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upsr tahun 4
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www.petaminda.com
www.petaminda.com
SyaratSyarat Dan Terma Penggunaan E-Book Ini
Produk : "E-Book" Peta Minda Untuk Sains UPSR
Syarat Penggunaan Produk
Dengan pembelian produk ini anda telah bersetuju dan mengakuiuntuk mematuhi syarat dan terma bagi penggunaan produk ini.
Produk ini diterbitkan oleh Mohd. Nasarruddin Bin Ahmad dandilindungi dibawah Akta Hak Cipta 1987.
Anda tidak dibenarkan untuk menyebarkan produk ini dengan apa-apacara sekalipun. Produk ini hanya untuk kegunaan peribadi andasendiri.
Anda tidak dibenarkan untuk menyalin-ulang mana-mana bahagiandalam produk ini atau mengeditnya menggunakan perisian lain tanpakebenaran daripada pihak penerbit. Sebarang perbuatan untukmenyebarkan produk ini secara sengaja atau tidak sengaja akanmenyebabkan hak anda untuk menggunakan produk ini terbataldengan serta-merta.
Penafian Penerbit
Produk ini dihasilkan untuk menyediakan maklumat berkaitan subjekyang dinyatakan. Kami telah berusaha sedaya upaya agar maklumatyang dihasilkan dalam produk ini adalah tepat.
Walau bagaimanapun, pihak kami tidak akan bertanggungjawabterhadap perubahan maklumat semasa berkaitan dengan subjek yangberkenaan kerana perubahan maklumat sentiasa berlaku sepanjangmasa. Pembelian dan penggunaan produk ini adalah tanggungjawabanda sepenuhnya. Kami tidak akan bertanggung jawab terhadapsebarang liabiliti dan risiko kerugian sepanjang penggunaan produk ini.
Tiada jaminan bahawa produk ini mampu mengubah kehidupanpengguna dari segi kebolehan dan sebagainya kerana ianya bergantungkepada usaha pengguna itu sendiri. Pengguna adalahbertanggungjawab sepenuhnya di atas tindakan sendiri yang dilakukanberdasarkan kandungan di dalam produk ini. Tujuan utama produk iniadalah untuk perkongsian maklumat semata-mata.
Xi
Lesen: Kegunaan sendiri Jangan sebarkan Kegunaan anda sahaja
Hak Cipta Terpelihara Mohd Nasarruddin Bin Ahmad
www.petaminda.com
Sebelum mendudukipeperisaan anda akanhanya lakukan ulangkajipantas yang merumuskankesemua bahagian ingatan.
Ulangkaji semula darimasa ke semasamengikut keperluan anda.Masa yang diambil akanmenjadi semakin singkatkerana ingatan andasemakin mantap.
Ulangkaji peta mindaanda seberapa kerapyang mungkin.Abaikan bahagianyang anda telah ingat.Baca bahagian yanganda terlupa.
Baca semula peta mindaanda keesokan harinyauntuk mengisi semulaingatan yang telah hilang
Selepas 1 jam prosespembelajaran, andaseharusnya mengulangkajisemula selama 10-30 minit.
CARAPENGGUNAAN
A
Sebagai contoh,sila lihat petaminda yangpertama di mukasebelah iaitu"Basic Needs"
ii
Nota yang terdapat dalam peta minda ini hendaklahdibaca menurut turutannya. Ia bermula dengancabang utama yang berlabel dengan huruf bersaizbesar seperti:
dan seterusnya.CBA
Ia bermula dengancabang utama
iaitu "OF HUMANS"
A
Ini diikuti oleh katakunciyang bercambah daricabang ini iaitu rantingyang berlabeliaitu "Food"
1
Ulangi langkah yang samabagi ranting , dansebelum anda pergike cabang utama berlabeliaitu "OF ANIMALS" untukmeneruskan bacaan.
2 3 4
B
Ranting "Food" pula akan bercambahmenjadi ranting kecil yangmengandungi fakta yang berturutanyang berlabel danseterusnya. Habiskan membacaturutan yang fakta-fakta yangbercambah di sebelum, anda pergike ranting yang berlabeliaitu "Water".
ca b
2e
2 31 4
4
3
2
5
1 6
BE-book Peta MInda untuk SAINS UPSR adalah dalamformat PDF. Untuk membukanya komputer anda harusmempunyai program Adobe Acrobat Reader. Jika tidakmuaturunkan dari:http://get.adobe.com/reader/
Gunakan pencetak warna untuk supaya gambar yangdipaparkan adalah berwarna dan menarik untuk dibacasebelum dijilidkan. Ini adalah kerana warna berupayameningkatkan ingatan. Apabila dicetak, mukasuratnyaadalah dalam saiz A4. Walaupun boleh dibaca oleh matakasar, jika anda mahukan saiz huruf yang lebih besar, andaboleh membuat salinan fotokopi ke kertas A3 denganpembesaran 141% untuk paparan yang lebih besar danjelas. Selepas itu bolehlah dijilidkan menjadi buku.
SALINANKERAS,
PENJILIDAN DANPEMBESARAN 2
1MENGULANGKAJI
PETA MINDAANDA
C
Kajian telah menunjukkanbahawa ingatan akan
berkurang mengikut masa yangtertentu.Sebagai persediaan
bagi peperiksaan, andaharuslah mengulangkaji peta
minda anda dari masa kesemasa. Ini membolehkan anda
untuk memperbaiki bahagianyang kurang diingati, atau
mengingatkan semula bahagianyang terlupa .
CARA 12
c
d
ab
e
Saiz A4
KEJAYAANAKAN MENANTI
ANDA !
