & McCrae, R.R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PIR) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI): Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Delsing, M.J.M.H., Ter Bogt, T.F.M., Engels, R.C.M.E., & Meeus, W.H.J. (2008). Adolescents' music preferences and personality characteristics. European Journal of Personality, 22, 109-130.
DeYoung, C.G. (2006). Higher-order factors of the Big Five in a multiinformant sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 1138-1151.
DeYoung, C.G., Peterson, J.B., & Higgins, D.M. (2002). Higher-order factors of the Big Five predict conformity: Are there neuroses of health? Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 533-552.
DeYoung, C.G., Peterson, J.B., Seguin, J.R., & Tremblay, R.E. (2008). Externalizing behavior and the higher order factors of the Big Five. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 947-953.
Digman, J.M. (1997). Higher-order factors of the Big Five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1246-1256.
Dollinger, S.J. (1993). Personality and music preference: Extraversion and excitement seeking or openess to experience? Psychology of Music, 21, 73-77.
Goldberg, L.R. (1999). A broad-bandwidth, public-domain, personality inventory measuring the lower-level facets of several five-factor models. In I. Mervielde, I. Deary, F. De Fruyt, & F. Ostendorf (Eds.), Personality Psychology in Europe, 7 (pp. 7-28). Tilburg, The Netherlands: Tilburg University Press.
Gregory, A.H. (1997). The roles of music in society: The ethnomusicological perspective. In J. Hargreaves & A.C. North (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Music (pp. 123-140). New York: Oxford University Press.
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Cal
ifor
nia
Inst
itute
of
Tec
hnol
ogy]
at 0
3:33
07
Oct
ober
201
4
301
Hargreaves, D.J., North, A.C., & Tarrant, M. (2006). Musical preference and taste in childhood and adolescence. In G.E. McPherson (Ed.), The child as musician (pp. 135-154). Oxford University Press: Oxford.
Jang, K.L., Livesley, W.J., Ando, J., Yamagata, S., Suzuki, A., Angleitner, A., et al. (2006). Behavioral genetics of the higher-order factors of the Big Five. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 261-272.
John, O.P., Naumann, L.P., & Soto, C. J. (2008). Paradigm shift to the integrative Big Five trait taxonomy: history, measurement, and conceptual issues. In O.P. John, R.W. Robins et L.A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of Personality, Theory and Research, 3rd edition (pp. 114-158). New York: The Guilford Press.
Litle, P., & Zuckerman, M. (1986). Sensation seeking and music preferences. Personality and Individual Differences, 7, 575-577.
Menon, V., & Levitin, D.J. (2005). The rewards of music listening: Response and physiological connectivity of the mesolimbic system. Neuroimage, 28, 175-184.
Miranda, D., & Claes, M. (2007). Musical preferences and depression in adolescence. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 13, 285-309.
Miranda, D., & Claes, M. (2008). Personality traits, music preferences and depression in adolescence. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 14, 277-298.
Miranda, D., & Claes, M. (2009). Music listening, coping, peer affiliation and depression in adolescence. Psychology of Music, 37, 215-233.
North, A.C., & Hargreaves, D.J. (2008). The social and applied psychology of music. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rawlings, D., & Ciancarelli, V. {1997). Music preference and the five-factor model of the NEO Personality Inventory. Psychology of Music, 25, 120-132.
Rentfrow, P.J., & Gosling, S.D. (2003). The Do Re Mi's of everyday life: The structure and personality correlates of music preferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1236-1256.
Selfhout, M.H.W., Branje, S.J.T., ter Bogt, T.F.M., & Meeus, W.H.J. (2009). The role of music preferences in early adolescents' friendship formation and stability. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 95-107.
Selfhout, M.H.W., Delsing, M.J.M.H, ter Bogt, T.F.M., & Meeus, W.H.J. (2008). Heavy metal and hip-hop style preferences and externalizing problem behavior: A two-wave longitudinal study. Youth & Society, 39, 435-452.
Zillmann, D., & Gan, S. (1997). Musial taste in adolescence. In J. Hargreaves & A.C. North (Eds.), The social psychology of music (pp. 161-187). New York: Oxford University Press.
Zuckerman, M. {1979). Sensation seeking: Beyond the optimal level of arousal. Hillsdale: Erlbaum. D
ownl
oade
d by
[C
alif
orni
a In
stitu
te o
f T
echn
olog
y] a
t 03:
33 0
7 O
ctob
er 2
014
