YOUR CLAIM:COUNSELORS ARE NECESSARY TO

STUDENT SUCCESS IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS AND SHOULD BE FUNDED FULLY BY THE SCHOOL DISTRICT.

Persuasive Essay

Rhetorical Devices/Persuasive TechniquesPatrick Henry tested and approved

“Speech in the Virginia Convention”Rhetorical Question – no response required; designed to create

thoughtful contemplation Is this the part of wise men, engaged in a great and arduous struggle for liberty? Are we

disposed to be of the number of those who, having eyes, see not, and, having ears, hear not, the things which so nearly concern their temporal salvation?

Allusion – Biblical, historical, mythological Suffer not yourselves to be betrayed with a kiss. We are apt to shut our eyes against a painful truth, and listen to the song of that siren

till she transforms us into beasts.

Parallel structure - not a repetition of words, but similar patterns of parts of speech (creates stronger syntax) We have petitioned; we have remonstrated; we have supplicated; we have prostrated

ourselves before the throne… The battle, sir, is not to the strong alone; it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave.

Convince me…

The Greek philosopher Aristotle divided the means of persuasion, appeals, into three categories-

Ethos – use of vocabulary/syntax (establish your credentials) (Greek for 'character') refers to the trustworthiness or credibility of the writer or speaker.

Ethos is often conveyed through tone and style of the message and through the way the writer or speaker refers to differing views.

Pathos – emotional appeal (use charged words designed to elicit a strong response) (Greek for 'suffering' or 'experience') is often associated with emotional appeal. But a better

equivalent might be 'appeal to the audience's sympathies and imagination.'

Logos – logical appeal (use facts/statistics to appeal to intellect) (Greek for 'word') refers to the internal consistency of the message--the clarity of the claim,

the logic of its reasons, and the effectiveness of its supporting evidence.

Source: Ramage, John D. and John C. Bean. Writing Arguments. 4th Edition. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon, 1998, 81-82

Introduction Paragraph

Section 1 (several sentences, but combined) – Vague – don’t mention the topic until the end of your story.

Get your reader’s attention – start strong My sister Susan had a dream that guided all of her actions; she

wanted to be a nurse. She practiced shots on her dolls; she carried band-aids with her at all times in hopes that she would rescue a kid’s skinned knee; she wanted nothing more than to help and heal. She thought that her dream had come to a painful end when she discovered that our parents did not have the money to send her to even the smallest community college. With the help of her counselor, she applied for several grants, and now she can begin healing the sick, helping the injured, and caring for others. Because the counselor played such an important role in Susan’s life, every school should have one, and the county should fully fund those positions.

Bring it on home…finish the intro!!

Section 2: 1 sentences Describe the problem

Many people who are not directly involved in public education believe that a student can handle his or her own personal issues, class selection or college applications. (stating the problem as you see it)

Section 3: 1 more sentence - Your stand/claim: Respond to the points in the problem listed above. What

are your main points? What evidence will you provide in the essay to prove you are correct in your claim? The counselors are invaluable, and the county can cut other

programs or raise more money so that we are able to graduate healthy, educated, college- or career-ready students.

The finished intro

My sister Susan had a dream that guided all of her actions; she wanted to be a nurse. She practiced shots on her dolls; she carried band-aids with her at all times in hopes that she would rescue a kid’s skinned knee; she wanted nothing more than to help and heal. She thought that her dream had come to a painful end when she discovered that our parents did not have the money to send her to even the smallest community college. With the help of her counselor, she applied for several grants, and now she can begin healing the sick, helping the injured, and caring for others. Because the counselor played such an important role in Susan’s life, every school should have one, and the county should fully fund those positions. Many people who are not directly involved in public education believe that a student can handle his or her own personal issues, class selection or college applications. The counselors are invaluable, and the county can cut other programs or raise more money so that we are able to graduate healthy, educated, college- or career-ready students.

SUPPORT YOUR CLAIMSOUND REASONING AND RELEVANT EVIDENCE

Reminder: In order to maintain unity and coherence within the paragraph and essay. You must stay on topic, this statement and all of them in this paragraph must directly relate to the topic sentence and thesis statement (your stand)

Topic – make your first point (choose this from the graphic organizer/should match your claim) Counselors are trained to help students who may have serious mental or

emotional problems with no one to trust.

Sentence 2 and 3 – Support your point with a rhetorical device/persuasive technique. Remember that you are trying to convince someone to agree with you. Sometimes two short ones together create a stronger bond, but be

careful of wordiness. (see Patrick Henry example of rhetorical question) With excessive stress placed on students in high school, a counselor can

help a young person deal with it before it turns into a serious issue, changing his life. Is the school environment a stronger place for all students when a counselor can help several become healthier people?

SUPPORTING YOUR CLAIM, CONT’D

Sentence 4 – Another statement that fortifies your argument further. Use emotional appeal: tell a story – use charged words.

OR Use logical appeal: give the name of a study, statistics, a fact

A study by the University of California found that 30 percent more students graduated when they had at least one supportive person in their lives than those who did not.

Sentence 5/6 – wrap it up by restating your claim blended with ideas from your topic sentence in this paragraph. Use repeated powerful words By doing both in this sentence, you maintain unity and coherence.

Cutting counselors will slash opportunities for healthier students and slice dreams in half. Keeping and paying to train counselors improves lives.

MY POLISHED PIECE OF LITERARY GENIUS!THE BODY PARAGRAPH

Counselors are trained to help students who may have serious mental or emotional problems with no one to trust. With excessive stress placed on students in high school, a counselor can help a young person deal with it before it turns into a serious issue, changing his life. Is the school environment a stronger place for all students when a counselor can help several become healthier people? A study by the University of California found that 30 percent more students graduated when they had at least one supportive person in their lives than those who did not. Cutting counselors will slash opportunities for healthier students and slice dreams in half. Keeping and paying to train counselors improves lives.

Wrapping it up…the conclusion

Restate your stand/claim and show what the material you have presented adds up to. You can state that it proves that Odysseus is/is not a hero.

Analyze and evaluate your main points for your reader; also consider the consequences and general implications Restate your three main points using different vocabulary Make it short. Wrap it up quickly so you don’t lose your audience

by saying EVERYTHING that they’ve already heard. Concise word choice – choose the most powerful word for

maximum impact.

No NEW information is presented in the conclusion

Let’s Break it down… Sentence 1 – Restate your stand

Remember, you may not use the same exact wording. Use a thesaurus if you must.

Sentence 2 and 3 – briefly support your stand/claim by rephrasing your first idea; illustrate with one statement.

Sentence 4 and 5 (compound sentence) – Rephrase your second idea; expound with one statement.

Sentence 6 – What impact has this situation had on the future, on society, on schools? What is the result if someone follows your suggestions? Diction (word choice) is key here. This is your LAST statement. How will

you leave the reader? Use powerful words that will convince your audience (Ethos). Another rhetorical device here may not be a bad idea.

DO NOT use these horribly terrible, contrite phrases or words…you will live to regret it!!

YIKES!!!

• “I’d like you to consider my reasons, and change

your mind.”

• “Here are my reasons for….”

• “How would you feel if ….”

• “For example, …”

• “In my opinion…”

• “I think…” OR “I believe…”

• “In today’s society…” OR “In the world today…”

• “For the most part…”

alot

very

amazing

awesome

awfully

bad

beautiful

big

fine

good

great

happy

interesting

look

nice

quite

really

so

well

like

basically

you know