3
3
Penjilidan
Saiz A3
Fotokopi
141%
Penjilidan
www.petaminda.com
COMPETITION AMONG PLANTS..............................33IMPORTANCE OF COMPETITION ............................33ANIMALS EXTINCTION............................................. 34ENDANGERED SPECIES............................................ 34PREVENTING ANIMALS EXTINCTION.....................34IMPACT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ONENVIRONMENT............................................................34
UNIT 2: FORCE
PUSH OR PULL.........................................................35EFFECTS OF FORCES..............................................35FRICTION.....................................................................35ADVANTAGES OF FRICTION..................................... 36DISADVANTAGES OF FRICTION............................... 36
UNIT 3: MOVEMENT
SPEED..........................................................................37RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISTANCE, TIME ANDSPEED..........................................................................37
UNIT 4: FOOD PRESERVATION
FOOD SPOILAGE....................................................... 38FOOD PRESERVATION PURPOSE........................... 38FOOD PRESERVATION METHOD............................. 38IMPORTANCE OF FOOD PRESERVATION ..............38
UNIT 5: WASTE MANAGEMENT
WASTE TYPES AND SOURCES................................39IMPROPER WASTE DISPOSAL................................ 39PROPER WASTE DISPOSAL.................................... 39HARMFUL EFFECTS OF IMPROPERWASTE DISPOSAL ....................................................39WASTE DISPOSAL IN LOCAL AREA....................... 40DECAYING WASTE......................................................40ADVANTAGES OF DECOMPOSING WASTE.............40DISADVANTAGES OF DECOMPOSING WASTE.......40IF WASTE DO NOT DECOMPOSE............................40
UNIT 6: ECLIPSES
ECLIPSE OF THE MOON...........................................41ECLIPSE OF THE SUN...............................................41
UNIT 7: MACHINES
MAIN TYPES................................................................42WHEEL AND AXLE..................................................... 42LEVER..........................................................................42WEDGE.........................................................................42PULLEY........................................................................43GEAR............................................................................ 43INCLINED PLANE........................................................43SCREW.........................................................................43COMPLEX MACHINES................................................44APPRECIATING MACHINES........................................44
iii
UNIT 1 : BASIC NEEDS
OF HUMANS..................................................................1OF ANIMALS ................................................................1OF PLANTS..................................................................1
UNIT 2: LIFE PROCESSES
IN HUMANS.................................................................. 2IN ANIMALS................................................................. 3IN PLANTS...................................................................4
UNIT 3: PROTECTION
IN ANIMALS................................................................. 5IN PLANTS...................................................................5
UNIT 4: MEASUREMENTS
LENGTH....................................................................... 7MEASURING TECHNIQUES........................................7AREA............................................................................ 7VOLUMES....................................................................8MASS............................................................................8TIME............................................................................. 8IMPORTANCE OF STANDARD UNITS....................... 8
UNIT 5: MATERIALS
MATERIALS AROUNDS US........................................ 9PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS..................................9CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS........................... 9TRANSPARENT, TRANSLUCENT AND OPAQUEMATERIALS................................................................. 9CHOOSING SUITABLE MATERIALS..........................10COMBINED USES OF MATERIALS........................... 10NATURAL AND MAN-MADE MATERIALS.................. 10RUSTING...................................................................... 11REUSE, REDUCE, RECYCLE..................................... 11
UNIT 6: THE EARTH AND THEUNIVERSE
CONSTITUENTS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM............12SIZE AND DISTANCE.................................................. 12PLANETS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM......................... 12
UNIT 7: TECHNOLOGY AROUND US
HUMAN LIMITATIONS................................................. 13DEVICES...................................................................... 13DEVICES TO OVERCOME LIMITATIONS.......,......... 13DEVELOPEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY(1)..................13DEVELOPEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY(2)..................14SOLVING PROBLEMS................................................ 14ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGESOF TECHNOLOGY...................................................... 14
YEAR 4
UNIT 1: MICROORGANISMS
UNSEEN LIVING THINGS............................................15TYPES..........................................................................15CHARACTERISTICS....................................................15USES............................................................................ 15HARMFUL EFFECTS..................................................16PREVENTION OF DISEASES.................................... 16
UNIT 2: SURVIVAL OF THE SPECIES
SPECIES...................................................................... 17ANIMALS' SURVIVAL..................................................17PLANTS' SURVIVAL................................................... 18
UNIT 3: FOOD CHAIN AND FOOD WEB
ANIMALS' FOOD........................................................19FOOD CHAIN............................................................... 19FOOD WEB..................................................................19FOOD WEB IMPORTANCE.........................................18
UNIT 4: ENERGY
ENERGY USES............................................................ 20ENERGY SOURCES.................................................... 20ENERGY FORMS.........................................................20ENERGY TRANSFROMATION....................................21RENEWABLE ENERGY............................................... 21NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY...................................... 21USING ENERGY WISELY.............................................21SAVING ENERGY..........................................................21
UNIT 5: ELECTRICITY
SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY.....................................22ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS.............................................22HANDLING ELECTRICITY...........................................22
UNIT 6: LIGHT
LIGHT TRAVELS IN A STRAIGHT LINE.................... 23SHADOWS................................................................... 23REFLECTION OF LIGHT............................................ 23EVERY DAY LIFE APPLICATIONS............................ 24DEVICES...................................................................... 24
UNIT 7: HEAT
TEMPERATURE...........................................................25EFFECTS OF HEAT ON MATTER............................. 25APPLICATIONS OF EXPANSION ANDCONTRACTION........................................................... 25ENERGY TRANSFROMATION....................................25
YEAR 5UNIT 8: STATES OF MATTER
MATTER....................................................................... 26PROPERTIES OF MATTER........................................26CHANGES IN STATES OF MATTER...........................26FACTORS AFFECTING EVAPORATION RATE.........26THE WATER CYCLE................................................... 27IMPORTANCE OF WATER CYCLE............................ 27WATER RESOURCES................................................. 27HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT AFFECTS WATERRESOURCES............................................................... 27KEEPING WATER SOURCES CLEAN........................27
UNIT 9: ACID AND ALKALI
PROPERTIES OF ACIDIC AND ALKALISUBSTANCES..............................................................28ACIDIC SUBSTANCES.................................................28ALKALINE SUBSTANCES.......................................... 28NEUTRAL SUBSTANCES........................................... 28
UNIT 10: CONSTELLATIONS
SCORPION...................................................................29BIG DIPPER..................................................................29SOUTHERN CROSS....................................................29IMPORTANCE OF CONSTELLATIONS.....................29
UNIT 11: THE EARTH, THE MOON AND THE SUN
ROTATION AND MOVEMENT OF EARTH.................30ROTATION AND MOVEMENT OF MOON..................30MOVEMENT OF EARTH AND MOONAROUND THE SUN......................................................30SHADOW LENGTHS AND POSITIONS THROUGHOUTTHE DAY....................................................................... 30DAY AND NIGHT OCCURRENCE................................ 30PHASES OF THE MOON............................................31LUNAR CALENDAR.....................................................31
UNIT 12: STRENGTH AND STABILITY
SHAPES OF OBJECTS IN STRUCTURES................32STABILITY....................................................................32STRENGTH.................................................................. 32
UNIT 1: INTERACTION AMONG LIVING THINGS
GROUP ANIMALS........................................................33SOLITARY ANIMALS.................................................. 33INTERACTION TYPES................................................33COMPETITION AMONG ANIMALS............................ 33
YEAR 6
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At least 1.5litres everyday
b
To stay alive
Water is absorbedthrough the roots
Helps to removewaste productsfrom body
Body consist of70% water
Helps to carrydigested food toother parts of body
A
2
3
To stay alive
Controls bodytemperature
a
OF HUMANS
4
OF ANIMALS
Helps growth
Gives energyto do work
To stayhealthy
b
c e
A diet that has correctamounts of all kinds of food
2
Contains 7classes of food
3Examples: rice,chicken, meat,vegetables & fruits4
Helps to repairdamaged body tissues
FOOD
1
b
c
d
Replace water lossthrough sweating andurination.
e
To breathe andget energy
f
Drink water, soup, milk,fruit juice and beverages.
2
Eat juicy fruits(water melons,oranges)and vegetables (celery,carrots)
3
Chest movements help us tobreathe in (inhale) and breatheout (exhale) through the nose.
AIR
A place to live
Protect fromdangers
SHELTER
Storms
1
a
b
a
b c
Lightning
2
Extreme cold / heat
3
To grow
To stay healthy
To get energyd
bc
Helps to carrydigested food toother parts of body
Helps to remove wasteproducts from body
Controls bodytemperature
a
bcTo breatheand getenergy
AIR
d
B
C
1
To protectfrom danger
a
To protect fromextreme weather
2
3
SHELTER
1
4
Birds
23
4
Shelter types
5 6 78
9
10
11
a
b
c
a
WATER
OF PLANTS
To stay alive
To make theirown food andgrow
leaves
stems
roots(some plants)
AIR
ab
c
To make their ownfood and grow
To control theirtemperature
When there's no waterplants wilt and die
WATERa
c To make their ownfood and grow
b
Without sunlight,plants wilt and turnyellowish.
SUNLIGHT
Ants
BirdsWasps
Nest
Bears
Bats
Swallows
Caves
Snakes
Rats
EarthwormsHoles
Bees
Hives
Rabbits
Hutch/Burrows
Spiders
Cobweb
Duck
Goose
Chicken
Pen
Hamster
BirdCage(pets)
Do gKennel
HorseStable
d
d
a
Snail will die althoughthere is water and airbecause there is no food.
FOOD
e
WATERd
Part of leave covered bythe black paper becomesyellow because it does notreceive any sunlight.1
2
3
BASICNEEDS (1/1)
YEAR 4 UNIT 1
Balanced diet
1
Flats/apartments
Kampung house
Protect fromextreme weather
BungalowTerraced house
LonghouseHutIgloo
d
Shelter types
1
2
3
45
67
Absorbedfrom
a
ac
b
d
b
c
Hole
Wetcotton
Rat will diealthough thereis food and airbecause thereis no water.
