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Phono-Logical TheoriesBBK
Spring 20132: From sheer structure
to mental grammar
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Brief historical overview
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Brief historical overview
Structuralist linguistics (e.g. Ferdinand de Saussure, Leonard Bloomfield, Charles Hockett)
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Brief historical overview
Structuralist linguistics (e.g. Ferdinand de Saussure, Leonard Bloomfield, Charles Hockett)
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Brief historical overview
Structuralist linguistics (e.g. Ferdinand de Saussure, Leonard Bloomfield, Charles Hockett)
Generative Grammar (Noam Chomsky)
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Brief historical overview
Structuralist linguistics (e.g. Ferdinand de Saussure, Leonard Bloomfield, Charles Hockett)
Generative Grammar (Noam Chomsky)
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Brief historical overview
Structuralist linguistics (e.g. Ferdinand de Saussure, Leonard Bloomfield, Charles Hockett)
Generative Grammar (Noam Chomsky):
"classical" generative phonology: N. Chomsky and M. Halle (1968): The Sound Pattern of English (SPE)
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Brief historical overview
Structuralist linguistics (e.g. Ferdinand de Saussure, Leonard Bloomfield, Charles Hockett)
Generative Grammar (Noam Chomsky):
"classical" generative phonology: N. Chomsky and M. Halle (1968): The Sound Pattern of English (SPE)
Lexical phonology (e.g. Paul Kiparsky, K.P. Mohanan): phonology--morphology interface
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Brief historical overview
Structuralist linguistics (e.g. Ferdinand de Saussure, Leonard Bloomfield, Charles Hockett)
Generative Grammar (Noam Chomsky):
"classical" generative phonology: N. Chomsky and M. Halle (1968): The Sound Pattern of English (SPE)
Lexical phonology (e.g. Paul Kiparsky, K.P. Mohanan): phonology--morphology interface
Autosegmental phonology (John A. Goldsmith)
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Brief historical overview
Two contemporary theoretical frameworks: Optimality Theory (OT – Prince, Smolensky, McCarthy) and
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Brief historical overview
Two contemporary theoretical frameworks: Optimality Theory (OT – Prince, Smolensky, McCarthy) and
Government Phonology (GP – Kaye, Lowenstamm, Vergnaud; Charette, Scheer)
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Phonemes and allophones
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Phonemes and allophones
contrastive, distinctive units: phonemes
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Phonemes and allophones
contrastive, distinctive units: phonemes
combinatorial possibilities (phonotactics)
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Phonemes and allophones
contrastive, distinctive units: phonemes
combinatorial possibilities (phonotactics)
clicks, schwa
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gytCi5a7AJg
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Phonemes and allophones
contrastive, distinctive units: phonemes
combinatorial possibilities (phonotactics)
clicks, schwa
Positional variants of the phoneme: allophones
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van van kutyád?
telefon telefonkagyló
én én kérek!
min min gondolkozol?
len lengatya
olyan olyan gebe
Hungarian
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English (RP)
Clear /l/ Dark /l/
lip kill
clear petal
slope milk
splash belch
killing killed
pull on pull down
steal a ring steal some money
Hungarian nasal assimilation
telefon
telefon telefonkagyló telefonbetyár ...
L-darkening
kill
kill killing kill Bill
L-darkening
kill
kill killing kill Bill
the positions in which they are found complement each other
L-darkening
kill
kill killing kill Bill
the positions in which they are found complement each other:
they are in complementary distribution
L-darkening
kill
kill killing kill Bill
the positions in which they are found complement each other:
they are in complementary distribution
PREDICTABLE!
L-darkening
kill
kill killing kill Bill
the positions in which they are found complement each other:
they are in complementary distribution
kill
kill killing kill Bill
PHONEME
kill killing kill Bill
PHONEME
a l l o p h o n e s
PHONEME
a l l o p h o n e s
this is like ...
http://ling.uni-konstanz.de/pages/home/kabak/SHE/Phonology/EngPhon-Lecture1.pdf
http://ling.uni-konstanz.de/pages/home/kabak/SHE/Phonology/EngPhon-Lecture1.pdf
English:
win wing ham hang
kin king Ron wrong
sin sing ban bang
fan fang brim bring
some son sung
hum Hun hung
Contrast (opposition)
contrast: PHONEMES
Contrast (opposition)
contrast: PHONEMES
minimal pairs, minimal sets
Contrast (opposition)
contrast: PHONEMES
minimal pairs, minimal sets
pit, pet, pat, put, pout … - unpredictable!
Identifying phonemes
contrast
complementary distribution
phonetic similarity
(free variation)
Problems
Problems
predictable
Problems
neutralisation, predictable
Problems
neutralisation, predictable
phonemes in free variation: zsemle/zsömle, Ágnessel/Ágnessal; economic, either
Problems
neutralisation, predictable
phonemes in free variation: zsemle/zsömle, Ágnessel/Ágnessal; economic, either
defective distribution of phonemes: E /ŋ/ (Hu /ty/?)
Problems
neutralisation, predictable
phonemes in free variation: zsemle/zsömle, Ágnessel/Ágnessal; economic, either
defective distribution of phonemes: E /ŋ/ (Hu /ty/?)
+ allophones in free variation
=> in most cases: overlapping distribution
Levels of representation
Levels of representation
Fricative Devoicing
Neutralisation vs. e.g., aspiration
Structuralist phonology:
Morphophonemic, phonemic, phonetic
Structuralist phonology:
Morphophonemic, phonemic, phonetic
Spelling?
Derivation?
Derivation?
Generative Grammar:
Universal Grammar
Principles and Parameters
X-bar theory
government and binding
underlying (abstract/deep) structure vs. surface structure
The inverted T-model of grammatical organisation
Derivation?
A -> B / C _ D
where C and D may be empty,A – focus,B – the structural change,C_D – environment,CAD – the structural description of the rule
Rule ordering
intrinsic or
extrinsic
Rule ordering
intrinsic or
extrinsic, but always
linear
Rule ordering
pre-fortis clipping (bee/bead vs. beat; ride vs. write)
tapping/flapping (matter, butter, city, get up, nobody; atom = Adam)
Rule ordering
bean vs. beer
bean vs. beer
What are the two differences in pronunciation?
bean vs. beer
What are the two differences in pronunciation?
What are the two rules producing the differences?
bean vs. beer
What are the two differences in pronunciation?
What are the two rules producing the differences?
How do the two rules interact?
rule interaction =
rule ordering
