Photosynthesis and

Cellular Respiration

ENERGY and LIFE

All living things need energy in order to carry out life processes.

Plants are called autotrophs because they are able to use light energy from the sun to produce their own food.

Other organisms, like animals, cannot do this. They must get their energy from another source, so they are called heterotrophs.

The main chemical compound that cells use to store and release energy is ATP. ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate

Adenine

3 phosphate groups

Ribose (a 5-carbon sugar)

ADP – Adenosine DiphosphateAdenine

2 phosphate groups

Ribose

The phosphate groups are the key to storing and releasing energy.

Storing EnergyWhen a cell has available energy, it can store

small amounts by adding a phosphate group to an ADP molecule creating ATP

ATP is like a charged battery ready to power the cell

Releasing EnergyWhen a cell needs energy, the chemical bond

between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate group is broken. This releases stored energy.

This energy can be used for active transport, protein synthesis and muscle contraction.

PHOTSYNTHESISWhat is it?

Photo – Light + Synthesis – Putting Together

Using light to put something together (food)

Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy sugars and oxygen

Chemical Equation6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

In addition to H2O and CO2, photosynthesis requires light which must be absorbed by the pigment chlorophyll

Where does this take place?Photosynthesis takes place within the

chloroplasts

Structures of the chloroplastThylakoids – photosynthetic membranes

Granum - stacks of thylakoids

Stroma – the space outside the thylakoids

How does this process work?Light-Dependent Reaction

Takes place in the thylakoids

Function:Produce oxygen

Converts ADP and NADPH+ into ATP and NADPH

*NADP+ = an energy carrier molecule

The Calvin CycleTakes place in the stroma

Function:Uses ATP and NADPH to produce high-energy sugars

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Factors that affect photosynthesis…Water availability

Temperature

Light intensity

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

What is it Glukus – Sweet + Lysis –

Decomposing Breaking down sugar/glucose

The process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.

Chemical Equation

6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

There are two forms of cellular respiration Aerobic Respiration – occurs in the presence of oxygen

Anaerobic Respiration – occurs in the absence of oxygen

Where does this take place?Cellular respiration takes place in the

cytoplasm and mitochondria

Structures of the mitochondriaOuter membrane

Inner membraneCristae – folds in the membrane that increase

surface area to allow more chemical reactions to take place

Intermembrane space – between the outer and inner membrane

Matrix – fluid within the inner membrane

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How does this process work?Glycolysis

Takes place in the cytoplasm

One molecule of glucose is broken in half to provide chemical energy to the cells

Does not require oxygen

If oxygen is NOT present….Fermentation occursAlcoholic Fermentation

Results in the production of CO2, ethyl alcohol and small amounts of energy

Occurs in the formation of bread (yeast)

Lactic Acid FermentationResults in the production of lactic acid and small

amounts of energy

It regenerates NAD+ to enter back into glycolysis

Lactic acid is produced in your muscles during exercise; if there is a build up of lactic acid you will experience a painful, burning sensation in your muscles

Also used in the production of foods such as cheese, yogurt and sour cream

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If oxygen IS present…Krebs Cycle

Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria

Produces high energy electrons and small amounts of ATP

Goes through this cycle two times

Electron Transport ChainOccurs in the inner membrane of the

mitochondria

Uses the high energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP

Efficiency of Cellular RespirationProduces a total of 36 ATP molecules

This represents 38% of the total energy of glucose

The remaining 62% is lost as heat produced from carrying out life processes

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Photosynthesis vs.

Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

Organism Plants Plants and Animals

Function Energy capture Energy release

Location Chloroplasts Mitochondria

Reactants CO2 and H2O (energy) C6H12O6 and O2

Products C6H12O6 and O2 CO2 and H2O (energy)

Equation 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O