Hole
Food
Rat dies althoughthere is food andwater becausethere is no air
The tadpole dies becausethe layer of oil prevents airentering the water.
Animals willdie without air
2
1
Grass under box becomesyellowish because there is nosunlight under the box.
blackpaper
Layer of oil
Food Water
Transparentp l as t i cb a g
Although thereis water, theplant will wiltbecause thereis no air.
Prevents airf romentering thelea ves
1
WaterIntake
In ha la t i on Ex ha la t i on
1
Goat
CowBarn
www.petaminda.com
Delay response to stimuli
Taking illegal drugs withoutdoctor's prescription
lose control
Cause addiction
affects logical thiinking
Overdose can cause braindamage & death
DrugAbuse
Addicted alcoholic
Make peopledrunk
Affects logical thinking
Cause liver failure
Delay responseto stimuli
Lose control of oneself
DrinkingAlcohol
Carcinogens(causes cancer)
nicotine(causes addiction)
Tar(toxic chemical)
Ciggarettescontains
Stained teeth
Addiction
Lung cancer
Breathingdifficulty
Lost ofappetite Bad breath
CanCause
Smoking
BAD BEHAVIOUR
To produce newgeneration offsprings
To ensure the continuityof human species
Reproduce bygiving birth
Family tree shows relationships between members.
REPRODUCTION
Smell : nose
Sound : earsLight : eyesTouch : skin
Taste : tounge
For survival
To protectfrom danger
Stimuliand
Organs
Removal ofundigestedfood in form offaeces
Removedthroughanus
Faecesformed inthe largeintestines
Excretedby lungsIn exhaled air
CarbonDioxide
Excretedby lungs
In exhaled air
Urea
Mineral saltsWater
Contains
Excreted bysweat glands
UreaMineral salts
Water
Excreted bykidneys
Contains
Sweat
WaterVapour
Urine
Lungs
Kidney
Skin
WasteMaterials
Organs
Decreases whenwe relax
Increases duringexercise
Number of chestmovements in aperiod of timeBreathing
Rate
ExhalationInhalation
Mechanism
Chest risesoutwards &upwards
LIFEPROCESSES
(1/3)
YEAR 4 UNIT 2
nose
mouthwindpipe
1
2
3
4 lungs
Organs
BREATHING
EXCRETION
DEFECATIONRESPONSE
TOSTIMULI
INHUMANS
a
Air : nose mouth windpipe lungs c
Oxygen from airenters lungs
d
Chest lowersinwards a
Diaphragmrelaxes
b
Air : lungs windpipe mouth nose c
Carbon dioxideleaves lungs
d
Diaphragmcontracts
b
A
4 32
5
16
c
a
b
a
b
c
a
b
ca
b
c
a
b
d
c
a
b
2
3
1
2
1
3
2
1
3
2
1
4
234
15
2
1
2
34
1
56
2
34
1
5 6
a
b
a
b
a
bab
FirstGeneration
Father Mother
MeElder brother Younger sister Younger brother
SecondGeneration
Grandfather
ThirdGeneration
Grandfather GrandmotherGrandmother
ac bd
e
f
a
cb
1
32
1
32
Large intestines
Anus
2
www.petaminda.com
grows into
lay hatches
Adult Young
Eg g
rat
give birth
ratpup
grow
give birth
grows into
Adult Young
Cockroach
PrayingMantis
Dragonfly
Otherexamples
Has NO larvaand pupa stage
gr as sh op pe r
e g g s
n y m p hGrasshopper
BeesMosquitoes
Flies
Otherexamples
Has larva andpupa stage
Butterf ly
BirdsMammals
Animals withkidneys
Frog Animals ThatLay Eggs
Othermammals
Fish
Animals ThatGive Birth
Shapes
Sizes
Weights
Stages of growthin animals
AnimalsChange
LIFE-CYCLE
Eggs Chicks Youngs
Water Carbondioxide
Excrete
spiracles
air tubes In insects
Trachealstructure
Carbondioxide Water
Excrete
Milk frommothers'mammary glands
Offsprings’Food
Spinyanteater
Platypus
MammalsThat Lay
Eggs
Human
Elephant
Rhinocerous
Whale
OneOffspring at
One time
Rats
Cats
Dogs
ManyOffsprings at
One time
Offsprings grow inmothers' womb before birth Mammals
only
GivingBirth
Turtles
DO NOT TakeCare Eggs
and Youngs
Snakes
Take CareEggs, NOT
Youngs
Take care eggsand youngs HensDucks
Few EggsAt One Time
Frogs
Fish
Many EggsAt One Time Fish
Amphibians
Birds
Reptiles
Insects
EggLayingAnimals
LayingEggs
TadpolePrawn Crab
Aquaticanimals
urea
mineral salts water
uric acid
Excrete(in urine)
MammalsAnimals with
thick skin
urea
mineral salts
water
Excrete(in sweat)
Reptiles
Mammals
Birds
Amphibians
Animals withlungs
To get rid undigestedmaterialsTo stay healthy
REPRODUCTION DEFECATION
Skin
Lungs
Kidney
Gills
Organs
EXCRETION
Oxygen is absorbedand carbon dioxide isget rid off at the gills.
In fish,tadpoles
Water that containsoxygen enters the mouthof fish and flows outthrough gills.
Lung books
In crabs,spiders andscorpions
Lungs looklike bookpages
Lungbooks
In frogs,salamandersworms
Oxygen from air entersthe body directly throughthe moist skin.
Moist skin
whale
dolphin
turtle
birdsmammals
Most Landanimals
Some aquaticanimalsBreathe out carbon
dioxide and waterBreathe in oxygen
B
BreathingStructures
BREATHING
INANIMALS
1
a b
Gills
c
Then enters air tubesand to body cells
Air entersspiracles at sidesof insect's bodies
f r og
e g g s
t ad p ol e
ta d po l ew i t hl e g s
Stages
Baby turtles findtheir own foodafter hatching
LIFEPROCESSES
(2/3)
YEAR 4 UNIT 2
but terf lye g g
p u p acat erp i l lar(larva)
Stages
2
1
43 2
5
Frog eggs
Fish eggs
a
ab
a
b
ab
c
d
2
34
1
5
2
34
1
2
34
1
5
6
2
3
4
1
5
6
2
3
1
2
1
2
1
34
a b
Lungs
ab
a
bab
a
b
c
a
b
a
b
ab
aba
b
cd
e
a
bab
c
a
b
ab
c
d
a
bc
a
b c
a
b
c
1 2
1
3
2
4
1
32
1
1
3
2
4
12
121
32
4
a
13
2
1
3
2
3
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Watermelon
Rose
BryophyllumBegonia
Aloe vera
Ferns
Mosses
Mushrooms
Grow into new plantsin moist places
Carried by wind
Small and light
By non-flowering plants
TapiocaSugar caneHibiscus
Bougainvillae
Examples
Cutings planted in soil
Buds on stem growinto new plants
BambooPineappleBanana
Grow more quickly than seeds
Examples
New shoots that grow from buds
At base of parent plants
Suckers
C
a
1
2
1
RESPONSETO
STIMULIStimuliTypes
Gravity
Touch
Roots of plants growdownwards towardswater at the bottom.
Roots of plants growupwards towards themoist cotton wool.
Beaker A Beaker Bdrying agent
moist cottonwool
water
ab
Sunlight
3
4
Water
Beaker A
Plants grow uprightbecause light iscoming from the top. Plants bent towards the lamp
that produce the light.a
b
Beaker B
2
REPRODUCTION
Form new plants1
Prevent extinction
Ensure survival of species
Supply food to animals
PURPOSE2
3
4
b
StemCuttings
PapayaDurianMaize
MangoRambutan
From fruits of flowering plants
Seeds germinate intoseedlings then young plants.
