PHOTOSYNTHESIPHOTOSYNTHESISAND SAND

RESPIRATIONRESPIRATION

• Energy comes from the food we eat• Energy is stored in bonds• Living organisms refer to their energy

as ATP (energy currency)

REVIEW of FOOD, MATTER & ENERGY

Homeostasis

• Internal stability an organism maintains

• Two biochemical processes needed for survival – Photosynthesis– Respiration

WHAT IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS?

a. Photosynthesis is the most common type of autotrophic (self-feeders) nutrition. – Ex. Autotrophs include plants, algae,

flowers, trees

b. Photosynthesis occurs in plants.  c. During photosynthesis plants are

actually making their own food.

Animals are heterotrophs

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During Daylight hours

d. Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis.

GranumThylakoid

Stroma

Outer Membrane

Inner Membrane

Label diagram

• Chloroplasts are green because they absorb red and blue light and reflect green

• The chloroplasts contain a green pigment (color) called chlorophyll which traps the light energy to make "food".

• These chlorophyll and colored pigments may be separated according to their various chemical charges by a technique known as chromatography.

Fall Colors???• During the fall, the green chlorophyllgreen chlorophyll pigments are greatly reducedgreatly reduced revealing the other pigmentspigments.• CarotenoidsCarotenoids are pigments that are either redred or yellowyellow.

e. Plants are able to convert light energy into chemical bond energy (food) for their own use.

CO2 + H2O Sugars + O2

Chloroplast

Light Energy

f. Most of the oxygen in the air comes from photosynthesis. This is the earth’s major source of oxygen.

g. The major source of energy is the sun.

ADAPTATIONS FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS a. Leaves are thin and flat so that they can

easily absorb light.

b. Some plants have a waxy coating (cuticle) to protect them from harm or water loss.

• On the underside of the leaf there are many tiny openings called the stomates. The stomates allow the exchange of water vapor, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. These openings are controlled by the guard cells.

Exchanges water & gases

Exchanges water & gases

• the ability of the guard cell to close during periods of limited water availability for the plant allows the plant to maintain water homeostasis and not dehydrate.

stomate

Closed guard cells during the night

Open guard cells during the day

Carbon Dioxide(CO2) and water

Oxygen (O2)

Stoma Open Stoma Closed

LABEL the GUARD CELLS

THE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

·   Chemical Reaction (chlorophyll

& sunlight) • Water + carbon dioxide → Glucose +

oxygen

6H2O + 6 CO2 → 1 C6H12O6 + 6 O2 inorganic raw materials sugar waste

product Memorize this equation

a. Light energy absorbed by the chlorophyll is converted to chemical energy (ATP) which is used to make glucose (food/energy source).

b. Glucose can be used to make other products such as waxes (lipids) and proteins.

c. Oxygen is a waste product of photosynthesis.

6CO2 + 6H2O 1 C6H12O6 + 6O2

glucoseglucose

SUNchlorophyllchlorophyll

Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis

• The amounts of CO2, H2O, light, chlorophyll and temperature

Review: EQUATIONReview: EQUATION FORFOR PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS

6CO6CO22 + + 6H6H22OO + +ENERGYENERGY CC66HH1212OO66 + + 6O6O22

CARBON CARBON DIOXIDEDIOXIDE

WATERWATER

GLUCOSEGLUCOSE

OXYGENOXYGEN

AEROBIC & ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

I. Cellular Respiration: The release of energy from glucose by cells.

a. There is a great deal of energy that is available in a glucose (sugar) molecule.

b. This available source of energy (glucose) can not be used by the cells; it must be transferred into a usable form of energy.

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24 hours/day

c. The process of respiration releases the energy found in glucose into a form that is usable by cells (ATP) to do work.

d. Energy is released by the breakdown of chemical bonds in glucose is transferred into high energy bonds of ATP. When the bonds of ATP are broken, energy is released for the cell's use to obtain, transform, and transport materials, and to eliminate wastes

Adenine Tri Phosphate

(ATP-ase) water + ATP →  ADP + P + Energy

Cells “run” on ATP molecules. This reaction is reversible and ADP can be

converted back to ATP in cellular respiration.

Energy

EnergyAdenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Partiallychargedbattery

Fullychargedbattery

ADP ATP

TYPES OF RESPIRATION

(AEROBIC & ANAEROBIC) II. Anaerobic Respiration (food is not broken down

completely)

a. This type of respiration requires no oxygen to be present and it takes place in the cytoplasm.

b. Anaerobic respiration occurs in bacteria cells, yeast cells, and muscle cells.

c. It is less efficient than aerobic respiration.

2. Anaerobic Respiration in a Muscle Cell: (lactic acid fermentation)

1. Anaerobic Respiration in a Yeast Cell: (alcohol fermentation)

• Glucose → 2 ethyl alcohols + 2CO2+ 2 ATP’s

• Glucose → 2 Lactic Acids + 2 ATP’s

• Lactic acid is the cause of muscle fatigue

• used in baking and brewing

a. Takes place in the mitochondria (the powerhouse of the cell) where enzymes are present

b. Requires the presence of oxygen.

III. Aerobic Respiration (food is broken down completely)

the mitochondria

c. This is an enzyme controlled reaction where glucose molecules are broken down into carbon dioxide and water and 36 ATP’s (energy) are produced.

d. More efficient than anaerobic respiration because more molecules of glucose are broken.

Aerobic Respiration FormulaAerobic Respiration Formula

• Glucose + Oxygen → Water + carbon dioxide + 36 ATP

- or -

1 C6H1206 + 6 O2 → 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + 36 ATP

EQUATION FOREQUATION FOR RESPIRATIONRESPIRATION

CC66HH1212OO66 + +(GLUCOSE)(GLUCOSE)

6O6O22

(OXYGEN)(OXYGEN)

6CO6CO22 ++

(CARBON (CARBON DIOXIDE)DIOXIDE)

6H6H22OO + +36 ATP36 ATP

(WATER)(WATER)

COPY & memorize

this equation

(ENERGY)(ENERGY)

Overview of photosynthesis Overview of photosynthesis and respirationand respiration

PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS CELLCELLACTIVITIESACTIVITIES

RESPIRATIONRESPIRATION

SUNSUN

RADIANT RADIANT ENERGYENERGY

GLUCOSEGLUCOSE ATP(ENERGY)ATP(ENERGY)

Follow up Questions 1. Where does aerobic respiration take

place?

2. Which type of respiration is most efficient?

3. How many ATP’s are "made" during aerobic respiration?

4. What is cellular respiration?

5. Why is cellular respiration important?

6. Name one difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

7. How does a plant maintain water balance (homeostasis)? Be sure to use the words stomata and guard cell in your answer.