Seeds
1
Plantswith one
seed
2
abcd
flowers fruits seeds
Plantswith many
seeds
Sucker
Sucker
a
b
cd
12 3
3
Bud grows intonew plant
a
b
c
1234
5
Examples
Spores underleaves
Sporeslike flower
Sporesunder gills
Spores
a
b
c
d
e
1
23
4
Are usually thick
Buds at edge growinto new shootsExamples
Leaves
ReproductionMethods
5
ab
c
1 23
41
2
12
3
Bud grows intonew shoots
a
IN PLANTS
LIFEPROCESSES
(3/3 )
YEAR 4 UNIT 2
Sucker
4
Petri dish A Petri dish B
moist cotton wool
Roots of plants grow downwardstowards gravity.
Mimosa plant
Leaflets of mimosa plantfold up when touched.
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Tail inkanggaroo rat
t a i l
H u m pi nc a m e l
Hippopotamus
Squir re l
Keep bodies cool
Increase surface area
b
Attack by humansand other animals
ElephantHippopotamusB uf f a l o
1
FROMDANGER
A
B Spines
SPECIALCHARACTHERICTICSAND BEHAVOIUR
12
34
5
6
1211 10 9 8
713
b
Rhinoceros
Thick skin
2
a
Prevent enemiesinjuring them
Thickand
hard skin
Hide heads andlegs in shellswhen attacked
a
ElephantTortoise
1
Examples
Turtle
Snail
Examples
b
Hardshells
Hard shells
21
3
Prevent enemiesinjuring them
Pangolin
CrocodileExamplesHard
scales
ab
2
1
Hard scales
a
To kill or weakenenemies
bPoisonousstings/venom
Scorpion
Centipede
Bee
2
1
3
To keep awayenemies by raisingspinesa
b
Porcupine
Porcupinefish
Examples
2
1
Use horns/antlers to attackenemies
a
b
Horns/antlers Rhinoceros
DeerGoat
1
2Examples
3
To protect themselves/youngs
ab
Sharp claws/talons
1 Bear
Eagle
Lion2
3
Examples
Tal on s
Have same shape / skincolour with surroundings
a
b
Camouflage
1 Zebra
Stick insect
Chameleon
23
5
Examples
Moth
Spots look likeeyes to fr ightene n e m i e s
Squirt black inkto confuseenemy
aSmokescreen
1
SquidOctopus
Examples
2
a
To outrun theirenemies whenattacked
HorseAntelopeGiraffe
b
123
Examples
Strongand
muscular legs
a
Enemies areafraid to attack
ZebrasElephantsMonkeys
b
123
Examples
Living inherds
aRepel enemies.Prevent fombeing eaten
Skunk
Bed bug
Cockroach
b
1
2
3
Examples Releasingstinks
aSting to repelenemies
Seaanemone
Jellyfish
Poisonoustentaclesb
1
2
C
Examples
1
b
1
Lose body heat faster
Wrinkledskins
23
Examples
a
Increasesurface area
Lose bodyheat faster
Example
Desert fox
Long ears
Longears
123
abca
c
Canchange tofood andwater
1Keepanimalalive fordays
Storefat
23
Examples
h u m p
ab
During the dayrest in holes orunder rocks
1
Wallowingin mudholes
Keep awayfrom heat2
Desert fox
s n a k e s
Examplesd
e
2
f
Long eye lashesprevent entering ofsand in sand storm
Long ear hairsprevent entering ofsand in sand storm
Broad, flathooves preventfrom sinking intosand
Camel'sspecial
features
a
b c
Rhinoceros
B uf f a l o
a
b
b
a
Extreme hot
E le ph an t ' swr in k leds k i n
2
LIVING INEXTREMEWEATHER
Keep bodytemperaturefixed
1
a
a
Examples
Thick fur
b
S h e e p Polar bear
2
Keep bodywarm
b a
Thick fatlayer under
skin
Examples
Polar bearPenguin
W a l r u s
S e a l
W h a l e
c
d
e1
2
Prevent heatloss from body
2
1
Small ears
S e a l
ab
W a l r u s
Small ear
Examples
Sleep thoughoutcold season
c
Examples
a
b
B e a r
Fox
c
Examples
1
2 Hibernation
Avoid extreme weather
Extreme cold
Look for food
a
bExamples
MigrationS w a n s
Swal lows
12
3
PROTECTIONIN ANIMALS
(1/2)
YEAR 4 UNIT 3
Curling into shape ofa ball so that enemiescannot attack
a
b2
3
ExamplesCurling
up
millipede
pangolin
1armadillo
Hippopotamus'swr in k leds k i n
wr in k leds k i n
c l a w s
2
Survival
To continueliving
To prevent speciesfrom extinction
By having special1. Characteristics2. Behaviours
a b c
Arctic fox
4
Also has1. sharp eyesight2. strong beak
14
Snake
4
Examples
1
5
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rose t ho rn s
stems
Hurt animals thattry to eat/destroy
To protect frombeing eaten
C a c t u s
W at e rm e l o n s
P u m p k i n
C a c t u s
P i n e
Cuasar ina
C a c t u s
Aloe veral e av e s
b a o b a btrunk
b a n a n as t e m
Ban ana
H ya ci nt h Duringhot daysBan ana
L e m o n
c a c t u s
th ic kl e av e s
c
A
To protect frombeing damaged From predators
(humans and animals)
NATURALDEFENCE
4
aWhen touched
Mimosa plantExpose thornson stem
Foldingleaflets
a
1 2
3 Sticky Bitter Poisonous
Cause itchiness
Example
Latex
b
1 2 3
5
4
papaya
yam
jackfruit
Examples
c
1
6
stems
leaves
fruits
Excretedat
a1b
c
a
b
c
stemsa
2Thorns leaves
fruits
Foundat
c
b
3
duriana
cactusb
c
bougainvillea
d
pineapple
emimosaf
aloe verag
t ho rn s
Examples
tho rn
tho rn
t ho rn s
Cause itchiness
1
diarrhoea
a
2 leaves
fruits
Foundat
c
b
3 bambooa
sugar cane
b
pumpkin
c
Examples
fine hairs
Fine hairs
f i n eh ai r s
nauseadeath
sapfruits
Ping pongfruit
flowersstalks
Yellowfrangipani
Poison ivy
If eaten maycause
Poisonoussubstances
123
Foundin
Toadstoolmushrooms
Examples
abc
abc
d
abc
d
Prevent animalsfrom eatingMarigold
Tobacco leaves
Rafflesia flower
a
c
Bad smell
b
Examples 1
2
ADAPTATIONTO NATURE
B
TYPESOF
NATURALDEFENCE
INDRY
REGIONS
Grow deepin soil
Searchingfor water
Obtain andStore water
Long roots
a b c
To store water
Thick andsucculent
stems/leaves
1
2
a
b
2
def
a
bExamples
12
3
4
bl o n gro ot s
1
1Example
1
th ic ks t e m sa
aExamples1
2
3
Needleshapedleaves
2
Preventexcessivewater loss
aExamples
Hairyleaves1
23
3
a
Examples1
2
WaxyLeaves
b
Examples1
2
a
Curlingof Leaves
Break treestems
Uproot treesa
b
Do notbreake as i l y c
C o co n u tP a l m
Examples
SeparatedLeaves
ModifiedLeaves
STRONGWINDS
R e d u c er es i st a nc eto wind
P a d i
L a l a n g
LongLeaves
R e d u c er es i st a nc eto wind
ThinLeaves
Examples
4
1
a
b
c
1
2
ab
1
2
2
1a
b
W i t hs t a n dstrong winds
C o co n u tExample
Strongtrunks
ModifiedStems
S tr on gtrunk
2
Bent easi ly
Sugar cane B a m b o o
Examples
Long/flexiblestems
Bent easi ly
Soft stems
P a d i R e e d L a l a n g
Examples
cb
a
1
2
121 2a
a b
a cb
3
AdaptationMethods
D ur ia n
Flame ofthe forest
ModifiedRoots
Strongbuttress
roots
Examples
Maize
Examples
b
a
1
1
Prop rootsb
a
ab
1
leafletsf o ld e d
Mangrove
PROTECTIONIN PLANTS
(2/2)
YEAR 4 UNIT 3
321
6
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15 m
More accurate
Foot
Less accurate
Ruler
Measuring tape
In metric system
Use standard units
A
length
1
SpanCubitArm span
Use bodyparts
Paper clips
Matchsticks
Straws
Strings
2
Distance betweentwo points
a
1 23
4
b
MEASURINGLENGTH
Use objects
1
2
Examples
c
1
2Usemeasuring
toolsa
b
Examples
d
millimetres (mm)aThick nessof book
b
Very shortlength
Length ofi n s e c t
Examples
centimetres (cm)a
b
Examples
Shortlength
Length of book
Height ofbo t t le
20 cm
18 cm
Height oft r ee
Length of room
metres (m)a
b
Examples
Longerlength
16 mm
} 10 mm
3
6 m
kilometres (km)
ab
Very longlength
D i s t a n c ebetween houseand school = 5k m
Distance betweenmoon and earth =383,000 km
Examples
a
b
ab
1
2
3
4
5
Standard Units
1
1 centimetre = 10 millimetres1 metre = 100 centimetres
1 kilometre = 1000 metresab
c
Relationships
different lengthsa b
c
d
LENGTH
MEASURINGTECHNIQUES
B
Use ruler ormeasuring tape
Place one end ofobject at zeromark of ruler/tape
Place eye vertically onmark (correct position)to take reading
StraightObjects
1
2
Do not place eye at position A or B(incorrect position) because thereadings are not accurate.
A ( X ) B ( X )
3
12
Use string to tracethe curve surface
Place string on rulerto measure length
Make mark on stringCurvedobject
Using string& ruler
Wrap the measuring tape around theobject and read the scale that meetsthe zero mark on the tape.
Usingmeasuring tape
Reading = 63 cm
a
b
a
Reading = 2.4 cm4
1
2
3
1
a
b
C
1
The size of thesurface of an object
Bigger objects havebigger surface area.
a
1 cm10 mm}
1 mm
In metric system
a
1
squaremillimetres
(mm2)
squarecentimetres
(cm2)
squaremetres ( m2)
squarekilometres( km2)
Standard Units
AREA
Area of asmall squareon graphpa pe r
Area of apiece ofpa pe r
Area of a room
Area of adi st r i c t
Example
2
Very smallarea
1
2
Smallarea
1
2
1
2
Largearea
Very largearea
Example
Example
b
c
d
e
2
Example
Areas of squaresand rectangles
3
a
Area = length X width
A rectangle
W i d t h
L e ng t h
A square
L e ng t h
W i d t h
b
c
dL e ng t h = 10 cmW i d t h = 5 cmA r e a = 10 cm x 5 cm
= 50 cm2
Example1
b
MEASUREMENTS(1/2)
YEAR 4 UNIT 4
7
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2
Bigger objects havebigger volumes
The amount ofspace taken by an
object 1
a
D
VOLUMES
2
cubic millimetres(mm3)
Volume ofsugar cube
cubiccentimetres(cm3)
V o l u m eof pencilbo x
cubic metres(m3)
Volume ofswimming pool
1
a
bExample Very smallvolumes
a
bSmall
volumes
Example
3
Standard Units forvolumes of solids
a
b
Example
Largevolumes
Length = 5 cmWidth = 2 cmHeight = 4 cmVolume = 5 cm x 2 cm x 4 cm
= 40 cm3
VOLUMES OFCUBOIDS
Volume =length X width X height
ExampleHe ig ht
Length W i d t h
3
VOLUMES OFLIQUIDS
a
cd
b
a
A Cuboid
Litre (l)
1 litre (l) = 1000 millilitres (ml)
Standard Units forvolumes of liquids
b
1 2 3
Mililitre (ml)
Smallvolumes
Largevolumes
1
cup
bowl
pail
bottle cap
tablespoon
Measuring liquidvolumes
2 beaker
a
b c
d
f
Measuringcylinder
Accuratec
Use measuringcylinder
Place at level surface
Place eye at lowerpart of meniscus
Read at lowest partof meniscus
MeasuringTechniques
a
b
bc
d
E
1 gram (g) = 1000 milligrams (mg)
1 kilogram (g) = 1000 grams (g)
Standard Units
MASS
MEASURINGMASS
kilogram (kg)
gram (g)
1
Heavier objectshave more mass
a
The amount ofmatter in an
object
a
1
Very lightobjects
Heavyobjects
2
3
45
bc
Beam balance
Compressionbalance
Lever balanceElectronic balanceBathroom scale
MeasuringTools
1
2
3
45
Lightobjects
Place object on panPlace eye at samelevel as pointer
1
2
Take reading whenpointer stops moving 3 Measuring
Techniques
TIME
F
The periodbetween two
events
12
1
Second (s)
Minute (min)Hour (hr)
23Very short
timeLonger
timeVery longtime
ab
1
1 day = 24 hours (hr)6
1 hour (hr) = 60 minutes (min) = 3600 seconds (s)
5
1 minute (min) = 60 seconds (s)
4
Standard Units
Pendulum swing
Dripping water
Use processthat repeats
itself
1
2
3
Pulse
MeasuringTools
Sundial
Hourglass
Candleclock
Waterclock
c
MEASURINGTIME
2
Ancienttimes
Stop watch
Wristwatch Alarm
clock
Wall clock
Digital clock
Clocks
Moderntimes
a
b
c
d
a b
1
21
2
3
Pocket watch
3
Watches
IMPORTANCEOF STANCARD
UNITS GAccuracy in measurement
Consistency in measurement
Useful in internationalcommunication
1
2
3
MEASUREMENTS(2/2)
YEAR 4 UNIT 4
bottleLess
accurate e
a
b
2
8
Lowest part ofmeniscus.Reading = 42.0 cm3
e
incorrect X
incorrect X
correct
milligram(mg)
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Examples
Examples
From trees
furni tureb o a t paper
A
Objects
ke y kni fe c o i n
ObjectsFrom rocks
MetalWood
bo t t le
g l a s s
mirrorFrom sand
Objects
Glass
Objects
From crude oil(petroleum) co nt a i ne r
ru ler
t oy sPlastic
MATERIALSAROUND US ObjectsRubber
tyre
b a l l
g l ov e s
From rubbertree sap (latex)
Objects
From animal skin
s h o e s
b e l t
wal let
Leather
From cotton,wool
c l o t h ecu r t a i nt ow e l
ObjectsFrom earth
Clay
v a s ebr i ck
t i l e s
B
1 2 3
4
5
678
ab
a
b
a
b
ab
aab
allows electricity topass through copper wire
iron nails
steel knife
ca rb on
aMetals
Examples
Non-metals
Conductelectricity b
allows heat to passthrough a lu m i ni u m
s t e e l
aMetals
bw o k
p o t
Cookingutensilsdo not sink in water
aExamples
PROPERTIES OFMATERIALS
a
Examples
a
Examples
Absorbwater
Examples
aFloat onwater
b
Can bestretch
Conductheat
becomes wet when incontact with water
t ow e l
t i s s u epaperna pp y
b ot t le s
c on ta in er s
Plastics
furni tureWood
Objects
Cloth/Fabric
b
WoodCloth
Can bepulled andstretched
Returns tooriginalshape whenreleased(Elastic)
rubber band
Rubber
spr ing riders
b
preventfromgettingwet(Waterproof)
a
Do notAbsorbwater
b
u mb r e l l ara in co att en t
Plastic
Spring
Made of glassand clear plastic
Object placed behindcan be seen
glass door Allows lightto passthrough
Glass
Plasticplastic sheet b
c
bc
1
2
3456
7
Materials that allowelectricity and heat topass through
Materials that allowelectricity to pass through
Z i n c
I r on
P l a s t i c
C
ab
Electricconductors
MetalsC op pe r
Aluminium
S t e e l
Examples
Materials thatallow heat topass through
Heatconductors
c
Examples
Iron woks t e e lp o t
Metals
steel base
e le ct r i ci ro n
a ba b
1
2
1
2
1
2
12
1
12
1
2
Good conductors ofelecricity are ALSOgood conductors of heat
CONDUCTORSd
Materials thatDO NOT allowelectricity andheat to passthrough
2a CONDUCTORS
ANDINSULATORS
1
b
Materials thatdo not allowelectricity topass through
12
12
Materialsthat do notheat to passthrough
Heatinsulators
ElectricinsulatorsExamples
INSULATORSc1
2
1
2
R ub be rW o o d
C la y Non-Metals
D
TRANSPARENT,TRANSLUCENT,
ANDOPAQUE
MATERIALS
a
Materials that allow mostlight to pass through
Objects behindcan be seen clearly
b
TRANSPARENTMATERIALS1
2
Examples
TransparencyContainers
ClearPlastics
To seecontents
Uses
To projectimage onlargers c r e e n
ClearGlass
Measuringcontainers
To seecontents tom e a s u r ev o lu m e sac cur ate ly
lightbulb
bea kerMe asu r i ngcy l ind er
Uses
a
Materials thatallow somelight to passthrough
Objects behindcannot be seenclearly (blurred)
b
Tracingpaper
Certain plastic
Lamp shade(thin cloth)
Frosted glass Examples
To prevent theinside of houseseen clearly fromo ut s i de .
To makecopies ofd ra w i ng s
MATERIALS(1/3)
YEAR 4 UNIT 5
TRANSLUCENTMATERIALS
a
Materials thatdo not allowany light topass through
b
Objectsbehind cannotbe seen at all
Forms ashadowwhen lightshines on it
c
OPAQUEMATERIALS d
c
1
2
3
roof tiles
To dispersel ig h t
To prevents un l i gh ten ter i ngh o u s e
hat
To provides h a d e
Examples
clothe To protectb od y
containers
To keepc o n te n t su n s e e n
windscreen
For drivers tosee clear ly
To illuminatesu rr ou nd in gs
w ir e s
F ab r i c
G l a s s
4
2
3
1
4
2
3
1
9
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conductorof heat
hard andstrong
Plastic containers
E
F
G
1CHOOSINGSUITABLE
MATERIALS
a
prevent heat fromleaving/entering
b
Trapped air in insulatorsslows down heat flow to/from materials
c
cotton wool
paper
coconut husk
cloth / towel
Wrappingwith insulator
polystyrene containersKEEPING
THINGS HOT/COLD
Useinsulator
containers
12
3
1
2
Examples
sawdust
Used to preventice from meltingquickly
Keep fish cold
KEEPINGTHINGS HOT/
COLDNATURAL ANDMAN-MADEMATERIALS
Use of object
Properties tofunction
Suitablematerials
Determinedby
Wiresinsulator of heat
insulator of electricty
waterproof
Plastic
conductor ofelectricty
Coppermetal
Fryingpan Umbrella
Spectacles
f r am e
l e n s e sPlastic or/and
metal
strong
f r am e
hard and
Metal
waterproofopaque
Plastic
hard andstrong
Metal
h a n d l e
insulatorof heat
strong
Plastic / wood
Boots
S o l e
soft, flexibleand strong
waterproof
goodgrip
Rubber
strong
transparent
flexible
comfortablefeel last long
Leather
transparent
strong
Glass
strong
flexible
comfortable feel
Leather
stronghard
Metal
Car
Lighttough
Plastic
COMBINED USESOF MATERIALS
a
d
Obtainedfrom naturewood
rubber
Rocks
1
2
2
34 5
1
a also calledsynthethic materials
bObtained throughchemical processes.
Natural materials used toform new materials
c
MAN MADEMATERIALSSOURCES
flexible
waterproof
goodgrip
Rubber
strong
1
Thermosflask
Empty space wthoutair, a goodinsulator
Prevent heatescaping
A good insulator,prevent heatescaping
1
2
3
Temperature ofliquid kept constantin longer time
4
cottonPlants
2
3
fur
leather
silk
wool
NATURALMATERIALS
SOURCES
1
2
3
Animals
claypetroleummetals
13 2
b
c
d
Used to form manysynthetic materials
Petroleum
1
SyntheticLeather
Plasticsproducts
Polyester
Examples
NylonRayon
SyntheticCloth
PVCleather
a
2
b
c
MATERIALS(2/3)
YEAR 4 UNIT 5
Clear plastic orglass
4 3
2
5
1
6
7c
a
b
a
aa
a
a
a
cd
b
e
2
1
a
cb
2
1
a
a
b
a
2 1
ab a
2 1
b aba
a2
1
b acb a
c
d
b ac
d
ba
b
a
ba
b
a
c
10
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Rusty deposit
I r on
A i r Water droplet
H
blades
nuts andbolts
1
rough
Reddish-brownlayer formed onsurface of certainmetal objects.
brittle(break easily)
dull
unatttractive
steel metal
Examples
rusty steel pipes
RUSTYOBJECTS
RUSTING
2
NON-RUSTYOBJECTS
wood
rubber clay glass
plastic
a
1
b
c
2
3
4
1
2 Non-metals
copper lead aluminium
goldincreased mass
5
Surfaceproperties
clean and shiny
Metals
3
Objects becomebrittle and breakeasily
Rust containsbacteria, thatcause tetanus
Objects have tobe replaced,increase costDISADVANTAGES
4
Formed by achemical processbetween:1. iron metal2. water3. air
Rust
A chemical process between:1. iron metal2. water3. air
CONDITIONSFOR RUSTING
Objects made of steel or iron willrust when exposed to water and air.
a
b
3 41
2
51
2
Rust-proofmetals
a b c
d
1
2
Rusting
b
c
a
b
5
By keeping away metalsfrom water and air.
a
b
PREVENTINGRUSTING
Br ok enrustyi ro nb r i dg e
B o yinfe ctedb yt et a nu s
By coatingwith
Grease oroil
bicyclechain
doorhinge
grease texture
Applied to
enginepartsgates
gr il lsvehicles
other ironobjects
Paint
Applied to
rackspaper clipsfence wires
Plastic orrubber
Applied to
Also calledelectroplating
Coating ironwith othermetals
copper platingzincplating
silverplating
gold plating
tin plating
chromiumplating Non-rusting
metalsExamples
1a2
3
4
b
12
3
4
5
abc
d
abc
ab
c
6
Looks unattractive
d
1
2
345
1
a
a
Non-renewable LimitedUsed up
NaturalMatrials
Conservingnatural
materials by
Reducing Reusing Recycling
312
312
CONSERVINGMATERIALS
b
Saveproductioncost Reduce
amount ofwaste
Reduce the useof materials
Use both sideswhen printing
Use clothinstead oftissue paper Reduce using
paper
Bring ownshopping bag
plastic spoons,forks, chopstickspolystryrene
plates andcups
Reduce usingplastic bag
Examples
Avoid usingdisposable
objects
Continue usageinstead of throwing
Modify the objects intoother useful objects
Reduce waste,save materials
3
2
IREUSING
REDUCING
Old newspapers/magazines aswrappers
Empty containers asother new containers Old tyres as garden
decorators Old clothes asscrubbers / apron /blankets
Examples
X X
ab
c
d
3
1
2
b
a
a
ba
a
b
c
d
4
Converting old materialsinto new products
a
b
c
4
collection centres
1
2
Materialscollected
at
23
4glass
paper
plastic
RecycledMaterials
1
d
1Old newspapersare recycled intotissue paper,cardboards ornewspapers
2
Glass are recycled intovarious glass products
Plastics are recycled intovarious plastic products
3
Aluminium cans are recycledinto various aluminium products
Examples
4
RECYCLING
MATERIALS(3/3)
YEAR 4 UNIT 5
iron metal
rusty iron nai ls
recycling bins withrecycling symbols
R ec y c l i n gs y m b o l
aluminium
11
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4 nearestplanet to sun
Source of life onearth (light andheat energy)
Planet nearer to sun ishotter and dryer; gettingmore light and more heat
Planet farther from sunis colder; getting lesslight and lessheat
Move aroundthe sun intheir ownorbits
At centre ofsolar system
9 planets movearound it
The only star insolar system
Biggest body insolar system
Satellites : bodies thatorbit a planet or otherlarger bodies
All planets have naturalsatelites exceptMercury and Venus
Earth's naturalsatelite
Reflects lightfrom the sun
Does not givelight
Is a meteoroid thatenters the earth'satmosphere
Looks like a streak of brightlight (also called shooting star)
It lands on earth, form acrater and becomes ameteorite.
a
A lump of ice thatcontains frozen gasesand dust
Moves aroundthe sun in along orbit
The sun's heatmelts the ice andmakes it glow.Seen as long trail
Example: Halley's cometpasses near earth every72 years
Sun's :1 400 000 km
Earth's :12 756 km
Moon's :3 480 km
150 000 000 km 382 500 km
s u n
ear th moon
1
THE SUN
b cd
e
a b
3THEEARTH AND
THE UNIVERSE(1/1)
YEAR 4 UNIT 6
ATHE
MOON
Takes 28 days to orbitaround the earth
2
3
1
4
*Neptune : 8
*Uranus : 15
*Saturn : 21
*Jupiter : 16Mars : 2 Earth : 1
Venus : 0
Mercury : 0
*Pluto : 1
Objects smaller thanplanets that movesaround the sun
Made of metals and rocks
Have different shapes and sizes(up to hundreds of kilometres)
Found inasteroid belt
between Marsand Jupiter
The 10th (named Sedna) and 11thplanets were discovered in 2004 and2005 respectively
d
c
NATURALSATELITESCONSTITUENTS
OF THESOLAR SYSTEM
2
23
17
6
8
5
9
*Subject to changedue to new discoveries
10
Number ofSatellites of
Planet
4
PLANETS
1
2ASTEROIDS3
4
Objects that floatin space thatbroken off fromasteroidsMade of metals
and rocksHave differentshapes andsizes (smallerthan asteroids)
4
a
METEOROIDand METEOR
123
56
METEOROIDS
b
METEOR
1
3
2
a
c
d
b
COMET
Ame teo r i te
SIZEAND
DISTANCE
B
C
1
2
S u n :400 x biggerthan moon
S u n :100 x biggerthan earth
Ear th:4 x biggerthan moon
sun : earth : moon400 : 4 : 1basketball : marble : sago grain
s u n ear th moon
DIAMETER
earth - sun :150 000 000 km
earth - moon :382 500 km
distance ratio earth-sun : earth-moon
400 : 1
DISTANCE
MarsFar from sunAverage temperature: - 50oC
EarthNear to sunAverage temperature: 15oC
VenusVery near to sunAveragetemperature: 420oC
1
a
PLANET'STEMPERATURE
b
c
2
Hasatmophere
Made ofrocks
Mercury
Venus
Nearest tothe sun
Has veryhightemperature
Mars
Nearestto earth
Atmospheretraps heat
Hottestplanet
Onlyplanet thatsupportslife
Has1. air2. water3. suitable temperature
Surface coveredwith red dust;called red planet
Very cold; allwater frozen
No lifeforms
a
b
f
e
c
Size Ratio
d
THEINNER
PLANETS
g 5 lastplanets
Made ofmainlygases
Also calledgiant gases
Jupiter
Biggest planet
Made up of gases and ice
UranusLies onits side
Surrounded bynarrow rings
Neptune
Covered with bluemethane liquid Has a faint
ring system
a
3
Greenishblue colour
c
PLANETS INTHE SOLAR
SYSTEM
Pluto
Smallestplanet Very cold
and darkVery farfrom sun
d
f
h
g
12
1
2
3
1
12
3
1
2
1
2
31 2
Second biggest planet
Mostbeautiful
Surrounded by3 wide rings
1
2
3 Saturn
4
The only planetwith living things
THEEARTH'SPERFECT
PLACEMENT
a
b b
receiveenoughlight andheat
airwater
suitableatmosphere
suitable distancefrom sun
SUPPORTSLIFE
1 2
3
4
56 orbit
If tooh ot ,ear thb e c o m e sdry.
If too cold,all waterwi ll f reeze
N o tc on d u ci v eto li fe
Not too hotor too cold
a b c
9 planets
Mercury
V enusEar th Jupiter
Ur anus
Pluto
MarsSat urn
Neptune
SUN 7
8
1
9
7
6
5
4
32
8
a
b
c
A st er o i db e l t
2
c3
1
da
b5
4
c
a
b
Earth2
THEOUTER
PLANETS
e
123
12
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Aeroplane
doing simplecalculations
1
A
HUMANLIMITATIONS 2
3
think
learn
memorise
move
do work
Are things thathuman can do
memorisingsome facts
walking withlegs
writing withhands
readingwith eyes
smellingwith nose
tasting withtongue
hearingwith ears
feelingwith skin
BRAIN
BODY
a
b
3
21
2
1
cHUMAN
ACTIVITIES
HUMANABILITIES
3
4
5
89
6
Examples
7
1 2
Are things thathuman cannot do
b
a
a
memorisingmany numbers
running athigh speeds
lifting veryheavy objects
viewing veryfar/minuteobjects
hearingvery softsounds
doing complexcalculations Examples
HUMANLIMITATIONS
tools
equipmentsmachinesto overcomelimitations
B
1
Enables to seetiny things
Example:Enlargingmap's image
Enables to seevery fine things
Example: seeingmicroorganisms,cellsSIGHT
Enables tosee distantobjects
Example:Vewing birds
Enables tosee very farobjects
Example:Looking atmoon,planets,stars
Enables tosee objectsin the dark
Example:Used bysoldiers atnight
Enables tosee objectsinternalorgans
Example: Used tosee infected lungs
Example: Used detecthidden weapons,underground pipes/minerals
Enables todetect hiddenmetals
a
b
Binoculars
Microscope
MagnifyingGlass
TelescopeNight VisionGoggles
X-rayMachine
MetalDetectors
b
cde
f
g
Enables toamplifysounds
Example: Usedto speak tolarge audience
a
c
Enables totransmitssound to farplaces
Example:Used tospeak tosomeoneoverseas
b
Microphone&
Megaphone
d
Enables tohear softsounds
Example:Used tohearheartbeatsby doctors
Stethoscope
Enablesto hearbetter
Example:Used bydeafs/partially deaf
Hearing Aid
HEARING
Telephone
BicycleMotorbikeShip
All vehicles usedto travel fardistances at ashorter time
Car
BRAIN
Enables todo complexcalculations
Enables todo complexprogramming
3
Calculator
LIFTING HEAVYOBJECTS
Pulley
Crane
Forklift
DEVICES TOOVERCOME
LIMITATIONS OF:
4
5
af
b
a
b
a
c
TRAVELLINGLONG
DISTANCES
e
abcd
2
DEVELOPEMENTOF
TECHNOLOGY(1)
D1
Computer
speaking
listening
drawing
writingsendingsignals
People makedrawings on
walls ofcaves
Sharing ofInformation
by:
The nativesAmerican sendmessagesthrough smokesignals
Certainnatives alsobeat drums tosendmessages
Ancienttimes
Carrier pigeonssend messagesthat were tied totheir bodies.
Messengers sendmessages fromplaces to places
Inventionof Writing
a
c b1
2
345
12
3
1
2
By William Cookeand CharlesWheatstone
1
Used to sendmessages usingMorse codeinvented by SamuelMorse 2
TelegraphInvention
By AlexanderGraham Bell
d
COMMUNICATIONTelephoneInvention
Used to sendmessages inform of sound
1
2
e
f
By GuglemoMarconi
DEVICESC
YEAR 4 UNIT 7
TECHNOLOGYAROUND US
(1/2)
1
Used to sendmessages in formof radio waves
2
3
WirelessTelegraphyInvention
ba
c
g
Very fast andeasy to use
12
mobile phone
ab
Examples
Examples
In t ro duc edby TimB er ne s- Le e
Computers aroundthe wor ld arenetwo rked
c
16
54 3
2
LatestTechnology
1 2
see
hear
smell
taste
touch
21
34
5
SENSORYORGANS
Communcationsatelites
Used toreceive andsend waves i g n a l sbetween veryfar places
d
Used for:1 . e - ma i l s2 . c ha t t in g3 . te le co nf er en ci ng4 . sharing informationInternet
2
2
11
Ride animals likehorses, camels,donkeys, buffaloes
Wheel wasin vent ed
Used to pullca rr ia ge s
Travel led bywalking but tookvery long t imea
b
cd
The early wheel
Steam enginewas invented byJames Watt
Used to pulltrain / cars
Kar l Benzinvented thepetrol drivenc a r
Gottlieb Daimlerinvented themo to rc yc le
Other vehic lesdeveloped : buses,vans, lorries, trains
The vehicles are faster,safer and can carrymore passengers.
Tree trunkused to travelon water
Rafts - logsare tiedtoge ther
1780's - hot a irballoon wasin vent ed
1800's - thegl ider wasin vent ed
The airship fi lled wi thhydrogen / helium(light gas) dur ing1 9 00 ' s
1903, Wright Brothersinvented the "Flyer",engine-powered glider
LandTransport
Ancienttimes
SteamEnginesa
2
b
TRANSPORTATIONc
1
3
2a
b
bc
d
e InternalCombustionEngines
a
The internalcombustion engine
s u p e rs o n i cj e t
H el ic o pt er s
rocket
s p a c es hu t t l e
3
satell ite
AirTransport
WaterTransport
1
Sailing boats, shipsand junks that usedwind power
Sampan - planksjo ined together
23 4
5
1
2
3
45 6 7
8
R a d i o
Television
Walk ie- ta l k ie
facsimile
1
2
1
2
1212
1
2
3
1
2
12bc
d
121
212
6Bigger ships dr iven bysteam and then diesel
engines that travelfaster, carry more
p a s s en g e r s
c a n o e
launched byro cke ts
13
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tree t runks
NOT st rong ands a f e
Move to anotherplace when soilis infertile
4
gather wildfruits and edibleplants
r a i nwat er
Ir rigation system :Archimedes's screw
tractor toplough land
s a v el ab ou rc o s t
to increaseye i l d
Hydrophonics :a method of growing plantsusing mineral nutrientsolutions, wi thout soil
Biotechnology: Atechnology that usesliv ing organisms tomake or modi fy productsor processes forspecific use.
to increasequality andye i l d
lived in caves
to protect from:1. wild animals2. cold3. heat4. ra in
h u t s
t en t s
g l a s s
br ic ks
c e me n t
i ro n
s tr on g
s a f eh o m e s
w o o d
condomoniums
f la t sa pa r t me nt s
a
a
2
wooden planks,st ro nger
Bridges
Roads
R o m a n sar rang edro ckb l o c k s
gr ave ls
highwaysand
expressways
brainstorming
1
contribute toe c o n o m i cgr ow th
use machines top ro d uc emore products
Savetime
Do worksafely
Increaseproductivity
DISADVANTAGES
b
pest i c ides fer t i l is ers
excessive use isharmful to body
Harmful exhaustfumes of motorvehicles
wat erpol lu t ion
s p o i lnatu re 'sbe au ty
trees cut downland / hillsused up
Electronic devices emitelectromagnetic waves
de stro ysna tur a lhabitat ofplants anda n i m a l s
plant / animalspecies becomesex t in ct
Uncontrolledlogging and
mining
Deplete naturalsources quickly
1
i m mo r a lac t i v i t i es
drug abuse
ADVANTAGES ANDDISADVANTAGESOF TECHNOLOGY
f o o dad di t i ve s
Betterquality
products
YEAR 4 UNIT 7
TECHNOLOGYAROUND US
(2/2)
DEVELOPEMENTOF
TECHNOLOGY(2)
E
2
Plantingcrops
a
bAGRICULTURE
Rearinganimalsandlivestock
c
b o n e s
h o e s i ck l e
d ib be rrake
sticks
stones
Startedfarming.
Tools used:
p l o u g h
Metaldiscovery and
new tools
wateringc a n s
CropWatering
3
1
5
6
Huntanimals
2Olddays
d
a ut o m at i cIrr igat ion system
wat erc h a n n e l s
p i p e s
spr ink lers y s t e m
FarmMachines
combine harvesterto harvest crops
WateringCrops
ModernTechniques
ModernDays
Fertilisers
CONSTRUCTION
1
Buildings
StoneAge
c
b
11
leaves bamboos s t ic k s
c l a y
a n i m a ls k i n s
b
OldDays
c
Used
Built
Use
ModernDays
a
b
Build
skys cr ap pe r
Taller &stronger
OldDays
suspensionb r i dg e
s t e e l
canwithstandheavy load
a r c hb r i dg e
c on c r et e
ModernDays
Examples Use
OldDays
Tarroads
Use
s a n d
Use
Concreteroads
c e m e n t
4
3
1
2
ModernDays
2
11
23
a
b
bc
u s ep at hw ay s
12
F
Identifyproblems
Generateideas
SOLVINGPROBLEMS
Designdevice
typewr iter
1
c om p u te r
P o o rha nd wr i t i ng
solved by
f l uo re sc en tl i gh t s
ref r igerator
vacuum cleaner
w a s h i n gm a c h i n eai r
co nd i t io ne r
car / bus
l aw n m ow e r
f a n
ferry / sh ip
ai rp la ne/ helicopter
Slow whensweeping floor
solved by
Keeping foodfresh solved
b y
Slow whencut ting grass
solved by
Slow whentrave l l ingsolved by
Uncomfo r tablein hot weather
solved by
Slow whenwashing c lothes
solved by
Examples
2
D i mc a n d l el i gh t s
solved by
G2
3
Invention oftools anddevices
Gives benefitto mankind
Have touse wisely
CONTRIBUTIONOF
TECHNOLOGY
c o m m u ni c a t i o nt rave l l ing
c on st ru ct io n
Do workeasily in:
ADVANTAGES
u s i n gm a c h i n e s
products lastl on ge r
u s i n gmachines todo dangerouswork
h a n dg l ov e s
ey eg o g g l e s h e l m e t
u s i n gm a c h i n e sp ro d uc ene at erp ro d u ct s
a
c
de
prote ct ivedevices to
protect workers
2 13
Chemicals
HealthEffects
EnvironmentalPollution
WasteMaterials of
Factories EnvironmentalDestruction
air pol lution
a
b f
ed
c
Extinction ofLiving Things
Forest cutdown
3
2
Depletion ofNatural Sources
SocialProblems
Mass mediainfluence
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
ba
c de
ba
c ba
c
b
a
cd
a
bac
b
a
cd
1 221
tar
ab
c
ba
1
2
gr ave ls
a
12 1 2 3
45
1
23
123
45
ab
f
e
dc
g h
1
21
12
b ac
21
b
c
a
b
a
2 1
11
1
1
2
1
3
21
1
ba
1
ba
b
a
c
14